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Apiomerus venosus Stål, 1872 Figs 1D, 2E, 2F, 2J, 3D, 3H, 4, 5 Apiomerus venosus Stål, 1872: 97. Syntypes: ♂, ♀, Mexico; NHRS. Apiomerus tristis Champion, 1899: 232, 238. Syntypes: ♂, ♀, Mexico: Tepic; BMNH. Syn. nov. Apiomerus venosus: Stål (1872: 97) (original description), Lethierry & Severin (1896: 146) (catalog), Champion (1899: 233) (key), Wygodzinsky (1949: 18) (catalog), Costa Lima et al. (1951: 342) (revision), Maldonado (1990: 9) (catalog). Apiomerus tristis: Wygodzinsky (1949: 18) (catalog), Costa Lima et al. (1951: 343) (revision), Maldonado (1990: 9) (catalog). Revised diagnosis: Recognized by a combination of the following characteristics: (1) relatively large size (> 14 mm in length), (2) well delineated quadrate cell, (3) basal spot of connexivum 7 that is roughly equal in size to or only slightly larger than marking on the preceding segment (from dorsal view), (4) males with lyre-shaped medial process of pygophore with broadly spaced, slightly curved rami, (5) elongate and relatively broad paddle-shaped basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma, and (6) large number of endosomal denticles (about 40), the basal most of which are clustered rather than arranged into two orderly rows. Redescription: Male: Medium to large, 14.37–16.30 mm in length, width across humeral angles 4.49–4.94 mm (n=5). COLORATION: Mostly black; anterior pronotal lobe dark brown or black, posterior pronotal lobe and legs dark brown or black (Fig. 1D); corium black or dark brown, majority of veins white or pale-yellow, usually with all or a majority (3 sides) of the quadrate cell and basal portions of most veins completely outlined; forewing membrane bicolored with basal portion pigmented and distal portion hyaline; basal spot of connexivum 7 roughly the same size as or only slightly larger than marking on the preceding segment (from dorsal view); lateral spots of abdominal sterna 3–5 white or pale-yellow. STRUCTURE: Medial process of pygophore lyre-shaped in caudal view (Fig. 2E–F); rami widely separated and slightly bent away (laterally) from one another midway along their length; paramere weakly bent, with bristles subequal to or slightly longer than its maximal width (Fig. 2J); dorsal phallothecal sclerite arrow-shaped in dorsal view, without pair of triangular projections near base, apex of dorsal phallothecal sclerite slightly reflexed and shallowly notched; basal dorsolateral sclerites of endosoma elongated, broad at base, tapering distally and slightly rounded and hooked at apex, slightly rotated along length; dorsal surface of endosoma with about 40 denticles total that are clustered proximally and arranged into two longitudinal rows apically; dorsolateral surface of endosoma with slight to moderate sclerotization near base. Female: Large, 17.50–18.47 mm in length, width across humeral angles 5.29–5.62 mm (n=5). Biology: Specimens have been collected at elevations ranging from 100–2,000 meters and adults are typically active during June, July, and August. Distribution: Common throughout central and southern Mexico and has been collected from Guatemala too. Discussion: Apiomerus venosus displays polychromatism across its range with many central and western populations being very darkly colored (e.g., pronotum, corium, and legs black) and some eastern populations being much lighter in color overall (e.g., pronotum, corium, and legs light brown, see Fig. 4). This aptly named species has conspicuous white veins over most of the corium. In some western (Jalisco and Nayarit) and eastern (Chiapas) populations however, the extent of white coloring is limited to portions of the quadrate cell and apical margins of the corium. Stål described A. venosus based on male and female syntypes from Mexico which are housed at the NHRS. We here designate a male specimen (NHRS-GULI 000003183 = UCR_ENT 00041023) as the lectotype (Fig. 5A– C). Szerlip (1980) selected Champion’s male syntype of A. tristis (UCR_ENT 00048736) to serve as the lectotype but never published this act it in a Code-compliant way. We were able to examine an image (Fig. 5D) of this specimen which is housed at the BMNH and here formally designate it as the lectotype of A. tristis. The main differences between this species and A. venosus are wing color (a highly plastic trait, see Fig. 4) and (as noted in Szerlip’s description of the dissected genitalia) the number of endosomal denticles, 19 pairs of the former vs. 22–24 pairs of the latter (another trait that exhibits some plasticity and admittingly difficult to quantify for some specimens). Based on Szerlip’s description of this specimen and careful examination of other A. maya species group specimens collected near the type locality in Nayarit, Mexico which we held to be this species, A. tristis appears to be nothing more than a darker geographical variant of A. venosus. Therefore, we here synonymize the former with the latter. Type material examined: Apiomerus venosus Stål, 1872. Lectotype (present designation): ♂, MEXICO: exact locality and date unknown, Sallé (NHRS-GULI 000003183, UCR _ ENT 00041023) (NHRS). We examined photographs of Stål’s syntype series of A. venosus (4 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀) housed at the NHRS. Images of the these are available at http://www3.nrm. se/en/het_nrm/v/apiomerus_venosus.html and the Heteroptera Species Pages (http://research.amnh.org/pbi/heteropteraspeciespage). Apiomerus tristis Champion, 1899. Lectotype (present designation): ♂, MEXICO: Nayarit: Tepic, July (year unknown), Schumann (UCR _ ENT 00048736) (BMNH). Additional specimens examined: 303 ♂♂, 357 ♀♀ (see Appendix)., Published as part of Masonick, Paul & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Taxonomic revision of the Apiomerus maya species group (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae), pp. 537-556 in Zootaxa 5154 (5) on pages 546-548, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6655680, {"references":["Stal, C. (1872) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en forteckning ofver alla hittills kanda Hemiptera, Jemte Systematiska meddelanden. 2. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-akademiens Handlingar, 10 (4), 1 - 159.","Champion, G. C. (1899) Insecta. Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Vol. II. Part CXLVII. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. Zoologia. R. H. Porter, London, pp. 217 - 240, pl. 13.","Lethierry, L. & Severin, G. (1896) Catalogue general des Hemipteres. Tome III. Heteropteres. Tingidae to Anthocoridae. R. Friedlander & Fils, Berlin, 275 pp.","Wygodzinsky, P. (1949) Elenco sistematico de los Reduviiformes americanos. Instituto de Medicina Regional de la Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Monografia, 1, 1 - 102.","Costa Lima, A., Seabra, C. A. & Hathaway, C. R. (1951) Estudo dos Apiomeros (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 49, 273 - 442. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761951000100004","Maldonado Capriles, J. (1990) Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the World. (Caribbean Journal of Science, Special publication No. 1.) University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, 694 pp.","Szerlip, S. L. (1980) Biosystematic revision of the genus Apiomerus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in North and Central America. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, California, 481 pp."]}

Apiomerus pipil Dispons, 1971 Figs 1C, 2C, 2D, 2I, 3C, 3G, 4 Apiomerus pipil Dispons, 1971: 6. Holotype: ♂, San Salvador: La Libertad; ISNB. Apiomerus guatemalensis Dispons, 1971: 10. Holotype: ♂, Guatemala; ISNB. Syn. nov. Apiomerus pipil: Maldonado (1990: 7) (catalog). Apiomerus guatemalensis: Maldonado (1990: 5) (catalog). Revised diagnosis: Recognized by the combination of the following characteristics: (1) large size (> 14 mm in length), (2) quadrate cell weakly delineated by light coloration, (3) basal spot of connexivum 7 that is roughly twice the size of the marking on the preceding segment (from dorsal view), (4) males with V-shaped medial process of pygophore with narrowly spaced, relatively straight rami, (5) elongate basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma that are paddle-shaped (constricted through their midsection) and strongly twisted apically, (6) about 26 endosomal denticles that are arranged into two longitudinal rows of about 13 pairs (proximal denticles arranged into two orderly rows). Redescription: Male: Medium to large, 14.72–17.18 mm in length, width across humeral angles 4.44–5.30 mm (n=6). COLORATION: Mostly black; anterior pronotal lobe dark brown, posterior lobe brown (Fig. 1C); corium predominantly black or dark brown, only veins near forewing membrane white or pale-yellow (tan in some older specimens), quadrate cell of the corium is not completely outlined in white or pale-yellow; entire forewing membrane often brown with dark spots, sometimes bicolored with basal portion darkly pigmented and distal portion lighter; basal spot of connexivum 7 roughly twice the size of marking on the preceding segment (from dorsal view); lateral spots of abdominal sterna 3–5 white or pale-yellow (in some specimens they may be tan). STRUCTURE: Medial process of pygophore V-shaped in caudal view (Fig. 2C–D); rami narrowly separated and relatively straight along their length; dorsal phallothecal sclerite arrow-shaped in dorsal view, with pair of subtle rounded projections near base; apex of dorsal phallothecal sclerite slightly reflexed and shallowly notched; basal dorsolateral sclerites of endosoma elongated, paddle-shaped, constricted at middle, slightly wider towards apex, and outwardly rotated apically; dorsal surface of endosoma with about 26 denticles arranged into two longitudinal rows comprised of about 13 pairs; dorsolateral surface of endosoma with slight sclerotization near base. Female: Large, 17.42–19.29 mm in length, width across humeral angles 5.34–5.86 mm (n=5). Biology: Specimens have been collected between elevations of 50–1400 m. Adults are typically active from June through September. Distribution: Apiomerus pipil ranges from southern Mexico (Chiapas) to Costa Rica. Discussion: Dispons (1971) described A. pipil and A. guatemalensis as two different species; the former was described from a pair collected from El Salvador and the later from a singleton male from Guatemala. We here synonymize the two, giving precedence to A. pipil acting as First Reviser following Art. 24.2 of ICZN (1999). While Szerlip (1980) did not include A. pipil as a member of the A. maya species group, the types of A. pipil bear many similarities with respect to general habitus and genitalic morphology to those of A. guatemalensis and A. venosus. The male holotype of A. pipil in particular possesses an arrow-shaped dorsal phallothecal sclerite, a pair of elongate basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma, and longitudinal rows of peg-like endosomal denticles. Overall, this species is very similar to some A. venosus specimens. Apiomerus pipil tends to be slightly larger and lacks extensive white markings on the corial veins. The white or pale-yellow markings of the abdomen roughly double in size posteriorly on each successive connexivum. The rami on the pygophore are inserted much closer to one another than those of A. venosus. In his unpublished dissertation, Szerlip (1980) gave names to two other putative new species in the A. maya species group, “ Apiomerus azteca ” and “ Apiomerus maculatus.” He concluded that A. guatemalensis was different from these based on the elongate pointed shape of its basal dorsolateral endosomal sclerites. The types of A. guatemalensis and A. pipil share many similarities with other specimens from the same region that Szerlip had identified as either “ Apiomerus azteca ” and “ Apiomerus maculatus.” We have observed plasticity in these structures however and argue that their shape is not consistent enough to warrant recognition of four distinct species. Type material examined: Apiomerus pipil Dispons, 1971. Holotype: ♂, EL SALVADOR: La Libertad: San Salvador, 1-Jul-1954, J. Bechyné (UCR _ ENT 00038053) (ISNB). Allotype: ♀, same locality, date and collector as holotype (UCR _ ENT 00038054) (ISNB). Apiomerus guatemalensis Dispons, 1971. Holotype: ♂, GUATEMALA: exact locality and date unknown, Gisquière (UCR _ ENT 00038050) (ISNB); in poor condition with both antennae and the entire right foreleg missing and forewing membranes severely tattered. The total body length (including the apex of the forewings) that Dispons (1971) recorded (11 mm) is quite shorter than what we measured (14.72 mm). Additional specimens examined: 38 ♂♂, 55 ♀♀ (see Appendix)., Published as part of Masonick, Paul & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Taxonomic revision of the Apiomerus maya species group (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae), pp. 537-556 in Zootaxa 5154 (5) on pages 545-546, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6655680, {"references":["Dispons, P. (1971) Notes sur quelques Apiomerus Hahn de L'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique (HemipteraHeteroptera: Reduviidae, Apiomerinae). Bulletin de la l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 47, 1 - 12.","Maldonado Capriles, J. (1990) Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the World. (Caribbean Journal of Science, Special publication No. 1.) University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, 694 pp.","ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, xxix + 306 pp.","Szerlip, S. L. (1980) Biosystematic revision of the genus Apiomerus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in North and Central America. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, California, 481 pp."]}

Apiomerus immundus Bergroth, 1898 Figs 1A, 2A, 2G, 3A, 3E Apiomerus immundus Bergroth, 1898: 307. Syntype (s): Mexico; MZH. Apiomerus immundus: Champion (1899: 238) (revision), Van Duzee (1916: 30) (catalog), Wygodzinsky (1949: 17) (catalog), Costa Lima et al. (1951: 340) (revision), Maldonado (1990: 5) (catalog). Revised diagnosis: Recognized by the combination of the following characteristics: (1) relatively small size (26 endosomal denticles. Redescription (based on the lectotype only): Male: Small, 11.45 mm in length, width across humeral angles 3.47 mm. COLORATION: Mostly brown; anterior pronotal lobe dark brown, posterior lobe brown (Fig. 1A); corium brown, veins near forewing membrane largely lacking light coloration, quadrate cell of the corium is not outlined in white or pale-yellow; entire forewing membrane brown with dark spots; basal spot of connexivum 7 roughly twice the size of marking on the preceding segment (from dorsal view); lateral spots of abdominal sterna absent. STRUCTURE: Medial process of pygophore lyre-shaped in caudal view, rami short and nearly straight (Fig. 2A); paramere weakly bent, with bristles subequal to or slightly longer than its maximal width (Fig. 2G); dorsal phallothecal sclerite lacking distinct arrow-shaped in dorsal view, without pair of strongly developed triangular projections near base, apex of dorsal phallothecal sclerite truncate and reflexed (Fig. 3A); basal dorsolateral sclerites of endosoma of moderate length, oblong, and covered with fine granules basally; dorsal surface of endosoma with>26 denticles arranged longitudinally; dorsolateral surface of endosoma with distinct sclerotization near base. Female: Unknown. Biology: Unknown. Distribution: The geographical range of this species remains unknown. The type specimen was collected in Mexico, but no additional locality data was provided. Discussion: This species is included in this revision based on its general appearance and the many male genitalic similarities it shares with species of the maya group, such as the lyre-shaped medial process of pygophore, enlarged basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma, and high number of endosomal denticles. This species however lacks the distinct arrow-shaped dorsal phallothecal sclerite that other maya group species possess (Fig. 3A) and has heavier lateral sclerotization along the dorsolateral surface of endosoma basally (Figs 3A, 3E). Szerlip (1980) included A. immundus among his A. subpiceus species group, a likely artificial grouping that he referred to as “a catchall for species from Central Mexico, the Yucatan Peninsula and Cuba ” but did not examine Bergroth’s type specimen. Overall, A. immundus appears most similar to A. maya but lacks the paired triangular projections at the base of the dorsal phallothecal sclerite, has slightly longer, more oblong dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma with finer sculpturing, and appears to possess more endosomal denticles (>26). Type information: The species was described based on an unspecified number of male individuals (Bergroth 1898). A single type of Bergroth from MZH, subsequently provided with a curatorial syntype label, has been examined (Fig. 1B). As the original description does not exclude the possibility that the species was described based on more than one individual, following Recommendation 73F of ICZN (1999), the examined specimen is regarded as a syntype, and here designated as lectotype of A. immundus. Type material examined: Lectotype (present designation): ♂, MEXICO: exact locality and date unknown (UCR _ ENT 00040816) (MZH) (Fig. 1A)., Published as part of Masonick, Paul & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Taxonomic revision of the Apiomerus maya species group (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae), pp. 537-556 in Zootaxa 5154 (5) on page 541, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6655680, {"references":["Bergroth, E. (1898) Description de deux Reduviides noveaux (Hemipt.). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 67, 307 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 1898.22241","Champion, G. C. (1899) Insecta. Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Vol. II. Part CXLVII. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. Zoologia. R. H. Porter, London, pp. 217 - 240, pl. 13.","Van Duzee, E. P. (1916) Check list of the Hemiptera (excepting Aphididae, Aleurodidae and Coccidae) of America north of Mexico. New York Entomological Society, New York, 111 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7967","Wygodzinsky, P. (1949) Elenco sistematico de los Reduviiformes americanos. Instituto de Medicina Regional de la Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Monografia, 1, 1 - 102.","Costa Lima, A., Seabra, C. A. & Hathaway, C. R. (1951) Estudo dos Apiomeros (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 49, 273 - 442. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761951000100004","Maldonado Capriles, J. (1990) Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the World. (Caribbean Journal of Science, Special publication No. 1.) University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, 694 pp.","Szerlip, S. L. (1980) Biosystematic revision of the genus Apiomerus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in North and Central America. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, California, 481 pp.","ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, xxix + 306 pp."]}

Apiomerus maya species group Figs 1–5 Diagnosis: Males are recognized from other species of Apiomerus by a combination of an arrow-shaped dorsal phallothecal sclerite, a pair of enlarged basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma, and longitudinal rows of peglike denticles (between 26–40 in total) on the dorsal surface of the endosoma. Also, the medial process of the pygophore is wide and its base indistinct, giving the appearance of the rami being inserted directly on the posterior margin of the pygophore. Both sexes are predominately black (or dark brown) with reddish-brown antennae and white or pale-yellow markings on the corial veins, thoracic venter, and connexiva. Description: Male: Macropterous, body elongate ovoid, 11.5–17 mm in length. COLORATION: Body overall predominantly black; antenna reddish-brown; anterior pronotal lobe black or dark brown; posterior pronotal lobe and lateral surfaces of the legs variable, often dark brown; venter of neck, margins of prosternal stridulatory groove, anterior coxal cavities, mesal surface of forecoxa, fore- and mid trochanter and femur, corial veins (partially or completely), anterior portion of connexiva 2–7, area around of abdominal spiracles 2–7, and pair of spots on venter of pygophore white to pale yellow (or tan in some older specimens); membrane of hemelytra either entirely brown or bicolored with basal portion darkened and distal portion hyaline. VESTITURE: integument generally densely setose; head with long thin black or white setae; pronotum, scutellum, corium, and pleura covered with short thick white setae interspersed with longer, less conspicuous black setae; fore and mid legs densely setose, hind tibia more sparsely covered and with a short metatibial comb; abdominal venter sparsely covered with long shiny setae; medial process of pygophore with dense patch of long black setae; mesal surface of paramere covered with short fine setae, apex with long erect setae. STRUCTURE: HEAD: longer than wide, elongate ovoid, anteocular and postocular region subequal in length, latter slightly convex in dorsal view; clypeus slender in dorsal view and apically blunt; labrum short and triangular; eye globular and weakly reniform in dorsal and lateral views, respectively; interocular sulcus deep and strongly curved; ocellus large, located on distinct tubercle, distance between ocelli greater than between anterior margin of ocellus and eye; antennifer near eye, short, and unarmed. Antenna: long, surpassing posterior margin of pronotum; scapus surpassing clypeus; pedicel subequal in length and diameter to scapus; basiflagellomere longer than distiflagellomere, diameters of both same as pedicel. Labium: segment 2 (first visible) short and stout, not reaching anterior margin of eye; segment 3 long and straight, reaching anterior margin of prosternum; segment 4 short and laterally compressed in cross section, reaching roughly to the middle of the stridulatory groove. THORAX: anterior pronotal lobe with rounded lateral margins, shorter and narrower than posterior lobe, vertex deeply sculpted with crescent-shaped furrow; longitudinal sulcus distinct, almost reaching anterior margin; posterior pronotal lobe smooth, disc slightly convex, humeral angle located anteriorly to posterior margin of pronotum, rounded, and the lateral margin of which forming an angle of roughly 90°; posterolateral margin of posterior pronotal lobe strongly keeled; scutellum triangular, margins rounded. Legs: coxa short and globular; trochanter subtriangular; femora cylindrical; fore- and mid tibiae thickened apically; foretarsus with two tarsomeres; mid and hind tarsus with three tarsomeres. Hemelytron: exceeding tip of abdomen by less than 1/4 of its length, corium well developed and leathery. ABDOMEN: strongly convex ventrally; connexivum expanded laterally beyond margin of hemelytron, abdominal sternites distinct. GENITALIA: base of the medial process of the pygophore wide and indistinct, rami inserted on posterior margin of pygophore, nearly vertical in lateral or caudal views; paramere thickened from base to 2/3 its length then weakly or strongly bent mesad, point of insertion is at the apical third of the pygophore, slightly hooked apically; inner margin of genital capsule (exterior rim of pygophore) with small protuberance; anterior opening of pygophore with smooth rim; tergite 9 divided into flat lateral sclerites and a medial membranous area; aedeagus elongate when inflated, with articulatory apparatus broad and triangular; dorsal phallothecal sclerite heavily sclerotized and arrow-shaped (with the exception of A. immundus which is subconical), apex reflexed and either slightly or deeply notched; phallosoma weakly sclerotized laterally and with transverse striations; endosoma with a pair of elongated basal dorsolateral sclerites, either flat or twisted apically; endosoma membranous and lightly striated; dorsal surface of endosoma with longitudinal rows of peg-like denticles (between 20–40 in total); Female: Larger than male, 11.5–19 mm in length, similar to male except for the following: COLORATION: usually lacking conspicuous white or pale-yellow markings on the mesal surfaces of the fore- and mid femur and lateral spots on abdominal sterna 3–5. VESTITURE: metatibial comb much longer than that of male; abdominal venter densely covered with stiff shiny setae. STRUCTURE: ABDOMEN: lateral margins of tergite 8 rounded and not produced as deflexed lobes. GENITALIA: syntergite 9/10 roughly trapezoidal, lateral margins rounded; gonocoxa 8 large, L-shaped to roughly quadrangular, posterior margin lined with 20-30 very short, stout setae; gonoplac mitten-shaped, lightly fused medially, each side bearing a thumb-like dorsal medial projection topped with roughly two setae, and a strongly sclerotized posteriorly projecting lobe covered with many setae. Discussion: In these taxa, the base of the medial process is greatly reduced giving the impression of the rami being inserted directly on the posterior rim of the pygophore (Fig. 2A–F). The rami are often broadly spaced from one another and render the medial process either V-shaped, as frequently observed in A. pipil (see Fig. 2C), or lyreshaped (most male A. venosus, Fig. 2E–F). Other than using coloration, females in this group are best diagnosed through association with males as their genital morphology appears to be less variable at the species-level. Identification key to the Apiomerus maya species group 1 Small species (11.5–12.5 mm), body and hemelytra predominantly dark brown, males with basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma short to moderate in length, broad, flat, and round or oblong.......................................... 2 - Medium to large species (14–19 mm), body and hemelytra variable in color (brown or black with light-colored markings on connexiva and corium, distal portion of membrane of hemelytra sometimes hyaline), males with basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma elongate, often slightly twisted apically, and paddle-shaped........................................ 3 2 Dorsal phallothecal sclerite of males without a pair of prominent triangular projections at its base, basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma of moderate length, oblong, and with fine sculpturing (Fig. 3A).......... A. immundus Bergroth, 1898 - Dorsal phallothecal sclerite of males with a pair of prominent triangular projections at its base (Figs 3B, F), basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma short, round, and smooth or subtly striated longitudinally (Fig. 3B)....... A. maya Dispons, 1971 3 Quadrate cell of corium of hemelytra weakly delineated and is not completely outlined by light coloration (Fig. 1C), medial process of pygophore of males V-shaped with narrowly separated rami (Fig. 2C), basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma relatively narrow and short, constricted at middle (Fig. 3C), dorsal endosomal surface with about 26 peg-like denticles (proximal denticles forming two orderly rows) (Fig. 3C)......................................... A. pipil Dispons, 1971 - Quadrate cell of corium of hemelytra outlined entirely (or strongly delineated on at least three sides) by light coloration (Fig. 1D), medial process of pygophore of males lyre-shaped with widely separated rami (Fig. 2E–F), basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma relatively broad throughout, not constricted at middle, dorsal endosomal surface with about 40 peg-like denticles (proximal denticles clustered) (Fig. 3D).................................................. A. venosus Stål, 1872, Published as part of Masonick, Paul & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Taxonomic revision of the Apiomerus maya species group (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae), pp. 537-556 in Zootaxa 5154 (5) on pages 539-541, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6655680, {"references":["Bergroth, E. (1898) Description de deux Reduviides noveaux (Hemipt.). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 67, 307 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 1898.22241","Dispons, P. (1971) Notes sur quelques Apiomerus Hahn de L'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique (HemipteraHeteroptera: Reduviidae, Apiomerinae). Bulletin de la l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 47, 1 - 12.","Stal, C. (1872) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en forteckning ofver alla hittills kanda Hemiptera, Jemte Systematiska meddelanden. 2. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-akademiens Handlingar, 10 (4), 1 - 159."]}

Voconia loki sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: BBC757E0-8E3F-4CCC-9B5F-8E7FA5FAB7A2 Figs 1���2, 3H, 8, 10, 20 Diagnosis This species most closely resembles two other Southeast Asian species, V. isosceles sp. nov. and V. lasiosoma sp. nov., due to the finely granulose head and pronotum; legs and antennae yellow; pronotum dark with contrasting yellow posterior margin; and relatively denser and longer setation. Voconia loki sp. nov. is smaller (about 8.3 mm long) than these two species. It is also recognized from V. isosceles sp. nov. by the stout Cu-An 1 cell (less than half the length of the M-Cu cell), brown membranal veins that form the Cu-An1 and M-Cu cells, and the postocular region brown having dark patches adjacent to the medial ocellar margin. Apart from its smaller size, this species is distinguished from V. lasiosoma sp. nov. by the almost entirely yellow proximal half of the corium, reddish-brown distal half of the corium instead of black, and yellow legs instead of a darker yellowish-brown. Etymology Named after the cunning trickster from Norse mythology and from the Marvel Comics��� character, Loki, since this specimen deceived and tricked authors in a previous study (Hwang & Weirauch 2012) who misidentified it as ��� Kayanocoris wegneri ��� (V. wegneri comb. nov.). A proper noun in apposition. Type material Holotype BRUNEI ��� ♂; Belait District, 21.5 km N of Labi on Labi Rd, Karanga Forest; 4.58244 �� N, 114.50508 �� E; elev. 40 m; 28 Jun. 2010; C. Weirauch and W. Hwang leg.; collecting event: BR10_L18; hand collected; low-elevation dipterocarp forest; DNA voucher R_CW 1590; USI: UCR_ENT 00052216; UCR. Description Male (Figs 8, 10) BODY LENGTH. About 8.3 mm; macropterous. COLORATION. Head (Fig. 3H): light brown; clypeus yellow; postocular region with dark patches adjacent to medial ocellar margin; labium lighter than head, yellow. Thorax: pronotum darker than head; posterior pronotal lobe with posterior margin lighter; scutellum dark with contrasting yellow apical spine. Hemelytron (abducted): clavus reddish-brown with distal yellow stripe; proximal half of corium mostly yellow with small black spot, distal half reddish-brown with distal yellow spot; membrane dark with proximally pale V-shaped marking along R and M veins; membranal veins R and M proximally pale, veins forming Cu-An 1 cell pale. Legs: yellow. Abdomen: dark brown; dorsal laterotergites yellow. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head and pronotum (Fig. 3H): finely granulose with dense, long macrosetae interspersed among sparse pubescence; interocular region with two pairs of macrosetae paramedially; antennifer with strong macroseta, base not protruded laterally; morphologically ventral surface of labium with dense, short macrosetae. Thorax: anterolateral angles of pronotal collar with macrosetae; scutellar lateral carinae with long setation. Hemelytron: corium with dense long setation. Legs: posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with three large and three small spines on distal half. Abdomen: ventral surface pubescent, long macrosetae interspersed. STRUCTURE. Head (Fig. 3H): elongate, about 1.2 times as long as wide; anteocular region about one third of head length, about as long as postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); postocular region in dorsal view as long as eye, lateral margins gently rounded; pedicel about 0.9 times length of head width; maxillary plates ellipsoidal, adjacent to and shorter than clypeus; apices of maxillary plates in dorsal view directed straight; clypeus in dorsal view wider than maxillary plates; clypeal apex round, narrowed; interocular glabrous markings anterolaterally curved, joined at interocular sulcus paramedially; interocular sulcus in dorsal view bent anteromedially, subtriangular; eye width in dorsal view wider than synthlipsis; eye reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; ventrolateral swelling of buccula without lateral protrusion that surpasses buccular margin, flat margin; labial segment I in lateral view straight, surpassing posteroventral eye margin; morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II nearly straight, about 0.5 times length of segment I. Thorax: pronotal collar in dorsal view narrow medially with anterolateral angles short, projected forward; anterior pronotal lobe about 0.7 times length of posterior pronotal lobe, lateral margins almost straight; glabrous markings on pronotum conspicuous and not depressed; median apodeme depression of pronotum deep, elongated longitudinally; scutellar spine long, raised; anteriad-directed process of prosternum smoothly rounded, without paramedial lobes; anterior margin of stridulitrum not elongated into protuberance; proepimeron with acute protuberance on posteroventral margin. Legs: fossula spongiosa present on fore and mid legs. Female Unknown. Distribution (Fig. 20) This species is only known from the type locality in Brunei on the island of Borneo. Remarks The holotype is referred to as Kayanocoris wegneri R_CW 1590 in Hwang & Weirauch���s (2012) molecular phylogeny, where it is recovered as the sister taxon to all other species of Gerbelius., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on pages 61-63, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636, {"references":["Hwang W. S. & Weirauch C. 2012. Evolutionary history of assassin bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae): Insights from divergence dating and ancestral state reconstruction. PLoS ONE 7 (9): e 45523. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0045523"]}

Voconia isosceles sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 826EFBC8-FA03-42DA-8E5E-E0D4F29A5B66 Figs 1���2, 7, 9, 20 Diagnosis This species most closely resembles another Southeast Asian species, V. loki sp. nov., due to the finely granulose head and pronotum, yellow legs and antennae, dark pronotum with contrasting yellow posterior margin, and the proximal half of the corium being entirely yellow, distal half dark with small distal yellow spot. Voconia isosceles sp. nov. is slightly larger (about 8.8 mm long), the membranal veins forming the Cu-An 1 and M-Cu cells are paler than the remainder of the membrane, and the postocular region is dark with a semicircular pale stripe encircling both ocelli. Etymology The specific epithet is the Latin adjective ��� isosceles, -, -���, which has the same meaning as its equivalent geometric term used in English for a triangle having at least two sides of equal length (also known as a golden triangle). Refers to the yellow or golden isosceles triangle on the proximal half of the corium. Type material Holotype PHILIPPINES ��� ♂; Mindanao, Gingoog City, Mts Or., Mt Pomalihi, 21 km W of Gingoog City; [8.81�� N, 124.92�� E]; elev. 800���1000 m; 16���18 Oct. 1965; H.M. Torrevillas leg.; light trap; USI: UCR_ENT 00073814; BPBM. Description Male (Figs 7, 9) BODY LENGTH. About 8.8 mm; macropterous. COLORATION. Head: dark brown; postocular region with dark patches adjacent to medial ocellar margin, semicircular pale stripe encircling both ocelli; labium lighter than head, yellow. Thorax: as head; posterior pronotal lobe with posterior margin lighter, yellow; scutellum dark with contrasting yellow apical spine. Hemelytron (abducted): clavus reddish-brown with distal yellow stripe; corium proximal half yellow, distal half reddish-brown with yellow spot at distal apex; membrane brown with pale V-shaped marking along R and M veins; membranal veins forming Cu-An 1 and M-Cu cells paler than remainder of membrane. Legs: yellow. Abdomen: dark brown ventrally; laterotergites light brown. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head and pronotum: finely granulose with dense, long macrosetae interspersed among dense pubescence; interocular region with two pairs of macrosetae paramedially; antennifer with short lateral setigerous tubercle; morphologically ventral surface of labium with dense, short macrosetae. Thorax: anterolateral angles of pronotal collar with macrosetae; scutellar lateral carinae with long setation. Hemelytron: corium with dense long setation. Legs: posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with three large spines on distal half. Abdomen: ventral surface pubescent, long macrosetae interspersed. STRUCTURE. Head: elongate, about 1.3 times as long as wide; anteocular region about one third of head length, about as long as postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); postocular region in dorsal view about as long as eye, lateral margins gently rounded; pedicel about 1.4 times length of head width; maxillary plates ellipsoidal, adjacent to and as long as clypeus; apices of maxillary plates in dorsal view directed straight; clypeus in dorsal view wider than maxillary plates; clypeal apex round, not narrowed; interocular glabrous markings anterolaterally curved, joined at interocular sulcus paramedially; interocular sulcus in dorsal view bent anteromedially, subtriangular; eye width in dorsal view narrower than synthlipsis; eye reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; ventrolateral swelling of buccula without lateral protrusion that surpasses buccular margin, flat margin; labial segment I in lateral view straight, surpassing posteroventral eye margin; morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II nearly straight, about 0.3 times length of segment I. Thorax: pronotal collar in dorsal view narrow medially with anterolateral angles short, projected forward; anterior pronotal lobe about 0.6 times length of posterior pronotal lobe, lateral margins rounded; glabrous markings on pronotum conspicuous and not depressed; median apodeme depression of pronotum shallow, elongated transversely; scutellar spine long, raised; anteriad-directed process of prosternum smoothly rounded, without paramedial lobes; anterior margin of stridulitrum not elongated into protuberance; proepimeron with acute protuberance on posteroventral margin. Legs: fossula spongiosa present on fore and mid legs. Abdomen: anterior margin of terga prominently carinulate; terga II and III with paired prominent longitudinal carinae, almost reaching posterior margin of tergum III. Female Unknown. Distribution (Fig. 20) This species is only known from the type locality in the Philippines. Remarks Based on the record of a Miridae specimen from the same collection event as the holotype, Mt Pomalihi is presumably in Mt Balatukan Range Natural Park. The type locality is also shared with V. bakeri sp. nov. Though V. isosceles sp. nov. and V. loki sp. nov. closely resemble each other, we are treating them as separate species because they were not recovered as closely related taxa in our analyses (Figs 1���2). This hypothesis should be further tested with additional material., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on pages 54-56, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636

Voconia nyx sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 374635C1-1613-483F-A653-17F63F0C9545 Figs 1���2, 4F���H, 8, 10, 12, 14, 20 Diagnosis This species is most similar to other Southeast Asian species of Voconia with a finely granulose head and pronotum and abducted corium with yellow spots on the posteromedial and distal apex. Despite the similarity in color, V. nyx sp. nov. is larger than V. minima sp. nov. (about 10.0 mm long) and has uniformly brown legs. It is distinguished from V. bakeri sp. nov. by its uniformly brown dorsal laterotergites, pale stripe along the posterior margin of the pronotum, and the abducted corium with an anteroproximal yellowish-brown stripe. Etymology Named after the Greek primordial goddess of the night, Nyx. Refers to the dark legs and antennae of this species, which differ from those of a similar yet lighter colored species, Voconia hemera sp. nov., named after the goddess of day. A proper noun in apposition. Type material Holotype PHILIPPINES ��� ♂ (dissected pygophore and aedeagus in vial); Laguna, Mt Maquiling; [14.13 �� N, 121.20 �� E]; elev. 100 m; 28 Feb. 1949; A.E. Bigornia leg.; USI: AMNH_PBI 00170705; AMNH. Description Male (Figs 8, 10) BODY LENGTH. About 10.0 mm; macropterous. COLORATION. Head: dark brown; postocular region with pale patches adjacent to lateral ocellar margin; labium lighter than head, brown. Thorax (Fig. 4F): as head; posterior pronotal lobe with posterior margin lighter; scutellum uniformly dark brown. Hemelytron (abducted): clavus dark reddish-brown with distal yellow stripe; corium dark reddish-brown with yellowish-brown stripe on anteroproximal margin, posteromedial and distal yellow spots; membrane dark with pale V-shaped marking along R and M veins; membranal veins R and M pale. Legs: dark reddish-brown. Abdomen: dark reddish-brown; dorsal laterotergites dark brown. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head and pronotum: finely granulose with sparse, long macrosetae interspersed among dense pubescence; interocular region with two pairs of macrosetae paramedially; antennifer with short lateral setigerous tubercle; morphologically ventral surface of labium with sparse, long macrosetae. Thorax: anterolateral angles of pronotal collar with macrosetae; scutellar lateral carinae with long setation. Legs: posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with three large spines on distal half and three or fewer small spines. Abdomen: ventral surface pubescent. STRUCTURE. Head: elongate, about 1.3 times as long as wide; anteocular region about one third of head length, about as long as postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); postocular region in dorsal view shorter than eye, lateral margins gently rounded; pedicel about 1.2 times length of head width; maxillary plates ellipsoidal, adjacent to and longer than clypeus; apices of maxillary plates in dorsal view directed straight; clypeus in dorsal view about as wide as maxillary plates; clypeal apex round, narrowed; interocular glabrous markings anterolaterally curved, joined at interocular sulcus paramedially; interocular sulcus in dorsal view bent anteromedially, subtriangular; eye width in dorsal view about as wide as synthlipsis; eye reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; ventrolateral swelling of buccula without lateral protrusion that surpasses buccular margin, flat margin; labial segment I in lateral view straight, not reaching posteroventral eye margin; morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II nearly straight, about 0.6 times length of segment I. Thorax: pronotal collar in dorsal view narrow medially with anterolateral angles short, projected forward; anterior pronotal lobe about 0.6 times length of posterior pronotal lobe, lateral margins rounded; glabrous markings on pronotum thin and not deeply depressed; median apodeme depression of pronotum shallow, elongated transversely; scutellar spine long, raised (Fig. 4F); anteriad-directed process of prosternum smoothly rounded, without paramedial lobes; anterior margin of stridulitrum not elongated into protuberance; proepimeron with acute protuberance on posteroventral margin. Legs (Fig. 4G���H): fossula spongiosa present on fore and mid legs. Pygophore (Fig. 12): transverse bridge with triangular posterior margin; posterior region of ventral surface of pygophore in lateral view with large swelling; short median apical process bent posteriorly in lateral view; lateral pygophore margin with protuberance; posterior pygophore margin with clustered macrosetae on protuberance; parameres sinusoidal, apex tapered into squarely rounded tip. Aedeagus (Fig. 14): endosoma almost entirely covered with spicules; apex of dorsal phallothecal sclerite tongue-shaped in dorsal view; basal plate extension 4.6 times as long as wide. Female Unknown. Distribution (Fig. 17) This species is only known from the type locality on the Philippine island of Luzon. Remarks The holotype locality of Mt Maquiling is about 10 km from the holotype locality of V. hemera sp. nov. at Los Ba��os., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on pages 69-70, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636

Gerbelius sp. 1 Material examined LAOS ��� 1 ♀; Vientiane Prov., Houayang Nat. Park; 18.09815 �� N, 102.67535 �� E; elev. 180 m; 19���20 Jun. 2008; A. Solodovnikov and J. Pedersen leg.; collecting event: LAO08-2G; mostly secondary rainforest; DNA voucher specimen R_CW 0705; USI: UCR_ENT 00052189; UCR. THAILAND ��� 1 ♀; Chaiyaphum, Pa Hin Ngam; 15.63553 �� N, 101.3987 �� E; elev. 698 m; 11���18 Aug. 2006; Katae Sa-nog and Buakaw Adnafai leg.; collecting event: T444; ecotone between mix deciduous/ dry dipterocarp; DNA voucher specimen R_CW 1185; USI: UCR_ENT 00002541; UCR., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636

Gerbelius typicus Distant, 1903 Gerbelius typicus Distant, 1903a: 59 Gerbelius typicus ��� Distant 1904: fig. 175. Type material Lectotype (present designation) MYANMAR [���BIRMANIA���] ��� ♀; Bhamo; Aug. 1885; L. Fea leg.; Distant coll. 1911-383; USI: UCR_ ENT 00048382; BMNH(E) 1255220. Paralectotype MYANMAR ��� 1 ♀; ���Palon (Pegu)��� [Palon]; Aug. ��� Sep. ���87��� [1887]; L. Fea leg.; Distant coll. 1911-383; BMNH. Additional material examined INDIA ��� 1 ♂; Kerala, Trivandrum, Poonmudi Range [Ponmudi]; [8.77 �� N, 77.12 �� E]; elev. ��� 3000 ft ��� [914 m]; Sep. 1971; T.R.S. Nathan leg.; dissected genitalia in vial; USI: AMNH_IZC 00321200., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636, {"references":["Distant W. L. 1903 a. Contributions to a knowledge of the Rhynchota. Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique 47 (4): 43 - 65.","Distant W. L. 1904. Rhynchota. - Vol. II. (Heteroptera) [part 2, pp. [i] - iv, xi - xvii, 243 - 503]. In: Blanford W. T. (ed.) The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Taylor and Francis, London."]}

Voconia decorata sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 93BE46E2-210B-45C7-8FD6-2C38EC62B2D9 Figs 1���2, 3B, 4J, 7, 9, 20 Diagnosis Distinguished from most other species of Voconia by the yellow ring around the postocular region, membranal veins forming Cu-An 1 and M-Cu cells paler than remainder of membrane, and proepimeron with protuberance on posteroventral margin. This species is most similar to two other Oriental species, V. coronata sp. nov. and V. lirophleps sp. nov. It is distinguishable from these species by its distribution in the Malaysian state of Sabah in Borneo, the light brown coloration of the body, the labium being lighter than the head, and the dark scutellum with a contrasting yellow apical spine. Etymology The specific epithet is the Latin adjective ��� decoratus, - a, - um ���, meaning ���decorated, elegant���, referring to its light brown coloration and yellow markings on the hemelytron and dorsal laterotergites that gives it a flashier and more elegant look. Type material Holotype MALAYSIA [���NORTH BORNEO���] ��� ♀; Sabah, Tawau, Quoin Hill, Cocoa Res. Stn, [4.42�� N, 118.02�� E]; elev. 225 m; 16 Sep. 1962; K.J. Kuncheria leg.; USI: UCR_ENT 00073809; BPBM. Description Male (Figs 7, 9) BODY LENGTH. About 10.0 mm; macropterous. COLORATION. Head (Fig. 3B): light brown, yellowish; postocular region with dark patches adjacent to medial ocellar margin, semicircular pale stripe encircling both ocelli; labium lighter than head. Thorax: coloration as head; posterior margin of posterior pronotal lobe lighter; scutellum dark with contrasting yellow apical spine. Hemelytron (abducted): clavus reddish-brown with distal yellow stripe; corium reddish-brown with anteroproximal yellow stripe, posteromedial and distal yellow spots; membrane light brown with pale V-shaped marking along R and M veins; membranal veins forming Cu-An1 and M-Cu cells paler than remainder of membrane. Legs: yellowish-brown, distal half of femora darker. Abdomen: yellowish-brown, dorsal laterotergites with yellow spots anteriorly. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head (Fig. 3B) and pronotum: finely granulose with sparse, short macrosetae interspersed among sparse pubescence; antennifer with short lateral setigerous tubercle; morphologically ventral surface of labium with dense, short macrosetae. Thorax: anterolateral angles of pronotal collar with macrosetae. Hemelytron: corium with sparse, long setation. Legs (Fig. 4J): posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with three large spines on distal half and one small spine. Abdomen: ventral surface pubescent. STRUCTURE. Head (Fig. 3B): elongate, 1.3 times as long as wide; anteocular region about one third of head length, shorter than postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); postocular region in dorsal view shorter than eye, lateral margins gently rounded; pedicel about 1.3 times length of head width; maxillary plates ellipsoidal, adjacent to and as long as clypeus; apices of maxillary plates in dorsal view directed straight; clypeus in dorsal view about as wide as maxillary plates; clypeal apex round, not narrowed; interocular glabrous markings anterolaterally curved, joined at interocular sulcus paramedially; interocular sulcus in dorsal view bent anteromedially, subtriangular; eye width in dorsal view narrower than synthlipsis; eye reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; ventrolateral swelling of buccula with lateral protrusion that surpasses buccular margin; labial segment I in lateral view straight, surpassing posteroventral eye margin; morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II nearly straight, about 0.5 times length of segment I. Thorax: pronotal collar in dorsal view wide medially with anterolateral angles short, projected forward; anterior pronotal lobe about 0.7 times length of posterior pronotal lobe, lateral margins almost straight; glabrous markings on pronotum deeply depressed; median apodeme depression of pronotum shallow, elongated longitudinally; scutellar spine long, subhorizontal; anteriad-directed process of prosternum smoothly rounded, without paramedial lobes; anterior margin of stridulitrum not elongated into protuberance; proepimeron with acute protuberance on posteroventral margin. Legs: fossula spongiosa present on fore and mid legs. Female Unknown. Distribution (Fig. 20) This species is only known from the type locality of Quoin Hill in the Malaysian state of Sabah on the island of Borneo. Remarks The phylogenetic placement of V. decorata sp. nov. is uncertain (Figs 1���2)., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on pages 46-47, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636

Gerbelius sp. 4 Material examined THAILAND ��� 1 ♀; Phetchabun Prov., Nam Nao National Park; 16.728217�� N, 101.563933�� E; elev. 917 m; 6���13 Nov. 2006; Leng Janteab leg.; collecting event: T1018; malaise trap; DNA voucher specimen R_CW 0552; USI: UCR_ENT 00052225; UCR., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636

Voconia bracata sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 32D3A427-888D-4D48-B0C3-5EB69CB43B1A Figs 1, 2, 3J, 4C, K, 7, 9, 18 Diagnosis Distinguished from other species of the genus Voconia by its long, slender body (about 10.8 mm), long head (about 1.7 times as long as wide), hind leg with four large spines in the posterior row, a large pale spot between R and M veins, and dorsal laterotergites I and II yellow, the remainder dark brown. This species is most similar to V. typica, but is differentiated by the yellow proximal third of the mid and hind femora as well as the anterior pronotal lobe, which is convex, strongly curved inward on the posterolateral margins. Etymology The specific epithet is the Latin adjective ��� bracatus, - a, - um ���, meaning ���wearing trousers���. It refers to the yellow coloration of the proximal half of the femora. Type material Holotype PAPUA NEW GUINEA ��� ♂; Milne Bay Province, Waikaiuna, Normanby Island; [10.06�� S, 150.97�� E]; elev. 0���50 m; 14 Apr. 1956; L.J. Brass leg.; Fifth Archibold Exped. to New Guinea; USI: AMNH_PBI 00170707; AMNH. Description Male (Figs 7, 9) BODY LENGTH. About 10.8 mm; macropterous. COLORATION. Head: dark brown; postocular region with dark patches adjacent to medial ocellar margin and paired pale patches adjacent to lateral ocellar margin; labial segments II and III lighter than head. Thorax: coloration as head; scutellum dark with contrasting yellow apical spine. Hemelytron (abducted): clavus dark reddish-brown with distal half yellow; corium dark reddish-brown with anteromedial, posteromedial, and distal yellow spots; membrane dark, large pale spot between R and M veins; membranal veins R and M proximally pale, remainder as membrane. Legs (Fig. 4K): dark brown with yellow mid and hind coxae, trochanter, and proximal third of femora. Abdomen (Fig. 4C): dark reddishbrown; dorsal laterotergites I and II yellow. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head and pronotum: finely granulose with sparse, short macrosetae interspersed among dense pubescence; antennifer with short lateral setigerous tubercle; morphologically ventral surface of labium with dense, short macrosetae; anterolateral angles of pronotal collar without macrosetae or setigerous tubercles. Legs (Fig. 4K): posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with four large spines on distal half. Abdomen: ventral surface pubescent with long macrosetae. STRUCTURE. Head: elongate, about 1.7 times as long as wide; anteocular region about one third of head length, subequal in length to postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); postocular region in dorsal view longer than eye, lateral margins gently rounded; pedicel about 1.8 times length of head width; maxillary plates ellipsoidal, adjacent to and reaching apex of clypeus; apex of maxillary plates in dorsal view directed straight; clypeus in dorsal view slightly narrower than maxillary plates; clypeal apex round, not narrowed; interocular glabrous markings V-shaped, joined medially at interocular sulcus; interocular sulcus in dorsal view slightly bent anteromedially, subtriangular; eye width in dorsal view wider than synthlipsis; eye reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; ventrolateral swelling of buccula without lateral protrusion that surpasses buccular margin, flat margin; labial segment I in lateral view straight, surpassing posteroventral eye margin; morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II slightly curving apically, about 0.4 times length of segment I. Thorax: pronotal collar narrow medially with anterolateral angles short, projected forward; anterior pronotal lobe subequal in length to posterior pronotal lobe, lateral margins rounded; glabrous markings on pronotum thin and not deeply depressed; median apodeme depression of pronotum deep and elongated transversely; scutellar spine long and subhorizontal; anteriad-directed process of prosternum smoothly rounded, without paramedial lobes (Fig. 3J); anterior margin of stridulitrum not elongated into protuberance (Fig. 3J); proepimeron with smoothly rounded posteroventral margin. Legs: fossula spongiosa present on fore and mid legs. Female Unknown. Distribution (Fig. 18) This species is only known from the type locality of Normanby Island off of Papua New Guinea, where no other Pseudocetherinae species are known. Remarks This species forms a well-supported clade with another species from Papua New Guinea, V. typica (Figs 1���2)., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on pages 35-37, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636

Voconia tridens sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 82E67D5A-E019-40EE-A019-E3BCD5E781DA Figs 1���2, 8, 10, 13���14, 17 Diagnosis Distinguished from other species of Voconia by the following combination of characters: coarsely granulose head and pronotum; maxillary plates not adjacent to and far surpass clypeal apex; and antennifers with a long, lateral spine. This species is recognized from the macropterous morph of V. schoutedeni by the yellow head and pronotum; the maxillary plates in lateral view are not wide, about the width of the scape; scutellar spine is subhorizontal; and the hemelytra is not blackish, it is a light brown with pale coloration at the base and apex of the corium. Etymology The specific epithet is the Latin adjective ��� tridens, -, -���, meaning ���three-toothed, three-pronged���, derived from the prefix ��� tri -��� combined with the Latin noun ��� dens ���, referring to the elongated and separated maxillary plates and clypeus that form three prongs. Type material Holotype SUDAN ��� ♂ (dissected pygophore and aedeagus in vial); Blue Nile, Abu Hashim-Galegu; [12.25 �� N, 34.69 �� E]; 23���24 Nov. 1962; R. Linnavuori leg.; USI: AMNH_PBI 00170712; AMNH. Description Male (Figs 8, 10) BODY LENGTH. About 8.0 mm; macropterous. COLORATION. Head: yellow; postocular region with red patches adjacent to medial ocellar margin; labium as head. Thorax: uniformly yellow; scutellum yellow. Hemelytron (abducted): clavus uniformly yellow; corium proximal half mostly yellow, distal half brown with yellow spot at distal apex; membrane dark with pale V-shaped marking along R and M veins. Legs: yellow. Abdomen: yellow, dorsal laterotergites with a pale brown stripe on posterior margin. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head and pronotum: coarsely granulose with dense, short setigerous tubercles; interocular region with two pairs of stout setigerous tubercles paramedially; antennifer with long lateral spine; morphologically ventral surface of labium with sparse, short macrosetae. Thorax: anterolateral angles of pronotal collar without macrosetae or setigerous tubercles; scutellar lateral carinae with pubescent tubercles. Hemelytron: corium with short macrosetae. Legs: posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with three large spines on distal half. Abdomen: ventral surface pubescent. STRUCTURE. Head: elongate, about 1.3 times as long as wide; anteocular region two-fifths of head length, longer than postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); postocular region in dorsal view longer than eye, lateral margins subrectangular; scape not reaching head apex; pedicel about 0.9 times length of head width; maxillary plates ellipsoidal, not adjacent to or longer than clypeus; apices of maxillary plates in dorsal view diverging; clypeus in dorsal view narrower than maxillary plates; clypeal apex round, narrowed; interocular glabrous markings V-shaped, joined medially at interocular sulcus; interocular sulcus in dorsal view curved and smoothly rounded anteriorly; eye width in dorsal view narrower than synthlipsis; eye reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; ventrolateral swelling of buccula with acute protrusion surpassing buccular margin, small setigerous tubercles along margin of protrusion; labial segment I in lateral view straight, surpassing posteroventral eye margin; morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II nearly straight, about 0.4 times length of segment I. Thorax: pronotal collar in dorsal view wide medially with anterolateral angles long, flared laterally; anterior pronotal lobe about 0.7 times length of posterior pronotal lobe, lateral margins almost straight; glabrous markings on pronotum deeply depressed; median apodeme depression of pronotum shallow, elongated longitudinally; scutellar spine long, subhorizontal; anteriad-directed process of prosternum with paramedial lobes; anterior margin of stridulitrum not elongated into protuberance; proepimeron with smoothly rounded posteroventral margin. Legs: fossula spongiosa present on fore and mid legs. Pygophore (Fig. 13): transverse bridge with triangular posterior margin; posterior region of ventral surface of pygophore in lateral view straight, not swollen; short median apical process sharply bent posteriorly in lateral view; lateral pygophore margin with protuberance; posterior pygophore margin with clustered macrosetae on protuberance; parameres round, apex tapered into squarely rounded tip. Aedeagus: endosoma almost entirely covered with spicules; apex of dorsal phallothecal sclerite tongueshaped in dorsal view; basal plate extension about 4.6 times as long as wide. Female Unknown. Distribution (Fig. 17) Only known from the type locality in Northeastern Africa, Sudan. Remarks The antennifer spine on the right side of the head of the holotype is absent. We assume it was damaged since three species, V. schoutedeni, V. monodi, and V. ifana, have similar long spines that are paired. The pygophore of specimen AMNH_PBI 00170712 was used for DNA extraction, but we did not get sufficient DNA in our NGS library for Illumina sequencing., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on pages 79-81, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636

Voconia wegneri (Miller, 1954) comb. nov. Figs 1��� 2, 3E, 8, 10, 20 Kayanocoris wegneri Miller, 1954: 6, fig. 3. Revised diagnosis Distinguished from other species of Voconia by the minute ocelli, occupying 0.12 times length of postocular region; labial segment I swollen subapically on ventral surface; labial segment II swollen ventrobasally and narrowed apically; labial segment III very short (about 0.14 mm long), about 0.2 times length of segment II. Type material Holotype INDONESIA ��� ♂; E Borneo, Balikpapan, Mentawir River; [1.04�� S, 116.75�� E]; elev. 50 m; 14 Oct. 1950; A.M.R. Wegner leg.; USI: RMNH.INS 1091587; NBCN (previously RMNH). Redescription Male (Figs 8, 10) BODY LENGTH. ~ 9.1 mm; macropterous. COLORATION. Head: dark brown with a semicircular pale stripe encircling both ocelli; labium lighter than head, brown. Thorax: as head; scutellum dark with brown apical spine. Hemelytron (abducted): clavus dark with distal yellow stripe; corium dark with anteroproximal yellow stripe, posteromedial and distal yellow spots; membrane dark with pale V-shaped marking along R and M veins; membranal veins R and M proximally pale. Legs: dark brown. Abdomen: dark brown; dorsal laterotergites dark brown. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head and pronotum: finely granulose with dense, long macrosetae interspersed among dense pubescence; antennifer with short lateral setigerous tubercle; morphologically ventral surface of labium with dense, short macrosetae. Thorax: anterolateral angles of pronotal collar without macrosetae or setigerous tubercles. Legs: posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with four spines on distal half. Abdomen: ventral surface pubescent. STRUCTURE. Head (Fig. 3E): elongate, about 1.5 times as long as wide; anteocular region about half of head length, longer than postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); postocular region in dorsal view longer than eye, lateral margins gently rounded; pedicel about 1.1 times length of head width; maxillary plates ellipsoidal, adjacent to and shorter than clypeus; apices of maxillary plates in dorsal view directed straight; clypeus in dorsal view about as wide as maxillary plates; clypeal apex round, not narrowed; interocular glabrous markings anterolaterally curved, joined at interocular sulcus paramedially; interocular sulcus in dorsal view curved and smoothly rounded anteriorly; eye width in dorsal view narrower than synthlipsis; eye reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; ocelli minute, occupying 0.12 times length of postocular region; ventrolateral swelling of buccula without lateral protrusion that surpasses buccular margin, flat margin; labial segment I swollen subapically on ventral surface, surpassing posteroventral eye margin; labial segment II swollen ventrobasally, narrowed apically; morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II curves ventrally, ~0.2 times length of segment I; labial segment III short, ~0.2 times length of segment II. Thorax: pronotal collar in dorsal view narrow medially with anterolateral angles short, projected forward; anterior pronotal lobe ~0.8 times length of posterior pronotal lobe; glabrous markings on pronotum thin and not deeply depressed; median apodeme depression of pronotum deep, elongated transversely; scutellar spine long, subhorizontal; anteriad-directed process of prosternum smoothly rounded, without paramedial lobes; anterior margin of stridulitrum not elongated into protuberance; proepimeron with smoothly rounded posteroventral margin. Legs: fossula spongiosa present on fore legs, unknown on mid legs. Female Unknown. Distribution (Fig. 20) This species is only known from the type locality in Eastern Borneo. Remarks The holotype remains at the NBCN under loan restrictions; habitus photographs were used to evaluate this species concept. Most closely resembles the two species from New Guinea, V. bracata sp. nov. and V. typica. These three species form a poorly supported clade in our analyses (Figs 1���2). This hypothesis should be further tested with additional material and molecular data., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on pages 90-91, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636, {"references":["Miller N. C. E. 1954. A new subfamily, new genera, and species of Malaysian Reduviidae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera). Idea 10 (1 - 2): 1 - 8."]}

Voconia conradti (Jeannel, 1917) comb. nov. Figs 1���2, 7, 9, 11, 17 Microvarus conradti Jeannel, 1917: 51. Microvarus achteni Schouteden, 1929: 252. Synonymized by Villiers (1948: 280). Diagnosis Distinguished from other species in Voconia by its Afrotropical distribution and stout body. This species most closely resembles V. motoensis and V. smithae sp. nov. It differs from V. motoensis by its distinct coloration: yellow scutellar spine, corium with a proximal and distal yellow spot, and contrasting yellow anterior spots on dark dorsal laterotergites. Despite the strong superficial resemblance to V. smithae sp. nov. due to its coloration and stoutness, closer examination reveals that V. conradti is distinguishable by the longer body (10.4���11.4 mm), dark dorsal laterotergites with strongly contrasting yellow anterior spots, finely granulose head, antennifer with short or absent laterally projecting setigerous tubercle, lack of paired interocular setigerous tubercles, maxillary plates with medial margins diverging, shorter anteocular region than postocular region (measured to where the posterior margin of the granulations meet the anterior margin of the smooth neck), buccula without lateral protrusion, and strongly bulging eyes that greatly surpass the postocular lateral margin in dorsal view and reach the ventral head margin in lateral view. Type material Lectotype (present designation) EQUATORIAL GUINEA ��� ♂; ��� Fernando-Po ��� [Bioko Island]; 1901; L. Conradt leg.; MNHN_EH24709. Additional material examined CAMEROON ��� 1 ♀; N Kolbisson; [3.87�� N, 11.45�� E]; 27 Jun. 1966; B. de Mire leg.; USI: AMNH_ PBI 00170693; AMNH ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 31 Mar. 1971; USI: AMNH_PBI 00170694; AMNH. IVORY COAST ��� 1 ♂; Foro Foro; [7.98�� N, 5.06�� W]; 13 Oct. 1971; D. Duviard leg.; USI: AMNH_PBI 00170691; AMNH ��� 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 25���28 Sep. 1973; R. Linnavuori leg.; dissected pygophore in vial (Fig. 11), aedeagus lost; USI: AMNH_PBI 00170695; AMNH. NIGERIA ��� 1 ♂; W State, Ife; [7.47�� N, 4.56�� E]; 7 Jul.���14 Aug. 1973; R. Linnavuori leg.; USI: AMNH_ PBI 00170692; AMNH. Redescription Male (Figs 7, 9) BODY LENGTH. 10.4���11.4 mm; macropterous. COLORATION. Head: dark brown; postocular region with dark patches adjacent to medial ocellar margin and pale patches adjacent to lateral ocellar margin; labium lighter than head. Thorax: coloration as head; pronotum uniformly dark (Fig. 3K) or posterior pronotal lobe lighter than anterior lobe; scutellum dark with contrasting yellow apical spine. Hemelytron (abducted): clavus dark reddish-brown with distal yellow stripe; corium dark reddish-brown with proximal, anteromedial, posteromedial, and distal yellow spots; membrane dark with pale V-shaped marking along R and M veins; membranal veins R and M proximally pale. Legs: completely yellow or yellow with distal half of femur dark brown. Abdomen: dark brown, dorsal laterotergites with yellow spots anteriorly. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head and pronotum: finely granulose with sparse, short macrosetae interspersed among sparse pubescence; interocular region with two pairs of macrosetae paramedially; antennifer with short lateral setigerous tubercle; morphologically ventral surface of labium with sparse, short macrosetae. Thorax (Fig. 3K): anterolateral angles of pronotal collar without macrosetae or setigerous tubercles. Hemelytron: corium with dense long setation. Legs: posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with three large spines on distal half. Abdomen: ventral surface pubescent. STRUCTURE. Head: elongate, 1.1���1.4 times as long as wide; anteocular region about one quarter of head length, shorter than postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); postocular region in dorsal view about as long as eye or shorter, lateral margins subrectangular; pedicel about 1.3 times length of head width; maxillary plates ellipsoidal, adjacent to and longer than clypeus; apices of maxillary plates in dorsal view with medial margins diverging; clypeus in dorsal view narrower than maxillary plates; clypeal apex round, narrowed; interocular glabrous markings anterolaterally curved, joined at interocular sulcus paramedially; interocular sulcus in dorsal view curved and smoothly rounded anteriorly; eye width in dorsal view either wider or narrower than synthlipsis; eye reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; ventrolateral swelling of buccula without lateral protrusion that surpasses buccular margin, flat margin; labial segment I in lateral view straight, reaching posteroventral eye margin; morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II nearly straight, about 0.5 times length of segment I. Thorax (Fig. 3K): pronotal collar in dorsal view narrow medially, with anterolateral angles short, projected forward; anterior pronotal lobe 0.5���0.6 times length of posterior pronotal lobe, lateral margins almost straight; glabrous markings on pronotum slightly depressed; median apodeme depression of pronotum deep, circular; scutellar spine long, raised; anteriad-directed process of prosternum with paramedial lobes; anterior margin of stridulitrum not elongated into protuberance; proepimeron with smoothly rounded posteroventral margin. Legs: fossula spongiosa present on fore and mid legs. Abdomen: anterior margin of terga weakly carinulate; terga II and III with paired prominent longitudinal carinae reaching about one-third of tergum III. Pygophore (Fig. 11): transverse bridge with triangular posterior margin; posterior region of ventral surface of pygophore in lateral view with slight swelling; median apical process in caudal view short; direction of median apical process in lateral view sharply bent posteriorly; lateral pygophore margin with protuberance; posterior pygophore margin with clustered macrosetae on protuberance; parameres sinusoidal, apex tapered into squarely rounded tip. Female Mostly as male but differs from males by the following. Body length: about 11.2 mm. Head: elongate, about 1.4 times as long as wide; pedicel about 1.2 times length of head width; ocelli minute, occupying 0.15 times length of postocular region. Legs: fossula absent or vestigial on mid leg. Distribution (Fig. 17) This species is distributed in Western Africa. The type locality is from Bioko, an island off the west coast, north of Equatorial Guinea. Remarks Originally described as Microvarus conradti based on several specimens which are to be treated as syntypes (Jeannel 1917). The type material of M. conradti is deposited at the MNHN under loan restrictions; habitus photographs of one of the syntypes (Fig. 7; USI: MNHN_EH24709) were used to evaluate this species concept and this specimen is designated as the lectotype. The synonymy of M. achteni proposed by Villiers (1948) is accepted here without re-examining the type material of Schouteden (1929). This species is transferred to Voconia based on the cladistic analysis conducted in this study. Based on the phylogeny, V. conradti and V. smithae sp. nov. form a well-supported clade (Figs 1���2)., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on pages 41-44, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636, {"references":["Jeannel R. 1917. Diagnoses preliminaires de Reduviidae noveaux d'Afrique (Hem.) (deuxieme note). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France 1917 (1): 49 - 53.","Schouteden H. 1929. Reduviides africains nouveaux. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique africaines 18 (2): 250 - 262.","Villiers A. 1948. Faune de l'Empire Francais. IX. Hemipteres Reduviides de l'Afrique Noire. Editions du Museum, Paris."]}

Voconia monodi (Villiers, 1963) comb. nov. Fig. 17 Pseudocethera monodi Villiers, 1963b: 532, figs 14–15. Revised diagnosis Distinguished from other species of Voconia by the following combination of characters: short body length (about 7.0 mm long); coarsely granulose head and pronotum; maxillary plates not adjacent to and far surpass clypeal apex; maxillary plates in lateral view wide, about twice the width of the scape and not toothed apically; antennifer with long lateral spine. It is recognized from the micropterous V. schoutedeni by the paired, short, and not prominent longitudinal carinae on tergum II, not reaching the posterior margin of the segment; reliefs of the anterior lobe of the pronotum less strong, effaced in front; and indistinct ocelli. Type material Holotype GUINEA • ♀; “Région du Mont Nimba” [Mount Richard-Molard region], “ Camp du Gouan ” [Guinea camp]; 5 Apr. 1957; L.A.V. leg.; prairie; MNHN. Redescription Female BODY LENGTH. About 7.0 mm; micropterous. COLORATION. Head: yellowish brown. Thorax: Pronotum yellowish in front and on the sides, brown on the rest of the surface; scutellum brown. Micropterous wing: yellowish. Legs: brown with proximal and distal part of femur and tarsus testaceous. Abdomen: dark brown, dorsal laterotergites with anterior half yellow. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head and pronotum: coarsely granulose with setigerous tubercles; interocular region with two pairs of large setigerous tubercles paramedially; antennifer with long lateral spine. Legs: posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with three or four spines. STRUCTURE. Head: scape not reaching head apex and longer than clypeus; apices of maxillary plates in dorsal view directed straight; clypeus in dorsal view narrower than maxillary plates; clypeal apex round, narrowed; eye width in dorsal view narrower than synthlipsis; ocelli absent; postocular region in dorsal view longer than eye, lateral margins subrectangular; labial segment I in lateral view straight, surpassing posteroventral eye margin; pronotal anterolateral angles long, flared laterally; scutellar spine reduced, slightly raised. Abdomen: anterior margin of terga carinulate; tergum II with paired, short, and not prominent longitudinal carinae. Male Unknown. Distribution (Fig. 17) This species is known from Northwest Africa. Remarks Specimens were on loan and not available for this study. Consequently, this description and localities were inferred from the French description, illustrations, and key provided by Villiers (Villiers 1963b, 1964). Villiers (1963b) includes an additional specimen from Guinea that was not treated as type material that we could not examine and have limited information for. We therefore refrain from including it. A drawer image of two specimens from the BMNH in 2011 suggests that this species may be distributed in Sierra Leone (collection event: 11 May 1926) and Nigeria, but their identification is difficult to confirm without better images and without the holotype.

Voconia chrysoptera sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 79E22180-F528-4166-8D25-02AD3BA726BE Figs 1–2, 7, 9, 17 Diagnosis Recognized from other African Voconia species by the unique coloration of the corium, abdomen, and legs which are entirely yellow. Additionally, the posterior row of spines on the mid and hind femora have three large and many small spines, and the antennifer lacks a lateral protuberance. Females possess a fossula spongiosa on the mid leg. Etymology The specific epithet is the Latin adjective ‘ chrysopterus, - a, - um ’, meaning ‘golden-winged’, referring to the entirely yellow corium. Type material Holotype KENYA • ♀; Eastern Province, Mwingi, Nguni; 7 Apr. 2004; M. Snizek leg.; USI: UCR_ENT 00001551; NHMW. Description Female (Figs 7, 9) BODY LENGTH. 10.5 mm; macropterous. COLORATION. Head: dark brown, maxillary plates lighter; postocular region dark brown with paired pale patches adjacent to lateral ocellar margin; labium lighter than head, yellow. Thorax: coloration as head, with posterior pronotal lobe lighter than anterior lobe; scutellum dark with contrasting yellow apical spine. Hemelytron (abducted): clavus and corium uniformly yellow; membrane uniformly dark; membranal veins as remainder of membrane. Legs: yellow. Abdomen: ventral surface and dorsal laterotergites yellow. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head and pronotum: coarsely granulose with sparse pubescence and sparse, short macrosetae; interocular region with two pairs of macrosetae paramedially; antennifer without lateral projection; labium with dense, short macrosetae. Thorax: anterolateral angles of pronotal collar without macrosetae or setigerous tubercles; scutellar lateral carinae with short macrosetae. Hemelytron: corium with dense short setation. Legs: posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with three large spines on distal half and many small spines. Abdomen: ventral surface pubescent. STRUCTURE. Head: elongate, 1.3 times as long as wide; anteocular region about one third of head length, shorter than postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); postocular region in dorsal view longer than eye, lateral margins gently rounded; pedicel about 1.8 times length of head width; maxillary plates ellipsoidal, adjacent to and longer than clypeus; apices of maxillary plates in dorsal view diverging; clypeus in dorsal view wider than maxillary plates, apex rounded, not narrowed; interocular glabrous markings curved anterolaterally, joined at interocular sulcus paramedially; interocular sulcus in dorsal view curved and smoothly rounded anteriorly; eye width in dorsal view narrower than synthlipsis, reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; ventrolateral swelling of buccula with lateral protrusion that surpasses buccular margin, setigerous tubercles along apical margin; labial segment I in lateral view straight, reaching posteroventral eye margin; morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II nearly straight, about 0.6 times length of segment I. Thorax: with pronotal collar narrow medially with anterolateral angles short, projected forward; anterior pronotal lobe about 0.5 times length of posterior pronotal lobe, lateral margins rounded, glabrous markings not depressed; median apodeme depression of pronotum shallow and elongated longitudinally; scutellar spine long and raised; anteriad-directed process of prosternum smoothly rounded without paramedial lobes; anterior margin of stridulitrum projecting into a small protuberance. Legs: fossula spongiosa present on fore and mid legs. Male Unknown. Distribution (Fig. 17) This species is only known from the type locality in Mwingi, Kenya. It is the easternmost Afrotropical species. Remarks This is the only female in the subfamily with fossula spongiosa present on the mid leg.

Gerbelius sp. 3 Material examined LAOS ��� 1 ♀; Vientiane Prov., Phou Khao Khouay; 18.33948�� N, 102.80871�� E; elev. 750 m; 26���31 May 2008; A. Solodovnikov and J. Pedersen leg.; collecting event: LAO08-7b; DNA voucher specimen R_CW 0704; USI: UCR_ENT 00052219; UCR., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636

Voconia pallidipes St��l, 1866 Figs 1���2, 3C, 8, 10, 13���14, 18 Voconia pallidipes St��l, 1866b: 165. Diagnosis Distinguished from most other species of Voconia by the tuberculate and coarsely granulose head and pronotum, tuberculate lateral protrusion of the buccula, the anterolateral angles of the pronotal collar with many (more than two) setigerous tubercles, and the abducted corium with the proximal half entirely yellow and distal half dark with distal yellow spot. This species resembles another Australian species, V. grandioculata sp. nov., in coloration but is easily distinguished by its larger size (10.5���11.3 mm long), smaller eyes and ocelli (ocellus does not occupy half-length of postocular region), M-Cu cell partially or entirely yellow, membranal veins forming Cu-An 1 and M-Cu cells mostly or entirely yellow, and yellow clavus with a dark medial spot. Type material Lectotype (present designation) AUSTRALIA ��� 1 ♀; Queensland, Moreton Bay; Stevens leg.; NHRS-GULI000007827. Additional material examined: AUSTRALIA ��� New South Wales ��� 1 ♀; Inverell; [29.78 �� S, 151.12 �� E]; Armstrong leg.; USI: AMNH_PBI 00170708; AMNH. ��� Queensland ��� 1 ♂; Clermont; [22.82 �� S, 147.64 �� E]; Jul. 1928; K.K. Spence leg.; USI: AMNH_PBI 00088008; AMS K 156495 ��� 1 ♂; Condamine River, 10 km WSW of Dalby; [27.21 �� S, 151.18 �� E]; 5 Nov. 1990; M. Baehr leg.; USI: AMNH_PBI 00127094; ZSMC ��� 1 ♂; Mackenzie River Fitzroy Developmental Road; [22.94 �� S, 148.92 �� E]; 11 Nov. 1990; M. M��ller leg.; USI: AMNH_PBI 00127093; ZSMC. Description Male (Figs 8, 10) BODY LENGTH. 10.5���11.3 mm; macropterous. COLORATION. Head (Fig. 3C): dark brown; postocular region with pale patches adjacent to lateral ocellar margin; labium lighter than head, yellow. Thorax: as head; scutellum dark with contrasting yellow apical spine. Hemelytron (abducted): clavus yellow with dark medial spot; corium proximal half yellow, distal half dark reddish-brown with yellow spot at distal apex; membrane dark with pale V-shaped marking along R and M veins, M-Cu cell entirely or partially yellow; membranal veins forming Cu-An 1 and M-Cu cells mostly or entirely yellow. Legs: yellow. Abdomen: light brown, laterotergites uniformly yellow. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head (Fig. 3C) and pronotum: coarsely granulose with dense, short setigerous tubercles interspersed among sparse pubescence; antennifer with long and 1���2 adjacent short lateral setigerous tubercles; morphologically ventral surface of labium with sparse, short macrosetae. Thorax: anterolateral angles of pronotal collar with setigerous tubercles; scutellar lateral carinae with short macrosetae on setigerous tubercles. Hemelytron: corium with short macrosetae. Legs: posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with four or more large spines on distal half. Abdomen: ventral surface pubescent. STRUCTURE. Head (Fig. 3C): elongate, 1.2���1.3 times as long as wide; anteocular region about one third of head length, about as long as postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); postocular region in dorsal view longer than eye, lateral margins gently rounded; pedicel 1.4���1.6 times length of head width; maxillary plates ellipsoidal, adjacent to and longer than clypeus; apices of maxillary plates in dorsal view diverging; clypeus in dorsal view about as wide as maxillary plates; clypeal apex bifid, not narrowed; interocular glabrous markings anterolaterally curved, joined at interocular sulcus paramedially; interocular sulcus in dorsal view nearly straight; eye width in dorsal view about as wide as synthlipsis; ventral eye margin surpassed by setigerous tubercles in lateral view; ventrolateral swelling of buccula with large lateral setigerous tubercles that surpass buccular margin; labial segment I in lateral view straight, surpassing posteroventral eye margin; morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II curves ventrally, about 0.4 times length of segment I. Thorax: pronotal collar in dorsal view narrow medially with anterolateral angles short, flared laterally; anterior pronotal lobe about 0.8 times length of posterior pronotal lobe, lateral margins rounded; glabrous markings on anterior pronotal lobe depressed near posterolateral margins of pronotum; median apodeme depression of pronotum deep, elongated transversely; scutellar spine long, subhorizontal; anteriad-directed process of prosternum with paramedial lobes; anterior margin of stridulitrum projected into small protuberance; proepimeron with smoothly rounded posteroventral margin. Legs: fossula spongiosa present on fore and mid legs. Abdomen: anterior margin of terga weakly carinulate, tergum II without carinules laterally; terga II and III with paired prominent longitudinal carinae, reaching about one-third of tergum III. Pygophore (Fig. 13): transverse bridge with rounded posterior margin; posterior region of ventral surface of pygophore in lateral view with large swelling; short median apical process, bent posteriorly in lateral view; lateral pygophore margin with protuberance; posterior pygophore margin with clustered macrosetae on decline; parameres sinusoidal, apex tapered sharply. Aedeagus (Fig. 14): endosoma almost entirely covered with spicules; apex of dorsal phallothecal sclerite bifid in dorsal view; basal plate extension about 5.8 times as long as wide. Female As male. Body length: about 10.7 mm. Head: elongate, about 1.3 times as long as wide; pedicel about 1.5 times length of head width. Legs: fossula spongiosa absent or vestigial on mid leg. Distribution Only known from Eastern Australia. Remarks We were unable to physically examine the type material of Voconia pallidipes (photographs available on the NHRS website) and we thus based our redescription and character coding on a specimen deposited at the AMNH that was identified as V. pallidipes (USI: AMNH_PBI 00170708) by P. Wygodzinsky and that matches the diagnostic features visible in the type photographs. The specimen in the NHRS photographs is the only specimen in the series and thus designated as the lectotype. Characters of the dorsal part of the abdomen (i.e., carinules and carinae), pygophore, and aedeagus are based on a single specimen (USI: AMNH_PBI 00127093), to limit damage to specimens. This species is nested within the well supported Australian clade (Figs 1���2). The record and illustration of V. pallidipes by Swanson (2015: 268���269, fig. 10) is based on misidentification and pertains to V. brachycephala sp. nov. (see under the latter species)., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on pages 72-73, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636, {"references":["Stal C. 1866 b. Analecta hemipterologica. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 10 (1 - 3): 151 - 172. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18660100112","Swanson D. R. 2015. A new generic synonym in the Reduviinae of Australia, with an updated key to genera (Heteroptera: Reduviidae). Zootaxa 3911 (2): 262 - 272. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3911.2.7"]}

Voconia schoutedeni (Villiers, 1964) comb. nov. Figs 1–2, 3D, 4D, 8, 10, 17 Pseudocethera schoutedeni Villiers, 1964: 112, fig. 31. Pseudocethera schoutedeni forme alata Villiers, 1964: 112, fig. 32; infrasubspecific, permanently unavailable under ICZN Article 45.6.3. Diagnosis Distinguished from other species of Voconia by the following combination of characters: coarsely granulose head and pronotum; maxillary plates not adjacent to and far surpassing clypeal apex; maxillary plates in lateral view wide, about twice the width of the scape and not toothed apically; antennifer with long lateral spine; eyes in lateral view do not reach ventral head margin; pedicel short, about 0.6 times length of head width. The macropterous morph is recognized from V. tridens sp. nov. by the almost entirely dark brown head and pronotum, the scutellar spine is slightly raised, and the hemelytra are blackish with pale coloration at the base and apex of the corium. Type material Holotype DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • 1 ♂; “P. N. G.” [Garamba National Park], “Aka- Gar/4” [confluence of rivers Aka and Garamba south of Mt Bawezi, locality no. 4]; [3.88 ° N, 29.21 ° E]; 2 Feb. 1951; Miss. H. De Saeger and J. Verschuren leg.; No. 1195; USI: UCR_ENT 00070524; RMCA- ENT-000018003. Paratype DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • 1 ♀; Garamba National Park; 1952; Miss. H. De Saeger leg.; No. 3283; MNHN. Material examined from original description DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • 1 ♂; Garamba National Park; No. 1281; repository not specified in description. Redescription Male (Figs 8, 10) BODY LENGTH. About 6.7 mm, micropterous; about 6.7 mm, macropterous. COLORATION. Head (Fig. 3D): yellow; labium as remainder of head (micropterous); almost entirely dark brown (macropterous). Thorax: as head; posterior pronotal lobe darker than anterior lobe; scutellum brown with darker lateral margins. Wing stumps: yellow with brown posterior margins. Hemelytra: blackish, slightly cleared up at the base and apex of corium. Legs: yellow, distal third of femora dark brown. Abdomen (Fig. 4D): dark brown, dorsal laterotergites with anterior half yellow. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head (Fig. 3D) and pronotum: coarsely granulose with dense, short macrosetae on setigerous tubercles; interocular region with two pairs of large setigerous tubercles paramedially; antennifer with long lateral spine; morphologically ventral surface of labium with sparse, short macrosetae. Thorax: anterolateral angles of pronotal collar without macrosetae or setigerous tubercles; scutellar lateral carinae with pubescent tubercles. Legs: posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with three large spines on distal half and three or fewer small spines. Abdomen (Fig. 4D): ventral surface pubescent. STRUCTURE. Head (Fig. 3D): elongate, about 1.4 times as long as wide, narrower in macropterous morph; anteocular region two-fifths of head length, longer than postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); postocular region in dorsal view longer than eye, lateral margins subrectangular; scape not reaching apex of head, about 0.4 times length of pedicel; pedicel about 0.6 times length of head width; maxillary plates conical, not adjacent to or longer than clypeus; apices of maxillary plates in dorsal view directed straight; clypeus in dorsal view narrower than maxillary plates; clypeal apex round, narrowed; interocular glabrous markings V-shaped, joined medially at interocular sulcus; interocular sulcus in dorsal view nearly straight; eye width in dorsal view narrower than synthlipsis in micropterous morph, eyes considerably larger in macropterous morph; eye not reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; ocelli minute, occupying about 0.16 times length of postocular region in micropterous morph, ocelli considerably larger in macropterous morph; ventrolateral swelling of buccula with acute protrusion surpassing buccular margin, small setigerous tubercles along margin of protrusion; labial segment I in lateral view straight, not reaching posteroventral eye margin; morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II nearly straight, about 0.4 times length of segment I. Thorax: pronotal collar in dorsal view wide medially with anterolateral angles long, flared laterally; anterior pronotal lobe about 1.3 times length of posterior pronotal lobe, lateral margins rounded in micropterous morph; anterior pronotal lobe shorter than posterior pronotal lobe in macropterous morph; glabrous markings on pronotum deeply depressed; median apodeme depression of pronotum shallow, elongated longitudinally; scutellar spine reduced and subhorizontal in micropterous morph; scutellum about 2 times as long as wide at base, with long slightly raised scutellar spine in macropterous morph; anteriad-directed process of prosternum with paramedial lobes; anterior margin of stridulitrum not elongated into protuberance; proepimeron with smoothly rounded posteroventral margin. Legs: fossula spongiosa present on fore and mid legs. Abdomen (Fig. 4D): anterior margin of terga prominently carinulate, terga II and III with deeper and longer carinules; terga II with paired prominent longitudinal carinae reaching posterior margin of segment. Female As micropterous male. Body length: about 7.0 mm. Distribution Distributed in Garamba National Park in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Remarks This description of V. schoutedeni is based on the micropterous male holotype (UCR_ENT 00070524), which was the only type specimen available for examination. Any descriptive information of the micropterous female or macropterous form is taken directly from the original description by Villiers (1964). A lectotype was also designated for the macropterous morph, Pseudocethera schoutedeni forme alata Villiers, 1964. However, this infrasubspecific name is permanently unavailable under ICZN Article 45.6.3, therefore this specimen (referred to as No. 1281 by Villiers) has no type status. A drawer image of specimens at the BMNH in 2011 suggests that the macropterous morph may be distributed as far north as Sierra Leone, but this specimen and the macropterous paratype need to be properly examined.

Voconia smithae sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6E950EB8-E03F-4F9F-B422-BD1D7A1A1594 Figs 12, 14 Diagnosis Distinguished from other species in Voconia by its Afrotropical distribution and stout body. This species most closely resembles V. motoensis and V. conradti. Voconia smithae sp. nov. differs from V. motoensis by its distinct coloration: yellow scutellar spine; abducted corium with a yellow spot at proximal and distal apex, and brown dorsal laterotergites with contrasting yellow anterior spots. Despite the strong superficial resemblance to V. conradti due its to coloration and stoutness, closer examination reveals that V. smithae sp. nov. is distinguishable by the following: shorter body (9.7–9.8 mm long); light brown dorsal laterotergites with weakly contrasting yellow anterior spots; antennifer with long, laterally projecting setigerous tubercle; paired interocular setigerous tubercles; maxillary plates globular, directed straight anteriorly; longer anteocular region than postocular region (measured to where the posterior margin of the granulations meet the anterior margin of the smooth neck); and eyes do not bulge strongly laterally in dorsal view and do not reach ventral head margin in lateral view. Etymology Named after one of the collectors of the holotype and colleague from the Weirauch lab, Samantha Smith. Type material Holotype GABON • ♂; Ogooué-Ivindo, Ipassa Reserve; 0.51167 ° N, 12.80306 ° E; elev. 516 m; 3–6 Feb. 2019; S. Smith, Y. Pacheco, S. Bybee, G. Svenson and G. Powell leg.; collecting event: GA19_L8_H; light trap; lowland forest; DNA voucher R_CW 5801; USI: UCR_ENT 00127891; UCR. Paratypes REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • 1 ♂; Sibiti; [3.68 ° S, 13.35 ° E]; 25 Nov. 1963; Endrody-Younga leg.; Soil-Zoological Exped.; lamplight; USI: AMNH_PB 00213936; HNHM. Description Male (Figs 8, 10) BODY LENGTH. 9.7–9.8 mm; macropterous. COLORATION. Head: dark brown; postocular region with dark patches adjacent to medial ocellar margin, pale patches adjacent to lateral ocellar margin; labium lighter than head. Thorax: coloration as head, posterior margin of posterior pronotal lobe lighter; scutellum dark with contrasting yellow apical spine. Hemelytron (abducted): clavus brown with distal yellow stripe; corium dark or light brown with proximal, anteromedial, posteromedial, and distal yellow spots; membrane dark with pale V-shaped marking along R and M veins; membranal veins R and M proximally pale. Legs: yellowish-brown. Abdomen: yellowish-brown; dorsal laterotergites light brown with yellow spots anteriorly. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head and pronotum: coarsely granulose with sparse, short macrosetae interspersed among sparse pubescence; interocular region with two pairs of stout setigerous tubercles paramedially; antennifer with long lateral setigerous tubercle; morphologically ventral surface of labium with sparse, short macrosetae. Thorax: anterolateral angles of pronotal collar without macrosetae or setigerous tubercles. Hemelytron: corium with dense long setation. Legs: posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with three large spines on distal half and three or fewer small spines. Abdomen: ventral surface pubescent. STRUCTURE. Head: elongate, 1.3–1.4 times as long as wide; anteocular region about one third of head length, longer than postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); postocular region in dorsal view about as long as eye, lateral margins gently rounded and subrectangular; pedicel 1.4–1.5 times length of head width; maxillary plates ellipsoidal, adjacent to and longer than clypeus; apices of maxillary plates in dorsal view directed straight; clypeus in dorsal view narrower than maxillary plates; clypeal apex round, narrowed; interocular glabrous markings anterolaterally curved, joined at interocular sulcus paramedially; interocular sulcus in dorsal view curved and smoothly rounded anteriorly; eye width in dorsal view narrower than synthlipsis; eye not reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; ventrolateral swelling of buccula with tuberculate protrusion that surpasses buccular margin; labial segment I in lateral view straight, reaching posteroventral eye margin; morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II nearly straight, about 0.6 times length of segment I. Thorax: pronotal collar narrow medially with anterolateral angles short and flared laterally; anterior pronotal lobe about 0.6 times length of posterior pronotal lobe, lateral margins almost straight; glabrous markings on pronotum slightly depressed; median apodeme depression of pronotum deep, circular; scutellar spine long, subhorizontal; anteriad-directed process of prosternum with paramedial lobes; anterior margin of stridulitrum not elongated into protuberance; proepimeron with smoothly rounded posteroventral margin. Legs: fossula spongiosa present on fore and mid legs. Abdomen: anterior margin of terga weakly carinulate; terga II and III with paired prominent longitudinal carinae, reaching about one-third of tergum III. Female Unknown. Distribution (Fig. 17) Only known from Congo and Gabon in Africa. Remarks The male paratype varies from the holotype in the following: head and pronotum finely granulose, postocular region subrectangular, buccula without lateral tuberculate protrusion. The holotype was preserved in ethanol when the mid and hind legs were dissected for DNA extraction but was not Illumina sequenced.

Voconia mexicana sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2FAEA443-4F17-4ABE-9F77-C28792F7D5D0 Figs 1���2, 3I, 4I, 8, 10, 12, 14, 19 Diagnosis One of two New World species of Voconia. Recognized by the coarsely granulose head and prothorax; wide anteocular region; morphologically ventral surface of labium with sparsely long macrosetae; buccula with lateral tubercles protruding past buccular margin; and yellow antero- and posteromedial spots on the abducted corium. Etymology The specific epithet is the Latin adjective ��� mexicanus, - a, - um ���, meaning ���from or pertaining to Mexico���, referring to the country of the type locality. Type material Holotype MEXICO ��� ♂ (dissected pygophore and aedeagus in vial); Veracruz, 4 mi N of ���Cardale��� [Jos�� Cardel]; 30 Oct. 1982; G. Gordh leg.; DNA voucher R_CW 2768; USI: UCR_ENT 00004570; UCR. Paratypes HONDURAS ��� 1 ♀; El Para��so, 13 km NW of El Zamorano; [14.15 �� N, 86.47 �� W]; 27 Jul. 1977; C.W. and L.B. O���Brien and Marshall leg.; USI: AMNH_PBI 00170701; AMNH. MEXICO ��� 1 ♂; Oaxaca, Tehuantepec; [16.33 �� N, 95.23 �� W]; 11 Jun. 1964; J.C. and D. Pallister leg.; USI: AMNH_PBI 00170702; AMNH. ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; USI: AMNH_PBI 00170703; AMNH. Description Male (Figs 8, 10) BODY LENGTH. 10.3���10.9 mm; macropterous. COLORATION. Head: uniformly dark brown; labium lighter than head, yellow brown. Thorax: as head; posterior pronotal lobe with posterior margin lighter; scutellum dark with brown apical spine. Hemelytron (abducted): clavus dark reddish-brown with distal yellow stripe; corium dark reddish- brown with anteromedial and posteromedial yellow spots; membrane dark with pale V-shaped marking along R and M veins; membranal veins R, M, and An 1 proximally pale. Legs: dark brown. Abdomen: dark brown, laterotergites light brown. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head and pronotum: coarsely granulose with sparse pubescence on setigerous tubercles; interocular region unarmed with macrosetae; antennifer with 1���3 short lateral setigerous tubercles; morphologically ventral surface of labium with sparse, long macrosetae. Thorax: anterolateral angles of pronotal collar with setigerous tubercles. Hemelytron: corium with dense, short setation. Legs: posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with three large spines on distal half and two to five small spines. Abdomen: ventral surface pubescent. STRUCTURE. Head: elongate, 1.2���1.3 times as long as wide; anteocular region about one third of head length, longer than postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); postocular region in dorsal view about as long as eye, lateral margins gently rounded; pedicel 1.4���1.9 times length of head width; maxillary plates ellipsoidal, adjacent to and longer than clypeus; apices of maxillary plates in dorsal view directed straight or diverging; clypeus in dorsal view narrower than maxillary plates; clypeal apex round, not narrowed; interocular glabrous markings anterolaterally curved, joined at interocular sulcus paramedially; interocular sulcus in dorsal view curved and smoothly rounded anteriorly; eye width in dorsal view narrower than synthlipsis; eye reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; ventrolateral swelling of buccula with lateral protrusion that surpasses buccular margin; labial segment I in lateral view straight, reaching or slightly shorter than posteroventral eye margin; morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II nearly straight, about 0.4 times length of segment I. Thorax: pronotal collar in dorsal view narrow medially with anterolateral angles short, projected forward; anterior pronotal lobe about 0.5���0.6 times length of posterior pronotal lobe, lateral margins rounded; glabrous markings on pronotum thin and gently depressed; median apodeme depression of pronotum deep, circular; scutellar spine long, subhorizontal or raised; anteriad-directed process of prosternum with paramedial lobes (Fig. 3I); anterior margin of stridulitrum projected into small protuberance (Fig. 3I); proepimeron with acute protuberance on posteroventral margin. Legs: fossula spongiosa present on fore and mid legs. Abdomen: anterior margin of terga weakly carinulate; terga II and III with paired prominent longitudinal carinae, reaching about one-third of tergum III. Pygophore (Fig. 12): transverse bridge with rounded posterior margin; posterior region of ventral surface of pygophore in lateral view with large swelling; short median apical process sharply bent posteriorly in lateral view; lateral pygophore margin with protuberance; posterior pygophore margin with clustered macrosetae on flat margin; parameres sinusoidal, apex tapered into squarely rounded tip. Aedeagus (Fig. 14): endosoma almost entirely covered with spicules; apex of dorsal phallothecal sclerite rounded in dorsal view; basal plate extension about 4.3 times as long as wide. Female Distinguished from males by the following. Body length: about 12.2 mm. Head: elongate, about 1.2 times as long as wide; anteocular region shorter than postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); with sparse, short macrosetae on setigerous tubercles and sparse pubescence on setigerous tubercles; pedicel about 1.6 times length of head width; apices of maxillary plates in dorsal view directed straight; labium lighter than head, brown; labial segment I in lateral view surpassing posteroventral eye margin. Thorax: pronotal collar in dorsal view narrow, almost absent medially; anterolateral angles of pronotum long, projected forward. Hemelytron: corium dark with thick medial yellow stripe; with dense, long macrosetae. Legs: posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with three large spines on distal half and many small spines (Fig. 4I); fossula spongiosa absent or vestigial on mid leg. Distribution (Fig. 19) This species is distributed in Southern Mexico and Honduras. Remarks The female from Honduras is considerably different from the males from Mexico as the description states above. We keep them as a single species until this hypothesis can be further tested with additional material. Specimen voucher UCR_ENT 00004570 was mis-labelled as collected ��� 4 mi N of Cardale���, though it should be ��� 4 mi N of Jos�� Cardel��� as recorded by other collectors on the same trip., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on pages 63-65, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636

Gerbelius sp. 2 Material examined VIETNAM ��� 1 ♂; Gia Lai, 20 km N of Pleiku; [14.15 �� N, 107.95 �� E]; elev. 650 m; 9 May 1960; S. Quate leg.; dissected genitalia in vial; USI: UCR_ENT 00073816; BPBM., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636

Voconia fasciata sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 22FAB401-5B52-4866-86CD-0ED8B980A3A5 Figs 1���2, 7, 9, 18 Diagnosis Distinguished from most other species of Voconia by its tuberculate and coarsely granulose head and pronotum, lateral protrusion of the buccula, and dorsally projecting mandibular plates. This species most closely resembles three other Australian species, V. grandioculata sp. nov., V. pallidipes, and V. vittata sp. nov. This species, V. grandioculata sp. nov., and V. vittata sp. nov. have a similar yellow stripe across the corium; however, the stripe in V. fasciata sp. nov. is pale, almost translucent and the body is larger, total length is about 8.7 mm long. It is easily distinguished from V. pallidipes by its smaller size and coloration, i.e., the membranal veins are not yellow, the proximal half of the corium is not entirely yellow, and the legs are not completely yellow as described above. Etymology The specific epithet is the Latin adjective ��� fasciatus, - a, - um ���, meaning ���banded���, referring to the pale yellow band that crosses the middle of the corium and scutellar spine. Type material Holotype AUSTRALIA ��� ♂; Queensland, Einasleigh River, 33 km W of Mt Surprise; [18.13 �� S, 143.99 �� E]; 10���11 Jun. 1993; M. and B. Baehr leg.; USI: AMNH_PBI 00127097; ZSMC. Description Male (Figs 7, 9) BODY LENGTH. About 8.7 mm; macropterous. COLORATION. Dark brown, maxillary plates lighter; postocular dark with pale patches adjacent to lateral ocellar margin; labium lighter than head. Thorax: coloration as head; posterior pronotal lobe with yellow posterolateral margins; scutellum dark with contrasting yellow apical spine. Hemelytron (abducted): clavus dark brown with distal yellow stripe; corium dark brown with thick medial yellow stripe; membrane and membranal veins uniformly dark. Legs: femora dark brown, tibiae and tarsi yellowishbrown. Abdomen: ventral surface light brown medially, dark brown laterally; dorsal laterotergites I and II paler than remainder. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head and pronotum: coarsely granulose with dense, short setigerous tubercles interspersed among sparse pubescence; interocular region with setigerous tubercles medially and two pairs paramedially; antennifer with long lateral setigerous tubercle; morphologically ventral surface of labium with sparse, short macrosetae. Thorax: anterolateral angles of pronotal collar with setigerous tubercles; scutellar lateral carinae with short macrosetae on setigerous tubercles. Hemelytron: corium with dense, long macrosetae. Legs: posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with four spines on distal half. Abdomen: ventral surface pubescent, long macrosetae interspersed. STRUCTURE. Head: globose, about as long as wide; anteocular region about one third of head length, about as long as postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); postocular region in dorsal view shorter than eye, lateral margins gently rounded; pedicel about 1.3 times length of head width; mandibular plates in anterior view projecting dorsolaterally; maxillary plates ellipsoidal, adjacent to and reaching apex of clypeus; apices of maxillary plates in dorsal view diverging; clypeus in dorsal view wider than maxillary plates; clypeal apex bifid, narrowed; interocular glabrous markings anterolaterally curved, joined at interocular sulcus paramedially; interocular sulcus in dorsal view nearly straight; eye width in dorsal view narrower than synthlipsis; eye reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; ventrolateral swelling of buccula with lateral protrusion that surpasses buccular margin, setigerous tubercles along apical margin; labial segment I in lateral view gradually thickens distally, surpassing posteroventral eye margin; morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II curves ventrally, about 0.3 times length of segment I. Thorax: pronotal collar in dorsal view wide medially with anterolateral angles short, flared laterally; anterior pronotal lobe about 0.7 times length of posterior pronotal lobe, lateral margins almost straight; glabrous markings on pronotum depressed near posterolateral margins; median apodeme depression of pronotum shallow, elongated transversely; scutellar spine long, subhorizontal; anteriad-directed process of prosternum with paramedial lobes; anterior margin of stridulitrum projected into sharp spine; proepimeron with smoothly rounded posteroventral margin. Legs: fossula spongiosa present on fore and mid legs. Female Unknown. Distribution (Fig. 18) This species is only known from the type locality of Einasleigh River in Queensland, Australia. Remarks Voconia fasciata sp. nov. is nested within the Australian clade (Figs 1���2). Though poorly supported, it forms the sister taxon to V. brachycephala sp. nov. and V. vittata sp. nov., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on pages 49-50, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636

Voconia ifana (Villiers, 1963) comb. nov. Fig. 17 Pseudocethera ifana Villiers, 1963a: 989, fig. 11. Revised diagnosis Distinguished from other species of Voconia by the following combination of characters: short body length (about 6.5 mm); coarsely granulose head and pronotum; maxillary plates are not adjacent to and far surpass clypeal apex; maxillary plates in lateral view are wide, about twice the width of scape; antennifer with long lateral spine; eyes do not reach ventral head margin in lateral view. It is recognized from micropterous individuals of V. schoutedeni and V. monodi by the toothed apex of the maxillary plates. Type material Holotype SENEGAL • ♂; “ Forêt classée de Tobor ” [Tobor Forest]; 21 Nov. 1961; “Mission IFAN” [Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire exped.]; “sous un morceau de bois mort” [under a piece of dead wood]; MNHN. Description Male BODY LENGTH. About 6.5 mm; micropterous. COLORATION. As described for V. monodi, except legs testaceous. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head and pronotum: coarsely granulose with setigerous tubercles; interocular region with two pairs of large setigerous tubercles paramedially. STRUCTURE. Head: scape not reaching head apex; antennifer with long lateral spine; postocular region in dorsal view as long as eye, lateral margins subrectangular; maxillary plates in lateral view about twice the width of scape and apex toothed; eye not reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; ventrolateral swelling of buccula with lateral protrusion that surpasses buccular margin; labial segment I in lateral view straight, surpassing posteroventral eye margin. Thorax: scutellar spine reduced, subhorizontal. Abdomen: anterior margin of terga carinulate; tergum II with paired prominent longitudinal carinae reaching posterior margin of segment. Female Unknown. Distribution (Fig. 17) This species is known from Northwest Africa. Remarks The holotype was on loan and not available for study at the time we requested it. Consequently, this description is based on the interpretation of the short differential diagnosis and illustration of the head in lateral view provided by Villiers (1963a). Due to the limited data that we were able to obtain, it was excluded from cladistic analyses, but we are confident that it likely forms a clade with V. schoutedeni and V. tridens sp. nov. because of the unique head morphology, microptery, and Afrotropical distribution.

Voconia typica (Miller, 1958) comb. nov. Figs 1���2, 8, 10, 13���14, 18 Paragerbelius typicus Miller, 1958: 66, figs 88���92. Revised diagnosis This species is most similar to V. bracata sp. nov. They are distinguished from other species of the genus Voconia by the slender body, long head (1.7 times as long as wide), the ventral surface of the hind leg with four large spines in the posterior row, the large pale spot between the R and M veins, and the dorsal laterotergites I and II being yellow, the remainder dark brown. The following differentiate V. typica: largest species of Voconia (12.4���12.7 mm long); uniformly brown legs; anterior pronotal lobe is gently rounded, posterolateral margins nearly straight. Type material Holotype INDONESIA ��� ♂; ���North New Guinea��� [Papua], Jayapura Co., Cyclops Mts, Sabron camp; [2.50�� N, 140.42 �� E]; elev. ��� 2200 ft ��� [671 m]; Jun. 1936; L.E.C. leg.; coll. B.M. 1936-271; USI: UCR_ENT 00048384; NHMUK 013588138 (previously BMNH(E) 1255222). Paratype INDONESIA ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for holotype; BMNH. Additional material examined: INDONESIA ��� 1 ♂; ���West New Guinea��� [Papua], Central Mountains, Archbold Lake; [3.41 �� S, 138.53 �� E]; elev. 760 m; 26 Nov.���3 Dec. 1961; S. Quate and L. Quate leg.; dissected pygophore and aedeagus in vial; USI: UCR_ENT 00073815; BPBM. Redescription Male (Figs 8, 10) BODY LENGTH. 12.4���12.7 mm; macropterous. COLORATION. Head: dark brown; postocular region with dark patches adjacent to medial ocellar margin and pale patches adjacent to lateral ocellar margin; labium lighter than head, light brown. Thorax: as head; pronotum uniformly coloured; scutellum dark with contrasting yellow apical spine. Hemelytron (abducted): clavus dark reddish-brown with distal yellow stripe; corium reddish-brown with anteromedial, posteromedial, and distal yellow spots; membrane dark with large pale spot between R and M veins; membranal veins R and M proximally pale, remainder as membrane. Legs: dark brown. Abdomen: dark brown, dorsal laterotergites I and II yellow. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head and pronotum: finely granulose with sparse, short macrosetae interspersed among dense pubescence; interocular region with two paired macrosetae; antennifer with short lateral setigerous tubercle; morphologically ventral surface of labium with dense, short macrosetae. Thorax: anterolateral angles of pronotal collar without macrosetae or setigerous tubercles. Hemelytron: corium with sparse, long setation. Legs: posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with four large spines on distal half. Abdomen: ventral surface pubescent. STRUCTURE. Head: elongate, about 1.7 times as long as wide; anteocular region about one third of head length, about as long as postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); postocular region in dorsal view longer than eye, lateral margins gently rounded; pedicel about 1.8 times length of head width; maxillary plates ellipsoidal, adjacent to and reaching apex of clypeus; apices of maxillary plates in dorsal view directed straight; clypeus in dorsal view narrower than maxillary plates; clypeal apex round, not narrowed; interocular glabrous markings V-shaped, joined medially at interocular sulcus; interocular sulcus in dorsal view bent anteromedially, subtriangular; eye width in dorsal view wider than synthlipsis; eye reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; ventrolateral swelling of buccula without lateral protrusion that surpasses buccular margin, flat margin; labial segment I in lateral view straight, surpassing posteroventral eye margin; morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II nearly straight, about 0.4 times length of segment I. Thorax: pronotal collar in dorsal view narrow medially with anterolateral angles short, projected forward; anterior pronotal lobe subequal in length to posterior pronotal lobe, lateral margins almost straight; glabrous markings on pronotum thin and deeply depressed; median apodeme depression of pronotum deep and elongated transversely; scutellar spine long, subhorizontal; anteriad-directed process of prosternum smoothly rounded, without paramedial lobes; anterior margin of stridulitrum not elongated into protuberance; proepimeron with smoothly rounded posteroventral margin. Legs: fossula spongiosa present on fore and mid legs.Abdomen:anterior margin of terga weakly carinulate, tergum II without carinules laterally; terga II and III with paired prominent longitudinal carinae, almost reaching posterior margin of tergum III. Pygophore (Fig. 13): transverse bridge with rounded posterior margin; posterior region of ventral surface of pygophore in lateral view with large swelling; short median apical process sharply bent posteriorly in lateral view; lateral pygophore margin with protuberance; posterior pygophore margin with clustered macrosetae on decline; parameres sinusoidal, apex tapered into squarely rounded tip. Aedeagus (Fig. 14): endosoma almost entirely covered with spicules; apex of dorsal phallothecal sclerite bifid in dorsal view; basal plate extension about 7.9 times as long as wide. Female Unknown. Distribution (Fig. 18) This species is distributed on the island of New Guinea, in Papua. Remarks This description is based largely on UCR_ENT 00073815, since the holotype (Fig. 8) and paratype remain at the BMNH. Images of the types in their unit trays at the BMNH were used to evaluate this species concept. The abdomen of specimen UCR_ENT 00073815 was used for DNA extraction, but we did not get sufficient DNA in our NGS library for Illumina sequencing., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on pages 85-88, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636, {"references":["Miller N. C. E. 1958. On the Reduviidae of New Guinea and adjacent islands (Hemiptera Heteroptera). Part 1. Nova Guinea, New Ser. 9 (1): 33 - 143."]}

Voconia grandioculata sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 23167BBE-77C8-434F-9574-B9F59130EAAB Figs 1��� 2, 4E, 7, 9, 11, 14, 18 Diagnosis Distinguished from most other species of Voconia by its tuberculate and coarsely granulose head and pronotum, the lateral protrusion of the buccula, and notably the large ocelli that occupy half the length of the postocular region. Due to the yellow stripe across the corium, this species resembles two other Australian species, V. fasciata sp. nov. and V. vittata sp. nov. However, the yellow stripe of this species is bright and opaque, unlike that of V. fasciata sp. nov. Additionally, the legs are entirely yellow, and the corium has a small proximal yellow spot. It is easily distinguished from V. pallidipes by the brown membranal veins, the proximal half of the corium being not entirely yellow, and its globose head. Etymology The specific epithet is the Latin adjective ��� grandioculatus, - a, - um ���, formed from the prefix ��� grandi- ��� (meaning ���large���) combined with the adjective ��� oculatus, -a, -um ��� (meaning ���possessing eyes���), referring to the large ocelli of this species, occupying half the length of the postocular region. Type material Holotype AUSTRALIA ��� ♂ (dissected pygophore and aedeagus in vial); Queensland, 3 km NE of Mt Webb; [15.05 �� S, 145.15 �� E]; 30 Apr.���3 May 1981; A. Calder leg.; at light; USI: AMNH_PBI 00168749; ANIC. Paratype AUSTRALIA ��� 1 ♂; Western Australia, East York; USI: AMNH_PBI 00213934; HNHM. Description Male (Figs 7, 9) BODY LENGTH. 9.2���9.7 mm; macropterous. COLORATION. Head: dark brown; postocular region with pale patches adjacent to lateral ocellar margin; labial segment I yellowish brown, segments II and III yellow. Thorax (Fig. 4E): coloration as head; scutellum dark with contrasting yellow apical spine. Hemelytron (abducted): clavus dark brown with distal yellow stripe; corium proximal half mostly yellow, distal half dark brown with yellow spot at distal apex; membrane dark with pale V-shaped marking along R and M veins; membranal veins R and M proximally pale. Legs: yellow. Abdomen: dark brown; dorsal laterotergites uniformly colored. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head and pronotum: coarsely granulose with dense, short setigerous tubercles interspersed among sparse pubescence; interocular region with setigerous tubercles medially and two pairs paramedially; antennifer with long lateral setigerous tubercle; morphologically ventral surface of labium with sparse, short macrosetae. Thorax: anterolateral angles of pronotal collar with setigerous tubercles; scutellar lateral carinae with short macrosetae on setigerous tubercles. Hemelytron: corium with dense, long macrosetae. Legs: posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with four spines on distal half. Abdomen: ventral surface pubescent. STRUCTURE. Head: globose, about as long as wide; anteocular region about one quarter of head length, shorter than postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); postocular region in dorsal view shorter than eye, lateral margins gently rounded; pedicel 1.4���1.6 times length of head width; maxillary plates ellipsoidal, adjacent to and as long as clypeus; apices of maxillary plates in dorsal view diverging; clypeus in dorsal view wider than maxillary plates; clypeal apex bifid, not narrowed; interocular glabrous markings anterolaterally curved, joined at interocular sulcus paramedially; interocular sulcus in dorsal view nearly straight; eye width in dorsal view about as wide as synthlipsis; eye reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; ocelli large, occupying halflength of postocular region; ventrolateral swelling of buccula with lateral protrusion that surpasses buccular margin, setigerous tubercles along apical margin; labial segment I in lateral view gradually thickens distally, reaching posteroventral eye margin; morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II curves ventrally, about 0.4 times length of segment I. Thorax: pronotal collar in dorsal view narrow medially with anterolateral angles short, flared laterally; anterior pronotal lobe 0.6��� 0.7 times length of posterior pronotal lobe, lateral margins almost straight; glabrous markings on pronotum depressed near posterolateral margins; median apodeme depression of pronotum shallow, elongated transversely; scutellar spine long, raised (Fig. 4E); anteriad-directed process of prosternum with paramedial lobes; anterior margin of stridulitrum projected into sharp spine; proepimeron with smoothly rounded posteroventral margin. Legs: fossula spongiosa present on fore and mid legs. Abdomen: anterior margin of tergum III weakly carinulate, remaining terga not carinulate; terga II and III with paired prominent longitudinal carinae, reaching about one-third of tergum III. Pygophore (Fig. 11): transverse bridge with rounded posterior margin; posterior region of ventral surface of pygophore in lateral view with slight swelling; median apical process short, sharply bent posteriorly in lateral view; lateral pygophore margin with protuberance; posterior pygophore margin with clustered macrosetae on protuberance; parameres sinusoidal, apex round, not sharply tapered or expanded. Aedeagus (Fig. 14): endosoma almost entirely covered with spicules; apex of dorsal phallothecal sclerite tongue-shaped in dorsal view; basal plate extension about 5.7 times as long as wide. Female Unknown. Distribution (Fig. 18) This species is known from Queensland and Western Australia. Remarks The phylogenetic placement of V. grandioculata sp. nov. within the Australian clade is uncertain (Figs 1���2). The abdomen of the holotype was extracted, but we did not get sufficient DNA in our NGS library for Illumina sequencing., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on pages 50-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636

Voconia hemera sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A6B29189-616B-4489-BAE0-4A1F5F055DEA Figs 1���2, 7, 9, 20 Diagnosis This species is most similar to other Southeast Asian Voconia species with a finely granulose head and pronotum and yellow spots on the anteromedial, posteromedial, and distal apex of the abducted corium. Voconia hemera sp. nov. is larger than V. minima sp. nov. (9.2���9.3 mm). It is distinguished from V. ornata, V. nyx sp. nov., and V. bakeri sp. nov. by its uniformly yellow legs and antenna as well as its uniformly brown scutellum and dorsal laterotergites. Etymology Named after the Greek primordial goddess of the day, Hemera. Refers to the yellow legs and antennae of this species, which differs from a similar yet darker species, V. nyx sp. nov., named after the goddess of night. A proper noun in apposition. Type material Holotype PHILIPPINES ��� ♂; Laguna, Los Ba��os; [14.17 �� N, 121.18 �� E]; 1925; Pemberton leg.; USI: UCR_ENT 00073812; BPBM. Paratype PHILIPPINES ��� 1 ♂; Luzon, Camarines Sur, Mt Isarog, Pili; [13.66 �� N, 123.37 �� E]; elev. 800 m; 25 Apr. 1965; H.M. Torrevillas leg.; light trap; USI: UCR_ENT 00073813; BPBM. Description Male (Figs 1���2) BODY LENGTH. 9.2���9.3 mm; macropterous. COLORATION. Head: dark brown; postocular region with dark patches adjacent to medial ocellar margin, semicircular pale stripe encircling both ocelli; labium lighter than head, brownish yellow. Thorax: as head; scutellum uniformly dark brown. Hemelytron (abducted): clavus reddish-brown with distal yellow stripe; corium reddish-brown with anteromedial, posteromedial, and distal yellow spots; membrane dark with pale V-shaped marking along R and M veins; membranal veins R and M proximally pale. Legs: yellowish-brown. Abdomen: dark brown. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head and pronotum: finely granulose with dense, long macrosetae interspersed among dense pubescence; interocular region with two pairs of macrosetae paramedially; antennifer with short lateral setigerous tubercle; morphologically ventral surface of labium with dense, short macrosetae. Thorax: anterolateral angles of pronotal collar with macrosetae; scutellar lateral carinae with long setation. Hemelytron: corium with sparse long setation. Legs: posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with three large and two small spines. Abdomen: ventral surface pubescent. STRUCTURE. Head: elongate, about 1.3 times as long as wide; anteocular region about one third of head length, shorter than postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); postocular region in dorsal view about as long as eye, lateral margins gently rounded; pedicel about 1.2 times length of head width; maxillary plates ellipsoidal, adjacent to and as long as clypeus; apices of maxillary plates in dorsal view directed straight; clypeus in dorsal view wider than maxillary plates; clypeal apex round, not narrowed; interocular glabrous markings anterolaterally curved, joined at interocular sulcus paramedially; interocular sulcus in dorsal view bent anteromedially, subtriangular; eye width in dorsal view narrower than synthlipsis; eye reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; ventrolateral swelling of buccula without lateral protrusion that surpasses buccular margin, flat margin; labial segment I in lateral view straight, surpassing posteroventral eye margin; morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II nearly straight, about 0.5 times length of segment I. Thorax: pronotal collar in dorsal view narrow medially, projected forward; anterior pronotal lobe about 0.8 times length of posterior pronotal lobe, lateral margins rounded; glabrous markings on pronotum thin, gently depressed; median apodeme depression of pronotum shallow, elongated transversely; scutellar spine long, raised; anteriad-directed process of prosternum smoothly rounded, without paramedial lobes; anterior margin of stridulitrum not elongated into protuberance; proepimeron with acute protuberance on posteroventral margin. Legs: fossula spongiosa present on fore and mid legs. Female Unknown. Distribution This species is only known from the type locality on the Philippine island of Luzon. Remarks The holotype locality of Los Ba��os is about 10 km from the holotype locality of V. nyx sp. nov. at Mt Maquiling., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on pages 52-53, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636

Voconia vittata sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 772BEB7A-1101-4AD1-91C0-8EED38AE4516 Figs 1���2, 8, 10, 12, 14, 18 Diagnosis Distinguished from other species of Voconia by the following combination of characters: short body length (about 7.1 mm long); globose head; tuberculate and coarsely granulose head and pronotum; interocular region with two setigerous tubercles medially; apex of clypeus bifid; corium dark with thick medial yellow stripe; and dark brown femora with contrasting yellowish-brown tibiae and tarsi. This species most closely resembles another Australian species, V. fasciata sp. nov., but V. vittata sp. nov. is about 1.6 mm shorter and the yellow medial stripe on the corium is opaque. Etymology The specific epithet is the Latin adjective ��� vittatus, - a, - um ���, meaning ���banded���. Refers to the yellow band or color pattern that crosses the middle of the corium and scutellar spine. Type material Holotype AUSTRALIA ��� ♂; Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, Dulhunty Rd; 11.86666�� S, 142.5�� E; 22 Mar. 1992; G. Cassis leg.; at light; USI: AMNH_PBI 00088406; AMS K 156496. Description Male (Figs 8, 10) BODY LENGTH. About 7.1 mm; macropterous. COLORATION. Head: uniformly dark brown; labium lighter than head, labial segment I brown, II and III yellowish-brown. Thorax: as head; scutellum dark with contrasting yellow apical spine. Hemelytron (abducted): clavus dark reddish-brown with distal yellow stripe; corium dark reddish-brown with thick medial yellow stripe; membrane dark with pale V-shaped marking along R and M veins; membranal veins An 1 and R proximally pale. Legs: femora dark brown, tibiae and tarsi yellowish-brown. Abdomen: yellowish-brown medially, dark reddish-brown laterally; dorsal laterotergites I and II paler than remainder. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head and pronotum: coarsely granulose with dense, short setigerous tubercles interspersed among sparse pubescence; interocular region with two pairs of stout setigerous tubercles paramedially and two medially; antennifer with long lateral setigerous tubercle; morphologically ventral surface of labium with sparse, long macrosetae. Thorax: anterolateral angles of pronotal collar with setigerous tubercles; scutellar lateral carinae with short macrosetae on setigerous tubercles. Hemelytron: corium with dense, long macrosetae. Legs: posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with three or four spines on distal half. Abdomen: ventral surface pubescent, long macrosetae interspersed. STRUCTURE. Head: globose, about as long as wide; anteocular region about one quarter of head length, shorter than postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); postocular region in dorsal view about as long as eye,lateral margins gently rounded; pedicel about 1.4times length of head width; maxillary plates ellipsoidal, adjacent to and reaching apex of clypeus; apices of maxillary plates in dorsal view converging; clypeus in dorsal view wider than maxillary plates; clypeal apex bifid, narrowed; interocular glabrous markings anterolaterally curved, joined at interocular sulcus paramedially; interocular sulcus in dorsal view bent anteromedially, subtriangular; eye width in dorsal view narrower than synthlipsis; eye reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; ventrolateral swelling of buccula with lateral protrusion that surpasses buccular margin; labial segment I in lateral view straight, surpassing posteroventral eye margin; morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II curves ventrally, about 0.4 times length of segment I. Thorax: pronotal collar in dorsal view wide medially with anterolateral angles short, flared laterally; anterior pronotal lobe about 0.9 times length of posterior pronotal lobe, lateral margins almost straight; glabrous markings on pronotum conspicuous and not depressed; median apodeme depression of pronotum shallow, elongated longitudinally; scutellar spine long, raised; anteriad-directed process of prosternum with paramedial lobes; anterior margin of stridulitrum projected into small protuberance; proepimeron with smoothly rounded posteroventral margin. Legs: fossula spongiosa present on fore and mid legs. Female Unknown. Distribution (Fig. 18) This species is only known from the type locality in Northern Australia. Remarks Nested within the well supported Australian clade (Figs 1���2)., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on pages 88-90, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636

Gerbelius confluens Distant, 1903 Gerbelius confluens Distant, 1903b: 260, pl. 16 fig. 6, 6a. Type material Lectotype (present designation) MALAYSIA [���SIAMESE MALAY STATES���] ��� ♀; Terengganu, Bukit Besar; 1903; Annandale and Robinson leg.; USI: UCR_ENT 00048383; BMNH(E) 1255221., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636, {"references":["Distant W. L. 1903 b. Report on the Rhynchota. Part I. Heteroptera. In: Annandale N. & Robertson H. C. (eds) Fasciculi Malayenses. Anthropological and Zoological Results of an Expedition to Perak and the Siamese Malay States, 1901 - 1902. Zoology, Part II: 219 - 272. University Press of Liverpool by Longmans, Green & Co., London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 98554"]}

Genus Voconia St��l, 1866 Figs 1���4, 6���14, 17���20 Voconia St��l, 1866a: 120. Type species: Voconia pallidipes St��l, 1866, by subsequent monotypy (St��l 1866b: 165). Gender feminine. Microvarus Jeannel, 1917: 50. Type species: Microvarus conradti Jeannel, 1917, by original designation. syn. nov. Kayanocoris Miller, 1954: 5. Type species: Kayanocoris wegneri Miller, 1954, by original designation. syn. nov. Paragerbelius Miller, 1958: 66. Type species: Paragerbelius typicus Miller, 1958, by original designation. syn. nov. Pseudocethera Villiers, 1963b: 532. Type species: Pseudocethera monodi Villiers, 1963, by original designation. syn. nov. Diagnosis Distinguished from the other genus in the subfamily, Gerbelius, by the granulose integument of the head and pronotum (Fig. 6A, D), ellipsoid shape of the maxillary plates (Fig. 6B, blue), short non-adjacent mandibular plates (Fig. 6B, green), gracile labium with short macrosetae on the morphologically ventral surface of labial segment I (Fig. 6E), and the Cu-An 1 cell of the fore wing shorter than the M-Cu cell and triangular (Fig. 6C). Redescription BODY LENGTH. 6.7���12.4 mm. BODY. Slender or robust; macropterous or micropterous (Figs 7���10). COLORATION.Thorax:scutellum uniform or with contrasting yellow scutellar spine.Hemelytron(abducted): corium with various combinations of yellow spots on the proximal, anteromedial, posteromedial, and distal areas, with medial yellow stripe, or uniformly yellow; membrane uniformly dark or with pale V-shaped marking along R and M veins. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head and pronotum: granulose with pubescence and interspersed macrosetae or setigerous tubercles; interocular region with two glabrous lines; antennifer with macroseta, with or without lateral protuberance; morphologically ventral surface of labial segment I with short macrosetae or sparse long macrosetae. Thorax: anterolateral angles of pronotal collar armed with macrosetae or setigerous tubercles. Legs: posterior row of spine-like protuberances on all femora well developed, anterior row poorly developed on ventral surface of mid and hind femora.Abdomen: ventral surface pubescent with long macrosetae. STRUCTURE. Head: globose to elongate; mandibular plates in dorsal view short, not adjacent basally; maxillary plates in dorsal view elongate anteriorly, forming ellipsoid projections; pedicel 0.6���1.9 times length of head width; ventrolateral swelling of buccula with or without lateral protrusion that surpasses buccular margin; labium gracile; morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II 0.2���0.7 times length of segment I; labial segment III drawn into bent, slender apex. Thorax: scutellum width 0.5���0.8 times length; scutellar spine subhorizontal or raised; proepimeron without or with acute protuberance on posteroventral margin. Hemelytron: Cu-An1 cell triangular, smaller than M-Cu cell. Legs: fossula spongiosa present on fore and mid legs in males, either present on fore and mid legs or absent on mid legs of females. Distribution This genus currently comprises nine described species and 23 new species with a circumtropical distribution. The lowest known species diversity is in the Neotropics, and the highest species diversity for this genus is in Southeast Asia across India, Indonesia, Laos, Brunei, and the Philippines. Remarks Originally a monotypic genus. It is here expanded to include numerous new species as well as several previously described species formerly placed in Reduviinae. Key to the species of Voconia 1. Corium of macropterous morph entirely yellow [Kenya]................... Voconia chrysoptera sp. nov. ��� Corium of macropterous morph with various brown and pale patterns (e.g., Fig. 4B���C) or micropterous (Fig. 4D)..................................................................................................................... 2 2. Micropterus; maxillary plates in lateral view about twice the width of scape [Afrotropical].......... 3 ��� Macropterous; maxillary plates in lateral view cylindrical, about the width of scape [Circumtropical]............................................................................................................................... 5 3. Maxillary plates toothed at apex; legs yellow [West Africa]........................................................................................................................................................ Voconia ifana (Villiers, 1963) comb. nov. ��� Maxillary plates rounded at apex; legs yellow with distal half of femora brown............................ 4 4. Paired longitudinal carinae on abdominal tergum II not prominent, not reaching posterior margin of segment; ocelli indistinct [West Africa]........................ Voconia monodi (Villiers, 1963) comb. nov. ��� Paired longitudinal carinae on abdominal tergum II prominent, reaching posterior margin of segment (Fig. 4D); ocelli distinct [Central Africa]............. Voconia schoutedeni (Villiers, 1964) comb. nov. 5. Head and pronotum coarsely granulose, with setigerous tubercles (Fig. 3C���D)............................. 6 ��� Head and pronotum finely granulose, without large setigerous tubercles (Fig. 3B, H).................. 15 6. Antennifer with large spine-like protuberance (Fig. 3D) [Afrotropical].......................................... 7 ��� Antennifer with setigerous tubercle (Fig. 3C) [New World; Australasia]........................................ 8 7. Head and pronotum almost entirely dark brown; scutellar spine slightly raised; hemelytra blackish with pale coloration at base and apex of corium [Central Africa]..................................................................................................................................... Voconia schoutedeni (Villiers, 1964) comb. nov. ��� Head and pronotum yellow; scutellar spine subhorizontal; hemelytra light brown with proximal half of corium yellow and distal yellow spot [Sudan]........................................ Voconia tridens sp. nov. 8. Clypeus round [Mexico; Honduras]........................................................ Voconia mexicana sp. nov. ��� Clypeus bifid (Fig. 3C) [Australia; Papua New Guinea].................................................................. 9 9. Hemelytron with yellow spots on corium (e.g., Fig. 4B���C)........................................................... 10 ��� Hemelytron with a broad yellow band across corium (e.g., Fig. 7, V. fasciata sp. nov. and V. grandioculata sp. nov.)............................................................................................................... 12 10. Head globose, about as long as wide [Northern Territory, Australia; Papua New Guinea].......................................................................................................................... Voconia brachycephala sp. nov. ��� Head elongate, 1.4���1.6 times as long as wide.................................................................................11 11. Body dark, almost black; males small, body length 7���8 mm [Northern Territory, Australia]..................................................................................................................... Voconia dolichocephala sp. nov. ��� Body light brown; males larger, body length 8���9 mm [Northern Territory and Queensland, Australia].............................................................................................. Voconia tuberculata sp. nov. 12. Body longer, 9���11 mm; legs entirely yellow.................................................................................. 13 ��� Body shorter, 7���9 mm; femora dark brown, tibiae and tarsi yellowish-brown.............................. 14 13. Eyes as long as ante- and postocular regions in dorsal view; ocelli occupying half-length of postocular region; membranal veins forming Cu-An 1 and M-Cu cells brown; proximal half of corium not entirely yellow; body length 9���10 mm [Western Australia and Queensland, Australia]............................................................................................................................... Voconia grandioculata sp. nov. ��� Eyes shorter than ante- and postocular regions in dorsal view; ocelli occupying less than halflength of postocular region; membranal veins forming Cu-An1 and M-Cu cells mostly or entirely yellow; proximal half of corium entirely yellow; body length 10.5���12 mm [New South Wales and Queensland, Australia]......................................................................... Voconia pallidipes St��l, 1866 14. Corium band is translucent yellow; body length 8���9 mm [Queensland, Australia]................................................................................................................................................. Voconia fasciata sp. nov. ��� Corium band is opaque yellow; body length approximately 7 mm [Queensland, Australia]..................................................................................................................................... Voconia vittata sp. nov. 15. Labial segment I swollen subapically on ventral surface (Fig. 4E); labial segment II swollen ventrobasally and narrowed apically (Fig. 4E); labial segment III stout, 0.2 times length of segment II (Fig. 4E) [Borneo]...................................................... Voconia wegneri (Miller, 1954) comb. nov. ��� Labial segments I and II straight; labial segment III elongate, 0.4���0.7 times length of segment II............................................................................................................................................................ 16 16. Head long, about 1.7 times as long as wide; ventral surface of hind femur with four large spines in posterior row (Fig. 4K); large pale spot between R and M veins (Fig. 4C)................................... 17 ��� Head elongate, not more than 1.4 times as long as wide; ventral surface of hind femur with three large and 0���3 small spines in posterior row (Fig. 4I���J).................................................................. 18 17. Mid and hind femora dark, proximal third yellow (Fig. 4K); anterior pronotal lobe convex, strongly curved inward on posterolateral margins; body length about 11 mm [Normanby Island]...................................................................................................................................... Voconia bracata sp. nov. ��� Legs uniformly dark; anterior pronotal lobe gently rounded, posterolateral margins nearly straight; body length 12���13 mm [New Guinea]............................. Voconia typica (Miller, 1958) comb. nov. 18. Pronotum dark with contrasting yellow posterior margin; abducted corium dark with antero- and posteroproximal yellow stripes and posteromedial and distal white spots [Trinidad].................................................................................................................................... Voconia trinidadensis sp. nov. ��� Color patterns variable but combination not as above [Old World]............................................... 19 19. Proepimeron with posteroventral margin rounded [Afrotropical].................................................. 20 ��� Proepimeron with acute protuberance on posteroventral margin [Oriental].................................. 22 20. Fossula spongiosa absent or vestigial on mid leg of males and females; scutellum uniformly brown; abducted corium with an antero- and posteromedial yellow spot; uniformly brown dorsal laterotergites [Central Africa]............................ Voconia motoensis (Schouteden, 1929) comb. nov. ��� Fossula spongiosa present on mid leg of male; scutellar spine yellow (Fig. 4E); abducted corium with proximal, posteromedial, and distal yellow spots; dorsal laterotergites bicolored................. 21 21. Body longer, 10���12 mm; dark dorsal laterotergites with strongly contrasting yellow anterior spots; eyes reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; eyes strongly bulging past postocular lateral margins in dorsal view [West and Central Africa]...... Voconia conradti (Jeannel, 1917) comb. nov. ��� Body shorter, 9���10 mm; light brown dorsal laterotergites with weakly contrasting yellow anterior spots; eyes do not reach ventral head margin in lateral view; eyes do not bulge strongly in dorsal view [Central Africa].................................................................................. Voconia smithae sp. nov. 22. Membrane of hemelytra dark; membranal veins forming Cu-An1 and M-Cu cells paler than remainder of membrane (Fig. 4B)................................................................................................................... 23 ��� Membrane of hemelytra dark; membranal veins dark or with R and M veins proximally pale in V-shape........................................................................................................................................... 25 23. Body light brown; labium lighter than head, yellow; scutellum dark with contrasting yellow apical spine [Borneo]........................................................................................... Voconia decorata sp. nov. ��� Body dark brown, almost black; labium as dark as head; scutellum uniformly dark [Sumatra]..... 24 24. Head dark with semicircular yellow stripe encircling both ocelli; body longer, about 11 mm; anterior pronotal lobe relatively long, posterior lobe about 1.8 times as long as than anterior lobe............... ................................................................................................................... Voconia coronata sp. nov. ��� Head dark with yellow spots adjacent to lateral ocellar margin; body shorter, about 9 mm; anterior pronotal lobe relatively short, posterior lobe about 2.2 times as long as anterior lobe...................... ................................................................................................................ Voconia lirophleps sp. nov. 25. Legs yellow, distal halves of femora brown [India]................................ Voconia ornata comb. nov. ��� Femora unicolored [Southeast Asia]............................................................................................... 26 26. Legs dark brown............................................................................................................................. 27 ��� Legs yellow or yellowish-brown.................................................................................................... 29 27. Dorsal laterotergites dark with yellow spots anteriorly; anterior margin of abducted corium with a small pale spot medially; anteriad-directed process of prosternum with small paramedial lobes; stridulitrum elongated anteriorly into a small protuberance [Philippines]......................................... ....................................................................................................................... Voconia bakeri sp. nov. ��� Dorsal laterotergites uniformly dark; anterior margin of abducted corium with a yellow stripe along proximal half; anteriad-directed process of prosternum smoothly rounded, without paramedial lobes (Fig. 4J); stridulitrum not elongated into an anterior protuberance (Fig. 4J) [Southeast Asia]...... 28 28. Body length about 10.0 mm; pronotum dark, posterior margin paler [Philippines]........................... ........................................................................................................................... Voconia nyx sp. nov. ��� Body length about 8.5 mm; pronotum uniformly dark [Philippines]......... Voconia minima sp. nov. 29. Anterior margin of abducted corium with medial and distal yellow spots; pronotum and scutellum uniformly dark [Philippines]....................................................................... Voconia hemera sp. nov. ��� Anterior margin of abducted corium with proximal half yellow and distal yellow spot; pronotum dark, posterior margin pale; scutellum dark with contrasting brown or yellow apical spine (Fig. 4E)... 30 30. Clypeus coloration as rest of head; proximal half of corium entirely yellow, forming a yellow triangle [Philippines].............................................................................................. Voconia isosceles sp. nov. ��� Clypeus lighter than rest of head, yellow; proximal half of corium not entirely yellow, with brown markings......................................................................................................................................... 31 31. Labial segment I short, not surpassing posteroventral eye margin in lateral view; Cu-An1 cell elongate, reaching at least half the length of M-Cu cell [Laos] ............... Voconia laosensis sp. nov. ��� Labial segment I long, surpassing posteroventral eye margin in lateral view; Cu-An 1 cell stout, less than half the length of M-Cu cell.................................................................................................... 32 32. Abducted corium mostly dark with anteroproximal reddish-brown stripe and posteromedial and distal yellow spots; pale posterior margin of pronotum wide, a third of posterior pronotal lobe [Borneo]................................................................................................. Voconia lasiosoma sp. nov. ��� Abducted corium with proximal half mostly yellow, distal half dark with distal yellow spot; pale posterior margin of pronotum narrow, a fifth of posterior pronotal lobe [Borneo]....................................................................................................................................................... Voconia loki sp. nov., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on pages 27-32, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636, {"references":["Stal C. 1866 a. Hemiptera Africana. Volume 3. Norstedtiana, Stockholm. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8566","Stal C. 1866 b. Analecta hemipterologica. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 10 (1 - 3): 151 - 172. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18660100112","Jeannel R. 1917. Diagnoses preliminaires de Reduviidae noveaux d'Afrique (Hem.) (deuxieme note). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France 1917 (1): 49 - 53.","Miller N. C. E. 1954. A new subfamily, new genera, and species of Malaysian Reduviidae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera). Idea 10 (1 - 2): 1 - 8.","Miller N. C. E. 1958. On the Reduviidae of New Guinea and adjacent islands (Hemiptera Heteroptera). Part 1. Nova Guinea, New Ser. 9 (1): 33 - 143.","Villiers A. 1963 b. Hemiptera Reduviidae. In: La reserve naturelle integrale du Mont Nimba (Fascicule V) (Memoires de l'Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire 66). IFAN [= Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire], Dakar.","Villiers A. 1964. Reduviidae (Hemiptera Heteroptera). In: Exploration du Parc National de la Garamba. Mission H. de Saeger, en collaboration avec P. Baert, G. Demoulin, I. Denisoff, J. Martin, M. Micha, A. Noirfalise, P. Schoemaker, G. Troupin et J. Verschuren (1949 - 1952), Fasc. 43. Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo et du Rwanda, Bruxelles.","Schouteden H. 1929. Reduviides africains nouveaux. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique africaines 18 (2): 250 - 262."]}

Genus Gerbelius Distant, 1903 Figs 1, 2, 3A, G, 4A, 5, 11, 14, 20 Gerbelius Distant, 1903a: 59. Type species: Gerbelius typicus Distant, 1903, by original designation. Revised diagnosis Distinguished from the other genus in the subfamily, Voconia, by the smooth or corrugated surface of the head and pronotum (Fig. 3G); laterally flattened shape of the maxillary plates (Fig. 3A); long, basally adjacent mandibular plates (Fig. 3A); stout labium densely covered with long macrosetae on the morphologically ventral surface of labial segment I (Fig. 3G); morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II 0.8���0.9 times length of labial segment I (Fig. 3G); and Cu-An1 cell slender and tapering apically, similar in size to the M-Cu cell (Fig. 4A). Redescription BODY LENGTH. 7.0���8.0 mm. BODY. Robust; only macropterous morphs known (Fig. 5). COLORATION. Variable color patterns; scutellum uniform or with contrasting yellow scutellar spine. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head and pronotum: smooth to corrugated with dense pubescence and sparse, long macrosetae; antennifer with macroseta, without lateral protuberance (Fig. 3A); labium with dense, long macrosetae. Thorax: anterolateral angles of pronotal collar with macrosetae. Hemelytron: corium with dense setation. Legs: posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with three large spines on distal half and three or fewer small spines. Abdomen: ventral surface pubescent with long macrosetae. HEAD (Fig. 3A, G). Elongate, 1.2���1.3 times as long as wide; anteocular region about a third of head length and shorter than postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); postocular region in dorsal view globose and longer than eye; pedicel 1.1���1.3 times length of head width; mandibular plates in dorsal view long with basal half adjacent; maxillary plates in dorsal view enlarged laterally forming flattened projections, adjacent to clypeus; clypeus width in dorsal view narrower than maxillary plates; interocular glabrous markings V-shaped, joined medially at interocular sulcus; eye width in dorsal view narrower than synthlipsis, eye not reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; ventrolateral swelling of buccula without lateral protrusion that surpasses buccular margin, flat margin; labium stout; second (first visible) labial segment in lateral view surpassing posteroventral eye margin, gradually widened apically; dorsal surface of third (second visible) labial segment convex, 0.8���0.9 times length of second segment; fourth (third visible) labial segment drawn into bent, slender apex. THORAX. Pronotal collar narrow medially with anterolateral angles short and flared laterally; anterior pronotal lobe lateral margins rounded; scutellum width 0.8 times length; scutellar spine subhorizontal; anteriad-directed process on prosternum with paramedial lobes; anterior margin of stridulitrum projected into sharp spine; proepimeron with obtuse protuberance on posteroventral margin. HEMELYTRON (Fig. 4A). Cu-An 1 cell similar in size to M-Cu cell; Cu-An 1 cell slender, tapered apically. LEGS. Fossula spongiosa present on fore and mid legs in males, present on fore but absent or vestigial on mid legs of females. ABDOMEN. Anterior margin of terga weakly carinulate; terga II and III with paired, prominent, and longitudinal carinae, almost reaching posterior margin of tergum III. PYGOPHORE (Fig. 11). Transverse bridge rounded on posterior margin; lateral pygophore margin flat; paramere shape in dorsal view sinusoidal, apex tapered into squarely round tip. AEDEAGUS (Fig. 15). Endosoma almost entirely covered with spicules; apex of dorsal phallothecal sclerite rounded in dorsal view; basal plate extension 4.4���4.8 times as long as wide. Distribution This genus currently comprises two described species from India and Southeast Asia, and we are aware of at least four undescribed species distributed across India, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. Gerbelius typicus is the most widespread among them. Remarks Photographs of type specimens in their unit trays at the BMNH were used to evaluate species concepts for G. typicus and G. confluens. This genus previously had a third described species that is now transferred to Voconia, V. ornata. Molecular phylogenetics recovered a Gerbelius clade (Gerbelius sp. 3 + [Gerbelius sp. 1 + Gerbelius sp. 4]) sister to Voconia wegneri sp. nov. (Hwang & Weirauch, 2012). We also recovered a well-supported Gerbelius clade sister to Voconia (Figs 1���2). The pygophore of two specimens were dissected for this study (Figs 11, 14); however, the median apical process of G. typicus (AMNH_IZC 00321200) broke off during dissection (Fig. 11). We decided not to describe new species of Gerbelius as part of this study. Since species of Gerbelius somewhat resemble other small-bodied assassin bugs currently classified as Reduviinae, we suspect that our specimen searches in various natural history collections were not comprehensive for this genus. However, this material should be included in a future revision of this genus., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on pages 23-26, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636, {"references":["Distant W. L. 1903 a. Contributions to a knowledge of the Rhynchota. Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique 47 (4): 43 - 65.","Hwang W. S. & Weirauch C. 2012. Evolutionary history of assassin bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae): Insights from divergence dating and ancestral state reconstruction. PLoS ONE 7 (9): e 45523. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0045523"]}

Voconia ornata (Distant, 1903) comb. nov. Figs 1���2, 8, 10, 20 Gerbelius ornatus Distant, 1903a: 59. Diagnosis Distinguished from other species of Voconia by the following combination of characters: slender and short body (~ 7.8���8.7 mm long); proepimeron with protuberance on posteroventral margin; legs yellow with distal half of femora brown; scutellum dark with contrasting yellow apical spine; and dark abducted corium with anteromedial, posteromedial, and distal yellow spots. Type material Lectotype (present designation) SRI LANKA ��� ♂; ��� Ceylon ��� [Sri Lanka]; E.E. Green leg.; Distant coll. 1911���383; USI: UCR_ENT 00048381; BMNH. Additional material examined INDIA ��� Madhya Pradesh ��� 1 ♀; Jahalpur; elev. ��� 1600 ft ��� [488 m]; Oct. 1957; P.S. Nathan leg.; dissected abdomen in vial; USI: AMNH_PBI 00170698; AMNH ��� 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; Susai Nathan leg.; dissected abdomen in vial; USI: AMNH_PBI 00170697; AMNH. ��� Tamil Nadu ��� 1 ♀; Tranquebar, Madras; 30 Mar. 1969; K. Krishna leg.; USI: AMNH_PBI 00170699; AMNH. ��� Uttar Pradesh ��� 1 ♂; Maldevta, Dehra Dun; elev. ��� 3500 ft ��� [1067 m]; 15 Apr. 1942; Jai K. Uniyal leg.; USI: AMNH_PBI 00170696; AMNH. UNKNOWN COUNTRY ��� 1 ♂; ���832-13���; USI: AMNH_PBI 00213933; HNHM. Description Male (Figs 8, 10) BODY LENGTH. 8.0���9.0 mm; macropterous. COLORATION. Head: light brown; postocular region with pale patches adjacent to lateral ocellar margin; labium lighter than head, brown to yellow. Thorax: as head; scutellum dark with contrasting yellow apical spine. Hemelytron (abducted): clavus reddish-brown with distal yellow stripe; corium reddishbrown with anteromedial, posteromedial, and distal yellow spots; membrane dark with pale V-shaped marking along R and M veins; membranal veins R and M proximally pale. Legs: yellow, distal half of femora brown. Abdomen: light brown; dorsal laterotergites dark brown with faint pale bands on posterior margins. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head and pronotum: finely granulose with dense, short macrosetae interspersed among dense pubescence; interocular region with two pairs of macrosetae paramedially; antennifer with short lateral setigerous tubercle; morphologically ventral surface of labium with sparse, short macrosetae. Thorax: anterolateral angles of pronotal collar with macrosetae. Hemelytron: corium with dense, long macrosetae. Legs: posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with three large spines on distal half and many small spines. Abdomen: ventral surface pubescent. STRUCTURE. Head: elongate, about 1.3 times as long as wide; anteocular region about one third of head length, about as long as postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); postocular region in dorsal view about as long as eye, lateral margins gently rounded; pedicel 1.3���1.4 times length of head width; maxillary plates ellipsoidal, adjacent to and longer than clypeus; apices of maxillary plates in dorsal view directed straight or diverging; clypeus in dorsal view about as wide as maxillary plates; clypeal apex round, not narrowed; interocular glabrous markings anterolaterally curved, joined at interocular sulcus paramedially; interocular sulcus in dorsal view nearly straight; eye width in dorsal view narrower than synthlipsis; eye reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; ventrolateral swelling of buccula with lateral protrusion that surpasses buccular margin, setigerous tubercles along apical margin; labial segment I in lateral view straight, reaching posteroventral eye margin; morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II nearly straight, about 0.5 times length of segment I. Thorax: pronotal collar in dorsal view narrow medially with anterolateral angles short, projected forward; anterior pronotal lobe 0.7���0.8 times length of posterior pronotal lobe, lateral margins almost straight; glabrous markings on pronotum thin and deeply depressed; median apodeme depression of pronotum deep, circular; scutellar spine long, subhorizontal; anteriad-directed process of prosternum smoothly rounded, without paramedial lobes; anterior margin of stridulitrum not elongated into protuberance; proepimeron with acute protuberance on posteroventral margin. Legs: fossula spongiosa present on fore and mid legs. Female Mostly as male, distinguished from males by the following. Body length: 7.8���8.5 mm. Head: elongate, 1.3���1.4 times as long as wide; pedicel 1.3���1.5 times length of head width. Legs: fossula spongiosa absent or vestigial on mid leg. Distribution (Fig. 20) Distributed in India and Sri Lanka. Remarks Originally described as Gerbelius ornatus based on an unspecified number of specimens (syntypes) from Sri Lanka (Distant 1903a). Cladistic analyses (Weirauch 2008; present study: Figs 1���2) confirm that this species is nested within Voconia, and hence it is hereby transferred to the latter genus. The abdomen of pinned specimen USI: AMNH_PBI 00170697 was removed for DNA extraction, but insufficient DNA was acquired in the NGS library for Illumina sequencing. A single male pertaining to the type series (Fig. 8), here designated as the lectotype, was examined from a unit tray image at the BMNH, along with six other specimens for which we can only distinguish the locality for one specimen as Halwaldi, India and is not included in our distribution map nor material examined (Fig. 20). While the locality and date for the lectotype are not specified, we are confident that this specimen was studied by Distant. Kirby (1891) notes that the collector E.E. Green shared his collection of Hemiptera with the BMNH, most of which were collected at Pundaloya and could be inferred as the locality where no locality is mentioned. Less likely localities include Nitagala, Nawalapitya, Kandy, Colombo, or other., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on pages 70-72, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636, {"references":["Distant W. L. 1903 a. Contributions to a knowledge of the Rhynchota. Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique 47 (4): 43 - 65.","Weirauch C. 2008. Cladistic analysis of Reduviidae (Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha) based on morphological characters. Systematic Entomology 33 (2): 229 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2007.00417. x","Kirby W. F. 1891. Catalogue of the described Hemiptera Heteroptera and Homoptera of Ceylon, based on the collection formed (chiefly at Pundaloya) by Mr. E. Ernest Green. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 24 (149 - 150): 72 - 176. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1891. tb 02479. x"]}

Guapinannus uncus, sp. n. (Figs 4, 7, 9) Holotype. Male. BELIZE: Belize, 17.18988°N 88.49765°W, 55m, no date provided, collector unknown, 1♂ (UCR _ ENT 00090858) (FMNH). Paratypes: BELIZE: Orange Walk: Rio Bravo Cons. Area 3 Well Tran (Near Res. Station), 18.06667°N 88.55°W, 10m, 10 Sep 1995, P. W. Kovarik, 1♂ (UCR _ ENT 00094283) (UCR). Etymology: Named for the hook-shaped vesica after “uncus” Latin for hook (noun in apposition). Diagnosis: Recognized by the small mid-sized body length (0.67 mm), elongate oval body shape (length to width ratio 3.4) (Fig. 4), and apex of vesica hook-shaped (Fig. 7). Description: Male: Total body length 1.19 mm; length from posterior margin of pronotum to posterior wing margin 0.97 mm; greatest width across pronotum 0.27 mm; greatest width across forewings 0.35 mm. General coloration: uniformly pale. Vestiture: Dorsum with sparse setae, setae short; setae on posterior margin of forewing long. Structure: Head: Eye almost half as high as head; muscle scars indistinct. Thorax: Anterior pronotal margin concave, posterior margin slightly concave; pits on pronotum small, evenly distributed; scutellum in dorsal view gradually narrowed to tip, tip pointed. Forewing: With outline elongate oval; membrane contributing about one third of forewing length, posterior distal margin rounded, vein-tracing areoles on proximal part of wing absent; C+Sc broad, wider at widest part of wing; distal process of R pronounced; An1 wing organ on corium inflated, elongate, with median notch, without notch articulating with claval process; rc1 about 3 times as long as wide, slightly wider anteriorly; rc about 4 times as long as wide; tc about 3 times as long as wide; part of An1 and Cu forming posterodistal margin of tc slightly wider than other veins; distal margin of rc1, rc, and tc cells double s-shaped; rc2–3 trapezoidal; cub almost reaching wing margin; dc1 with basal portion fairly narrow and elongate. Legs: Claws long. Genitalia (Fig. 7): Pygophore without lobe on right side; vesica with between half and one loop, surpassing right pygophore margin, thick at midpoint, with bottle opener-shaped apex, close to apex rounded; anophoric ridge with process, process short, with single lobe curved, tip pointed; right paramere curved, broad throughout, basal process broad; left paramere straight, tapering, basal process broad. Female: Unknown. Collecting method and habitat: Collected using flight intercept trap.

Guapinannus anaticulus, sp. n. (Figs 2, 7, 9) Holotype. Male. GUATEMALA: San Marcos: Bojonal Road, 14.94786°N 91.8837°W, 1618 m, 04 Jun 2015, R. Anderson, 1♂ (UCR _ ENT 00127123) (UCR). Etymology: Named for the duck head-shaped basal process of the right paramere after “anas” meaning duck in Latin. Diagnosis: Recognized by the mid-sized body length (1.45 mm), oval forewing outline, narrow C+SC (black arrow), rc1 about 3 times as long as wide and slightly wider anteriorly (white arrow), tc more than 3 times as long as wide (Fig. 2), the short, slender, and straight vesica with blunt, expanded tip, and the broad, duck head-shaped basal process of the right paramere (Fig. 7). Description: Male: Total body length 1.45 mm; length from posterior margin of pronotum to posterior wing margin 1.23 mm; greatest width across pronotum 0.63 mm; greatest width across forewings 0.81 mm. General coloration: mix of pale and darker brown or reddish brown. Vestiture: Dorsum with dense setae, setae long; setae on posterior margin of forewing extremely long. Structure: Head: Eye almost half as high as head; muscle scars large. Thorax: Anterior pronotal margin concave, posterior margin slightly concave; pits on pronotum mediumsized, evenly distributed; scutellum in dorsal view abruptly narrowed to tip, tip pointed. Forewing: With outline oval; membrane contributing about one third of forewing length, posterior distal margin rounded, vein-tracing areoles on proximal part of wing absent; Sc+C uniform, relatively narrow; distal process of R pronounced; An1 wing organ on corium strongly inflated, rounded, with median notch, without notch articulating with claval process; rc1 about 3 times as long as wide, slightly wider anteriorly; rc about 5 times as long as wide; tc more than 3 times as long as wide; distal margin of rc1, rc, and tc cells double s-shaped; rc2-3 almost triangular; cub almost reaching wing margin; dc1 with basal portion fairly narrow and elongate. Legs: Claws long. Genitalia (Fig. 7): Pygophore without lobe on right side; vesica with between half and one loop, surpassing right pygophore margin, thick at midpoint, tapering to blunt, expanded tip, close to apex slightly s-shaped; anophoric ridge with process, process short, with single lobe curved, tip blunt; right paramere curved, tapering, basal process duck head-shaped; left paramere straight, tapering, basal process broad. Female: Unknown. Collecting method and habitat: Collected in cloud forest litter using sifting leaf litter., Published as part of Frankenberg, Sarah, Knyshov, Alexander, Hoey-Chamberlain, Rochelle & Weirauch, Christiane, 2021, Taxonomic revision of Guapinannus Wygodzinsky, 1951 (Hemiptera: Schizopteridae), with description of 19 new species, pp. 261-286 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 266-267, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.14, http://zenodo.org/record/4691718

Guapinannus Wygodzinsky, 1951 (Figs 1–9) Type species: Guapinannus bierigi Wygodzinsky, 1951 Diagnosis: Recognized among Schizopteridae by the relatively small eyes (Fig. 5C, D), four-segmented labium (Fig. 1A), flat and wide forewings (Figs 1–4), unique forewing venation with long fracture in the costal margin, long rc1, rc, and tc cells (Figs 1B, 2, 6A), C+S, with An1/2 claval process except G. dispar sp. n. (Figs 2, 6A, D), better developed in males than in females (Fig 1B), males with wing organ associated with An1 on corium adjacent to the claval process (Figs 2–4, 6A, D), 2-2-3 tarsal formula in both sexes, male genitalia simple (Fig. 7) and female with well-developed ovipositor (Figs 1C, 8). Re-description: Male: Ovoid (greatest length to width ratio 1.57–1.85) to elongate ovoid (length to width ratio 3.4), total body length 0.66–2.06 mm; length from posterior margin of pronotum to posterior wing margin (0.51–1.49 mm). General coloration: uniformly pale or a mix of pale and darker brown or reddish brown. Vestiture: Dorsum with dense setae, setae long or short, setae on posterior margin of forewing long or extremely long. Structure: Head: Eye ranging from small (less than one quarter head height) to relatively large (almost half as high as head) (Fig. 5C, D); ocellus adjacent to eye (Fig. 5D), at 11 o’clock position seen in lateral view and about twice the size of one ommatidium; four-segmented labium with segments 1, 2 and 3 of similar length and 4 about 2.5–3 times as long as any other segment (Fig. 1A); muscle scars present on the frons and vertex present (Figs 1A, 5C). Thorax: Collar in dorsal view narrow (Fig. 5C); proepisternal lobe inflated (Fig. 5D); separation of anterior and posterior lobes (dorsal view) marked by weak depression (Fig. 5C); anterior pronotal lobe with muscle scars, margin concave or straight; posterior margin slightly concave to almost straight; pits on pronotum ranging from small to large, evenly distributed or grouped (Fig. 1A); scutellum in dorsal view abruptly or gradually narrowed to tip, tip pointed, rounded, or slightly inflated (Figs 2–4). Forewing: With outline elongate oval or broad anteriorly; with (G. dispar, sp. n., Fig. 2) or without (all other species) distinct honey-comb pattern; membrane (cub, dc1, rc2–3 and areas distal to these cells) contributing about one third or less to forewing length; posterior distal margin rounded or square; clavus twice as long as wide; vein-tracing areoles along margins of a combination of scc, rc1, rc1, rc2, and tc on proximal part of wing absent or present (Fig. 6A, C); C+Sc narrow (Fig. 2, G. anaticulus, sp. n.), fairly broad (Fig. 2, G. clava, sp. n.), broad (Fig. 2, G. falcis, sp. n.), or very broad (Fig. 3, G. lutuosus, sp. n.), either of uniform width (Fig. 2, G. anaticulus, sp. n.) or wider at widest part of wing (Fig. 2, G. auriculu s, sp. n.); R flattened in distal part (black arrow in Fig. 1B); distal process of R pronounced (white arrow in Fig. 1B) or weakly developed; An1/2 claval process well developed in males (except G. tenuis, sp. n.), overlapping base of An1 wing organ, apex acute and in lateral view pointing dorsad (Figs 2–4, 6A, D); An1 wing organ on corium strongly inflated in all males, with or without (e.g., Fig. 4, G. tergus, sp. n.) notch articulating with claval process, wing organ rounded, elongate, or acute, with or without median notch; scc about 1.5 times longer than wide (Fig. 6A) (except ~2 times longer than wide in G. castigatus, sp. n.); scc undivided except in G. dispar, sp. n. (Fig. 2); rc1 about 3 times as long as wide except in G. dispar, sp. n., ranging from parallel-sided to slightly or much wider anteriorly; rc about 4 or 5 times as long as wide; tc 3 times or more than 3 times as long as wide; part of An1 and Cu forming posterodistal margin of tc of similar width as other veins (e.g., Fig. 2, G. artus, sp. n.) or thicker (e.g., Fig. 2, G. falcis, sp. n.); distal margin of rc1, rc, and tc cells double s-shaped (Fig. 2, G. anaticulus, sp. n.), s-shaped (Fig. 1, G. bierigi), or angular s-shaped (Fig. 2, G. dispar, sp. n.); rc2–3 almost triangular (e.g., Fig. 2, G. anaticulus, sp. n.), trapezoidal (e.g., Fig. 2, G. castigatus, sp. n.), or rectangular (Fig. 2, G. dispar, sp. n.); cub oval, almost reaching wing margin or distant form wing margin (except elongate in G. dispar; Fig. 2); dc1 with basal portion fairly narrow and elongate (Fig. 2, G. anaticulus, sp. n.) or relatively wide and short (Fig. 2, G. auriculu s, sp. n.); M beyond Cu short. Legs: males and females with tarsal formula 2-2-3, with claws long except short in G dispar, sp. n. Genitalia (Fig. 7): Pygophore without lobe on right side (Fig. 7, G. anaticulus, sp. n.), with small (Fig. 7, G. artus, sp. n.) or large lobe (Fig. 7, G. auriculus, sp. n.), or with slightly extended right margin (Fig. 7, G. castigatus, sp. n.). Vesica about one half loop (e.g., Fig. 7, G. castigatus, sp. n.), between half and one loop (e.g., Fig. 7, G. anaticulus, sp. n.), or one loop (e.g., Fig. 7, G. plurilobus, sp. n.), either not reaching right pygophore margin or surpassing margin, at midpoint thick (e.g., Fig. 7, G. graziae, sp. n.), very thick (e.g., Fig. 7, G. robustus, sp. n.), or more slender (e.g., Fig. 7, G. falcis, sp. n.), tapering to blunt or acute tip, tip itself blunt, bottle-opener shaped (e.g., Fig. 7, G. uncus, sp. n.), slightly s-shaped (e.g., Fig. 7, G. falcis, sp. n.), rounded (e.g., Fig. 7, G. artus, sp. n.), or fairly straight (e.g., Fig. 7, G. tatumbia, sp. n.). Anophoric ridge with process present (e.g., Fig. 7, G. artus, sp. n.) or absent (Fig. 7, G. castigatus, sp. n.), process short or long, with single lobe curved or relatively straight, or with multiple lobes, tip pointed, blunt, or combination of pointed and blunt. Right paramere curved or straight, tapering towards apex or broad throughout; basal process of paramere broad, narrow, thumb-shaped, or duck head-shaped. Left paramere straight or curved, tapering towards apex or broad throughout, basal process broad or narrow. Female: As male, but with less well developed An1/2 claval process and without An1 wing organ on corium (Fig. 1B). Genitalia: with well-developed ovipositor (Figs 1C, 8). Reservoir of spermatheca kidney-shaped with short spermathecal duct (Fig. 8). Distribution. Species of Guapinannus are documented from Central and South America, ranging from Veracruz in Mexico to the southern part of Brazil. The greatest species diversity is found in Central America and the northern areas of South America. Specimens have been collected in tropical wet or moist forest, including cloud forest and mixed hardwood forest, from elevation ranging from 5 meters above sea level in Panama to more than 200 meters in Chiapas, Mexico. Collecting method. The majority of specimens for which collection method was recorded were collected using leaf litter sifting and Berlese and Winkler extraction methods. A small number of specimens are derived from Malaise and flight intercept traps. Discussion. The forewing shape, structure with distinct claval suture, and venation set apart Guapinannus from all other genera of Schizopteridae. While Humpatanannus and related genera have not been included in phylogenetic analyses, genitalic features are strikingly different in the two groups, and they are unlikely to be close relatives. The non-genitalic morphology of species of Guapinannus is fairly uniform. Most species are mid-sized and ovoid with some variation, with only few species being distinctly smaller or bigger or markedly elongated ovoid. Some forewing venation features are fairly distinctive and useful as diagnostic characters at the species level, among them the width of the C+Sc and the relative proportion of certain cells. As in many other genera of Schizopteridae, the bulk of diagnostic features is derived from male genitalic structures, in particular the length, curvature, and tip shape of the vesica, shape of the anophoric process, where present, and shape of the pygophore that is expanded into a distinct lobe on the right side in some species. We described as new two species for which only female specimens are known (G. dispar, sp. n. and G. minutus, sp. n.). Both are distinctive based on non-genitalic morphology and G. dispar, sp. n. in addition is geographically isolated from all other known species of Guapinannus. As part of this study we discovered a so far undocumented structure on the forewings that is restricted to males that we interpret as a novel male-specific wing organ. This wing organ is located on the posterior margin of the corium, associated with An1, consist of a strongly inflated semicircular or elongate area and in most species features a median notch. SEM observation of this wing organ in one species (Fig. 6D) shows a tuft of hairlike structures that may represent a trichome. Based on our observations, males of all species of Guapinannus possess this wing organ. Among closely related taxa (based on Knyshov et al., 2020), Caucanannus also have a male-specific wing organ, although in a different position on the forewing (Weirauch et al., 2020), while wing organs have so far not been documented in Luachimonannus and Kokeshia., Published as part of Frankenberg, Sarah, Knyshov, Alexander, Hoey-Chamberlain, Rochelle & Weirauch, Christiane, 2021, Taxonomic revision of Guapinannus Wygodzinsky, 1951 (Hemiptera: Schizopteridae), with description of 19 new species, pp. 261-286 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 263-265, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.14, http://zenodo.org/record/4691718, {"references":["Wygodzinsky, P. (1951) Descripcion de generos y especies nuevos de la familia Cryptostemmatidae (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 11, 259 - 270.","Knyshov, A., Weirauch, C. & Hoey-Chamberlain, R. (2020) Phylogenetic relationships and revised classification of the true bug infraorder Dipsocoromorpha (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera), Cladistics. [early view] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12435","Weirauch, C, Hoey-Chamberlain, R. & Knyshov, A. (2020) Four new genera of Schizopteridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from the Afrotropical and Neotropical regions. Zootaxa, 4768 (1), 95 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4768.1.6"]}

Guapinannus sinuosus, sp. n. (Figs 3, 7, 9) Holotype. Male. MEXICO: Chiapas: Palenque, 15.63333°N 92.65°W, 1640m, 02 Jul 1983 – 30 Jul 1983, S. B. Peck, J. Kukalova-Peck, R. S. Anderson, 1♂ (UCR _ ENT 00102050) (FMNH). Paratypes: MEXICO: Chiapas: El Bosque (6.6 mi SW), 17.01667°N 92.78333°W, 1463 m, 29 Aug 1973, A. F. Newton, 7♀ (UCR _ ENT 00101241, UCR_ENT 00102051-UCR_ENT 00102053) (FMNH). Playón de la Gloria, 16.16028°N 90.90139°W, 160 m, 26 Jun 2008, collector unknown, 1♂ (UCR _ ENT 00120069) (MTEC). Etymology: Named for the s-shaped vesica after “sinuosus” Latin for bending. Diagnosis: Recognized by the mid-sized body length (1.49 mm), C+Sc margin broad anteriorly and more slender posteriorly, distinctly double s-shaped margin of rc1, rc, tc cells (black arrow) (Fig. 3), and relatively tick and s-shaped vesica (Fig. 7). Description: Male: Total body length 1.49 mm; length from posterior margin of pronotum to posterior wing margin 0.9 mm; greatest width across pronotum 0.54 mm. General coloration: uniformly pale. Vestiture: Dorsum with sparse setae, setae short; setae on posterior margin of forewing long. Structure: Head: Eye almost half as high as head; muscle scars large. Thorax: Anterior pronotal margin concave, posterior margin slightly concave; pits on pronotum small, evenly distributed; scutellum in dorsal view gradually narrowed to tip, tip pointed. Forewing: With outline elongate oval; membrane contributing about one third of forewing length, posterior distal margin rounded, vein-tracing areoles on proximal part of wing absent; C+Sc uniformly broad; distal process of R weakly developed; An1 wing organ on corium strongly inflated, without notch articulating with claval process, rounded, without median notch; rc1 about 3 times as long as wide, slightly wider anteriorly; rc about 5 times as long as wide; tc about 3 times as long as wide; distal margin of rc1, rc, and tc cells double s-shaped; rc2–3 almost triangular; cub almost reaching wing margin; dc1 with basal portion relatively wide and short. Legs: Claws long. Genitalia (Fig. 7): Pygophore without lobe on right side; vesica with between half and one loop, not reaching right pygophore margin, thick at midpoint, tapering to acute tip, close to tip slightly s-shaped; anophoric ridge with process, process short, with single lobe curved, tip pointed; right paramere curved, tapering, basal process broad; left paramere straight, tapering, basal process narrow. Female: As in male and generic description. Collecting method and habitat: Collected using Berlese extraction, flight intercept trap, and sifting leaf litter in closed forest, cloud forest with pines, mature wet forest, and rainforest.

Guapinannus tatumbia, sp. n. (Figs 4, 7, 9) Holotype. Male. HONDURAS: Francisco Morazan: Tatumbia Montaña del Aguacate, 14°N 87.08333°W, 1425m, 14 Mar 1996, R. Cave, 1♂ (UCR _ ENT 00078556) (EAPZ). Paratypes: HONDURAS: Francisco Morazan: Tatumbia Montaña del Aguacate, 14°N 87.08333°W, 1425m, 14 Mar 1996, R. Cave, 5♂ (UCR _ ENT 00078555, UCR_ENT 00078557-UCR_ENT 00078560), 5♀ (UCR _ ENT 00078561 -UCR_ENT 00078565) (EAPZ). Olancho: La Union Parq Nac La Maralla, 15.07949°N 86.76175°W, 1060m, 14 Sep 1994, R. Cordero, 1♀ (UCR _ ENT 00078566) (EAPZ). Etymology: Named for the type locality “Tatumbia Montana” in Honduras (noun in apposition). Diagnosis: Recognized by the mid-sized body length (1.51 mm), elongate oval outline of forewings, inflated tip of scutellum (black arrow) (Fig. 4), vesica relatively thick and straight with acute tip, not reaching pygophore margin, and without anophoric process (Fig. 7). Description: Male: Total body length 1.51 mm; length from posterior margin of pronotum to posterior wing margin 1.27 mm; greatest width across pronotum 0.62 mm; greatest width across forewings 0.88 mm. General coloration: mix of pale and darker brown or reddish brown. Vestiture: Dorsum with dense setae, setae long; setae on posterior margin of forewing extremely long. Structure: Head: Eye about one third as high as head; muscle scars large. Thorax: Anterior pronotal margin concave, posterior margin slightly concave; pits on pronotum small, evenly distributed; scutellum in dorsal view abruptly narrowed to tip, tip rounded. Forewing: With outline broad anteriorly; membrane contributing about one third of forewing length, posterior distal margin squarish, vein-tracing areoles on proximal part of wing absent; C+Sc broad, wider at widest part of wing; distal process of R pronounced; An1 wing organ on corium inflated, elongate, with median notch, without notch articulating with claval process; rc1 about 3 times as long as wide, much wider anteriorly; rc about 4 times as long as wide; tc about 3 times as long as wide; part of An1 and Cu forming posterodistal margin of tc of similar width as other veins; distal margin of rc1, rc, and tc cells double s-shaped; rc2–3 trapezoidal; cub almost reaching wing margin; dc1 with basal portion relatively wide and short. Legs: Claws long. Genitalia (Fig. 7): Pygophore without lobe on right side; vesica with between half and one loop, not reaching right pygophore margin, thick at midpoint, tapering to acute tip, close to apex fairly straight; anophoric ridge without process; right paramere curved, broad throughout, basal process broad; left paramere straight, tapering, basal process narrow. Female: As in male and generic description. Collecting method and habitat: Unknown.

Guapinannus robustus, sp. n. (Figs 3, 7, 9) Holotype. Male. MEXICO: Chiapas: RSV A El Triunfo, Est. El Triunfo, 16.20286°N 91.86044°W, 1950 m, 08 Aug 1996 – 11 Aug 1996, A. R. Gillogly, 1♂ (UCR _ ENT 00094282) (UCR). Etymology: Named for the extremely thick vesica after “robustus” Latin for robust. Diagnosis: Recognized by the mid-sized body length (1.49 mm), small vein-tracing areoles distributed along scc, rc and rc1 (black arrow) (Fig. 3), slight extensions of the right pygophore margin (black star), and very thick vesica with blunt tip (Fig. 7). Description: Male: Total body length 1.49 mm; length from posterior margin of pronotum to posterior wing margin 1.1 mm; greatest width across pronotum 0.28 mm. General coloration: mix of pale and darker brown or reddish brown. Vestiture: Dorsum with dense setae, setae long; setae on posterior margin of forewing extremely long. Structure: Head: Eye almost half as high as head; muscle scars large. Thorax: Anterior pronotal margin concave, posterior margin slightly concave; pits on pronotum medium-sized, evenly distributed; scutellum in dorsal view gradually narrowed to tip, tip rounded. Forewing: With outline elongate oval; membrane contributing about one third of forewing length, posterior distal margin rounded, vein-tracing areoles small, distributed along scc, rc and rc1; C+Sc broad, wider at widest part of wing; distal process of R pronounced; An1 wing organ on corium strongly inflated, triangular, with median notch, without notch articulating with claval process; rc1 about 3 times as long as wide, slightly wider anteriorly; rc about 5 times as long as wide; tc about 3 times as long as wide; part of An1 and Cu forming posterodistal margin of tc of similar width as other veins; distal margin of rc1, rc, and tc cells double s-shaped; rc2-3 trapezoidal; cub almost reaching wing margin; dc1 with basal portion fairly narrow and elongate. Legs: Claws long. Genitalia (Fig. 7): Pygophore with slightly extended right margin; vesica with about half loop, not reaching right pygophore margin, very thick at midpoint, tapering to blunt tip, close to apex slightly s-shaped; anophoric ridge with process, process short, with single lobe relatively straight, tip pointed; right paramere curved, broad throughout, basal process broad; left paramere straight, tapering, basal process narrow. Female: Unknown. Collecting method: Collected using a flight intercept trap.

Guapinannus plurilobus, sp. n. (Figs 3, 7, 9) Holotype. Male. PERU: Amazonas: Pacaya–Samiria National Reserve, 5.2012°S 74.59319°W, 280m, 07 Nov 1980, CI. Vaucher, 1♂ (UCR _ ENT 00089590) (MHNG). Paratypes: PERU: Amazonas: Pacaya–Samiria National Reserve, 5.2012°S 74.59319°W, 280m, 07 Nov 1980, CI. Vaucher, 4♂ (UCR _ ENT 00089589, UCR_ENT 00089591-UCR_ENT 00089593), 5♀ (UCR _ ENT 00089594 - UCR_ENT 00089598) (MHNG). Unknown locality in Peru, no date provided, collector unknown, 1♀ (UCR _ ENT 00089582) (MHNG). Etymology: Named for the multiple lobes on the anophoric process after “pluri” and “lobus” Latin for multiple lobes. Diagnosis: Recognized by the small body length (1.14 mm), relatively short rc1, rc, and tc cells (black star) (Fig. 3), slender vesica with one loop, and multilobed anophoric process, with combination of blunt and acute tips (black arrow) (Fig. 7). Description: Male: Total body length 1.14 mm; length from posterior margin of pronotum to posterior wing margin 0.8 mm; greatest width across pronotum 0.44 mm; greatest width across forewings 0.67 mm. General coloration: uniformly pale. Vestiture: Dorsum with sparse setae, setae short; setae on posterior margin of forewing long. Structure: Head: Eye almost half as high as head; muscle scars large. Thorax: Anterior pronotal margin concave, posterior margin slightly concave; pits on pronotum medium-sized, evenly distributed; scutellum in dorsal view abruptly narrowed to tip, tip rounded. Forewing: With outline broad anteriorly; membrane contributing about one third of forewing length, posterior distal margin squarish, vein-tracing areoles on proximal part of wing absent; C+Sc broad, wider at widest part of wing; distal process of R pronounced; An1 wing organ on corium weakly inflated, elongate, with median notch; without notch articulating with claval process; rc1 about 3 times as long as wide, slightly wider anteriorly; rc about 4 times as long as wide; tc about 3 times as long as wide; part of An1 and Cu forming posterodistal margin of tc slightly wider than other veins; distal margin of rc1, rc, and tc cells double s-shaped; rc2-3 almost triangular; cub almost reaching wing margin; dc1 with basal portion fairly narrow and elongate. Legs: Claws long. Genitalia (Fig. 7): Pygophore without lobe on right side; vesica with one loop, not reaching right pygophore margin, relatively slender at midpoint, tapering to blunt tip, close to apex rounded; anophoric ridge with process, process long, with multiple lobes, tip blunt; right paramere curved, broad throughout, basal process broad; left paramere straight, tapering, basal process narrow. Female: As in male and generic description. Collecting method: Collected using Winkler extraction.

Guapinannus falcis, sp. n. (Figs 2, 7, 8, 9) Holotype. Male. COSTA RICA: Heredia: 6 km ENE Vara Blanca, 10.18333°N 84.11667°W, 2000 m, 16 Mar 2002, INBio-OET-ALAS, 1♂ (UCR _ ENT 00014616) (INBIO). Paratypes: COSTA RICA: Alajuela: Upala Co.: Bijagua, San Miguel, Finca Inti-Aura, 10.75778°N 85.00939°W, 300 m, 16 Apr 2011 – 20 May 2011, I. Chacon, 1♂ (UCR _ ENT 00014608) (INBIO). Heredia: Sarapiqui Co.: P.N.B. Carrillo 5 km. E Vara Blanca, 10.17226°N 84.11213°W, 2100 m, 20 Apr 2002, INBio-OET-ALAS, 1♀ (UCR _ ENT 00014611) (INBIO). P.N.B. Carrillo 6 km. ENE Vera Blanca, 10.15°N 83.91667°W, 2000 m, 17 Feb 2002 – 21 Feb 2002, INBio-OET-ALAS, 1♀ (UCR _ ENT 00014612) (INBIO); 10 Mar 2002, INBio-OET-ALAS, 1♀ (UCR _ ENT 00014610), 1♂ (UCR _ ENT 00014613) (INBIO). 6 km ENE Vara Blanca, 10.18333°N 84.11667°W, 2000 m, 16 Mar 2002, INBio-OET-ALAS, 1♀ (UCR _ ENT 00014614) (INBIO); 22 Mar 2002, INBio-OET-ALAS, 4♀ (UCR _ ENT 00014618 -UCR_ENT 00014621) (INBIO). Etymology: Named for sickle shaped vesica after “flax” Latin for sickle. Diagnosis: Recognized by the mid-sized body length (1.56 mm), dense vestiture, part of An1 and Cu forming posterodistal margin of tc more pronounced than other veins (black arrow) (Fig. 2), long, relatively slender vesica, with s-shaped bent proximal of acute tip, and short, curved anophoric process with pointed tip (black arrow) (Fig. 7). Most similar to G. bierigi, sp. n., that is also known from Costa Rica, but distinguished by the much smaller distance of cub from the wing margin compared to G. bierigi, sp. n. Description: Male: Total body length 1.56 mm; length from posterior margin of pronotum to posterior wing margin 1.27 mm; greatest width across pronotum 0.65 mm; greatest width across forewings 0.87 mm. General coloration: mix of pale and darker brown or reddish brown. Vestiture: Dorsum with dense, long setae; setae on posterior margin of forewing long. Structure: Head: Eye about one third as high as head; muscle scars not observed. Thorax: Anterior pronotal margin concave, posterior margin slightly concave; pits on pronotum large, evenly distributed; scutellum in dorsal view abruptly narrowed to tip, tip pointed. Forewing: With outline broad anteriorly, elongate oval; membrane contributing about one third of forewing length, posterior distal margin squarish, vein-tracing areoles on proximal part of wing absent; C+Sc uniformly broad; distal process of R pronounced; An1 wing organ on corium inflated, elongate, with median notch; without notch articulating with claval process; rc1 about 3 times as long as wide, slightly wider anteriorly; rc about 5 times as long as wide; tc more than 3 times as long as wide; part of An1 and Cu forming posterodistal margin of tc more pronounced than other veins; distal margin of rc1, rc, and tc cells double s-shaped; rc2-3 almost triangular; cub almost reaching wing margin; dc1 with basal portion relatively wide and short. Legs: Claws long. Genitalia (Fig. 7): Pygophore without lobe on right side; vesica with between half and one loop, surpassing right pygophore margin, relatively slender at midpoint, tapering to acute tip, close to apex slightly s-shaped; anophoric ridge with process, process short, with single lobe curved, tip pointed; right paramere curved, broad throughout, basal process broad; left paramere straight, tapering, basal process broad. Female: As in male and generic description. Collecting method and habitat: Collected using Malaise trap in unknown habitat., Published as part of Frankenberg, Sarah, Knyshov, Alexander, Hoey-Chamberlain, Rochelle & Weirauch, Christiane, 2021, Taxonomic revision of Guapinannus Wygodzinsky, 1951 (Hemiptera: Schizopteridae), with description of 19 new species, pp. 261-286 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on page 272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.14, http://zenodo.org/record/4691718

Guapinannus graziae, sp. n. (Figs 3, 7, 9) Holotype. Male. NICARAGUA: Region Autonoma del Atlantico Sur: 13km WNW Rama, 12.19472°N 84.33667°W, 190 m, 18 Apr 2011, J. T. Longino, 1♂ (UCR _ ENT 00102045) (FMNH). Paratypes: NICARAGUA: Region Autonoma del Atlantico Sur: 13km WNW Rama, 12.19472°N 84.33667°W, 190 m, 18 Apr 2011, J. T. Longino, 3♀ (UCR _ENT 00102046-UCR_ENT 00102048), 1♂ (UCR _ENT 00101103) associated with Carduus occidentalis Nutt. (Asteraceae), 1♂ (UCR _ENT 00102049) (FMNH). Rivas: Matagalpa: RN Cerro Musún, 12.95944°N 85.225°W, 800m, 01 May 2011, collector unknown, 1♂ (UCR _ENT 00101361) (FMNH). Etymology: Named after our dear mentor, colleague, and friend, the grande dame of South American heteropteran systematics, Jocelia Grazia. Diagnosis: Recognized by the small body length (1.16 mm), very broad C+Sc margin (white arrow) (Fig. 3), slightly s-shaped vesica, and short, curved anophoric process (black arrow) (Fig. 7). Description: Male: Total body length 1.16 mm; length from posterior margin of pronotum to posterior wing margin 0.89 mm; greatest width across pronotum 0.56 mm; greatest width across forewings 0.69 mm. General coloration: mix of pale and darker brown or reddish brown. Vestiture: Dorsum with sparse setae, setae short; setae on posterior margin of forewing long. Structure: Head: Eye almost half as high as head; muscle scars large. Thorax: Anterior pronotal margin concave, posterior margin slightly concave; pits on pronotum medium-sized, evenly distributed; scutellum in dorsal view abruptly narrowed to tip, tip pointed. Forewing: With outline broad anteriorly; membrane contributing about one third of forewing length, posterior distal margin squarish, veintracing areoles on proximal part of wing absent; C+Sc very broad, wider at widest part of wing; distal process of R pronounced; An1 wing organ on corium strongly inflated, elongate, with median notch, without notch articulating with claval process; rc1 about 3 times as long as wide, slightly wider anteriorly; rc about 4 times as long as wide; tc about 3 times as long as wide; part of An1 and Cu forming posterodistal margin of tc of similar width as other veins; distal margin of rc1, rc, and tc cells s-shaped; rc2–3 trapezoidal; cub almost reaching wing margin; dc1 with basal portion relatively wide and short. Legs: Claws long. Genitalia (Fig. 7): Pygophore without lobe on right side; vesica with between half and one loop, not reaching right pygophore margin, thick at midpoint, tapering to acute tip, close to apex slightly s-shaped; anophoric ridge with process, process short, with single lobe curved, tip pointed; right paramere curved, tapering, basal process narrow; left paramere straight, tapering, basal process narrow. Female: As in male and generic description. Collecting method and habitat: Collected using Winkler extraction in second growth forest and tropical wet forest., Published as part of Frankenberg, Sarah, Knyshov, Alexander, Hoey-Chamberlain, Rochelle & Weirauch, Christiane, 2021, Taxonomic revision of Guapinannus Wygodzinsky, 1951 (Hemiptera: Schizopteridae), with description of 19 new species, pp. 261-286 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 272-273, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.14, http://zenodo.org/record/4691718

Guapinannus dispar, sp. n. (Figs 2, 9) Holotype. Female. BRAZIL: Mato Grosso: Jacare Alto Xingu, 10.54341°S 53.75637°W, 330m, 01 Nov 1965, Alvarenga & Werner, 1♀ (UCR _ ENT 00090847) (FMNH). Etymology: Named for the characteristic wing venation after “dispar” Latin for different. Diagnosis: Recognized by the very small size (total body length 0.66 mm), forewing with distinct honey-comb pattern (black arrow), absence of An1/2 claval process, expanded scc divided by sinuous, transverse vein (white arrow), length and shape of rc1 (black star), distinctly surpassing apex of rc and tc, rectangular rc2–3 (white star), and slender and elongate cub (grey star) and tc (Fig. 2). Description: Female: Total body length 0.66 mm; length from posterior margin of pronotum to posterior wing margin 0.51 mm; greatest width across pronotum 0.28 mm; greatest width across forewings 0.42 mm. General coloration: mix of pale and darker brown or reddish brown. Vestiture: Dorsum with sparse, short setae; setae on posterior margin of forewing long. Structure: Head: Eye almost half as high as head; muscle scars small. Thorax: Anterior pronotal margin concave, posterior margin almost straight; pits on pronotum large, evenly distributed; scutellum in dorsal view gradually narrowed to tip, tip pointed. Forewing: with outline broad anteriorly, elongate oval; with distinct honey-comb pattern; membrane contributing less than one third of forewing length, posterior distal margin rounded, vein-tracing areoles on proximal part of wing absent; C+Sc narrow, wider at widest part of wing; distal process of R weakly developed; An1/2 process on clavus absent; An1 wing organ absent (as in all females); rc1 about 4 times as long as wide, much wider anteriorly; rc about 4 times as long as wide; tc about 3 times as long as wide; part of An1 and Cu forming posterodistal margin of tc of similar width as other veins; distal margin of rc1, rc, and tc cells angular s-shaped; rc2-3 rectangular; cub removed from wing margin; dc1 with basal portion relatively wide and short. Legs: Claws short. Genitalia: As in generic description. Male: Unknown. Collecting method and habitat: Unknown. Discussion: This species is set apart from all other species of Guapinannus both in terms of morphology (size, forewing sculpture, wing venation) and distribution (the only documented species of Guapinannus from Brazil). We decided to include this species into Guapinannus and to somewhat expand the concept of this genus, because G. dispar, sp. n., is more similar to species of “core” Guapinannus than to any other species of Schizopteridae we have seen from the Neotropical region. Once male specimens become available for this species, our hypothesis should be further tested., Published as part of Frankenberg, Sarah, Knyshov, Alexander, Hoey-Chamberlain, Rochelle & Weirauch, Christiane, 2021, Taxonomic revision of Guapinannus Wygodzinsky, 1951 (Hemiptera: Schizopteridae), with description of 19 new species, pp. 261-286 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 270-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.14, http://zenodo.org/record/4691718

Guapinannus castigatus, sp. n. (Figs 2, 7, 9) Holotype. Male. MEXICO: Chiapas: Palenque, 15.63333°N 92.65°W, 2500m, 02 Jul 1983 – 30 Jul 1983, S. B. Peck, J. Kukalova-Peck, R. S. Anderson, 1♂ (UCR _ ENT 00101251) (FMNH). Etymology: Named for the stout vesica after “castigatus” Latin for stout. Diagnosis: Recognized by the mid-sized body length (1.48 mm), elongate oval forewing outline, wide C+Sc (black arrow), small vein-tracing areoles along scc, rc, rc1 (white arrow) (Fig. 2), slightly extended right pygophore margin (black star), vesica relatively short and thick, tapering into acute tip, and without anophoric process (Fig. 7). Similar to G. auriculus, sp. n. in length and shape of vesica but differentiated by differentiated from that species by the slender and long rc1. Description: Male: Total body length 1.48 mm; length from posterior margin of pronotum to posterior wing margin 1.27 mm; greatest width across pronotum 0.66 mm; greatest width across forewings 0.88 mm. General coloration: mix of pale and darker brown or reddish brown. Vestiture: Dorsum with dense setae, setae long; setae on posterior margin of forewing long. Structure: Head: Eye almost half as high as head; muscle scars large. Thorax: Anterior pronotal margin concave, posterior margin slightly concave; pits on pronotum medium-sized, evenly distributed; scutellum in dorsal view gradually narrowed to tip, tip pointed. Forewing: With outline elongate oval; membrane contributing about one third of forewing length, posterior distal margin squarish, vein-tracing areoles on proximal part of wing present; areoles small, distributed along scc, rc, rc1, and tc; C+Sc broad, wider at widest part of wing; distal process of R pronounced; An1 wing organ on corium strongly inflated, elongate, with median notch, without notch articulating with claval process; scc about 2 times as wide as long; rc1 about 3 times as long as wide, slightly wider anteriorly; rc about 4 times as long as wide; tc about 3 times as long as wide; part of An1 and Cu forming posterodistal margin of tc of similar width as other veins; distal margin of rc1, rc, and tc cells double s-shaped; rc2-3 trapezoidal; cub almost reaching wing margin; dc1 with basal portion relatively wide and short. Legs: Claws long. Genitalia (Fig. 7): Pygophore with slightly extended right margin; vesica with about half loop, not reaching right pygophore margin, thick at midpoint, tapering to acute tip, close to apex rounded; anophoric ridge without process; right paramere curved, tapering, basal process narrow; left paramere straight, tapering, basal process narrow. Female: Unknown. Collecting method and habitat: Collected using flight intercept trap in rainforest.

Guapinannus minutus, sp. n. (Figs 3, 9) Holotype. Female. COSTA RICA: Heredia: Sarapiqui Co.: P.N. Braulio Carrillo, 16 Km SSE La Virgen, 10.26784°N 84.084°W, 1050 m, 20 Feb 2001 – 23 Feb 2001, INBio-OET-ALAS, 1♀ (UCR _ ENT 00014609) (INBIO). Etymology: Named for the small body size after “minutus” Latin for small. Diagnosis: Recognized by the small size (1.14 mm), inflated tip of scutellum (white arrow), well-defined proximal part of Cu (black arrow), and dark coloration (female-based) (Fig. 3). Description: Female: Total body length 1.14 mm; length from posterior margin of pronotum to posterior wing margin 0.90 mm; greatest width across pronotum 0.52 mm; greatest width across forewings 0.71 mm. General coloration: mix of pale and darker brown or reddish brown. Vestiture: Dorsum with dense setae, setae short; setae on posterior margin of forewing long. Structure: Head: Eye almost half as high as head; muscle scars large. Thorax: Anterior pronotal margin concave, posterior margin slightly concave; pits on pronotum medium-sized, evenly distributed; scutellum in dorsal view abruptly narrowed to tip, tip inflated. Forewing: With outline elongate oval; membrane contributing about one third of forewing length, posterior distal margin rounded, vein-tracing areoles on proximal part of wing absent; C+Sc uniformly fairly broad; distal process of R pronounced; An1 wing organ on corium absent (as in all females); rc1 about 3 times as long as wide, slightly wider anteriorly; rc about 4 times as long as wide; tc about 3 times as long as wide; part of An1 and Cu forming posterodistal margin of tc of similar width as other veins; distal margin of rc1, rc, and tc cells double s-shaped; rc2-3 almost triangular; cub almost reaching wing margin; dc1 with basal portion fairly narrow and elongate. Legs: Claws long. Genitalia: As in generic description. Male: Unknown. Collecting method and habitat: Unknown.

Guapinannus orbiculatus, sp. n. (Figs 3, 7, 9) Holotype. Male. PANAMA: Bocas del Toro: Bocas del Toro: Almirante, trail to dam on Nigua Creek, 9.29792°N 82.4211°W, 32m, 31 Mar 1959, H. S. Dybas, 1♂ (UCR _ ENT 00090718) (FMNH). Paratypes: PANAMA: Bocas del Toro: Bocas del Toro: Almirante, trail to dam on Nigua Creek, 9.29792°N 82.4211°W, 12m, 31 Mar 1959, H. S. Dybas, 1♂ (UCR _ ENT 00097813), 4♀ (UCR _ ENT 00097814 -UCR_ENT 00097817), 2 nymphs (UCR _ ENT 00097818, UCR_ENT 00097819) (FMNH). Chiriqui: Near Nueva California W. of Finca Palo Santo, 8.5°N 82.41667°W, 1524 m, 10 Mar 1959, H. S. Dybas, 1♂ (UCR _ ENT 00090796) (FMNH). Diagnosis: Recognized by the small mid-sized body length (1.26 mm), elongate body shape (Fig. 3), one-loop, relatively thick vesica with pointed tip, and short, slender, pointed anophoric process (black arrow) (Fig. 7). Description: Male: Total body length 1.26 mm; length from posterior margin of pronotum to posterior wing margin 0.9 mm; greatest width across pronotum 0.53 mm; greatest width across forewings 0.68 mm. General coloration: uniformly pale. Vestiture: Dorsum with sparse setae, setae short; setae on posterior margin of forewing long. Structure: Head: Eye about one third as high as head; muscle scars large. Thorax: Anterior pronotal margin concave, posterior margin slightly concave; pits on pronotum medium-sized, evenly distributed; scutellum in dorsal view abruptly narrowed to tip, tip rounded. Forewing: With outline elongate oval; membrane contributing about one third of forewing length, posterior distal margin squarish, vein-tracing areoles on proximal part of wing absent; C+Sc uniformly fairly broad; distal process of R pronounced; An1 wing organ on corium inflated, elongate, with median notch; without notch articulating with claval process; rc1 about 3 times as long as wide, slightly wider anteriorly; rc about 4 times as long as wide; tc about 3 times as long as wide; part of An1 and Cu forming posterodistal margin of tc slightly wider than other veins; distal margin of rc1, rc, and tc cells double s-shaped; rc2-3 trapezoidal; cub almost reaching wing margin; dc1 horse head-shaped. Legs: Claws long. Genitalia (Fig. 7): Pygophore without lobe on right side; vesica with between half and one loop, not reaching right pygophore margin, thick at midpoint, tapering to acute tip, close to apex rounded; anophoric ridge with process, process short, slender, with single lobe curved, tip pointed; right paramere curved, tapering, basal process broad; left paramere straight, tapering, basal process narrow. Female: As in male and generic description. Collecting method and microhabitat: Collected using Berlese and Winkler extraction from the cortex of a hollowed palm stump and from floor litter at base of a log and cut stump. Etymology: Named for the rounded vesica after “orbiculatus” Latin for round., Published as part of Frankenberg, Sarah, Knyshov, Alexander, Hoey-Chamberlain, Rochelle & Weirauch, Christiane, 2021, Taxonomic revision of Guapinannus Wygodzinsky, 1951 (Hemiptera: Schizopteridae), with description of 19 new species, pp. 261-286 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on page 274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.14, http://zenodo.org/record/4691718

Guapinannus bierigi Wygodzinsky, 1951 (Figs 1, 9) Diagnosis: Recognized by the mid-sized body length (1.45 mm), part of An1 and Cu forming posterodistal margin of tc more pronounced than other veins, and the great distance of cub from the margin of the wing. Most similar to G. falcis, sp. n., that is also known from Costa Rica, but distinguished by the much greater distance of cub from the wing margin compared to G. falcis, sp. n. Re-description: Female: Total body length 1.45 mm, greatest width across pronotum 0.67 mm. General coloration: mix of pale and darker brown or reddish brown. Vestiture: Dorsum with sparse setae, setae short; setae on posterior margin of forewing long. Structure: Head: Eye almost half as high as head; muscle scars large. Thorax: Anterior pronotal margin concave, posterior margin straight; pits on pronotum medium-sized, evenly distributed; scutellum in dorsal view abruptly narrowed to tip, tip pointed. Forewing: With outline broad anteriorly; membrane contributing about one third of forewing length, posterior distal margin squarish, vein-tracing areoles on proximal part of wing absent; C+Sc broad, wider at widest part of wing; distal process of R pronounced; An1 wing organ on corium absent (as in all females); rc1 about 3 times as long as wide, slightly wider anteriorly; rc about 4 times as long as wide; tc about three times as long as wide; part of An1 and Cu forming posterodistal margin of tc more pronounced than other veins; distal margin of rc1, rc, and tc cells s-shaped; rc2-3 almost triangular; cub removed from wing margin; dc1 with basal portion fairly narrow and elongate. Legs: Claws long. Genitalia: As in generic description (Fig. 1). Male: Unknown. Specimens examined: Holotype: COSTA RICA: Limon: Guapiles, 10.2167°N 83.7833°W, 268 m, 05 Feb 1946 – 13 Feb 1946, A. Bierig, 1♀ (AMNH _ IZC 00150354) (AMNH)., Published as part of Frankenberg, Sarah, Knyshov, Alexander, Hoey-Chamberlain, Rochelle & Weirauch, Christiane, 2021, Taxonomic revision of Guapinannus Wygodzinsky, 1951 (Hemiptera: Schizopteridae), with description of 19 new species, pp. 261-286 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 268-269, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.14, http://zenodo.org/record/4691718, {"references":["Wygodzinsky, P. (1951) Descripcion de generos y especies nuevos de la familia Cryptostemmatidae (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 11, 259 - 270."]}

KEY TO SPECIES OF CAMAROCHILUS BASED ON MALE SPECIMENS 1. Total length 7 mm or less............................................................ 2 1′. Total length more than 7 mm........................................................ 3 2. Femur brown contrasting with pale yellow tibia (figs. 1, 3; C. fasciatus); medium-sized eyes with ratio of head width to synthlipsis ~3.3......................................... C. fasciatus 2′. Legs pale yellow to light brown, with femora distally and two or three longitudinal stripes dorsally, tibiae, and tarsi slightly darker (figs. 1, 3); eyes large, with ratio of head width to synthlipsis ~3.9....................................................................... C. gilli 3. Total length more than 9 mm........................................................ 4 3′. Total length between 7.2 and 8.7 mm...................................................5 4. Uniform coloration with concolorous veins; symmetrical pygophore with right and left protuberances of similar size and setation (figs. 2, 3, 5, 6; C. robustus).................... C. robustus 4′. Brown, castaneous, and pale yellow coloration with faintly contrasting veins; strongly asymmetrical pygophore with right protuberance long and conical (figs. 1, 3, 5, 6; C. confusus)....... C. confusus 5. Pygophore symmetrical with right and left protuberances of similar size and setation (figs. 1, 3, 5, 6; C. medius and C. globosus)......................................................... 6 5′. Pygophore strongly asymmetrical with rounded right protuberance much larger and much larger spinelike setae (figs. 1, 3, 5, 6; C. americanus, C. harrisi, C. picturatus)..................... 7 6. Eyes fairly small (fig. 2); right paramere with capitate apex, left with tapering apex (fig. 6)... C. medius 6′. Eyes large (fig. 1); both parameres with tapering apex (fig. 6)..................... C. globosus 7. Membrane with strongly contrasting pale veins............................... C. picturatus 7′. Membrane with veins either concolorous (C. harrisi) or faintly contrasting (C. americanus)... 8 8. Coloration blackish brown, veins concolorous (fig. 1; C. harrisi)................... C. harrisi 8′. Coloration brown, castaneous, and pale yellow, with faintly contrasting veins (fig. 1; C. americanus)............................................................ C. americanus, Published as part of Weirauch, Christiane, Forero, Dimitri & Schuh, Randall T., 2020, Taxonomic revision of Camarochilus Harris (Hemiptera: Pachynomidae), pp. 1-32 in American Museum Novitates 2020 (3959) on page 9, DOI: 10.1206/3959.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5370309

Camarochilus harrisi, n. sp. Figures 1, 3, 5–7, table 1 HOLOTYPE: COLOMBIA: Stowaway on airplane, intercepted in Miami, 15 May 1938, J. Bache-Wiic, 1♂ (UCR _ ENT 00026326) (USNM). DIAGNOSIS (figs. 1, 3, 5, 6): Recognized by the medium body size, medium-sized eyes, blackish brown coloration with concolorous veins, and strongly asymmetrical pygophore with rounded right protuberance much larger and with much larger spinelike setae. Most similar to C. americanus in shape and armature of pygophore, but distinguished by the distinctive blackish brown coloration. DESCRIPTION: Male: Total length 7.9 mm, ratio total length to corium width ~3.3, macropterous, hemelytron surpassing apex of abdomen. COLORATION: Dorsum blackish brown, membrane veins concolorous, dorsal laterotergites brown with triangular pale yellow marks; head and first labial segment blackish brown, remaining segments pale yellow, antenna light brown, legs with coxae, trochanters, and base of femora pale yellow to light brown, remainder of femora blackish brown, tibiae and tarsi brown, pleura brown, abdominal mediosternites brown, ventral laterotergites 2–6 with large pale yellow patches. SURFACE AND VESTITURE: As in generic description. STRUCTURE: Head ~1.3× as long as wide, eyes in dorsal view moderately large, shallow semiglobular, ratio head width to synthlipsis ~3.6, reniform in lateral view, dorsal eye margin barely reaching dorsal head surface. Antenna as in generic description, proximal pseudosegment of pedicel ~2× as long as scape. Labium as in generic description. Thorax as in generic description, anterior pronotal lobe ~5.4× longer than posterior lobe, posterior lobe narrow, finely punctate; scutellum with knob-shaped tip. Wings as in generic description with two clearly delimited cells in membrane. Legs: as in generic description with ratio forefemur height to length ~0.37. Abdomen as in generic description. Genitalia with pygophore asymmetrical, protuberances laterally rounded and dorsally flattened, right larger than left, spinelike setae on right much stouter than on left, right and left with ~30 conical, spinelike setae; parameres stout, right larger than left, sickle shaped with proximal area shorter than distal, proximal area with dense, stout, and short setae, distal area flattened into blade, tapering to apex. Female: Unknown. ETYMOLOGY: Named for the late Halbert M. Harris (Slater et al., 2002), who described the two initial species of Camarochilus. DISTRIBUTION: The distribution of this species is unknown; the two examined specimens were intercepted on an airplane from Colombia. DISCUSSION: Based on the degree of asymmetry and ornamentation of the pygophore protuberances, we suspect that this species may be closely related to C. americanus and C. picturatus. Both species also occur in Colombia, but C. harrisi, is clearly separated from all remaining species by the very dark coloration of the dorsum. PARATYPE: COLOMBIA: Stowaway on airplane, intercepted in Miami, 15 May 1938, J. Bache-Wiic, 1♂ (UCR _ ENT 00027097) (USNM).