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Researchers at Anhui University of Chinese Medicine conducted a study on the reuse of active compounds and water in traditional Chinese medicine wastewater using a hybrid system of ultrafiltration and membrane distillation. The study found that the UF-MD system effectively separated large organic molecules, small active compounds, and water in the wastewater, allowing for the recovery and reuse of valuable resources. This research has been peer-reviewed and provides insights into green treatment methods for traditional Chinese medicine wastewater. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Jinhua Advanced Research Institute conducted a study focusing on the separation and characterization of the essential oil of traditional Chinese medicine Wenjin Tongluo San using a comprehensive two-dimensional chromatographic method. The research aimed to provide new technical support for identifying active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine. The study concluded that the two-dimensional chromatographic method was effective in separating essential oils and evaluating the quality of traditional Chinese medicinal preparations. This research contributes to the field of complementary and alternative medicine and traditional Chinese medicine. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Beijing University of Chinese Medicine focused on developing a technical specification for creating a clinical practice guideline that integrates Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Western medicine (WM). The research emphasized the importance of accurately identifying, collating, and integrating evidence from both TCM and WM to provide comprehensive recommendations for specific diseases. The goal of this technical specification is to simplify the methodology for preparing a robust clinical practice guideline that combines TCM and WM, aiming to enhance the quality of healthcare recommendations in this integrated system. The study was supported by the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine China and the National Health Commission of China, and the findings were published in the Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by Heilongjiang University in Harbin, China, explored the mechanisms of Goupi Plaster in treating Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA) using integrated skin metabolomics and network pharmacology. The research found that GP administration improved cartilage structure, decreased inflammatory factors, normalized metabolites, and regulated skin lipid metabolism, neurotransmitters, and the purinergic signaling pathway. This study sheds light on the potential benefits of traditional Chinese medicine in managing KOA. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application titled "Ergonomically adaptive adjustment hot compress nursing instrument" was published online by inventor Yin, Weiqiang. The invention aims to provide a device for hot compress physiotherapy on the abdomen, particularly beneficial for women's health, based on traditional Chinese medicine principles. The device includes a heating body, soft elastic pad, heater, and soft heat conduction cover, all designed to adaptively adjust to different body shapes and maintain a constant temperature for optimal therapeutic effects. This innovation addresses the limitations of traditional hot compress methods and electronic devices currently available in the market. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Hunan University of Chinese Medicine have conducted a study on the potential impacts of Astragalus membranaceus (AM), a traditional Chinese medicine, on breast cancer treatment. The research highlights the regulatory roles of AM-derived compounds in inhibiting breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and chemoresistance. The study suggests that AM could be used in combination with chemotherapeutic agents to enhance treatment outcomes and reduce side effects. Further research is recommended to explore the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of AM for more effective clinical strategies. [Extracted from the article]

The study explores the molecular mechanism of Shufeng Jiedu Capsules (SFJD) in treating influenza using network pharmacology and bioinformatics. SFJD contains 193 active ingredients and 985 targets, with 97 potential therapeutic targets for treating influenza identified. Key targets were identified through network analysis, and functional enrichment analysis highlighted pathways related to antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immune regulation effects. The findings offer valuable insights for future clinical treatment and research on influenza. [Extracted from the article]

A report from Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine discusses the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease and therapeutic strategies involving Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The research highlights the limitations of Western medications for AD and the potential benefits of TCM in modulating pathological protein production, inhibiting tau protein hyperphosphorylation, and enhancing the central cholinergic system. The study aims to provide a foundation for further research into the specific mechanisms of TCM in preventing and treating Alzheimer's Disease. The research has been peer-reviewed and offers valuable insights into the role of TCM in clinical treatment. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Shanghai University of Engineering Science conducted a study to enhance the efficiency of Tuina therapy in treating cervical spondylosis by developing a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) massage robot. The robot utilized multi-information fusion technology, including functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), to objectively evaluate the efficacy of the therapy. The study found that the robot's efficacy assessment model had an accuracy of over 95%, offering a scientific and effective method for TCM Tuina therapy. The research was published in IEEE Access and can be accessed for further information. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at China Pharmaceutical University in Nanjing, People's Republic of China, focused on the ultrasensitive determination of dipeptides and tripeptides in biological samples using a novel chemical isotope labeling approach. The research successfully identified differential di/tripeptide biomarker panels with promising diagnostic performance for patients with biliary tract cancer. The study concluded that this analytical method could have potential applications in clinics and for quality control of traditional Chinese medicines. The findings were published in Chinese Chemical Letters and have been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine conducted a study on the physiological and biochemical responses of Ligusticum sinense cv. Chuanxiong, a traditional Chinese medicine, to cadmium stress. The excessive cadmium content in L. Chuanxiong has impacted its quality and safety, hindering its clinical application and international trade. The study found that under 25 mM cadmium stress, L. Chuanxiong seedlings showed increased chlorophyll content and root activity, potentially due to a hormesis effect. The research provides insights into the mechanisms of cadmium enrichment in L. Chuanxiong and offers a theoretical basis for addressing the issue of excessive cadmium in this traditional Chinese medicine. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by Nihon Pharmaceutical University explored the attitudes and experiences of people in Taiwan towards traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). The study found that over 95% of participants had used TCMs, with "Work gently" being the most common positive impression and "Slow to take effect" being the most common negative impression. The most commonly used over-the-counter TCM was "Si Wu Tang," primarily used for women's disorders. While participants had a generally positive view of TCMs, there was still a lack of awareness about potential side effects, indicating a need for improved education and understanding of TCMs in Taiwan. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Shenyang Pharmaceutical University in Liaoning, China, have developed advancements in screening systems for active ingredients in Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) using the ligand fishing technique. This method offers high specificity, efficiency, simplicity, and throughput compared to traditional screening techniques. The research highlights the potential of these new methodologies to expedite drug development and improve effectiveness. The study has been peer-reviewed and provides valuable insights into the future of TCM research and drug discovery. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine explores the dual nature of DNA damage caused by chemotherapy and the potential of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to reduce its toxicity. TCM is shown to be effective in alleviating side effects of chemotherapy due to its natural and non-toxic properties. The research highlights key mechanisms of DNA damage by chemotherapeutics and specific TCM herbs that may help reduce these side effects, providing valuable insights for clinical and basic research. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the Chinese Peoples' Liberation Army General Hospital in Beijing conducted a study on the anti-tuberculous mechanism of the traditional Chinese polyherbal preparation Niubeixiaohe (NBXH). The study found that after Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection, there were significant changes in gene expression related to immune responses. Treatment with high-dose NBXH helped correct abnormal gene expression and enhance anti-TB immunity. This research highlights the potential of integrating traditional Chinese medicine with biomedicine for the treatment of tuberculosis. [Extracted from the article]

A patent was issued for a compound preparation aimed at promoting neuranagenesis, addressing the challenge of nerve injuries and their impact on motor and sensory functions. The compound includes various traditional Chinese medicinal ingredients and aims to promote nerve growth, myelination, and reinnervation after nerve injuries. This patent offers a potential alternative to existing treatments for nerve injuries, emphasizing the importance of safe and effective traditional Chinese medicine in promoting neuranagenesis. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center discusses the integration of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbs with conventional medicine for breast cancer prevention and survival in Taiwan. Studies from 2014-2023 found that TCM herbal use was associated with lower risks of developing breast cancer and lower mortality rates in newly-diagnosed breast cancer patients. The research suggests that TCM herbs may have a role in promoting breast cancer prevention and survival when used alongside conventional medicine, but more rigorous studies are needed for clinical decision-making. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University in Zhanjiang, China, explored the efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) kidney-tonifying methods in managing bone loss and osteoporosis in patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer post-endocrine therapy. The study, which included 22 randomized controlled trials with a total of 1579 patients, found that TCM kidney-tonifying methods significantly improved lumbar spine bone density and lumbar spine bone density T-values, with a positive trend in enhancing femoral neck bone density. While improvements in clinical efficacy did not reach statistical significance, the treatment was reported to be well-tolerated and safe. The researchers recommend considering TCM kidney-tonifying methods as a complementary therapeutic approach in breast cancer treatment protocols, with the need for further research to validate these findings and explore their application in different patient subgroups. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Hunan Agricultural University conducted a study on the effects of Isatidis Root residue (IRR) on weaned piglets experiencing diarrhea and intestinal issues. The study found that dietary inclusion of IRR reduced the incidence of diarrhea and improved intestinal function in the piglets. Additionally, IRR demonstrated inhibitory effects on harmful bacteria in the gastrointestinal microbiome, indicating its potential broad-spectrum bacteriostatic properties. The research suggests that traditional Chinese medicine residues like IRR could be beneficial in alleviating diarrhea and enhancing gut function in weaned piglets. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Beijing University of Chinese Medicine focused on developing a new method for identifying Traditional Chinese Medicine constitutions based on tongue features using machine learning techniques. The research aimed to create an efficient model for personalized healthcare by analyzing tongue images and extracting features to classify different TCM constitution types. The study concluded that tongue images can serve as an effective marker for objective TCM constitution identification, providing a reliable method for clinicians to tailor individualized medical treatments based on personal constitution types. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Shanxi Medical University in Taiyuan, People's Republic of China, have developed a new method for extracting and quantifying cinnamic acid derivatives in traditional Chinese medicines using a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent. The method, which involves hand-assisted dispersion and narrow-bore tubes, allows for rapid and efficient extraction with high enrichment factors and satisfactory precision and accuracy. This study, supported by various foundations, offers a convenient approach for preconcentrating cinnamic acid derivatives in Chinese medicinal samples. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from an Eye Hospital in Beijing, China, conducted a systematic review to evaluate the methodological and reporting quality of animal experiments on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulas for glaucoma. The study found that the overall quality of animal studies on TCM formulas for glaucoma was generally low, with areas for improvement identified in randomization, blinding, ethical statements, and other aspects of study reporting. The researchers recommended referring to specific tools and guidelines to enhance the design, performance, and reporting of animal experiments for better reproducibility and reliability of results. The research was published in the European Journal of Integrative Medicine and was peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

The article from Hepatitis Weekly discusses research conducted at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University on the mechanisms of Cornus officinalis in treating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The study utilized network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations to identify active ingredients in Cornus officinalis that target NASH-related proteins. The research concluded that Cornus officinalis has multiple active ingredients that bind strongly to NASH targets, highlighting the potential of traditional Chinese medicine in treating NASH. The study was funded by the Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing and published in Discover Applied Sciences. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Beijing University of Chinese Medicine reported on a case of a 39-year-old male patient with intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS) who was treated with an integrated approach combining traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine. The patient showed significant improvement and clinical safety with this combined treatment. The study concluded that the combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine was effective and safe in treating ICAS, suggesting its potential for wider clinical application. The research was funded by the National Key Research And Development Program and was published in the journal Medicine. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the University of Hong Kong discusses the potential of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in treating cancers of the hepatobiliary system, such as hepatic, biliary, and pancreatic cancer. The research highlights the clinical benefits of TCM, including the efficacy of therapeutics like Huaier Granule, Huachansu, and Icaritin in rigorous clinical trials. The study emphasizes the need for further research to integrate TCM with modern oncology for evidence-based treatment of these challenging malignancies. [Extracted from the article]

Recent research from Hebei University of Chinese Medicine explores the mechanism of action of Yigong Sang, a traditional Chinese medicine, in the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer. Utilizing network pharmacology and bioinformatics techniques, the study aims to elucidate the complex interactions of multiple components and targets within Yigong Sang. This innovative approach may pave the way for evidence-based applications of traditional Chinese medicine in oncology, new drug development, and clinical efficacy improvement. The study underscores the potential of integrating modern technology with traditional medicine practices for enhanced healthcare outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the Chinese Peoples' Liberation Army General Hospital conducted a study on the effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) wet compresses on pain, inflammation, and quality of life in patients with soft tissue injuries. The study identified key ingredients and targets of TCM wet compresses, comparing the treatment with Voltaalin ointment. Results showed that TCM wet compress patches effectively reduced pain, inflammation, and improved quality of life in patients with soft tissue injuries, suggesting it as a promising alternative treatment. The research was published in the American Journal of Translational Research and has been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from Bashkir State Medical University highlights the potential benefits of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in treating autoimmune diseases of the nervous system. The research emphasizes the importance of complementary and alternative medicine as a valuable resource in preventing and managing these conditions. TCM, which includes acupuncture, herbal medicine, dietetics, and physical exercises, is shown to have positive clinical outcomes when used alongside conventional medical treatments. The study underscores the significance of integrating traditional and complementary medicine approaches in healthcare, particularly in addressing autoimmune diseases. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine focused on the psychosomatic health status and comorbid network analysis of college students in traditional Chinese medicine schools. The research highlighted the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms among students, with specific symptoms like 'worrying too much about things' and 'uncontrollable worries' identified as central in the comorbid network. The study emphasized the importance of addressing these symptoms to intervene effectively in the treatment of psychosomatic health issues. For more information, the research can be found in Frontiers in Psychiatry, with the DOI link provided for access to the full article. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products have published a new report on artificial intelligence and its application in quality control of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulas. The study highlights the importance of exploring multiple efficacious components in TCM formulas and establishing correlations between multi-component content and efficacy. By leveraging AI techniques, researchers aim to develop a modern quality evaluation method for the "efficacy-quality" correlation in TCM formulas. The research emphasizes the need for scientific and rational quality control in TCM formulas and discusses future directions in this field. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine explores the meridian system in traditional Chinese medicine, emphasizing its importance in diagnosis, treatment, and health maintenance. The research suggests that meridians have both physical and informational dimensions, prompting a shift towards studying the information aspects of meridians to develop a modernized theory aligned with contemporary concepts. This approach aims to make traditional Chinese medicine more accessible and applicable in clinical settings. For more information, the full article can be accessed for free at https://doi.org/10.1097/hm9.0000000000000128. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from Zunyi Medical University in China explores the modulatory effects of traditional Chinese medicines on gut microbiota and the microbiota-gut-organ axis. The research highlights the importance of gut microbiota in promoting overall health and the potential therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicine in regulating the gastrointestinal system. The study also discusses the complex interactions between gut microbiota and various organs, suggesting future directions for research in this area. For more information, readers can access the full article in Frontiers in Pharmacology. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences explores the relationship between inflammation, reward mechanisms, and depression, focusing on the therapeutic potential of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The research highlights how TCM can regulate inflammation and reward function to alleviate symptoms of depression, offering new perspectives for treatment. Depression is viewed in TCM as a "stagnation disease" with various syndromes, and the study emphasizes the importance of understanding these traditional concepts in addressing mental health issues. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Capital Normal University in Beijing, China, have conducted a study on the porosity of traditional Chinese medicine tablets using terahertz radiation. The study found that the effective refractive indices obtained through terahertz signal processing methods showed a linear relationship with the porosities of the tablets. The research supports the optimization of the preparation process for porous powder in traditional Chinese medicine. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and was published in the Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers from Capital Medical University in Beijing, China, explores the potential benefits of edible traditional Chinese medicines in treating depression. The research highlights the anti-inflammatory properties of these medicines and their ability to modulate the immune response and gut microbiota to alleviate depressive symptoms. The study suggests that incorporating deficiency tonic medicines from traditional Chinese medicine into daily dietary treatments may offer new insights into managing depression. This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and has been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A report from Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine discusses the use of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in treating recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRTIs) in children. The study evaluated 20 Meta-analyses/systematic reviews involving 38,335 patients with RRTIs, finding that the methodological quality of TCM treatment for RRTIs is generally poor, with low-quality reports and evidence, and a high risk of bias. The research suggests caution in interpreting these results due to these limitations. For more information, readers can refer to the Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Peking University in Guangdong, China, have highlighted the role of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in drug discovery and personalized medicine. They emphasize the importance of data standardization and the use of AI algorithms in advancing TCM modernization and patient care. The application of AI in TCM shows promise in enhancing chemical component identification, drug discovery, personalized treatment, and pharmacological action elucidation. This research underscores the potential benefits of integrating AI technologies with TCM practices for continued progress and innovation in the field. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted in Xinjiang, China, explored the potential mechanisms of Zigongding (ZGD), a traditional Chinese medicine, in treating HPV-induced Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN). The research integrated network pharmacology and experimental validation to identify active ingredients, targets, and molecular mechanisms of ZGD. The study found that ZGD may modulate the estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) to treat CIN, providing a novel insight into the therapeutic potential of ZGD in CIN treatment. This research was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and has been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Hunan University of Chinese Medicine evaluated the effectiveness of combining traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with conventional Western medicine (CWM) for treating renal hypertension (RH). The study included 3879 patients from 44 investigations and found that Tianma Gouteng Yin combined with Qiju Dihuang Wan + CWM had the highest total effective rate, while Bailing capsule + CWM was optimal for improving serum creatinine levels. The research concluded that the combination therapy of TCM with CWM was more effective in treating RH compared to CWM alone, and identified specific TCM treatments that were effective in lowering blood pressure and improving renal function. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by Hangzhou Medical College in China explores the potential neuroprotective effects of flavonoids derived from traditional Chinese medicine. Neurodegenerative diseases pose significant challenges to drug development and clinical treatment due to their complex pathological mechanisms. The study focuses on six common flavonoids, including quercetin and rutin, and examines their characteristics, mechanisms, and key signaling pathways. The findings highlight the neuroprotective properties of these compounds, such as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects, regulation of autophagy balance, inhibition of apoptosis, and promotion of neuronal regeneration. The research aims to provide a reference for further studies and the development of neuroprotective drugs. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers from Hong Kong Baptist University explores the use of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for managing Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). The study aims to bridge the knowledge gap by evaluating existing guidelines, reviewing TCM practices, and providing contemporary treatment recommendations. The researchers identified different TCM patterns for IBS patients and recommended 22 CM prescriptions for managing IBS. This comprehensive study combines guidelines with real clinical practices, offering enhanced treatment choices for IBS patients and improving their quality of life. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report discusses research on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and its treatment. The researchers from Hubei University of Chinese Medicine in China found that ARDS is associated with inflammation, endothelial barrier dysfunction, oxidative stress, impaired clearance of alveolar fluid, and coagulation disorders. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been shown to have multitargeting and multipathway effects in treating ARDS. The report provides an overview of TCM treatment strategies, including Chinese herbal monomers, TCM couplet medicines, TCM injections, Chinese herbal compounds, and Chinese herbal preparations, offering insights into the prevention and treatment of ARDS with TCM. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine explores the potential of traditional Chinese medicine in treating asthma by modulating the gut microbiota. The research highlights the role of the intestinal microbiota in the development of asthma and discusses the therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicine in regulating gut microbiota and inhibiting airway inflammation. The study provides a scientific foundation for the use of traditional Chinese medicine in asthma treatment. For more information, readers can refer to the article "Traditional Chinese medicine to improve immune imbalance of asthma: focus on the adjustment of gut microbiota" published in Frontiers in Microbiology. [Extracted from the article]

A clinical trial is currently underway at China Medical University Hospital in Taiwan to investigate the effectiveness of auricular magnet therapy in treating pediatric patients with symptoms of anorexia. The trial involves two groups, one receiving auricular magnets with a magnetic strength of 1800 Gauss and the other receiving placebo magnets with no magnetic strength. The aim of the trial is to evaluate changes in eating behavior and body mass index before and after the treatment. The trial is open to all genders and is expected to be completed by July 2025. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine explores the relationship between cold environments and human metabolism from the perspective of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The study emphasizes the connection between humans and nature, suggesting that the body undergoes distinct physiological changes in response to different natural environments. The researchers delve into the metabolic intricacies and adaptive responses of the human body in cold environments, highlighting the effects on heat-producing tissues, systemic substance consumption, blood substance concentrations, liver function, and metabolic rhythms. The study concludes by advocating for further exploration of metabolic homeostasis changes in populations living in cold regions, which could enhance understanding and advance regional medicine. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Jiamusi University in China explores the relationship between traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and the treatment of diarrhea caused by kidney disease. The study suggests that an imbalance in intestinal microbiota can lead to diarrhea and worsen renal function. TCM can potentially treat diarrhea by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria, inhibiting pathogenic bacteria, and regulating the immune system. The research provides a theoretical basis for TCM to regulate intestinal microbiota and its metabolites to treat nephrology-induced diarrhea, offering a new approach for TCM in this area. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from researchers at Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine in China discusses the use of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor technology for analyzing active components in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The researchers highlight the challenges of identifying and studying the components and target interactions of TCM, and explain how SPR can be used to overcome these challenges. The report provides historical and new insights into the application of SPR in the analysis of active components in TCM. For more information, the full research article can be accessed through the Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. [Extracted from the article]