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Key to Chilean Ripiphoridae species 1. Body length exceeds 1 cm (Figs. 1-2); pronotum entirely black with medial protuberance distally acuminate at posterior margin; elytra black with a transverse yellow stripe at anterior third (Figs.1-4)................................................................... Macrosiagon flavipennis LeConte — Total body length, less than 1 cm; pronotum brownish-reddish with black marks, without medial protuberance in the posterior margin; elytra generally reddish or brownish-red with some species with dark areas on humeral and apical parts of elytra........................................2 2. Frons and vertex strongly crenulate; vertex mostly pilose; elytra short, covering 1/3 of the total length of abdomen, most part of wings not completely covered by elytra; fore and middle legs completely brownish-red (Figs.11-12)................. Ripiphorus valdivianus (Philippi) — Frons and vertex scarcely crenulate or smooth; vertex scarcely pilose or glabrous; abdomen and wings almost entirely covered by elytra; fore and middle legs mostly black.............................................................3 3. Elytra uniformly brownish-red except humeral part; basal part of metatibiae and first tarsomere of metatarsus generally brownish-red (Figs.7-9)............................................ Macrosiagon gayi (Gerstaecker) — Elytra mostly brownish-red, with individuals ranging from black markings on apical and basal area to completely yellow-orange; legs mostly brownish................................... Macrosiagon vittata (Erichson), Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Puiggros, Andrés, Varela-Varela, Ricardo A., Valdés-Guzmán, Vicente, Ramírez-Cuadros, Andrés & Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, 2022, Updated catalog of the Chilean wedge-shaped beetles (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae) with the first records of Macrosiagon flavipennis (LeConte) in Chile, pp. 1-9 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 62 on page 2, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2022.62.043, http://zenodo.org/record/7177768

Bazboltonia nom. nov. Boltonia Camacho & Feitosa, 2022: 14 (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Preoccupied by ��� Boltonia Pruvost, 1919 (Insecta, Orthoptera) Type-species: Heteroponera microps Borgmeier 1957, by original designation. Etymology. Following the original proposal in Camacho et al. (2022), the genus name is proposed in honor of the legendary ant taxonomist Barry Bolton, whose lifelong nickname is ���Baz ���., Published as part of Camacho, Gabriela P. & Feitosa, Rodrigo M., 2022, Bazboltonia nom. nov., a replacement name for the preoccupied Neotropical ant genus Boltonia Camacho & Feitosa 2022 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), pp. 449-450 in Zootaxa 5116 (3) on page 449, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5116.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/6372278, {"references":["Camacho, G. P., Franco, W., Branstetter, M. G., Pie, M. R., Longino, J. T., Schultz, T. R. & Feitosa, R. M. (2022) UCE phylogenomics resolves major relationships among ectaheteromorph ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ectatomminae, Heteroponerinae): a new classification for the subfamilies and the description of a new genus. Insect Systematics and Diversity, 6 (1), 5, 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / isd / ixab 026","Pruvost, P. (1919) Introduction a l'etude du terrain houiller du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais. La faune continentale du terrain houiller du Nord de la France. Memoires pour servir a l'Explication de la Carte Geologique de la France, 1919, 1 - 584."]}

Bazboltonia microps (Borgmeier 1957) comb. nov. Heteroponera microps Borgmeier, 1957: 112, figs. 23���26 (worker), BRAZIL. Combination in Boltonia: Camacho & Feitosa, 2022: 14., Published as part of Camacho, Gabriela P. & Feitosa, Rodrigo M., 2022, Bazboltonia nom. nov., a replacement name for the preoccupied Neotropical ant genus Boltonia Camacho & Feitosa 2022 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), pp. 449-450 in Zootaxa 5116 (3) on page 450, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5116.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/6372278, {"references":["Camacho, G. P., Franco, W., Branstetter, M. G., Pie, M. R., Longino, J. T., Schultz, T. R. & Feitosa, R. M. (2022) UCE phylogenomics resolves major relationships among ectaheteromorph ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ectatomminae, Heteroponerinae): a new classification for the subfamilies and the description of a new genus. Insect Systematics and Diversity, 6 (1), 5, 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / isd / ixab 026"]}

Camacho, Gabriela P., Feitosa, Rodrigo M. (2022): Bazboltonia nom. nov., a replacement name for the preoccupied Neotropical ant genus Boltonia Camacho & Feitosa 2022 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 5116 (3): 449-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5116.3.9

The state of Pará in northern Brazil is located entirely within the Amazon Basin and harbors a great diversity of landscape and vegetation types that support high levels of biodiversity. Here, we provide a comprehensive inventory of ant species and their distribution in Pará. This regional list is based on an extensive review of species records from published and unpublished sources covering a period of 134 years (1886–2020) and includes the five most representative ant collections in Brazil. In total, we documented 12 subfamilies, 90 genera and 753 ant species, including 97 species recorded for the first time in Pará and 12 species newly reported in Brazil. Sampling effort across the state is highly uneven, and most records may be associated with research areas near the state capital, mining areas, hydroelectric dams, and research field stations run by the state or universities. In addition, our results suggest a strong bias in ant collection in Pará in terms of proximity of sampled sites to access routes, such as roads and rivers. We also found that species records were highly unevenly distributed based on areas of endemism within the Amazon, vegetation type, and protected areas within the state. Ant surveys are still lacking from most protected areas of Pará, and further sampling is urgently needed in view of the current trend of expansion of major infrastructure projects and natural resource harvesting within protected areas of Pará. Our database represents an extremely valuable and rich source of information for further studies on ant biodiversity and conservation in the Amazon Basin.

Holops virens Bigot 1878: lxxii (Figs. 13–14, 20) Material examined: Syntype: “ Chile ” (A F UMO); other specimens: Chile: Atacama: Los Loros, 19.viii.1966, Leg. C. Vivar (MNHNCL); Metropolitana: Cerro San Cristobal (Stuardo 1980); Laguna Aculeo, 400 m, 22.viii.2014, Leg. A. Ramírez (FRPC); Ñuble: Cerro Malalcura, San Fabián de Alico, VIII Reg. 1100 m. 11 X 2014, Leg. A. Ramírez (FRPC); La Araucanía: Camping Pehuenco, Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta, 16.x2013, Leg. F. Ramírez (FRPC). Type Locality: Chile (Pape and Thompson 2013). Diagnosis: head and eyes black. Thorax and abdomen shiny green metallic color; dense and short whitish pilosity. Tibia and tarsi yellowish with short pilosity of same color. Wing hyalines. Description: Length: 5.1 mm; width: 1.53 mm (head); 3.6 mm (thorax); 4.46 mm (abdomen); wing: 5.31 mm; male: head: black; the size is 3/4 of the maximum height of the thorax; antenna inserted in the middle of the head; scape and pedicelum blackish with similar size; flagellum styliform three times longer than pedicelum and scape together; antennae approximately 1/4 shorter of maximum head length; eyes black with long and brown pilosity (Figs. 10–11); three ocelli dark brownish with ocellar triangle black somewhat protuberant; occiput brownish with brown pilosity; mouth parts dark brownish; thorax: dark green scutum with long, dense and yellow-brownish pilosity, sparse but uniformly distributed (Figs. 10–11); postocellar lobe dark green with long and yellowish pilosity; anterior spiracle yellowish; proepimeron, anepisternum, katepisternum, anepimeron, meron, katatergite, anatergite dark green with long and yellowish pilosity (Fig. 11); scutellum dark green with whitish pilosity (Fig. 11); legs: coxa, trochanters and femora are brownish excepting anterior part which is yellow; tibiae are yellowish; tarsi are brownish with dense brown pilosity; black claws (Figs. 10–11); wings: smoky and with membranous appearance; all veins dark brown; R 4 and R 5 forked and outward separated for the half of length of each vein (Fig. 20); M 1, M 2 and M 3+4 not reaching the wing margin; M 1 shorter than M 2; cell r 4+5 elongated, with five sides and thin, with approximately more than the half of total length of R 2+3 vein; cell m 3 with 1/3 length of r 4+5 and connected directly with m-cu vein (Fig. 20); halters brownish with apex somewhat yellowish; calypter rim blackish and interior part is brownish with dense and long brownish pilosity; Abdomen: elongated; slightly wider than thorax margins; fully rough; all tergites with dark green color and yellowish pilosity; all sclerite of greenish color (Figs. 10–11); Genitalia: not detached. © 2021 Academia Sinica, Taiwan Distribution: from Atacama region to La Araucanía region (Fig. 27). Remarks: Endemic species barely collected. The specific epithet “ virens ” means green (in English) or verde (in Spanish). This spider fly species is distributed from Coquimban province to Pehuén district in Maule province, both belong to central Chile subregion (Morrone 2015). This species inhabits several vegetation types along its distribution (Andrés Ramírez com. pers.). Following Stuardo (1980) this species visits the flowers of Podanthus mitique Lindl. At same that H. frauenfeldi, H. virens could use dead branches of Cryptocarya alba (Molina) Looser and Podocarpus saligna D. Don to rest and watch potential competitors (González et al. 2018). The species present high variability in color legs and length of R 4, R 5 and M veins of wings (Shaun Winterton, pers. comm.). The Host is unknown., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, 2021, Review of Chilean Cyrtinae (Diptera: Acroceridae) with the Description of Three New Species and the First Record of Villalus inanis from Argentina, pp. 1-18 in Zoological Studies 60 (35) on pages 9-10, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2021.60-35, http://zenodo.org/record/8070503, {"references":["Bigot JMF. 1878. Description d'un nouveau genre de Dipteres et cells de deux especes du genre Holops (Cyrtidae). Ann Soc Entomol Fr 8: lxxi - lxxii.","Stuardo E. 1980. Notas Biologicas sobre Acroceridae de Chile. Rev Chi Ent 10: 97.","Pape T, Thompson FC. 2013. Systema Dipterorum, Version 1.5. http: // www. diptera. org /. Accessed on 5 January 2017.","Morrone JJ. 2015. Biogeographical regionalisation of the Andean region. Zootaxa 3936: 207 - 236. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3936.2.3.","Gonzalez CR, Elgueta M, Ramirez F. 2018. A catalog of Acroceridae (Diptera) from Chile. Zootaxa 4374: 427 - 440. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4374.3.6."]}

Holops anarayae sp. nov. Barahona-Segovia (Figs. 1–2, 15, 25–26) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E641677F-66FA-46A0-B797- 5FA1073404D2 Material examined: Holotype: male, in excellent condition, found in the Ernesto Krahmer’s collection from UACH and finally deposited in the MNHNCL; with the following labels: “Prov. Valdivia / Santo Domingo / 08.ix.1963 / Leg. E. Krahmer ”; “ Holotypus / Holops anarayae / sp. nov. ³ / det. Barahona-Segovia 2020 ” [red]. Paratype: male, in excellent condition, found in the Ernesto Krahmer’s collection from UACH and finally deposited in the MNHNCL; with the following labels: “Prov. Valdivia / Santo Domingo / 27.ix.1987 / Leg. E. Krahmer”; “ Paratype / Holops anarayae / sp. nov. ³ / det. Barahona-Segovia 2020 ” [yellow]. Type locality: Valdivia Province, Santo Domingo, Los Ríos región, Chile. Etymology: the specific epithet “ anarayae ” refers to Ana Clara Luz Araya (1941–2020), the grandmother of the first author, which raised and helped pay for their university studies. Diagnosis: dark blue species. Scutum with brown-yellowish pilosity. Postocellar lobe dark blue as well as all thorax segment excepting anepimeron, which is violet-brownish. Coxa and trochanter brownish. Femora bicolor (brown-yellow). Wings hyaline. M 1 shorter than M 2. Cell r 4+5 elongated and thin. Abdomen elongated longitudinally and at same level of the maximum margins of thorax. All tergites dark blue. Description: male: Length: 5.1 mm; width: 1.8 mm (head), 2.5 mm (thorax) and 2.5 mm (abdomen); wing: 5.0 mm; head: eyes brownish (Figs. 1–2); the size is more than 3/4 of the maximum height of the thorax (Fig. 2); antenna inserted in the middle of the head; scape and pedicelum blackish with similar size; flagellum styliform approximately four times longer than pedicelum and scape together; antennae with similar length to head; eyes with long and brown pilosity; three ocelli dark bluish with ocellar triangle shiny blue somewhat protuberant; occiput dark and shiny blue with long and brownish pilosity; mouth parts yellowish with abundant brownish hairs; thorax: dark blue scutum with some shiny parts; long, dense and brownish pilosity, sparse but uniformly distributed (Figs. 1–2); postocellar lobe dark blue with 8–12 long and yellowish hairs (Fig. 2); anterior spiracle barely visible and darkish; anepisternum, katepisternum, katatergite, meron, katepimeron and anatergite shiny blue with long and yellowish pilosity (Fig. 2); anepimeron violet-bluish with some yellowish hairs; subalar sclerite brownish and; scutellum shiny blue with long and brownish hairs; legs: coxa and trochanters dark blue; femora almost completely dark bluish excepting anterior which yellow (Fig. 2); tibiae yellow and tarsi brownish with dense and short pale pilosity (Fig. 2); black claws; wings: hyaline and membranous appearance; all veins dark brown; R 1 and R 2+3 closer between them; R 4 and R 5 not petiolated, inward position (Fig. 15) and separated in the distal part for the half of length of each vein; M 1, M 2 and M 3+4 not reaching the wing margin; M 1 shorter than M 2; cell r 4+5 elongated and thin, with 3/4 length of R 2+3 vein and five sides; cell m 3 with 1/3 length of r 4+5 connected to cell bm with a very short projection of m-cu vein; halters brownish with apex some yellowish; calypter rim blackish and inner part is whitish with dense and long yellowish pilosity; abdomen: not curved (Figs. 1–2); oval shape similar in size to head and thorax together (Fig. 1); in dorsal view, the abdomen not protruded laterally from the thorax margins; all tergites completely rough and covered with short and brownish pilosity: tergites 1–4 with similar width; all sternites darkish; genitalia: not detached and partially everted; cerci, part of the epandrium and gonocoxa visible; cerci light yellow with many short and yellow pilosity; aedeagus yellowish; gonocoxa brownish, enlarged (Fig. 25) and bifurcated (Fig. 26) with several setae in ventral view; female: unknown Distribution: only known from the type locality (Fig. 27). © 2021 Academia Sinica, Taiwan Remarks: this endemic species belongs to Valdivian district inside Valdivian forest province, subantarctic subregion (Morrone 2015). The Valdivian evergreen forest is mainly dominated by Aextoxicum punctatum Ruiz et Pav., Myrtaceae trees species and Nothofagus species. The species present high variability in color legs and length of R 4, R 5 and M veins of wings (Shaun Winterton, pers. comm.). The host is unknown., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, 2021, Review of Chilean Cyrtinae (Diptera: Acroceridae) with the Description of Three New Species and the First Record of Villalus inanis from Argentina, pp. 1-18 in Zoological Studies 60 (35) on pages 3-4, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2021.60-35, http://zenodo.org/record/8070503, {"references":["Barahona-Segovia RM, Valdes-Guzman V, Paninao-Monsalvez L. 2020. The species of the genus Physoconops Szilady (Diptera: Conopidae) from Chile, with the description of a new species: Physoconops tentenvilu nov. sp. Rev Mex Biodiv 91: e 913234. doi: 10.22201 / ib. 20078706 e. 2020.91.3234.","Morrone JJ. 2015. Biogeographical regionalisation of the Andean region. Zootaxa 3936: 207 - 236. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3936.2.3."]}

Villalus inanis (Philippi, 1865): 645–646 (Figs. 24, 28–36) = Villalus chilensis Cole, 1918: 63–64. = Lasia dimidiata Cole, 1918: 61 (nomen nudum). M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d: H o l o t y p e: “Valdivia, Chile” (A MNHNCL); other specimens: CHILE. Valparaíso: Parque Peñuelas, 23.iv.1965, Leg. N. Hichins (MNHNCL); Valparaíso, vii.1966, Leg. W.H. Sielfield (MNHNCL); Biobío: **Tirúa, Lago Lleu-Lleu, 25.iii.2020, phot. Leg. Ignacio Valeria (CSP, electronic voucher: https://figshare.com/ s/0e733c2cecb30b0de50b); La Araucanía: **Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta, 7.iii.1982, Leg. L.H. Pincheira (MZUC); **Fundo El Carmen, Temuco, iv.2016, phot. Leg. Lucas Nuñez (CSP, electronic voucher: https://figshare.com/s/aba8eb49b2a1a1bf3999); **Gorbea, 29.iii.2020, phot. Leg. William Tarrant (CSP, electronic voucher: https://figshare.com/s/ c98c392e4847aedbe437); Los Ríos: **Panguipulli, 1983, Leg. G. Piel (UACH); **Pichoy, 30.ii.1991, Leg. E. Krahmer (UACH); **Parque Llancahue, 25.iii.1978, Leg. E. Krahmer (UACH); **Santo Domingo, 8.iv.1984, 3.iv.1987, 2.iv.1989, Leg. E. Krahmer (UACH); Valdivia, 5.IV.1977, 3.iv.1981, 30.iii.1983, 13.iii.1985, 2. v. 1985, Leg. Krahmer (UACH, MNHNCL); **Chahuilco, 11.iii.1990, Leg. E. Krahmer (UACH); **Reumen, 15.iii.1991, Leg. Lula Mata (UACH); Los Lagos: **San Pablo, Osorno, 24.iii.2020, phot. Leg. Claudia Veas (CSP, electronic voucher: https://figshare. com/s/d771abe10446bd766c93). ARGENTINA. Chubut: **S. Argentina, El Puelo, Topal, Nr. 354, 25.iii.1961, Leg. NN (USNM); **S. Argentina, Rio Negro, El Bolson, Topal, Nr. 322, 15.iii.1961, Leg. NN (USNM). © 2021 Academia Sinica, Taiwan Type locality: Valdivia, Chile (Pape and Thompson 2013). Diagnosis: Orange-yellowish species. Head and eyes black. Head with half that maximum height of thorax. Scutum with two black, but very light longitudinal bands. Yellowish pilosity in all thoracic segments. Katepisternum brownish in ventral part. Meron grey and elongated with yellow margin. Legs completely yellowish. The cells sc, c, br, r 1, r 2+3, r 4+5 and m 1 smoked with microtrichia. R 4 and R 5 not forked. Abdomen globose and slightly longer than thorax in dorsal view. Tergites and sclerites orange-yellowish with pilosity similar in color. Description: Length: 6.49 ± 0.18 mm; width: 1.78 ± 0.05 mm (head), 3.13 ± 0.09 mm (thorax) and 4.36 ± 0.16 mm (abdomen); wing: 6.96 ± 0.16 mm; female: head: black; the size is approximately the half of the maximum height of the thorax; antenna inserted in the middle of the head; scape and pedicelum orange and similar in size among them; flagellum styliform and 3 times longer than pedicelum + scape together; antenna shorter than head length; eyes with short and yellowish pilosity; three ocelli brownish with ocellar triangle black, protuberant and with 6–8 yellow hairs; occiput black with long yellowish pilosity; mouth parts brownish; thorax: globose shape (Figs. 28–29); orange scutum with two dark longitudinal bands slightly visible; scutum covered with long and dense orange-yellowish pilosity; pilosity sparse but uniformly distributed; postocellar lobe orange and yellowish pilosity; anterior spiracle light yellow; anepisternum globose and orange; katepisternum brownish in ventral part; anepisternum yellowish; meron grey and elongated with yellow margin; katepimeron and anatergite orange-yellow with few pilosity; scutellum orange and widest than long with yellowish pilosity; (Figs. 28–29, 33–34); legs: coxa, trochanters, femora, tibia and tarsi yellow covered by dense yellow pilosity; black claws; wings: all veins brownish; cell sc, c, br, r 1, r 2+3, r 4+5 and m 1 smoked with microtrichia; other cell hyaline and membranous appearance; R 4 and R 5 not forked; M 1, M 2 and M 3+4 are long, but not reaching the wing margin; all M veins similar in size; cell r 4+5 elongated and width, with more than 1/2 length of R 2+3 vein; cell m 3 absent; halters brownish; calypter rim blackish and interior part is brownish with dense and yellowish pilosity; abdomen: globose and slightly longer than thorax; in dorsal view the width is the double of thorax and rough; all tergites orange with dense yellowish pilosity; tergites 1–3 similar in length; in dead animals, all sternites yellow with pilosity of same color and a big brown maculae in the middle (Fig. 32); in living animals, tergites 3–6 present a large brownish area in the middle (Figs. 30–31); interior parts of tergites 4–6 covered with black and granulate plates; genitalia: cerci globose and yellow with pilosity of the same color in dorsal view (Fig. 24). © 2021 Academia Sinica, Taiwan Male: head: similar to female; thorax: postocellar lobe yellow; scutum and scutellum brownish with short yellowish pilosity; anterior spiracle yellow; superior part of anespisternum yellow and inferior brownish; katepisternum, anepimeron, meron, katatergite and anatergite brown (Figs. 35–36); legs and wings: similar to female; abdomen: all tergites brown with long and yellow pilosity; sclerites yellowish; tergites 1–4 with same width; all sternites yellow with short pilosity of the same color. Genitalia: not detached. However, cerci and epandrium have globose shape and yellow color (Fig. 35). © 2021 Academia Sinica, Taiwan Distribution: Chile, from Valparaíso region to Los Ríos region and Argentina (first record; Shaun Winterton, pers. comm.) (Fig. 37). Remarks: native species distributed from the Santiagan province in central Chile subregion to Valdivian forest province in subantarctic subregion (Morrone 2015). We extend the historical distributional range 224 km to north from Valdivia (type locality) to Nahuelbuta National Park and we fill the gaps in the La Araucanía region and also, we extend in 65.83 km southeast from Valdivia to San Pablo, Los Lagos region (new distribution record). This species has been recently observed associated to semi-rural environments thanks to the citizen science program (Figs. 30–32). Villalus inanis seems to be mainly distributed by the coastal forest which has been highly fragmented by forestry, urbanization and crops. The host is unknown. The female holotype of V. chilensis described by Cole (1918; Figs. 33–34), looks as all V. inanis examined for this work and therefore both species were considered the same. All morphological characteristics, especially wing veins are completely similar to specimens reviewed. According with Shaun Winterton (pers. comm.), two males of this species possess sexual dimorphism because they are smaller than females with many brown (mainly thorax and tergites) and yellow segments (Figs. 35–36). Curatorial note: According to González et al. (2018) the type specimen is not deposited in MNHNCL. Currently, the holotype is in the California Department of Food and Agriculture and on loan from USNM., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, 2021, Review of Chilean Cyrtinae (Diptera: Acroceridae) with the Description of Three New Species and the First Record of Villalus inanis from Argentina, pp. 1-18 in Zoological Studies 60 (35) on pages 11-14, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2021.60-35, http://zenodo.org/record/8070503, {"references":["Philippi RA. 1865. Aufzahlung der chilenischen Dipteren. Verh Zool- Bot Ges Wien 15: 595 - 782.","Cole FR. 1918. A new genus of Cyrtidae from South America (Dip.). Entomol News 29: 61 - 64.","Pape T, Thompson FC. 2013. Systema Dipterorum, Version 1.5. http: // www. diptera. org /. Accessed on 5 January 2017.","Morrone JJ. 2015. Biogeographical regionalisation of the Andean region. Zootaxa 3936: 207 - 236. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3936.2.3.","Gonzalez CR, Elgueta M, Ramirez F. 2018. A catalog of Acroceridae (Diptera) from Chile. Zootaxa 4374: 427 - 440. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4374.3.6."]}

Holops cyaneus (Philippi, 1865: 645) (Figs. 3–4, 16, 21) Material examined: syntype: “San Juan, Valdivia, Chile ” (MNHNCL); other specimens: Chile. Coquimbo: El Ñague, 18.x.1976, Leg. K. Lohmar (IEUMCE); El Ñague, 26.10.1991, Leg. J. Solervicens (IEUMCE); Valparaíso: Valparaíso, xi.1967, Leg. W.H. Sifalí (MNHNCL); Caleta Horcón, 2.ii.1969, Leg. M. Cerda; Marga-Marga, x.1927, Leg. NN (MNHNCL); Santo Domingo, xii.1970, Leg. P. Ramírez (MNHNCL); M e t ro p o l i t a n a: La Obra, 1.xii.1991, Leg. NN (MNHNCL); La Obra, 850 m, 26.xii.2011, Leg. A. Ramírez (FRPC); Maule: Constitución, 5.ii.1984, Leg. C. de la Cuadra (MNHNCL); La Araucanía: Nahuelbuta National Park, 20.i.1981, Leg. M. Cerda (MNHNCL); Conguillio National Park, 13.ii.1979, Leg. J. Solervicens (IEUMCE); Los Ríos: Santo Domingo, Valdivia, 31.xii.1989, Leg. E. Krahmer (UACH); Valdivia, 12.xii.1976, Leg. E. Krahmer (UACH). Type locality: San Juan, Valdivia, Chile (Philippi, 1865). Diagnosis: shiny blue-violet species. Head black. Eyes with long blackish pilosity. Scutum with long and brownish pilosity. Katepisternum, meron, katatergite, katepimeron and anatergite opaque violet-bluish color. Legs dark brownish, excepting the tarsi, which are light brown-yellowish. Cell r 4+5 elongated and wide. Abdomen with oval shape in dorsal view and with double size of thorax. Description: Length: 6.10 ± 0.19 mm; width: 2.06 ± 0.02 mm (head), 3.14 ± 0.05 mm (thorax) and 4.42 ± 0.08 mm (abdomen); wing: 6.00 ± 0.07 mm (n = 10); female: head: black; the size is similar to the height of thorax; antenna inserted in the middle of the head; scape and pedicelum black with similar size among them (Figs. 3–4); flagellum styliform two times and half longer than pedicelum and scape together approximately; in the last flagellomere, a thin black arista raise from apex; antennae shorter than total head length; eyes black with short and brownish ommatrichia; three small ocelli brownish with ocellar triangle shiny black, some protuberant and 5–12 yellowish hairs; occiput blackish with long brownish pilosity; mouth parts yellow; thorax: shiny violet-blue scutum with long, dense and brownish pilosity, sparse but uniformly distributed (Figs. 3–4); postocellar lobe shiny blue with long and brownish pilosity (Fig. 4); anterior spiracle with yellow pilosity; proepimeron and anepisternum shiny blue-violet color; katepisternum, meron, katatergite, katepimeron and anatergite opaque violet-bluish color; anepimeron with some pale hairs (Fig. 4); subalar sclerite brownish without pilosity; scutellum shiny blue-violet color with long and brownish pilosity; legs: coxa, trochanters, femora, tibiae and tarsi have violet-brownish color and covered with short and brown-yellowish pilosity; femora not swollen; tarsi have dense and light brownish pilosity (Fig. 4); black claws; wings: smoky and membranous appearance; all veins dark brown; R 1 and R 2+3 are closer among them; R 4 and R 5 slightly petiolated and separated in the distal part for 1/3 of length of each vein; M 1, M 2 and M 3+4 not reaching the wing margin and similar in size; cell r 4+5 elongated, with five sides and half of length of R 2+3 vein; cell m 3 with triangular shape and 1/3 length of r 4+5, connected to cell bm by a projection of m-cu vein (Fig. 16); halters brownish; calypter rim blackish and interior part is pale brownish with dense and long brownish pilosity; abdomen: strongly curved in 3rd tergite; in dorsal view oval shape with double size of thorax (Fig. 3); fully rough; all tergites shiny blue; tergites 1–4 with the same length and width; tergite 5–6 greatly reduced and not visible in dorsal view; all with long and black pilosity; all sclerite with brownish color; genitalia: cerci rounded in apex and brownish with short blackish pilosity; in dorsal view gonocoxa are brownish and posterior process of the gonocoxa curved inside (Fig. 21); male: similar to female, excepting the total size. © 2021 Academia Sinica, Taiwan Distribution: from Coquimbo region to Los Ríos region (Fig. 27). Remarks: endemic species that inhabits several vegetation formations. The specific epithet “ cyaneus ” (= blue (English); azul (Spanish)) is a masculine adjective refers to the color of the body of this species. Following to Morrone (2015), this species inhabits from the Coquimban and Santiagan province in central Chile sub-region to Valdivian forest province in the subantartic sub-region. Schlinger (1987) reported that this spider fly parasites Exlinea (Amaurobiidae) spiders., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, 2021, Review of Chilean Cyrtinae (Diptera: Acroceridae) with the Description of Three New Species and the First Record of Villalus inanis from Argentina, pp. 1-18 in Zoological Studies 60 (35) on pages 4-5, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2021.60-35, http://zenodo.org/record/8070503, {"references":["Philippi RA. 1865. Aufzahlung der chilenischen Dipteren. Verh Zool- Bot Ges Wien 15: 595 - 782.","Morrone JJ. 2015. Biogeographical regionalisation of the Andean region. Zootaxa 3936: 207 - 236. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3936.2.3.","Schlinger EI. 1987. The biology of Acroceridae (Diptera): true endoparasitoids of spiders. In: Nentwig W (ed), Ecophysiology of spiders. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 319 - 327."]}

Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Guzmán, Vicente Valdés, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura (2021): Review of Chilean Cyrtinae (Diptera: Acroceridae) with the Description of Three New Species and the First Record of Villalus inanis from Argentina. Zoological Studies 60 (35): 1-18, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2021.60-35

Holops pullomen sp. nov. Barahona-Segovia (Figs. 11–12, 19, 22) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D5BB0932-BA4B-4674-A5E6- 5E7FA245D619 Material examined: Holotype: male, in excellent condition, found in the Ernesto Krahmer’s collection from UACH and finally deposited in the MNHNCL; with the following labels: “Prov. Valdivia / Santo Domingo / 04.x.1987 / Leg. E. Krahmer ”; “ Holotypus / Holops pullomen / spec. nov. ³ / det. Barahona-Segovia 2019 ” [red]. Type locality: Chile: Valdivia Province, Santo Domingo. Etymology: the specific epithet ‘ pullomen ’ is taken from Mapuche mythology and refers to Pullomeñ, a large blue fly identified by the Mapuches as souls’ bearer of the dead who wish to live again. For this reason, it is forbidden to kill the insect. The machi (= shaman or woman sorcerer) requires his presence when she must heal people with walking problems or who walk with the same movement as the blue fly. Diagnosis: shiny dark blue-violet species. Head and eyes black. Scutum dark blue with yellowish pilosity. Postocellar lobe violet. Anepisternum, meron, katatergite and subalar sclerite are brownish. Coxa and trochanter dark brownish. Femora bicolor (brown-yellow). M 1 vein shorter than M 2. The cell r 4+5 elongated and thin. Abdomen globose in dorsal view and slightly widest than maximum margins of thorax. First tergite dark violet color. Tergites 2–6 with light violet color. Description: Length: 7.1 mm; width: 1.3 mm (head), 2.4 mm (thorax) and 4.0 mm (abdomen); wing: 7.4 mm; male: head: eyes brownish (Figs. 11–12); the size is 3/4 of the maximum height of the thorax; antenna inserted in the middle of the head; scape and pedicelum blackish with similar size; flagellum styliform approximately three times longer than pedicelum and scape together; antennae shorter than head length; eyes with long and brown pilosity; three ocelli dark brownish with ocellar triangle black somewhat protuberant; occiput bright grey with long brown pilosity; mouth parts dark brownish; thorax: shiny dark blue scutum with long, dense and whitish pilosity, sparse but uniformly distributed (Figs. 11–12); postocellar lobe violet-brownish with long and yellowish pilosity (Fig. 12); anterior spiracle light yellow; anepisternum and katepisternum shiny blue with long and yellowish pilosity; posterior basalare and anepisternum violet-brownish with yellowish pilosity; subalar sclerite violet-brownish; meron and katepimeron without pilosity and with shiny blue-violet color; katatergite and anatergite with shiny blue color and yellowish pilosity (Fig. 12); legs: coxa, trochanters and femora brown excepting posterior part which is yellow (Fig. 12); tarsi are light yellow-brownish with dense brown pilosity; black claws; wings: hyaline; all veins dark brown; R 4 and R 5 forked and separated for the half of length of each vein; M 1, M 2 and M 3+4 not reaching the wing margin; M 1 shorter than M 2; cell r 4+5 elongated, with six sides, thin and 3/4 length of R 2+3 vein; cell m 3 with 1/3 length of r connected to cell bm by a very short projection of m-cu vein (Fig. 19); halters brownish with apex some yellowish; calypter rim blackish and interior part is brownish with dense and long brownish pilosity abdomen: curved in 5th tergite; globose slightly wider than margins thorax (Fig. 11); fully rough; first tergite blackish and 2–6 tergites with violet color (Figs. 11– 12); tergites 2–5 with same width and tergite 6 greatly reduced; all with long and yellow-brownish pilosity; all sclerite of violet color; genitalia: not detached; cerci brownish and globose in dorsal view, covered with sparse pilosity; epandrium and gonocoxa barely visible and covered with yellow and short pilosity (Fig. 22). © 2021 Academia Sinica, Taiwan 4+5 Distribution: only known from the type locality (Fig. 27). Remarks: endemic species that inhabit in similar biogeographical province, subregion and forest type that H. anarayae. The host is unknown., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, 2021, Review of Chilean Cyrtinae (Diptera: Acroceridae) with the Description of Three New Species and the First Record of Villalus inanis from Argentina, pp. 1-18 in Zoological Studies 60 (35) on pages 8-9, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2021.60-35, http://zenodo.org/record/8070503, {"references":["Barahona-Segovia RM, Barcelo M. 2019. A new flower fly species of Cepa Thompson & Vockeroth (Diptera: Syrphidae) from the Valdivian evergreen forest hotspot, Chile. Zootaxa 4612: 431 - 439. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4612.3.9."]}

Holops grezi sp. nov. Barahona-Segovia (Figs. 9–10, 18) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0DD291B6-7C65-44F8-9BC4- 7E590B10F3FE Material examined: Holotype: male, in regular condition (see notes below), found in the Ernesto Krahmer’s collection from UACH and finally deposited in the MNHNCL; with the following labels: “Col. 2.ii.1983 / Conguillio / Leg. E. Krahmer ”; “ Holotypus / Holops grezi / sp. nov. ³ / det. Barahona-Segovia 2019 ” [red]. Type locality: Cautín province, Conguillio National Park, La Araucanía region, Chile. Etymology: specific epithet ‘ grezi ’ refers to Audrey A. Grez Villarroel, a recognized Chilean entomologist, member of Ecology Society of Chile and full professor at the University of Chile. Audrey Grez has significantly contributed to the knowledge of both native and exotic ladybugs species and their impact on the composition and function of the native species in the agricultural landscape. In addition, she has contributed to the study of native beetles in the fragmented landscape, specifically in Maulino forest, where she has driven several theses both undergraduate as well as postgrad students. Diagnosis: shiny dark greenish species. Head and eyes black. Flagellum 2-fold longer than scape and pedicelum together. Scutum, thoracic segments and abdomen are shiny dark green with brown pilosity. Coxa, trochanter and femora brownish. Tibia and tarsi light brownish. Wings smoked. Cell r 4+5 elongated and thin. Cell m 3 with conic shape and directly connected cell bm. Abdomen globose in dorsal view and slightly wider that maximum margins of thorax. Description: female: Length: 6.2 mm; width: 2.1 mm (head), 3.1 mm (thorax) and 4.5 mm (abdomen); wing: 7.3 mm; head: the size is 3/4 of the maximum height of the thorax (Fig. 7); antenna inserted in the middle of the head; scape and pedicelum blackish with similar size; flagellum styliform two times longer than pedicelum and scape together; antennae shorter than head length; eyes with long and brown ommatrichia; apparently two ocelli dark bluish with ocellar triangle bluish and some protuberant; occiput shiny blue with long black pilosity; mouth parts yellow; thorax: shiny blue-blackish scutum with long, dense and black pilosity, sparse but uniformly distributed (Figs. 9–10); postocellar lobe shiny blue with long and black pilosity; anterior spiracle light yellow; proepimeron, anepisternum, katepisternum, meron, katatergite, katepimeron and anatergite dark blue with long and black-brownish pilosity (Fig. 10); subalar sclerite brownish without pilosity; scutellum shiny blue, some collapsed due to manage of the pin; legs: coxa, trochanters and femora dark brownish, and tibiae and tarsi are light brownish, both covered with long and brown-yellowish pilosity, especially in the femora (Fig. 10); tarsi have dense pilosity (Fig. 10); black claws; wings: smoky and membranous appearance; all veins dark brown; R 1 and R 2+3 are closer among them (Fig. 18); R 4 slightly petiolated; R 5 straight; R 4 and R 5 in the distal part are separated for 1/3 of length of each vein; M 1, M 2 and M 3+4 not reaching the wing margin (Fig. 18); M 1 and M 2 are similar in size; cell r 4+5 elongated, with five sides and thin, with 3/4 length of R 2+3 vein; cell m 3 with conic shape and 1/3 length of r 4+5 connected to cell bm directly (Fig. 18); halters bicolor with stem light yellow and knob brownish; calypter rim blackish and interior part is brownish with dense and long brownish pilosity; abdomen: blackish, globose and similar in size at thorax (Fig. 9); fully rough with brownish pilosity; all tergites blackish with some blue-green tints; tergites 1–5 with same width and tergite 6 greatly reduced; all with long and yellow-brownish pilosity; all sclerite with greenish color; genitalia: not detached; cerci barely visible and covered with yellow and short pilosity. © 2021 Academia Sinica, Taiwan Distribution: only known from the type locality (Fig. 27). Remarks: endemic species that belongs to Pehuén district in the Maule province, subantarctic subregion (Morrone 2015). This area is characterized by the presence of Araucaria araucana and Nothofagus species, forming forests with high structural complexity. The host is unknown. Curatorial note: thorax somewhat collapsed and abdomen something separated due to the pin management by collector., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, 2021, Review of Chilean Cyrtinae (Diptera: Acroceridae) with the Description of Three New Species and the First Record of Villalus inanis from Argentina, pp. 1-18 in Zoological Studies 60 (35) on pages 7-8, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2021.60-35, http://zenodo.org/record/8070503, {"references":["Barahona-Segovia RM, Barcelo M. 2019. A new flower fly species of Cepa Thompson & Vockeroth (Diptera: Syrphidae) from the Valdivian evergreen forest hotspot, Chile. Zootaxa 4612: 431 - 439. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4612.3.9.","Morrone JJ. 2015. Biogeographical regionalisation of the Andean region. Zootaxa 3936: 207 - 236. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3936.2.3."]}

Holops frauenfeldi Schiner 1868: 143 (Figs. 5–8, 17, 23) = Holops nigrapex Bigot, 1878: lxxi. Material examined: Holotype: “ Chile ” (NMW). Other specimens: Chile. Valparaíso: Quintero Bosque, 31.x.1979, Leg. Cerda (MNHNCL); Sporting Club, Viña del Mar, x.2018, Leg. Gabriela Germain (CSP, electronic voucher: https://figshare.com/s/ eed9244bc6b4f368f552); Colliguay, ii.1933, Leg. NN (MNHNCL); Perales, no data, Leg. NN (MNHNCL); Las Rocas de Santo Domingo, 4.xi.1973, Leg. P. Ramírez F. (MNHNCL); Caleta Horcón, 2.ii.1969, Leg. M. Cerda (MNHNCL); Reñaca, 19.x.1975, Leg. Cerda (MNHNCL); Mantagua, 27.x.1975, Leg. M. Cerda (MNHNCL); Metropolitana: **Vallecito, 7 km, Farellones, 2.ii.2015, Leg. Rodrigo Barahona S. (RBSPC); **Rio Clarillo National Reserve, 28.11.2017, Leg. Ricardo Varela (CSP, electronic voucher: https:// figshare.com/s/d7d3bc8b56c84be42196); La Obra, 850 msnm, 5.xii.2009, 17.xii.2009, 10.xi.2017, 27.xi.2014; Leg. A. Ramírez (FRPC); Fundo El Manzano, Leg. Rodrigo Barahona S. (PCRBS); Cajón del Maipo, x. 2013, Leg. Álvaro Cuevas (CSP, electronic voucher: https://figshare.com/s/56d3707733ac4eb6589d); Maule: Altos de Vilches, 1280 m, 24.xi.1971, Leg. J. Solervicens (MNHNCL); Ñuble: Los Lleuques, 15.i.1996, Leg. S. Roitman (MNHNCL); Piedras Comadres, 12.i.1995, Leg. S. Roitman (MNHNCL); Araucanía: **Sierra Nevada, Conguillio National Park, 15.i.2006, Leg. Rodrigo Barahona (RBSPC); Los Ríos: Panguipulli, 9.ii.1993, Leg. Rodrigo Barahona S. (RBSPC); Santo Domingo, Valdivia, 19.i.1985, Leg, E. Krahmer (MNHNCL); Valdivia, 28.ii.1982, Leg. E. Krahmer (UACH). Type locality: Chile (Pape and Thompson 2013). Diagnosis: blackish species with golden gloss. Head and eyes blacks. Thorax and abdomen with dense, long and rufous pilosity. All thoracic segments blackish with golden gloss. Legs dark brownish with short and yellowish pilosity. Wings smoky and brownish. Cell r 4+5 width. First tergite blackish with golden gloss and brownish pilosity. Tergites 3–6 black with pilosity of same color. Abdomen globose in dorsal view and slightly widest than maximum margin of the thorax. Description: Length: 6.12 ± 0.27 mm; width: 2.02 ± 0.06 mm (head), 3.38 ± 0.08 mm (thorax) and 3.92 ± 0.22 mm (abdomen); wing: 5.86 ± 0.22 mm; male: head: the size is 3/4 of the maximum height of the thorax (Fig. 5); antenna inserted in the middle of the head; scape and pedicelum blackish with similar size; flagellum styliform almost three times longer than pedicelum and scape together; arista with the half of size of flagellum; antennae shorter than head length; eyes with long and brown ommatrichia; apparently two ocelli dark bluish with ocellar triangle bluish and some protuberant; occiput shiny blue with long black pilosity; mouth parts yellow; thorax: black-golden scutum covered with dense rufous pilosity, sparse but uniformly distributed (Figs. 5–7); postocellar lobe shiny golden-greenish; anterior spiracle yellow; proepimeron, anepisternum, katepisternum, meron, katatergite, katepimeron and anatergite blackish with golden reflects and with long and rufous pilosity; subalar sclerite brownish without pilosity; scutellum blackish with golden reflects and rufous pilosity; legs: coxa, trochanters, femora, and tibiae blackish covered with brownish pilosity; tarsi are brownish covered with long and brown-yellowish pilosity; black claws; wings: smoky brownish and membranous appearance (Fig. 5); all veins dark brown; R 1 and R 2+3 are closer among them; R 4 and R 5 forked; R 4 and R 5 slightly petiolated; R 4 and R 5 separated in the distal part for 1/3 of length of each vein; M 1, M 2 and M 3+4 not reaching the wing margin and similar in size; cell r 4+5 width, with more than 1/2 length of R 2+3 vein; cell m 3 with conic shape and 1/3 length of r 4+5 and connected to cell bm by a projection of m-cu (Fig. 17); halters brownish with some parts yellowish; calypter rim blackish and interior part is pale with dense and long brownish pilosity; abdomen: strongly curved in third tergites; in dorsal view, oval shape and similar in length at thorax; widest than maximum margins of thorax; fully rough; first and second tergite golden-greenish with dense and rufous pilosity, sometimes golden (Fig. 8); tergites 3–6 blackish with dense and rufous-black or golden pilosity (Figs. 6–8); tergites 1–4 similar in length and width among them; tergite 6 greatly reduced; all sclerite with dark-brownish color; genitalia: cerci brownish and width in the apex, covered with abundant pilosity in dorsal view (Fig. 23, dorsal view); aedeagus brownish; gonocoxa black and widest in basal area (Fig. 23, lateral view). © 2021 Academia Sinica, Taiwan © 2021 Academia Sinica, Taiwan Distribution: From Valparaíso region to Los Ríos region (Fig. 27). Remarks: endemic species with similar distribution and Andean sub-regions occupied by H. cyanea (Morrone 2015). The specific epithet is in honor of Georg von Frauenfeld (1807–1873), an Austrian naturalist in zoology, specifically in Entomology and Malacology. In his entomological studies, he emphasized specially in Diptera. Adults have been observed interacting in the sclerophyllous forest characterizing by the presence of native trees or shrubs such as Kageneckia oblonga Ruiz and Pav., Lithraea caustica (Molina) Hook. et Arn., Trevoa trinervis Gillies and Hook., and Colliguaja odorifera Molina. This spider fly has a territorial behavior where the flies use the same dry branches or leaves to watch potential competitors or females (Ricardo Varela and Vicente Valdés com pers.). Adults present two types of flight: one slowly, especially when choosing dry branches and another faster, where attacking to other conspecific flies (Vicente Valdés com pers). Some areas in which it has been captured have a large number of Alstroemeria ligtu var. simsii flowers when this species has been observed sleeping (Rodrigo Barahona-Segovia, pers. obs.). Individuals present high variability in total length. In addition, the pilosity color of scutum and abdomen ranges from rufous (typical) to golden (less frequent). The host is unknown., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, 2021, Review of Chilean Cyrtinae (Diptera: Acroceridae) with the Description of Three New Species and the First Record of Villalus inanis from Argentina, pp. 1-18 in Zoological Studies 60 (35) on pages 5-7, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2021.60-35, http://zenodo.org/record/8070503, {"references":["Schiner IR. 1868. Diptera. vi + 388 pp., 4 pls. In: Wullerstorf-Urbair B von (ed), Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara. Zool. 2 (1) B. K. Gerold's Sohn, Wien.","Bigot JMF. 1878. Description d'un nouveau genre de Dipteres et cells de deux especes du genre Holops (Cyrtidae). Ann Soc Entomol Fr 8: lxxi - lxxii.","Pape T, Thompson FC. 2013. Systema Dipterorum, Version 1.5. http: // www. diptera. org /. Accessed on 5 January 2017.","Morrone JJ. 2015. Biogeographical regionalisation of the Andean region. Zootaxa 3936: 207 - 236. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3936.2.3."]}

The biology and ecology of wedge-shaped beetles (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae) are scarcely known in the Neotropical realm. Chilean species of this beetle family are currently represented by two genera: Macrosiagon Hentz, 1830 and Ripiphorus Bosc, 1791, and three species, only known from their type localities. Here, we present an updated catalog of Chilean Ripiphoridae, along with the new distributional and biology records. Also, Macrosiagon flavipennis LeConte, 1866 (Ripiphorinae: Macrosiagonini) has been reported for the first time in Chile. We discuss the reasons for the presence of M. flavipennis in urban areas, the state of knowledge of the endemic species presents in Chile in relation to their distribution and the opportunity to use opportunistic records to better understand their natural history.

Austroascia segersi Thompson & Marnef, 1977 Figs 16–19 Austroascia segersi Thompson & Marnef, 1977: 4 Type locality and data. “ Quintero, Bosque Relicto, Chile ” (HT, ♂, USNM). Material examined. Coquimbo: 2♂, 3♀, El Naranjo, Tilama, no data, Leg. L.E. Peña (MEUC); Valparaíso: Bosque relicto, Quintero (Thompson & Marnef 1977); El Salto, I.1959, Leg. H. Toro (Thompson & Marnef 1977); Biobío: 1♂, Concepción, 7.XI.1973, Leg. E. Krahmer (MZUC); La Araucanía: 1♂, Termas de Palguín, 14–22.II.1966, Leg. Etcheverry (MNHNCL); Los Ríos: 1♂, 1♀, Santo Domingo, 6.XII.1987, Leg. E. Krahmer (UACH); 2♂, same locality, 20.I.1974, 30.XII.1979, Leg. E. Krahmer (UACH); 2♀, Valdivia, 21.XII.1980, Leg. E. Krahmer (UACH); Los Lagos: 3♂, 6♀, Senda Darwin Biological station, 14.I.2015, Leg. L. Vieli & C. Smith-Ramírez (CSD); 1♂, 2♀, Caulín, Chacao, II.2016, Leg. C. Smith-Ramírez (CSD). References. Thompson & Marnef, 1977: 4 (desc.); Thompson, 1999a: 330 (key). World distribution. Chile. Chilean distribution. From Coquimbo to Los Lagos region (Fig. 28). Altitudinal range. From coastal to inland valley ecosystems (5– 450 m.a.s.l.). Biology and notes. Austroascia segersi is associated with native trees such as Drimys winteri J.R. Forst. & G. Forst., Eucryphia cordifolia Cav. and Myrceugenia planipes (Hook. & Arn.) O. Berg (Thomspon & Marnef 1977; C. Smith-Ramírez pers. obs.). Throughout its distribution range, many ecosystems have been negatively affected by plantation forestry, croplands and urbanization (Alaniz et al. 2016; Miranda et al. 2017). Both males and females are dichoptic (Figs 16–19) and sexual dimorphism is generated by the maculae pattern and color of the abdomen. Males present enlarged and yellowish maculae located near the abdominal margin. Females do not present maculae and the abdominal color is reddish. Conservation status. VU under B2ab (iii) using AOO = 28 km 2 and seven localities (or subpopulations); EOO = 41,336 km 2. Genus Chamaesphegina Shannon & Aubertin, 1933 Chamaesphegina Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 145. Type-species, argentifacies Shannon & Aubertin (orig. des.). Desmetrum Enderlein, 1938: 194. Type-species, macrum Enderlein (orig. des.)., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on pages 22-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Thompson, F. C. & Marnef, L. (1977) Austroascia segersi, a new genus and species (Diptera: Syrphidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 31, 1 - 6.","Thompson, F. C. (1999 a) A key to the genera of the flower flies (Diptera, Syrphidae) of the Neotropical Region including descriptions of new genera and species and a glossary of taxonomic terms used. Contributions on Entomology International, 3, 321 - 378.","Alaniz, A. J., Galleguillos, M. & Perez-Quezada, J. F. (2016) Assessment of quality of input data used to classify ecosystems according to the IUCN Red List methodology: The case of the central Chile hotspot. Biological Conservation, 204, 378 - 385. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2016.10.038","Miranda, A., Altamirano, A., Cayuela, L., Lara, A. & Gonzalez, M. (2017) Native forest loss in the Chilean biodiversity hotspot: revealing the evidence. Regional Environmental Change, 17, 285 - 297. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10113 - 016 - 1010 - 7","Shannon, R. C. & Aubertin, D. (1933) Syrphidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part 6. Fascicle 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 120 - 170.","Enderlein, G. (1938) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Syrphiden. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft NaturforschenderFreunde Berlin, 1937, 192 - 237."]}

Nuntianus confusus (Goot, 1964) Figs 195–196 Baccha valdiviana Philippi, 1865: 750 Baccha confusa Goot, 1964: 213 Ocyptamus confusus Mengual et al., 2018b: 11 Type locality and data. “n.n. Baccha valdiviana Philippi ” (T, A, unknown). Material examined. Valparaíso: 1♂, Lo Perales, Quilpué, 23.II.1967, Leg. J. Solervicens (MNHNCL); 1♂, Limache, 24.III.1967, Leg. D. Lanfranco (MNHNCL); 1♀, Quillota, 12.IV.1963, Leg. N. Hichins (MNHNCL); Metropolitana: 1♂, Aguas de Ramón, 18.X.2018, Leg. Matías Cortés (CSP); La Araucanía: Angol (Shannon &Aubertin 1933); Maule: 1♂, Cumpeo, 1877, Leg. NN (MNHNCL); Los Ríos: Corral, Valdivia (Thompson et al. 1976). References. Goot, 1964: 213 (corrections); Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 135, 136 (desc. as Baccha valdiviana & key); Rojas, 1966: 175 (cat. of predators of aphids); Thompson et al., 1976: 15 (cat.); González & Coscarón, 2005: 347 (distr.); Mengual et al., 2018b: 11 (desc. group); Miranda et al., 2020: 158 (N. comb.). World distribution. Chile. Chilean distribution. From Valparaíso to Los Ríos region (Fig. 200). Altitudinal range. From coastal to inland valley ecosystems (50–120 m.a.s.l.). Biology and notes. Nuntianus confusus is associated mainly with Sclerophylous forest, a habitat that has been extensively fragmented by urbanization, agriculture and forestry (Alaniz et al. 2016).This flower fly species has been observed visiting flowers of Adesmia sp. (Matías Cortés, CSP record); Stellaria sp. (Orlando Montes, CSP record) and Oxalis virgosa Molina (Raul Tuk, CSP record). Other aspects of its biology and ecology remain unknown. Conservation status. VU under B2ab (iii) using AOO = 24 km 2 and six localities (or subpopulations); EOO = 38,314 km 2., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on page 139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Goot, V. S. Van Der (1964) Fluke's catalog of Neotropical Syrphidae (Insects, Diptera) a critical study with an appendix on new names in Syrphidae. Beaufortia, 10, 212 - 221.","Philippi, P. I. (1865) Aufzahlung der chilenischen Dipteren. Verhandlunger der Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 15, 595 - 782. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9295","Mengual, X., Miranda, G. F. G. & Thompson, F. C. (2018 b) Unraveling Ocyptamus and the Baccha legacy (Diptera: Syrphidae): redefinition of groups and new species descriptions. Zootaxa, 4461 (1), 1 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4461.1.1","Shannon, R. C. & Aubertin, D. (1933) Syrphidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part 6. Fascicle 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 120 - 170.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Rojas, S. (1966) Identificacion de insectos entomofagos. Agricultura Tecnica, Chile, 26, 173 - 175.","Gonzalez, C. R. & Coscaron, S. (2005) Diversidad de dipteros en la Cordillera de la Costa de Chile. In: Smith-Ramirez, C., Valdovinos, C. & Armesto, J. J. (Eds.), Historia, biodiversidad y ecologia de los bosques costeros de Chile. Editorial Universitaria, Santiago de Chile, pp. 330 - 349.","Miranda, G. F. G., Skevington, J. H. & Marshall, S. A. (2020) New generic concepts for orphaned lineages formerly treated as part of the genus Ocyptamus Macquart, 1834 (Diptera, Syrphidae). Zootaxa, 4822 (2), 151 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4822.2.1","Alaniz, A. J., Galleguillos, M. & Perez-Quezada, J. F. (2016) Assessment of quality of input data used to classify ecosystems according to the IUCN Red List methodology: The case of the central Chile hotspot. Biological Conservation, 204, 378 - 385. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2016.10.038"]}

Valdiviomyia edwardsi (Shannon & Aubertin, 1933) Valdivia edwardsi Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 150 Type locality and data. “ Puerto Blest, Argentina ” (T, ♂, BMNH). Material examined. La Araucanía: (sex undetermined) Termas de Palguin, 22.II.1966, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE). References. Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 150 (desc. & key); Stuardo, 1946: 126 (cat.); Fluke, 1957: 55 (cat.); Etcheverry, 1963: 92 (cat.); Thompson, 1972b: 161 (Milesiinae rev.); Thompson et al., 1976: 118 (cat.); Thompson & Thompson, 2017: 16 (rev. & key); Mengual, 2017: 436, figs 6–7 (key). World distribution. Argentina and Chile. Chilean distribution. Only recorded from La Araucanía region (Fig. 103). Altitudinal range. This species inhabits native forests in precordillera ecosystems at 1500 m.a.s.l. Biology and notes. Valdiviomyia edwardsi is associated with native forests. Systema Dipterorum (Thompson & Pape 2010) only describes this species distribution in Argentina, however, Etcheverry (1963) determined that it can also be found in Chile. Thus, this species has been reclassified as native to Argentina and Chile. All biological and ecological aspects of this species are unknown. Conservation status. DD; AOO = 2 km 2 and one locality (or subpopulation)., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on pages 67-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Shannon, R. C. & Aubertin, D. (1933) Syrphidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part 6. Fascicle 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 120 - 170.","Stuardo, C. (1946) Catalogo de los Dipteros de Chile. Ministerio de Agricultura, Chile, Santiago, 251 pp.","Fluke, C. L. (1957) Catalog of the family Syrphidae in the Neotropical Region. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 7, 1 - 181.","Etcheverry, M. (1963) Descripciones originales, sinonimia y distribucion geografica de las especies de la familia Syrphidae (Diptera) en Chile. Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, 5, 1 - 144.","Thompson, F. C. (1972 b) A contribution to a generic revision of the Neotropical Milesiinae (Diptera, Syrphidae). Arquivos de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, 23, 73 - 215.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Thompson, F. C. & Thompson, B. J. (2017) Flower fly genus Valdiviomyia Vockeroth (Diptera: Syrphidae), with the description of two new species. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 153, 13 - 20.","Mengual, X. (2017) A New Species of Valdiviomyia Vockeroth (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Argentina. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 119, 430 - 441. https: // doi. org / 10.4289 / 0013 - 8797.119.3.430","Thompson, F. C. & Pape, T (2010) Systema Dipterorum. http: // www. diptera. org / (accessed 20 May 2018)"]}

Fazia decemmaculata (Rondani, 1863) Fig. 189 Syrphus decemmaculatus Rondani, 1863: 12 Fazia bullaephora Shannon, 1927: 25 Epistrophe (Fazia) bullaephora Fluke 1942: 11 * Type locality and data. “ Chile ” (T, ♀, MZUN). Material examined. Tarapacá: 2♂, 1♀, MiñeMiñe, no data, Leg. J, Herrera (IEUMCE); 1♀, Mamiña, no date, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); Coquimbo: 1♀, Chañaral de Aceituno, 24.X.1957, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 1♂, La Serena, 8.I.1957, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 2♂, Fray Jorge 14.IX.1947, Leg. G. Kuschel (MNHNCL; CNC); 1♂, Quilimari, 25.X.1964, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 16♂, Puerto Oscuro, 24.X.1961, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 1♀, Los Vilos, 1.XII.1995, Leg. M. Cerda (MNHNCL); Valparaíso: 1♂, Catapilco, 14.XI.1965, Leg. NN (MNHNCL); 1♂, Quillota, 28.XI.1965, Leg. NN (MNHNCL); 1♂, La Campana, 21.IX.1980, Leg. Cerda (MNHNCL); 1♂, Quebrada San Francisco, 1.V.1960, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 1♀, Cuesta Las Chilcas, 26.XI.1964, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); 1♂, Olmué, IX.1975, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 2♂, El Salto, 17.XII.1963, Leg. N. Hichins (MNHNCL; CNC); 1♀, Playa Ancha, 8.IV.1965, Leg. N. Hichins (MNHNCL); 1♀, Caleta Higuerillas, 14.X.1963, Leg. N. Hichins (MNHNCL); 1♂, Quebrada Verde, 13.IX.1963, Leg. N. Hichins (MNHNCL); 1♂, Cuesta La Dormida, 16.I.1964, Leg. N. Hichins (MNHNCL); 1♂, Quebrada Vergara, 29.X.1963, Leg. N. Hichins (MNHNCL); 2♂, El Canelillo, 23.X.1965, Leg. Pino (IEUMCE); 1♂, 1♀, Quebrada de Córdova, 24.X.1965, Leg. Montes (IEUMCE); 1♂, Rungue, no date, Leg. S. Sansotta (IEUMCE); 1♀, Limache, 18.IX.1963, Leg. Maldonado (IEUMCE); Metropolitana: 1♂, Caleu, TilTil, 1.XI.1993; Leg. G. Cerda (MNHNCL); 6♂, 3♀, El Arrayán, XII.1956, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); 4♂, 5♀, Cerro San Cristóbal, 2.XI.1964, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 1♂, La Reina, XII.1951, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); 3♂, 4♀, Macul, IX.1975, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 2♂, 2♀, El Canelo, X.1951, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 2♂, La Obra, no date, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 1♂, Isla de Maipo, no date, Leg. H. Toro (IEUMCE); 8♂, 5♀, El Volcán, IV.1960, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); O’Higgins: 3♂, 1♀, Rio El Ganso, 14.XI.1952, Leg. Barrientos (IEUMCE); 3♀, Los Cipreses, II.1951, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); 1♂, Longotoma, 17.IX.1959, Leg. L.E. Peña (CNC); 1♂, 2♀, Quebrada San Gerónimo, 7.XI.1965, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); Maule: 4♂, 2♀, Estero Cabrera, 24.X.1961, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 1♀, Rio Ancoa, 14.XI.1951, Leg. M. Etchverry (IEUMCE); 1♂, Vilches Alto, 21.I.1976, Leg. G. Cerda (MNHNCL); 2♂, 9♀, Fundo Malcho, XII.1956, Leg. L.E. Peña (IEUMCE; CNC); 1♂, Bullileo, XI.1959, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 2♂, Curanipe, 4.XI.1953, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); Ñuble: 2♂, Las Trancas, II.1956, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 4♂, 2♀, Termas de Chillán, 14.II.1965, Leg. M. Etcheverry & J. Herrera (IEUMCE); Biobío: 3♀, Tomé, 23.XI.1970, Leg. Boyes (CNC); 2♂, Concepción, 21.XII.1952, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 3♂, Cholguán 1.V.1956, Leg. de la Cruz (MZUC); 1♀, Caramávida, 6.I.1964, Leg. L.E. Peña (IEUMCE); 1♂, Baquedano, Yungay, 9.II.1957, Leg. J. Herrera (MZUC); La Araucanía: 1♂, Angol, 15.X.1939, Leg. R. Palominos (IEUMCE); 1♂, 2♀, Pichinahuel, 10.II.1956, Leg. L.E. Peña (IEUMCE); 7♂, 11 ♀, Contulmo, no date, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); 1♀, Victoria 25.XII.1967, Leg. Cekalovic (MZUC); 21♂, 40♀, Termas de Río Blanco, III.1951, Leg. Wagencknecht (IEUMCE); 1♂, Toltén, 17.I.1955, Leg. H. Toro (IEUMCE); 11♂, 24♀, Termas de Palguin, 22.II.1966, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); Los Ríos: 3♂, 4♀, Valdivia, III.1957, Leg. Wagencknecht (IEUMCE); Los Lagos: 2♂, Pucatrihue, III.1969, Leg. Salgado (MEUC); 1♂, Peulla, 14.XII.1969, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); 1♂, Petrohue, 13.XII.1969, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 1♂, Ancud, 17.II.1964, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 3♀, Guabun, 19.II.1964, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); Aysén: 27♂, 43♀, Puerto Cisnes, 8.I.1967, Leg. Zapata (IEUMCE); 2♂, Puerto Aysén, 22.II.1966, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); Magallanes: 1♂, Magallanes, XII.1960, Leg. T. Cekalovic (IEUMCE); 3♂, 1♀, Chabunco, 29.I.1922, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); 1♀, Punta Arenas, XI.1953, Leg. T. Cekalovic (IEUMCE). References. Shannon, 1927: 25 (desc.); Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 126 (desc.); Enderlein, 1937: 210 (desc.); Fluke, 1942: 13 (desc.); Stuardo, 1946: 123 (cat.); Hull, 1949b: 293 (desc.); Fluke, 1950a: 146 (desc.); Fluke, 1956: 212 (cat.); Etcheverry, 1963: 46 (cat.); Thompson et al., 1976: 39 (cat.); González & Coscarón, 2005: 347 (distr.); Smith-Ramírez et al., 2005: 412 (pollinator study); Mengual et al., 2008: 545 (phylogeny); Mengual et al., 2009: 15 (distr.); López et al., 2012: 11 (key). World distribution. Ecuador and Chile. Chilean distribution. From Tarapacá to Magallanes region (Fig. 192). Altitudinal range. From coastal to highland ecosystems (5– 2,700 m.a.s.l.). Biology and notes. Fazia decemmaculata is associated with the native tree species L. apiculata and M. ovata var. ovata (Smith-Ramírez et al., 2005). Due to its wide distribution in the country, this species be associated with different plants such as B. globosa (Juan González, CSP record); Agathea sp. (Tabatha Carrera, CSP record); Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (Ricardo Huenuanca, CSP record); Mirabilis prostata (Ruiz & Pav.) Heimerl. and Q. saponaria (César Martínez, CSP records); Conservation status. LC; EOO = 706,326 km 2, AOO = 232 km 2, 52 subpopulations and 53 localities., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on pages 134-135, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Rondani, C. (1863) Diptera exotica revisa et annotata. Novis non nullisdescriptis. E. Soliani, Modena, 99 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8160","Shannon, R. C. (1927) A review of the South American two-winged flies of the family Syrphidae. Proceedings of the United States Natural Museum, 70, 1 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.70 - 2658.1","Fluke, C. L. (1942) Revision of the Neotropical Syrphini related to Syrphus (Diptera: Syrphidae). American Museum Novitates, 1201, 1 - 24.","Shannon, R. C. & Aubertin, D. (1933) Syrphidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part 6. Fascicle 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 120 - 170.","Stuardo, C. (1946) Catalogo de los Dipteros de Chile. Ministerio de Agricultura, Chile, Santiago, 251 pp.","Hull, F. M. (1949 b) The morphology and inter - relationships of the genera of syrphid flies, recent and fossil. Transactions of The Zoological Society of London, 26, 257 - 408. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1949. tb 00224. x","Fluke, C. L. (1950 a) The Male genitalia of Syrphus, Epistrophe and related genera (Diptera, Syrphidae). Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences Arts and Letters, 40, 115 - 148.","Etcheverry, M. (1963) Descripciones originales, sinonimia y distribucion geografica de las especies de la familia Syrphidae (Diptera) en Chile. Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, 5, 1 - 144.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Gonzalez, C. R. & Coscaron, S. (2005) Diversidad de dipteros en la Cordillera de la Costa de Chile. In: Smith-Ramirez, C., Valdovinos, C. & Armesto, J. J. (Eds.), Historia, biodiversidad y ecologia de los bosques costeros de Chile. Editorial Universitaria, Santiago de Chile, pp. 330 - 349.","Smith-Ramirez, C., Martinez, P., Nunez, M., Gonzalez, C. & Armesto, J. J. (2005) Diversity, flower visitation frequency and generalism of pollinators in temperate rain forests of Chiloe Island, Chile. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 147, 399 - 416. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.2005.00388. x","Mengual, X., Ruiz, C., Rojo, S., Stahls, G. & Thompson, F. C. (2009) A conspectus of the flower fly genus Allograpta (Diptera, Syrphidae) with description of a new subgenus and species. Zootaxa, 2214 (1), 1 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2214.1.1","Lopez, R., Araya, J. E. & Sazo, L. (2012) Colectas de Syrphidae (Diptera) en alfalfa en Colina, Regioin Metropolitana, Chile, y clave de identificacion de seis especies de Allograpta. Boletin Sanidad Vegetal Plagas, 38, 3 - 15."]}

Austroscaeva melanostoma (Macquart, 1842) Fig. 171 Syrphus melanostoma Macquart, 1842: 147 Syrphus latifascies Macquart, 1849: 152 Syrphus melanostomus Blanchard, 1852: 410 * Catabomba melanostoma Wulp, 1883: 134 * Syrphus sexguttata Wulp, 1883: 135 Lasiopticus melanostomus Kertész, 1910: 97 Scaeva melanostoma Shannon, 1927: 28 Scaeva punctata Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 128 Syrphus simillima Vimmer & Soukup, 1938: 32 Scaeva latifascies Fluke, 1956: 213 Type locality and data. “ Chile ” (T, A, MNHNP). Material examined. Arica y Parinacota: 1♂, Copaquilla, 23.XI.1966, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 1♂, 2♀, Chapiquiña, 24.XI.1966, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); 2♂, Laguna Colorada, 5.XII.1969, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); Tarapacá: 2♂, 6♀, MiñeMiñe, no date, Leg. J. Herrera & M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); 1♂, Camiña, X.1974, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 2♀, Parca, 15.VII.1966, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 5♂, 11♀, Mamiña, 22.VII.1966, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 1♂, Iquique, no date, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); Antofagasta: 1♂, Silala, 10.II.1967, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); 1♀, Quebrada Toconce, 4.XII.1959, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 1♂, Geiser del Tatio, 4.XII.1959, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 1♂, Calama, 16.XII.1966, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); 1♂, Puritama, 18.XI.1959, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 3♂, 5♀, Guatín, 10.XII.1966, Leg. J. Herrera & Etcheverry (IEUMCE); 1♂, San Pedro de Atacama, 30.XI.1959, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 1♂, Toconao, El Loa, 8.I.1996, Leg. G. Cerda (MNHNCL); 1♂, Peine, 8.XII.1966, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); Coquimbo: 1♂, Quebrada La Mula, 16.XII.1993, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 1♀, La Serena, 8.I.1957, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 18♂, 11♀, El Pangue, Vicuña, 3–4.XI.1961, Leg. L.E. Peña (CNC); 1♂, Paihuano, 4.V.1965, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 1♂, 18♀, Baño del Toro, 6–12.I.1962, Leg. L.E. Peña (CNC); 1♂, Quebrada San Gerónimo, 8.V.1960, Leg. V. Pérez & S. Sansotta (IEUMCE); 1♂, 1♀, Guanaqueros, 28.IX.1952, Leg. NN (MNHNCL); 6♂, 7♀, Los Molles, 8–11.XI.1961, Leg. L.E. Peña (CNC); Valparaíso: 1♂, Quintero, no data, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); 1♂, Horcones, 2.II.1969, Leg. M. Cerda (MNHNCL); 1♂, El Canelillo, 23.X.1965, Leg. Pino, Montes & Montero (IEUMCE); 1♀, Viña del Mar, 25.II.1968, Leg. Cerda (MNHNCL); 1♀, Playa Ancha, 27.XI.1963, Leg. N. Hichins (MNHNCL); 1♀, El Salto, 12.XII.1994, Leg. Hichins (MNHNCL); 1♂, El Quisco, 10.IV.1965, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 1♂, Quebrada de Córdova, 24.X.1975, Leg. Montes (IEUMCE); 1♀, Peñuelas, 26.XII.1977, Leg. P. Cerda (MNHNCL); 1♀, Quillota, 12.IV.1963, Leg. N. Hichins (MNHNCL); 1♂, Villa Alemana, VI.1961, Solervicens (MNHNCL); 1♀, Los Lilenes, 13.XII.1963, Leg. J. Lineros (MNHNCL); Metropolitana: 1♀, Cerro El Roble, 8.II.1994, Leg. M. Cerda (MNHNCL); 1♀, Batuco, 3.XI.1965, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 1♂, 1♀, TilTil, Caleu, 20.II.1987, Leg. M. Cerda (MNHNCL); 1♂, Lampa, 549m, no date, Leg. Zapata (IEUMCE); 1♂, Quilicura, no date, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 2♂, 1♀, El Arrayán, 3.XI.1965, Leg. M. Echeverry & J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 1♂, Cerro Manquehue, 3.XI.1965, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 1♂, Agua del Chancho, Las Condes, 27.VIII.1980, Leg. M. Cerda (MNHNCL); 1♂, Quebrada El purgatorio, 6.XII.1982, Leg. Arriagada (MNHNCL); Valle del Cepo, (Arroyo et al., 1982); Valle Nevado sky complex, (Múñoz & Arroyo 2004); 1♂, El Colorado, 11.X.1964, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); 1♂, Corral Quemado, I.1977, Leg. González (IEUMCE); 1♂, Batuco, 3.XI.1965, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 1♂, Renca, 11.XI.1975, Leg. S. Zapata (IEUMCE); 1♂, Cerro San Cristóbal, 13.XI.1965, Leg. J. Herrera & Etcheverry (IEUMCE); 1♂, Macul, no date, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 1♀, La Castrina, 30.X.1969, Leg. L. Alfaro (MNHNCL); 1♀, Rio Colorado, Cajón del Maipo, 8.IX.1980, Leg. M. Cerda (MNHNCL); 1♂, Los Maitenes, 3.XI.1965, Leg. V. Pérez (IEUMCE); 2♂, 2♀, El Canelo, 18.I.1967, Leg. Montes (IEUMCE); 2♀, La Obra, X.1968, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); 1♂, 1♀, Lo Valdés, Baños de Colina, 28.III.1953, Leg. L.E. Peña (CNC); 1♂, Lagunillas, 10.X.1959, Leg. J. Moroni (MNHNCL); 1♂, 1♀, Maipú, 14.II.1948, Leg. L.E. Peña (CNC); 1♀, Quinta Normal, XI.1952, Leg. Orellana (MNHNCL); 2♀, Malloco, 11.XI.1966, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); 1♂, Curacaví, 23.XI.1967, Leg. L. Vial (MNHNCL); 1♂, Puente Alto, II.1916, Leg. O. Fuentes (IEUMCE); 1♂, El Principal, 14.I.1976, Leg. R. Peñaloza (IEUMCE); 2♂, 4♀, El Volcán, 30.X.1965, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); O’Higgins: 1♂, 4♀, Termas del Flaco, 3.XI.1965, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 1♂, San Vicente de Tagua Tagua, 21.XI.1967, Leg. J. Moroni (MNHNCL); Maule: 1♂, Vilches Alto, 19.I.1976, G. Cerda (MNHNCL); Iloca, 8.IX.69; C. Gaulthier (MNHNCL); 1♂, Tanguao, Pencahue, 10.X.1964, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 1♂, Termas de Cauquenes, 15.I.1969, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); Ñuble: 1♂, 2♀, Termas de Chillán, II.1965, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 2♀, Las Trancas, II.1965, Leg. J. Herrera & Etcheverry (IEUMCE); Biobío: 7♀, Tomé, 23.XI.1970, Leg. J.W. Boyes (CNC); 7♀, Concepción, 22.XI.1970, Leg. J.W. Boyes (CNC); 7♂, 11♀, Pichinahuel, Arauco, 10–15.I.1959, Leg. L.E. Peña (CNC); La Araucanía: 1♂, Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta, 12.II.1969, Leg. M. Cerda (MNHNCL); Quepe, 29.XI.1959, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 1♂, Angol, 20.X.1949, Leg. C. de la Cerda (MNHNCL); 2♀, Termas de Río Blanco, 19.II.1973, Leg. M. Etcheverry & Wagenknecht (IEUMCE); 1♂, Cerro de La Plata, LliuLliu, 18.IX.1969, Leg. J. Solervicens (IEUMCE); 1♂, Allipen, Villarrica, 5.XI.1985, Leg. M. Cerda (MNHNCL); 1♀, Lican Ray, 1.II.1996, Leg. M. Cerda (MNHNCL); Los Lagos: 1♀, Peulla, 14.XII.1969, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); 1♀, Saltos de Petrohue, 13.XII.1969, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 1♂, Guabún, Ancud, no date, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); Magallanes: 4♀, Laguna Amarga, 14-20.XII.1960, Leg. L.E. Peña (CNC); 1♂, Punta Arenas, 30.XII.1968, Leg. V. Pérez (MNHNCL). References. Macquart, 1842: 147 (desc.); Macquart, 1849: 152 (desc.); Blanchard, 1852: 410 (desc.); Philippi, 1865: 745 (desc.); Schiner, 1868: 351 (desc.); Wulp, 1883: 134 (desc.); Williston, 1886: 311 (cat.); Reed, 1888: 300 (cat.); Lynch Arribálzaga, 1892: 118 (cat.); Kertész, 1910: 97 (cat.); Porter, 1921: 446 (cat., dist. & notes); Shannon, 1927: 28 (desc.); Porter, 1930: 278 (checklist); Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 130, fig. 23b (abdomen) (desc.); Ruiz & Stuardo, 1935: 318 (natural history); Stuardo, 1946: 123 (cat.); Etcheverry, 1947-1949: 356 (cat.); Etcheverry, 1952: 308 (cat.); Fluke, 1956: 213 (cat.); Etcheverry, 1963: 74 (cat.); Boyes et al., 1973: 371 (karyotypes); Thompson et al., 1976: 9 (cat.); Arroyo et al., 1982: 93 (pollinator study); Dušek & Láska, 1985: 221 (desc.); Kassebeer, 1999: 95, figs 3a–3d (key & desc.); Múñoz & Arroyo, 2004: 68 (ecological study); Múñoz & Cavieres, 2008: 463 (pollinator study); Marín-Armijos et al., 2017: 177 (cat.); Mengual et al., 2018a: 161 (desc. & phylogeny). World distribution. Argentina, Ecuador, Peru and Chile. Chilean distribution. From Arica y Parinacota to Magallanes region (Fig. 175). Altitudinal range. From coastal to highland ecosystems (40– 4,550 m.a.s.l.). Biology and notes. Austroscaeva melanostoma is a species with a wide distribution, associated with several native plant species. Múñoz & Arroyo (2004), Múñoz et al. (2005) and Múñoz & Arroyo (2006) recorded this species visiting Chuquiraga oppositifolia D. Don, while Torres-Díaz et al., (2011) associated it with Chaetanthera renifolia (J. Remy) Cabrera. Porter (1921) mentioned that professor Stuardo collected A. melanostoma visiting A. chilensis in La Serena. Exotic plant species T. officinale is also visited by this fly (Múñoz & Cavieres 2008). On the other hand, many Andes plant species are visited by A. melanostoma such as Nothoscordum andinum (Poepp.) Kunth ex. Fuentes, Chaetanthera euphrasioides (DC) Meigen and Draba gilliesi H. & A. (Arroyo et al. 1982). This flower fly species has also been observed visiting flowers of Buddleja suaveolens Kunth & Bouché (Rodrigo Barahona-Segovia, pers. obs.); Chrysanthemum sp. (Gabriela Germain, CSP record); Huidrobia fruticosa Phil. (Juan Contreras, CSP record); Junglans regia L. (Ariadna Veas, CSP record); Lithraea caustica (Molina) Hook. et Arn (Beatriz Macuer, CSP record); Loasa placei Lindl. (Orlando Montes, CSP record); Loasa triloba Dombey Ex Juss. (Rodrigo Barahona-Segovia pers. obs.); Osteospermum sp. (Fernanda Gatalina, CSP record); Senecio erucifolius L. (Orlando Montes, CSP record) and Tropaeolum jilesii Sparre (Anita Flores, CSP record). Conservation status. LC; EOO = 986,983 km 2, AOO = 292 km 2, 63 subpopulations and 64 localities., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on pages 117-119, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Macquart, J. (1842) Dipteres exotiques nouveaux oupeuconnus. 1 e Supplement. Memoirs de la Societe Royale des Sciente, de l'Agriculture et des Art, de Lille, 1841, 5 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15792","Macquart, J. (1849) Huitieme ordre. Les Dipteres. In: Lucas, H. (Ed.), Historie naturelle des animaux. Zoologie. Sciences Physiques. Explorations scientifique de l'Algerie pendant les annees 1840, 1841, 1842 publiee par ordre du Gouvernement et avec le concours d'une Commission Academique. Sciences Physiques, Zoologie, pp. 414 - 503.","Blanchard, E. (1852) Orden IX. Dipteros. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Historia fisica y politica de Chile. Zoologia. Vol. 7. Published by Author, Paris & Museo de Historia Natural, Santiago, pp. 471.","Wulp, F. M. van Dek (1883) Amerikaansche Diptera (1882 - 1883). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 26, 1 - 60.","Kertesz, K. (1910) Catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum. Vol. 7. G. Engelmann Budapestini, 470 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5141","Shannon, R. C. (1927) A review of the South American two-winged flies of the family Syrphidae. Proceedings of the United States Natural Museum, 70, 1 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.70 - 2658.1","Shannon, R. C. & Aubertin, D. (1933) Syrphidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part 6. Fascicle 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 120 - 170.","Vimmer, A. & Soukup, J. (1938) Los dipteros de los alrededores de Puno. Boletin del Museo de Historia Natural Javier Prado, 2, 27 - 35.","Arroyo, M. T. K., Primack, R. & Armesto, J. (1982) Community studies in pollination ecology in the high temperate Andes of central Chile. I. Pollination mechanisms and altitudinal variation. American journal of botany, 69, 82 - 97. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / j. 1537 - 2197.1982. tb 13237. x","Munoz, A. A. & Arroyo, M. T. (2004) Negative impacts of a vertebrate predator on insect pollinator visitation and seed output in Chuquiraga oppositifolia, a high Andean shrub. Oecologia, 138, 66 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00442 - 003 - 1405 - 2","Philippi, P. I. (1865) Aufzahlung der chilenischen Dipteren. Verhandlunger der Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 15, 595 - 782. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9295","Schiner, I. R. (1868) Diptera. In: von Wullerstorf-Urbair, B. (Ed.), Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859, unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. K. Gerold, Vienna, pp. 1 - 388.","Williston, S. W. (1886) Catalog of the described species of South American Syrphidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 14, 308 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076478","Reed, E. C. (1888) Catalogo de los Insectos Dipteros de Chile. Anales de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 73, 271 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8562","Porter, C. E. (1921) Sobre algunos Sirfidos de Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 25, 446 - 447.","Porter, C. E. (1930) Primera lista de artropodos de Penalolen. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 34, 276 - 279.","Ruiz, F. & Stuardo, C. (1935) Insectos colectados en las Termas de Chillan. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 39, 313 - 322.","Stuardo, C. (1946) Catalogo de los Dipteros de Chile. Ministerio de Agricultura, Chile, Santiago, 251 pp.","Etcheverry, M. (1952) Syrphidae de la Provincia de Tarapaca (Diptera). Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 2, 307 - 310.","Etcheverry, M. (1963) Descripciones originales, sinonimia y distribucion geografica de las especies de la familia Syrphidae (Diptera) en Chile. Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, 5, 1 - 144.","Boyes, J. W., Boyes, B. C., van Brink, J. M. & Vockeroth, J. R. (1973) Cytotaxonomy of South American Syrphinae (Diptera: Syrphidae). Genetica, 44 (3), 368 - 415. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00161313","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Dusek, J. & Laska, P. (1985) A review of the genus Scaeva Fabricius (Diptera, Syrphidae) with the description of a new species from Chile. Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca, 82, 206 - 228.","Kassebeer, C. F. (1999) Die neotropischen Arten der Gattung Scaeva Fabricius, 1805 (Diptera, Syrphidae). Dipteron, 2 (5), 93 - 108.","Munoz, A. A. & Cavieres, L. A. (2008) The presence of a showy invasive plant disrupts pollinator service and reproductive output in native alpine species only at high densities. Journal of Ecology, 96, 459 - 467. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2745.2008.01361. x","Marin-Armijos, D., Quezada-Rios, N., Soto-Armijos, C. & Mengual, X. (2017) Checklist of the flower flies of Ecuador (Diptera, Syrphidae). ZooKeys, 691, 163 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 691.13328","Mengual, X., Stahls, G., Laska, P., Mazanek, L. & Rojo, S. (2018 a) Molecular phylogenetics of the predatory lineage of flower flies Eupeodes-Scaeva (Diptera: Syrphidae), with the description of the Neotropical genus Austroscaeva gen. nov. Journal of Zoological, Systematic and Evolutionary Research, 56, 148 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jzs. 12212","Munoz, A. A., Celedon-Neghme, C., Cavieres, L. A. & Arroyo, M. T. (2005) Bottom-up effects of nutrient availability on flower production, pollinator visitation, and seed output in a high-Andean shrub. Oecologia, 143 (1), 126 - 135. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00442 - 004 - 1780 - 3","Munoz, A. A. & Arroyo, M. T. (2006) Pollen limitation and spatial variation of reproductive success in the insect-pollinated shrub Chuquiraga oppositifolia (Asteraceae) in the Chilean Andes. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 38, 608 - 613."]}

Dolichogyna (Dolichogyna) chilensis (Guérin-Mèneville, 1835) Figs 31–32 Helophilus chilensis Guérin-Mèneville, 1835: 545 Dolichogyna fasciata Macquart, 1842: 126 Helophilus hahni Bigot, 1888: 24 Type locality and data. “ Chiloé, Chile ” (T, A, BMNH). Material examined. Arica y Parinacota: 1♂, Timar, 6.XI.1980, Leg. G. Díaz P. (UTA); 1♂, Chapiquiña, 17.VII.1976, Leg. G. Díaz P. (UTA); 1♂, 1♀, Putre, VI.1979, Leg. G. Díaz P. (UTA); Valparaíso: 1♂, Mantagua, 14.I.1973, Leg. Cerda (MNHNCL); 1♂, Caleta Higuerillas, 14.X.1963, Leg. Hichins (MNHNCL); 1♂, San Pedro, Quillota, 24.IV.1966, Leg. Cerda (MNHNCL); 1♂, Viña del Mar, 02.II.1975, Leg. G. Cerda (MNHNCL); 1♂, El Salto, 08.V.1963, Leg. Hichins (MNHNCL); Metropolitana: 1♂, 1♀, Rinconada de Maipú, 12.X.1969, Leg. L. Álvarez (MEUC); 1♀, Renca, no date, Leg. A. Faz (CNC); 1♂, Pudahuel, 29.I.1951, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 4♂, 2♀, Santiago, no date, Leg. R. Cortés (INIA); Maule: 1♂, Laguna del Maule norte, 15–16.I.1968, Leg. L.E. Peña (MEUC); 1♀, Constitución, 26.XI.1963, Leg. (CNC); Biobío: 1♂, Dichato, 20.XII.1953. Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 4♂, Desembocadura río Bio bío, 22.XI.1970, Leg. J. W. Boyes (CNC); 1♂, San Pedro de la Paz, 25.II.1975, Leg. Cerda (MNHNCL); 1♂, Caramávida, 25.XII.1952, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 1♂, Cayucupil, 12.I.1954, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); La Araucanía: 1♂, Cerro Ñielol, 3.X.1998, Leg. B. Guiñez (INIA); Los Ríos: 1♀, Valdivia, 20.X.1970, Leg. J. W. Boyes (CNC); 2♂, 1♀, Pucatrihue costa, II.1968, Leg. Salgado (MEUC); Los Lagos: 1♂, Paso Puyehue, 23.II.1992, Leg. Cerda (MNHNCL); 1♂, Lago Chapo, 28.II.1983, Leg. G. Arriagada (MNHNCL); 4♂, 10♀, Dalcahue, no date, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 1♂, 8♀, Melinka, 28–31.I.1962, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); Aysén: 1♂, Mañihuales, 12.III.1994, Leg. G. Cerda (MNHNCL); Magallanes: 1♂, Isla Riesco, 08.XII.1979, Leg. M. Cerda (MNHNCL); 3♂, 3♀, Punta Arenas, 30.XII.1968, Leg. V. Pérez (MNHNCL); 8♂, 4♀, Laguna Amarga, 14.XII.1960, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 1♂, San Juan, Magallanes, 04.I.1970, Leg. Cerda (MNHNCL). References. Guérin-Mèneville 1835: 545, fig. 2 (desc.); Walker, 1836: 344 (desc.); Blanchard, 1852: 408 (desc.); Blanchard, 1852. Plate 4, fig. 8 (desc.); Philippi, 1865: 744 (desc.); Williston, 1886: 320 (cat.); Bigot, 1888: 24 (desc.); Reed, 1888: 298 (cat.); Lynch Arribálzaga, 1892: 236 (cat.); Lynch Arribálzaga, 1893: 261, fig. 11 (cat.); Porter, 1897b: 43 (cat.); Hine, 1914: 343 (desc. & key); Porter, 1921: 447 (cat., dist. & notes); Porter, 1924: 98 (cat.); Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 164–165 (desc.); Sack, 1941: 109 (cat.); Stuardo, 1946: 128 (cat.); Hull, 1949b: 386 (desc.); Fluke, 1951a: 467, fig. 1–2, 11–12, 19, 22 (desc); Fluke, 1957: 121 (cat.); Etcheverry, 1963: 29 (cat.); Goot, 1964: 216 (cat.); Thompson, 1972b: 134 (Milesiinae rev.); Thompson et al., 1976: 46.97 (cat.); González & Coscarón, 2005: 347 (distr.); Smith-Ramírez et al., 2005: 412 (pollinator study); Smith-Ramírez et al., 2014: 6 (ecological study, supplementary material); Marín-Armijos et al., 2017: 169 (cat.). World distribution. Argentina, Ecuador, Peru and Chile. Chilean distribution. From Arica y Parinacota to Magallanes region (Fig. 39). Altitudinal range. 5– 4,000 m.a.s.l. Biology and notes. Fluke (1951) indicates that Dolichogyna chilensis is a native species that also inhabits Argentina and Peru. Marín-Armijos et al. (2017) also recorded it in Ecuador. The species visits flowers of Tepualia stipularis (Hook & Arn.) Griseb., (Smith-Ramírez et al., 2005) as well as other herbaceous plants, exotic and native trees such as E. cordifolia (R. Barahona-Segovia, pers. obs.). This species has also been recorded visiting the exotic Brassica rapa L. (Ricardo Huenuanca, CSP record); Euryops pectinatus (L.) Cass. (Gustavo Lezana, Norka Contreras, Peter Lewis and Yanira Venegas CSP records); Prunus sp. (Frank Montes, CSP record), Taraxacum officinale L. (Patricia Medina, CSP record), Ranunculus sp. (Norka Contreras, CSP record) and the native shrubs as Berberis sp. (Fernando González, CSP record) or Buddleja globossa Hope (Manuel Gedda, CSP record). Conservation status. LC; EOO = 690,143 km 2; AOO = 112 km 2, 24 subpopulations and 26 localities., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on page 29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (1835) Iconographie du regne animal de G. Cuvier, ou representation d'apres nature de l'une des epeces les plus remarquables et souvent non encore figurees, de chaque genre d'animaux. J. B. Bailliere, Paris, 70 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10331","Macquart, J. (1842) Dipteres exotiques nouveaux oupeuconnus. 1 e Supplement. Memoirs de la Societe Royale des Sciente, de l'Agriculture et des Art, de Lille, 1841, 5 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15792","Bigot, J. M. F. (1888) Mission scientifique du Cap Horn. Zoologie Dipteres, Vol. 6. Gauthiers-Villars et Fils, Imprimeurs-Libraires, Paris, 45 pp., pls. 1 - 4. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9859","Walker, F. (1836) Descriptions, & c. of the Diptera. In: Curtis, J., Haliday A. H. & Walker, F. (Eds.), Descriptions, & c. of the Insects collected by Captain P. P. King, R. N., F. R. S., in the Survey of the Straits of Magellan. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 17, pp. 331 - 359.","Blanchard, E. (1852) Orden IX. Dipteros. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Historia fisica y politica de Chile. Zoologia. Vol. 7. Published by Author, Paris & Museo de Historia Natural, Santiago, pp. 471.","Philippi, P. I. (1865) Aufzahlung der chilenischen Dipteren. Verhandlunger der Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 15, 595 - 782. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9295","Williston, S. W. (1886) Catalog of the described species of South American Syrphidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 14, 308 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076478","Reed, E. C. (1888) Catalogo de los Insectos Dipteros de Chile. Anales de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 73, 271 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8562","Lynch Arribalzaga, F. (1893) Dipterologia Argentina (Syrphidae). Anales Sociedad Ciencia Argentina, 34, 33 - 46 + 173 - 192 + 242 - 280, 1 pl.","Porter, C. E. (1897 b) Pequena contribucion a la fauna del litoral de la provincia de Valparaiso. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 3, 33 - 35.","Hine, J. S. (1914) Diptera of Middle America: Family Syrphidae. The Ohio Naturalist, 14 (8), 333 - 343.","Porter, C. E. (1921) Sobre algunos Sirfidos de Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 25, 446 - 447.","Porter, C. E. (1924) Enumeracion de Sirfidos colectados en San Jose de Maipo en Octubre y Noviembre de 1923. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 28, 98.","Shannon, R. C. & Aubertin, D. (1933) Syrphidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part 6. Fascicle 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 120 - 170.","Sack, P. (1941) Syrphidae (Dipt.). In: Titschack, E. (Eds.), Beitragezur Fauna Perus. Band 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 97 - 120 pp. [reprinted as Sack, P (1951) Syrphidae (Dipt.). In: Titschack, E. (Eds.), Beitragezur Fauna Perus. Band 2. Gustav Fischer, Jena, pp. 93 - 116].","Stuardo, C. (1946) Catalogo de los Dipteros de Chile. Ministerio de Agricultura, Chile, Santiago, 251 pp.","Hull, F. M. (1949 b) The morphology and inter - relationships of the genera of syrphid flies, recent and fossil. Transactions of The Zoological Society of London, 26, 257 - 408. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1949. tb 00224. x","Fluke, C. L. (1951 a) The genus Dolichogyna (Diptera, Syrphidae). Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 12, 465 - 478.","Fluke, C. L. (1957) Catalog of the family Syrphidae in the Neotropical Region. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 7, 1 - 181.","Etcheverry, M. (1963) Descripciones originales, sinonimia y distribucion geografica de las especies de la familia Syrphidae (Diptera) en Chile. Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, 5, 1 - 144.","Goot, V. S. Van Der (1964) Fluke's catalog of Neotropical Syrphidae (Insects, Diptera) a critical study with an appendix on new names in Syrphidae. Beaufortia, 10, 212 - 221.","Thompson, F. C. (1972 b) A contribution to a generic revision of the Neotropical Milesiinae (Diptera, Syrphidae). Arquivos de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, 23, 73 - 215.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Gonzalez, C. R. & Coscaron, S. (2005) Diversidad de dipteros en la Cordillera de la Costa de Chile. In: Smith-Ramirez, C., Valdovinos, C. & Armesto, J. J. (Eds.), Historia, biodiversidad y ecologia de los bosques costeros de Chile. Editorial Universitaria, Santiago de Chile, pp. 330 - 349.","Smith-Ramirez, C., Martinez, P., Nunez, M., Gonzalez, C. & Armesto, J. J. (2005) Diversity, flower visitation frequency and generalism of pollinators in temperate rain forests of Chiloe Island, Chile. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 147, 399 - 416. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.2005.00388. x","Smith-Ramirez, C., Ramos-Jiliberto, R., Valdovinos, F. S., Martinez, P., Castillo, J. A. & Armesto, J. J. (2014) Decadal trends in the pollinator assemblage of Eucryphia cordifolia in Chilean rainforests. Oecologia, 176, 157 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00442 - 014 - 3000 - 0","Marin-Armijos, D., Quezada-Rios, N., Soto-Armijos, C. & Mengual, X. (2017) Checklist of the flower flies of Ecuador (Diptera, Syrphidae). ZooKeys, 691, 163 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 691.13328"]}

Palpada chilena (Rondani, 1863) Figs. 56 – 57 Eristalis lateralis Walker, 1837: 347 Eristalomya chilena Rondani, 1863: 5 Eristalis chilensis Philippi, 1865: 743 Eristalis porteri Curran, 1935: 8 Type locality and data. “ Chile ” (T, ♀, MZUN). Material examined. Coquimbo: 2♂, 1♀, El Naranjo, Tilama, III.1967, Leg. Molina (MEUC); Valparaíso: 1♂, Mantagua, 13.I.1967, Leg. D. Lanfranco (MNHNCL); 2♀, Los Andes, Río Blanco, 14.XII.1960, Leg. N. Hichins (MEUC); Metropolitana: 1♀, Maipú, 11.IV.1960, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 1♂, Los Maitenes, 15.X.1954, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); Maule: 6♂, 1♀, Buchen, 8.I.1960, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 1♂, Estero Cabrera, 9.II.1961, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 14♂, 2♀, El Coigo, 1.II.1960, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 1♂, 1♀, Cubillo, 25.XII.1961, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 43♂, 1♀, Fundo Malcho, XII.1956, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 1♂, Las Cruces, X.1958, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 43♂, La Vinilla, 5.XII.1960, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 2♀, Villa Alegre, 5.XII.1960, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); Ñuble: 1♀, Recinto, 3.IV.1954, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 26♂, Las Trancas, 10.II.1959, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); Bío Bío: 1♂, Concepción, 22.XI.1970, Leg. W. Boyes (CNC); 2♂, Caramavida, Arauco, 30.I.1967, Leg. L.E. Peña (MEUC); 5♂, 9♀, Peillem- Pilli, 14.I.1954, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 127♂, 2♀, Pichinahuel, 30.I.1954, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); La Araucanía: 1♂, 1♀, Angol, 29.V.1925, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 1♂, Laguna Galletué, 1.I.1968, Leg. L.E. Peña (MEUC); 1♂, Temuco, 30.IX.1987, Leg. R. Rebolledo (UFRO); 3♂, 7♀, Marimenuco, 10-13.XII.1959, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); Los Ríos: 2♂, 1♀, Santo Domingo, Valdivia, 5.II.1989, Leg. E. Krahmer (UACH); 1♀, Paillaco, 19.XI.1970, Leg. J. W. Boyes (CNC); Los Lagos: 1♂, 1♀, Pucatrihue, 4–21.II.1937, Leg. L. E. Peña (MEUC); 2♂, Maicolpué, 22.XII.1993, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 1♂, Contao, Llanquihue, 22.II.1966, Leg. J. Silva (MNHNCL); 1♂, Lago Chapo, 15.XII.1964, Leg. Hichins (MNHNCL); Peulla, Casa Pangue, Puerto Varas, Ancud, Castro (Etcheverry 1963); 4♂, Ahoní, 24.XII.1993, Leg. G. & M. Wood (CNC); 1♀, Terao, 23.XII.1993, Leg. G. & M. Wood (CNC); 4♂, 3♀, Dalcahue, no date, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 1♂, 1♀, Melinka, 28-31.I.1961, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); Aysén: 1♂, 2♀, Puerto Cisnes, 1.II.1961, Leg. L.Peña (CNC); 1♀, Rio Mañihuales, 3–6.III.1961, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 1♂, 6♀, Rio Simpson, Coyhaique, 7–9.III.1961, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 1♀, Puerto Ibañez, 12-15.I.1961, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 5♂, Lago Buenos Aires, Chile Chico, 24–31.XII.1960, Leg. L. Peña (CNC). References. Philippi, 1865: 743 (desc. as Eristalis chilensis); Rondani, 1863: 5 (desc.); Williston, 1886: 393 (cat.); Reed, 1888: 298 (cat.); Lynch Arribálzaga, 1892: 34 (cat.); Kertész, 1910: 215 (cat.); Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 122 (desc. as Eristalis lateralis); Curran, 1935: 8 (desc.); Stuardo, 1946: 130 (cat.); Fluke, 1957: 132 (cat.); Etcheverry, 1963: 35 (cat.); Thompson et al., 1976: 104 (cat.); Lagrange, 1990b: 9, fig. 10–18 (desc. & key); Camousseight, 2005: 96 (cat.). World distribution. Argentina and Chile. Chilean distribution. From Coquimbo to Aysén region (Fig. 65). Altitudinal range. From coastal to highland ecosystems (5– 3,000 m.a.s.l.). Biology and notes. Palpada chilena is associated with exotic plants such as Lantana trifolia L. (Orlando Montes, CSP record), Ranunculus aquatilis L. (Rodrigo Barahona-Segovia pers. obs.), R. ulmifolius (Fernando González, CSP records), Chrysantemum sp. (Karina Bustamante, CSP record), and M. domestica (Vanessa Durán & Rodrigo Barahona-Segovia pers. obs.) as well as the native species E. cordifolia or M. ovata var. ovata (Cecilia Smith-Ramírez et al. 2005, 2014) and M. planipes, Amomyrtus meli (Phil.) D. Legrand & Kausel, L. sempervirens (Rodrigo Barahona-segovia, pers. obs.). Conservation status. LC; EOO = 291,225 km 2; AOO = 120 km 2 and 30 localities (or subpopulations)., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on pages 45-46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Rondani, C. (1863) Diptera exotica revisa et annotata. Novis non nullisdescriptis. E. Soliani, Modena, 99 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8160","Walker, F. (1837) Descriptions, & c. of the Diptera. In: Curtis, J., Haliday, A. H. & Walker, F. (Eds.), Transactions of The Zoological Society of London, 17, pp. 315 - 359.","Philippi, P. I. (1865) Aufzahlung der chilenischen Dipteren. Verhandlunger der Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 15, 595 - 782. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9295","Curran, C. H. (1935) New American Diptera. American Museum Novitates, 812, 1 - 24.","Etcheverry, M. (1963) Descripciones originales, sinonimia y distribucion geografica de las especies de la familia Syrphidae (Diptera) en Chile. Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, 5, 1 - 144.","Williston, S. W. (1886) Catalog of the described species of South American Syrphidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 14, 308 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076478","Reed, E. C. (1888) Catalogo de los Insectos Dipteros de Chile. Anales de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 73, 271 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8562","Kertesz, K. (1910) Catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum. Vol. 7. G. Engelmann Budapestini, 470 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5141","Shannon, R. C. & Aubertin, D. (1933) Syrphidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part 6. Fascicle 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 120 - 170.","Stuardo, C. (1946) Catalogo de los Dipteros de Chile. Ministerio de Agricultura, Chile, Santiago, 251 pp.","Fluke, C. L. (1957) Catalog of the family Syrphidae in the Neotropical Region. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 7, 1 - 181.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Lagrange, E. B. (1990 b) Revision de las especies argentinas del grupo agrorum del genero Palpada Macquart, 1834 (Diptera, Syrphidae). Revista de la Asociacion de Ciencias Naturales del Litoral, 21, 3 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.14409 / natura. v 1 i 21.3583","Camousseight, A. (2005) La contribucion entomologica de RA Philippi entre 1859 y 1875 y el estado actual de sus especies. Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Chile, 54, 81 - 106.","Smith-Ramirez, C., Martinez, P., Nunez, M., Gonzalez, C. & Armesto, J. J. (2005) Diversity, flower visitation frequency and generalism of pollinators in temperate rain forests of Chiloe Island, Chile. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 147, 399 - 416. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.2005.00388. x","Smith-Ramirez, C., Ramos-Jiliberto, R., Valdovinos, F. S., Martinez, P., Castillo, J. A. & Armesto, J. J. (2014) Decadal trends in the pollinator assemblage of Eucryphia cordifolia in Chilean rainforests. Oecologia, 176, 157 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00442 - 014 - 3000 - 0"]}

Syrphus auropulveratus Macquart, 1842: 159, incertae sedis Type locality and data. “ Chile ” (T, ♂, MNHNP). Material examined. No specimens were reviewed. Santiago (Macquart, 1842). References. Macquart, 1842: 159 (desc.); Philippi, 1865: 746 (cat. & desc.); Williston, 1886: 312 (cat.); Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 128, fig. 22a (abdomen male) & 22b (abdomen female) (desc. as Syrphus flavipes); Etcheverry, 1963: 110 (incerta saedis); Thompson et al., 1976: 46.39 (cat.). World distribution. Chile. Chilean distribution. Only recorded for Santiago, Metropolitan region. Altitudinal range. This species could inhabit in inland valleys between 400 and 700 m. a.s.l. Biology and notes. Syrphus auropulveratus is considered as incertae sedis in the fauna of Chile (Etcheverry 1963). This could be true because there are no other records available apart from the original description done by Macquart (1842). Type specimen currently lost (Christophe Daugeron pers. comm.). Conservation status. Not evaluated because this species is considered incertae sedis., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on pages 143-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Macquart, J. (1842) Dipteres exotiques nouveaux oupeuconnus. 1 e Supplement. Memoirs de la Societe Royale des Sciente, de l'Agriculture et des Art, de Lille, 1841, 5 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15792","Philippi, P. I. (1865) Aufzahlung der chilenischen Dipteren. Verhandlunger der Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 15, 595 - 782. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9295","Williston, S. W. (1886) Catalog of the described species of South American Syrphidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 14, 308 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076478","Shannon, R. C. & Aubertin, D. (1933) Syrphidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part 6. Fascicle 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 120 - 170.","Etcheverry, M. (1963) Descripciones originales, sinonimia y distribucion geografica de las especies de la familia Syrphidae (Diptera) en Chile. Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, 5, 1 - 144.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898"]}

Dioprosopa clavata (Fabricius, 1794) Figs 176–177 Syrphus clavatus Fabricius, 1794: 298 Baccha fusciventris Wiedemann, 1830: 95 Paragus scutellaris Walker, 1837: 342 Baccha varia Walker, 1849: 548 Baccha babista Walker, 1849: 549 Baccha facialis Thomson, 1869: 504 Conops quadrimaculata Ashmead, 1880: 69 Spazigaster bacchoides Bigot, 1883: 326 Mixogaster scutellata Williston, 1887: 322 Pseudodoros clavatus Thompson et al., 1976: 10 Type locality and data. “Americae meridionalis Insulis” (LT, A, UZMC). Material examined. Arica y Parinacota: 1♂, Azapa grande, III.1966, Leg. M.V. (UTA); 1♂, Azapa km 14, I.1977, Leg. N. Hichins (UTA); 1♀, Azapa, Laboratory, UTA, 21.II.1967, Leg. NN (UTA); 2♀, Lluta, Molino, 2.VII.1986, Leg. G. Díaz P. (UTA); Lluta valley, no date, Leg. M. Etcheverry, 395 m (Etcheverry 1952); 1♂, Azapa 1960, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); 1♀, Azapa valley, 1.V.1986, Leg. S. Cerda (MNHNCL); 1♂, Arica (ciudad), 20.XII.1986, Leg. S. Cerda (MNHNCL); 1♂, Codpa, 30.XI.1985, Leg. M. Cerda (MNHNCL); 2♀, Belén, no date, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE). Tarapacá: MiñeMiñe, 14.II.1948, Leg. M. Etcheverry (Etcheverry 1947); 1♀, Iquique, 1951, Leg. J. Moreno (IEUMCE); 1♀, Mamiña, 2800 m, no date, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); 1♂, 1♀, Pillalla, Pampa del Tamarugal, 26.VI.1987, Leg. D. Bobadilla (UTA); 1♀, Monte Choque, Pampa del Tamarugal, 27.V.1987, Leg. A. Gallardo (UTA); Antofagasta: 1♂, 1♀, Antofagasta, 26–27.XI.1959 Leg. J. Herrera y Moreno (UMCE); 1♂, Bosque de Tamarugos, 18.VI.1969, Leg. L. E. Peña (MEUC); Metropolitana: 3♂, 1♀, Cementerio General de Santiago, 10.IV.2017, Leg: Rodrigo Barahona-Segovia (PCRBS); 1♂, Estación Central, 09.XI.1986, Leg. G. Cerda (MNHNCL); 2♀, Providencia, 05.V.2015, Leg. Rodrigo Barahona-Segovia (PCRBS). References. Fabricius, 1794: 298 (desc.); Williston, 1886: 314 (cat.); Hine, 1914: 336 (desc.); Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 135 (desc. & key); Sack, 1941: 101 (cat.); Fluke, 1956: 240 (cat.); Etcheverry, 1963: 138 (cat.); Boyes et al., 1973: 378 (karyotypes); Thompson et al., 1976: 10 (cat.); Kasseber, 2000: 80, figs 1c & 1f (desc., dist. & key); Marinoni et al., 2007: 148 (illustrated key); Morales & Köhler, 2008: 43 (floral preferences); López-García & Maza, 2013: 238 (records & dist.); Arcaya et al., 2013: 145 (larvae predatory); Miranda & Moran, 2016: 31, figs 63, 78 & 94 (female terminalia); Montoya, 2016: 475 (cat.); Marín-Armijos et al., 2017: 176 (cat.). World distribution. Argentina, Bahamas, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Less Antillas, Puerto Rico, Venezuela and Chile. Chilean distribution. From Arica y Parinacota to Metropolitan region (Fig. 180). Altitudinal range. From coastal to highland ecosystems (2–3,240 m.a.s.l.). Biology and notes. Dioprosopa clavata is a species with a wide distribution. It has been found visiting mainly exotic plants such as Myoporum laetum G. Forst, T. officinale, Trifolium sp., and Plumbago auriculata Lam. (R. Barahona-Segovia, pers. obs.). Also, this species have been observed visiting flowers of E. pectinatus, L. marítima, H. helix and Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques (Gabriela Germain, CSP records); C. ovata (Susana Delgado, CSP record); H. echioides (Mari Peña, CSP record) and Cuscuta sp. (Matías Cortés, CSP record). This species is an important biological controller of different insect pests such as aphids (Rojo et al., 2003). Conservation status. LC; EOO = 113,098 km 2, AOO = 68 km 2, 14 subpopulations and 15 localities., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on pages 124-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Fabricius, J. C. (1794) Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. C. G. Proft, Hafniae, 472 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 125869","Wiedemann, C. R. W. (1830) Aussereuropaische zweiflugelige Insekten. Schulzischen Buchhandlung, Hammburg, 684 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14603","Walker, F. (1837) Descriptions, & c. of the Diptera. In: Curtis, J., Haliday, A. H. & Walker, F. (Eds.), Transactions of The Zoological Society of London, 17, pp. 315 - 359.","Walker, F. (1849) List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part II. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 485 - 687.","Thomson, C. G. (1869) Diptera, Species nova descripsit. In: Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien, K. (Ed.), Kongligas venska fregatten Eugeniesresaom kringjorden. Pt. 2. Zoologie. 1. Insekter. P. A. Norstedt & Suner, Stockhom, pp. 443 - 614.","Ashmead, W. H. (1880) Orange insects. A treatise on the injurious and beneficial insects found on the orange trees of Florida. Jacksonville, Florida, 78 pp., 4 pls.","Bigot, J. M. F. (1883) Dipteres nouveaux oupeuconnus. 20 \" partie, XXXI, Genres Volucella (Geoffr., Hist, des Insectes, 1764) et Phalachromyia (Rondani, Esame d. var. spec. d'Insetti Ditteri Brasiliani, Torino, 1848); 21 e partie, XXXII, Syrphidi (2 e partie); 22 e partie, XXXII, Syrphidi (2 e partie). Especesnouvelles, no. I; Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, Series 6, 3, 61 - 88 + 221 - 258 + 315 - 356.","Williston, S. W. (1887) Synopsis of the North American Syrphidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 31, 1 - 335. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 40963","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Etcheverry, M. (1952) Syrphidae de la Provincia de Tarapaca (Diptera). Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 2, 307 - 310.","Williston, S. W. (1886) Catalog of the described species of South American Syrphidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 14, 308 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076478","Hine, J. S. (1914) Diptera of Middle America: Family Syrphidae. The Ohio Naturalist, 14 (8), 333 - 343.","Shannon, R. C. & Aubertin, D. (1933) Syrphidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part 6. Fascicle 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 120 - 170.","Sack, P. (1941) Syrphidae (Dipt.). In: Titschack, E. (Eds.), Beitragezur Fauna Perus. Band 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 97 - 120 pp. [reprinted as Sack, P (1951) Syrphidae (Dipt.). In: Titschack, E. (Eds.), Beitragezur Fauna Perus. Band 2. Gustav Fischer, Jena, pp. 93 - 116].","Etcheverry, M. (1963) Descripciones originales, sinonimia y distribucion geografica de las especies de la familia Syrphidae (Diptera) en Chile. Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, 5, 1 - 144.","Boyes, J. W., Boyes, B. C., van Brink, J. M. & Vockeroth, J. R. (1973) Cytotaxonomy of South American Syrphinae (Diptera: Syrphidae). Genetica, 44 (3), 368 - 415. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00161313","Marinoni, L., Morales, M. N. & Spaler, I. (2007) Chave de identificacao ilustrada para os generos de Syrphinae (Diptera, Syrphidae) de ocorrencia no sul do Brasil. Biota Neotropical, 7, 145 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032007000100019","Morales, M. N. & Kohler, A. (2008) Comunidade de Syrphidae (Diptera): diversidade e preferenciasflorais no Cinturao Verde (Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brasil). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 52, 41 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262008000100008","Lopez-Garcia, G. & Maza, N. (2013) Lista de sirfidos afidofagos y primeros registros de Pseudodoros clavatus y Eupeodes rojasi (Diptera: Syrphidae), potenciales agentes de control biologico en la provincia de Mendoza, Argentina. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 72 (3 - 4), 237 - 240. [http: // www. biotaxa. org / RSEA / article / view / 4208 / 6236]","Arcaya, E., Mengual, X., Perez-Banon, C. & Rojo, S. (2013) Registros y distribucion de sirfidos depredadores (Diptera: Syrphidae: Syrphinae) en el estado Lara, Venezuela. Bioagro, 25, 143 - 148.","Miranda, G. F. G. & Moran, K. (2016) The female abdomen and genitalia of Syrphidae (Diptera). Insect Systematic & Evolution, 48 (2), 157 - 201. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1876312 X- 48022153","Montoya, A. L. (2016) Family Syrphidae. Zootaxa, 4122 (1), 457 - 537. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4122.1.39","Marin-Armijos, D., Quezada-Rios, N., Soto-Armijos, C. & Mengual, X. (2017) Checklist of the flower flies of Ecuador (Diptera, Syrphidae). ZooKeys, 691, 163 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 691.13328","Rojo, S., Gilbert, F., Marcos-Garcia, M. A., Nieto, J. M. & Mier, M. P. (2003) A world review of predatory howerflies (Diptera, Syrphidae: Syrphinae) and their prey. Centro Iberoamericanode la Biodiversidad (CIBIO), Alicante, 319 pp."]}

Dolichogyna (Nosodepus) reynoldsi Shannon & Aubertin, 1933 Dolichogyna (Conocotamyia) reynoldsi Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 165 * Type locality and data. “ Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina ” (T, ♂, BMNH). Material examined. Arica y Parinacota: 1♂, Arica, 23.XII.1966, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); 1♀, Parinacota, 07.II.1948, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); Tarapacá: 1♀, Múcar, 17.XII.1952, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 1♀, Lever, 20.XII.1952, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 3♂, 4♀, Laguna Colorada, 05.XII.1959, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); Antofagasta: 1♂, Salar de Ascotan, 09.I.1971, Leg. Sieldfeld (MNHN); 1♂, Silala, 06.XII.1959, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 1♂, Geiser del Tatio, 11.XII.1966, Leg. M Etcheverry (IEUMCE); 6♂, 7♀, Aguas Blancas, 09.XII.1966, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 1♀, Catarepi, 09.XII.1952, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 1♀, Ayquina, 3000m, 12.XII.1966, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 1♂, Calama, 07.XII.1959, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 1♂, Puritama, 28.XII.1959, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 1♂, 1♀, Tumbre, no date, Leg. Soza (IEUMCE); 1♂, Turi, 3000m, 12.XII.1966, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 1♂, Guatín, 10.XII.1966, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 1♂, Ojos de San Pedro, 15.XII.1966, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 1♂, Ojos Hécar, 12.XII.1952, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 1♂, Ojos de Putama, 03.XII.1952, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); Atacama: 1♂, 1♀, Las Juntas, XII.1965, Leg. J. Herrera & Zapata (IEUMCE); Magallanes: 1♂, Punta Arenas, 2.XII.1950, Leg. Cekalovic (MNHNCL); 1♂, Magallanes, 02.XII.1950, Leg. Cekalovic (IEUMCE). References. Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 164–165 (desc. & key); Stuardo, 1946: 129 (cat.); Fluke, 1951a: 475, fig. 8-9 & 17-18 (desc.); Etcheverry, 1951: 358 (cat.); Fluke, 1957: 122 (cat.); Etcheverry, 1963: 33 (cat.); Thompson et al., 1976: 98 (cat.). World distribution. Argentina and Chile. Chilean distribution. From Arica y Parinacota to Magallanes region (Fig. 39). Altitudinal range. From coastal to highland ecosystems (10– 4,000 m.a.s.l.). Biology and notes. All basic aspects of its biology and ecology remain unknown in Chile. Conservation status. LC; EOO = 326,907 km 2; AOO = 80 km 2 and 18 localities (or subpopulations). Genus Ohmyia Thompson Ohmyia Thompson, 1999a: 342. Type-species Ohmyia omya (ori. des.)., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on pages 33-34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Shannon, R. C. & Aubertin, D. (1933) Syrphidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part 6. Fascicle 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 120 - 170.","Stuardo, C. (1946) Catalogo de los Dipteros de Chile. Ministerio de Agricultura, Chile, Santiago, 251 pp.","Fluke, C. L. (1951 a) The genus Dolichogyna (Diptera, Syrphidae). Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 12, 465 - 478.","Etcheverry, M. (1951) Syrphidae de Tarapaca. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 51 - 53, 355 - 358.","Fluke, C. L. (1957) Catalog of the family Syrphidae in the Neotropical Region. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 7, 1 - 181.","Etcheverry, M. (1963) Descripciones originales, sinonimia y distribucion geografica de las especies de la familia Syrphidae (Diptera) en Chile. Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, 5, 1 - 144.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Thompson, F. C. (1999 a) A key to the genera of the flower flies (Diptera, Syrphidae) of the Neotropical Region including descriptions of new genera and species and a glossary of taxonomic terms used. Contributions on Entomology International, 3, 321 - 378."]}

Copestylum (Phalacromya) peruvianum (Vimmer & Soukup, 1940) Figs 132–133 Volucella peruvianum Vimer & Soukup, 1938: 28 Volucella sublata Fluke, 1950b: 451 Type locality and data. “ Puno. Peru ” (T, ♂, NMPP). Material examined. Arica y Parinacota: 1♂, Putre, 2.III.1948, Leg. NN (MNHNCL); 1♀, Parinacota, 2.III.1948 (Etcheverry 1952); 1♀, Socoroma, 02.II.1948, Leg. NN (MNHNCL); 1♀, Chapiquiña, 10.VI.1952, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); 4♂, 7♀, Belén, no date, Leg. L.E. Peña (IEUMCE); Tarapacá: 1♂, Lúpica, 10.II.1952, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 1♀, Noasa, 24.IX.1951, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 1♂, Camiña, X.1974, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); 1♀, Parca, 15.VII.1966, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 3♂, 5♀, Mamiña, 29.V.1965, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); Valparaíso: (sex undetermined) Quebrada San Francisco, 1.V.1960, Leg. NN (IEUMCE). References. Vimmer & Soukup, 1938: 28 (desc.); Fluke, 1950b: 451, figs 18–19 (desc.); Etcheverry, 1951: 309 (cat.); Etcheverry, 1952: 309 (cat.); Fluke, 1957: 86 (cat.); Etcheverry, 1963: 108 (cat.); Etcheverry, 1970: 96 (cat.); Thompson et al., 1976: 81 (cat.). World distribution. Peru and Chile. Chilean distribution. From Arica y Parinacota to Valparaíso region (Fig. 146). Altitudinal range. From inland valleys to highland ecosystems (600– 4,500 m.a.s.l.). Biology. Copestylum peruvianum is associated with native flora from highlands of the Andes. Mining, water exploitation and climate change are the main threats for this species. Other aspects of its biology and ecology remain unknown in Chile. Conservation status. VU under B2ab (iii) using AOO = 44 km 2 and nine localities (or subpopulations); EOO = 49,306 km 2., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on page 91, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Vimmer, A & Soukup, J. (1940) Los dipteros de los alrededores de Puno. Boletin del Museo de Historia Natural Javier Prado, 4, 205 - 223.","Fluke, C. L. (1950 b) Some new tropical syrphid flies with notes on others. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 9, 439 - 454.","Etcheverry, M. (1952) Syrphidae de la Provincia de Tarapaca (Diptera). Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 2, 307 - 310.","Vimmer, A. & Soukup, J. (1938) Los dipteros de los alrededores de Puno. Boletin del Museo de Historia Natural Javier Prado, 2, 27 - 35.","Etcheverry, M. (1951) Syrphidae de Tarapaca. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 51 - 53, 355 - 358.","Fluke, C. L. (1957) Catalog of the family Syrphidae in the Neotropical Region. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 7, 1 - 181.","Etcheverry, M. (1963) Descripciones originales, sinonimia y distribucion geografica de las especies de la familia Syrphidae (Diptera) en Chile. Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, 5, 1 - 144.","Etcheverry, M. (1970) Syrphidae (Diptera) y Rhopalocera (Lepidoptera) Colectados en la Provincia de Tarapaca (Chile). Revista peruana de Entomologia, 13, 94 - 96.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898"]}

Toxomerus politus (Say, 1823) Fig. 214 Scaeva polita Say, 1823: 88 Syrphus politus Say, 1823: 88 * Syrphus achoratus Macquart, 1842: 97 * Syrphus cingulatulus Macquart, 1850: 459 Mesogramma politus Loew, 1866: 157 * Syrphus hecticus Jaennicke, 1867: 398 Mesogramma anchorata Schiner, 1868: 348 * Mesograpta anchorata Osten Sacken, 1875: 48 * Mesograpta polita Osten Sacken, 1875: 48 * Mesograpta politum Fluke, 1956: 228 * Type locality and data. “ USA. Virginia: Fairfax Co., near Annandale ” (fixed by NT designation) (NT, ♂, USNM). Material examined. Arica y Parinacota: 1♀, Lluta Valley, km 41, 21.4.196 8, Leg. J. Acuña (UTA). References. Say, 1823: 88 (desc.); Sack, 1941: 100 (cat.); Boyes et al., 1973: 395 (karyotypes); Thompson et al., 1976: 53 (cat.); Metz & Thompson, 2001: 240 (desc.); Marinoni et al., 2004: 556 (ecological study); Marinoni et al., 2007: 149 (desc. & dist.); Mengual et al., 2008: 719 (phylogeny); Borges & Couri, 2009: 47 (desc.); Morales & Köhler, 2008: 44 (ecological study); Reemer & Rotheray, 2009: 1 (biological study); Nunes-Silva et al., 2010: 178 (ecological study); Reemer, 2010: 193 (notes & dist.); Mengual et al., 2012: 195 (phylogeny); Souza et al., 2014: 6 (ecological study); Arcaya et al., 2013: 146 (dist.); Bortolotto et al., 2016: 159 (ecological study); Miranda & Moran, 2016: 8, figs 64, 65, 79 & 92 (female terminalia); Montoya, 2016: 484 (cat.); Marín-Armijos et al., 2017 (cat.). World distribution. Southern Canada to Argentina, including West Indies and Chile. Chilean distribution. Only recorded to Arica y Parinacota region (Fig. 220). Altitudinal range. This species could inhabit transverse valleys between 5 and 500 m. a.s.l. Biology and notes. Toxomerus politus is here reported from Chile for the first time and is a flower fly species widely distributed in South America. Larvae have been described as polinivorous (Reemer & Rotheray 2009; Nunes- Silva et al., 2010) All basic aspects of its biology and ecology remain unknown. Conservation status. LC; AOO = 2 km 2 and one locality (or subpopulation). This species is widely distributed in all Neotropical region., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on page 154, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Say, T. (1823) Descriptions of dipterous insects of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3, 73 - 104.","Macquart, J. (1842) Dipteres exotiques nouveaux oupeuconnus. 1 e Supplement. Memoirs de la Societe Royale des Sciente, de l'Agriculture et des Art, de Lille, 1841, 5 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15792","Macquart, J. (1850) Dipteres exotiques nouveaux oupeuconnus. 4 e supplement. Memoirs de la Societe Royale des Sciente, del'Agriculture et des Art, de Lille, 1849, 309 - 479.","Loew, H. (1866) Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Centuria sexta. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 9, 127 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18650090303.","Jaennicke, F. (1867) Neue exotische Dipteren. Abhandlun genheraus gegeben von der Senkenbenber gischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, 6, 311 - 408, pls. 43 - 44.","Schiner, I. R. (1868) Diptera. In: von Wullerstorf-Urbair, B. (Ed.), Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859, unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. K. Gerold, Vienna, pp. 1 - 388.","Osten Sacken, C. R. (1875) A list of the North American Syrphidae. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, 3, 38 - 71.","Sack, P. (1941) Syrphidae (Dipt.). In: Titschack, E. (Eds.), Beitragezur Fauna Perus. Band 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 97 - 120 pp. [reprinted as Sack, P (1951) Syrphidae (Dipt.). In: Titschack, E. (Eds.), Beitragezur Fauna Perus. Band 2. Gustav Fischer, Jena, pp. 93 - 116].","Boyes, J. W., Boyes, B. C., van Brink, J. M. & Vockeroth, J. R. (1973) Cytotaxonomy of South American Syrphinae (Diptera: Syrphidae). Genetica, 44 (3), 368 - 415. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00161313","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Metz, M. A. & Thompson, F. C. (2001) A revision of the larger species of Toxomerus (Diptera, Syrphidae) with description of a new species. Studia Dipterologica, 8, 225 - 256.","Marinoni, L., Miranda, G. F. G. & Thompson, F. C. (2004) Abundancia e riqueza de especies de Syrphidae (Diptera) em areas de borda e interior de floresta no Parque Estadual de Vila Velha, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 48 (4), 553 - 559. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262004000400019","Marinoni, L., Morales, M. N. & Spaler, I. (2007) Chave de identificacao ilustrada para os generos de Syrphinae (Diptera, Syrphidae) de ocorrencia no sul do Brasil. Biota Neotropical, 7, 145 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032007000100019","Borges, Z. M. & Couri, M. S. (2009) Revision of Toxomerus Macquart, 1855 (Diptera, Syrphidae) from Brazil with synonymic notes, identification key to the species and description of three new species. Zootaxa, 2179 (1), 1 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2179.1.1","Morales, M. N. & Kohler, A. (2008) Comunidade de Syrphidae (Diptera): diversidade e preferenciasflorais no Cinturao Verde (Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brasil). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 52, 41 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262008000100008","Reemer, M. & Rotheray, G. E. (2009) Pollen feeding larvae in the presumed predatory syrphine genus Toxomerus Macquart (Diptera, Syrphidae). Journal of Natural History, 43, 939 - 949. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930802610576","Nunes-Silva, P., Cordeiro, G. D., Obregon, D., Neto, J. F. L., Thompson, F. C., Viana, B. F., Freitas, B. M. & Kevan, P. G. (2010) Pollenivory in larval and adult flower flies: pollen availability and visitation rate by Toxomerus politus Say (Diptera: Syrphidae) on sorghum Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (Poaceae). Studia Dipterologica, 17 (1 / 2), 177 - 185.","Reemer, M. (2010) A second survey of Surinam Syrphidae (Diptera): Introduction and Syrphinae. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 153, 163 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22119434 - 900000295","Mengual, X., Stahls, G. & Rojo, S. (2012) Is the mega-diverse genus Ocyptamus (Diptera, Syrphidae) monophyletic? Evidence from molecular characters including the secondary structure of 28 S rRNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 62, 191 - 205 https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2011.09.014","Souza, J. M. T. D., Marinoni, R. C. & Marinoni, L. (2014) Open and disturbed habitats support higher diversity of Syrphidae (Diptera)? A case study during three yr of sampling in a fragment of Araucaria Forest in Southern Brazil. Journal of Insect Science, 14 (1), 236. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jisesa / ieu 098","Arcaya, E., Mengual, X., Perez-Banon, C. & Rojo, S. (2013) Registros y distribucion de sirfidos depredadores (Diptera: Syrphidae: Syrphinae) en el estado Lara, Venezuela. Bioagro, 25, 143 - 148.","Bortolotto, O. C., Junior, M., de Oliveira, A., Hoshino, A. T. & Campos, T. A. (2016) Distance from the edge of forest fragments influence the abundance of aphidophagous hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in wheat fields. Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, 38, 157 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.4025 / actasciagron. v 38 i 2.27711","Miranda, G. F. G. & Moran, K. (2016) The female abdomen and genitalia of Syrphidae (Diptera). Insect Systematic & Evolution, 48 (2), 157 - 201. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1876312 X- 48022153","Montoya, A. L. (2016) Family Syrphidae. Zootaxa, 4122 (1), 457 - 537. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4122.1.39","Marin-Armijos, D., Quezada-Rios, N., Soto-Armijos, C. & Mengual, X. (2017) Checklist of the flower flies of Ecuador (Diptera, Syrphidae). ZooKeys, 691, 163 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 691.13328"]}

Aneriophora aureorufa (Philippi, 1865) Figs 85–86 Eriophora aureorufa Philippi, 1865: 736 Criorhina aureorufa Williston, 1886: 322 * Penthesilea aureorufa Kertész, 1910: 287 * Type locality and data. “ Valdivia, Chile ” (T, A, MNHNCL). Material examined. Maule: 1♂, Estero La Jaula, Curicó, 24.XII.1993, Leg. G. & M. Wood (CNC); 1♀, Bullileo, 50 km from Parral, 12.I.1994, Leg. G. & M. Wood (CNC); 1♀, Las Tablas, Curicó, I.1993, Leg. L.E. Peña / A. Ugarte (MEUC); Ñuble: 2♂, 1♀, Las Trancas, Chillán, II.1964, Leg. Etcheverry (MNHNCL); Biobío: 1♂, Concepción, 1962, Leg. NN (MEUC); Mulchen (Porter 1923); 1♀, Punta Lavapie, II.1964, Leg. NN (UACH); (sex undetermined) Tijeral, 24.XII.1942, Leg. D.S. Bullock (IEUMCE); 1♀, Pemehue, no data, Leg. NN (MNHNCL); La Araucanía: 1♂, Nahuelbuta National Park, II.1981, Leg. M. Cerda (MNHNCL); 2♂, 8♀, Termas de Río Blanco, 19.II.1973, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); Los Ríos: 1♀, Parque Oncol, no data, Leg. E. Krahmer (UACH); 1♀, Punta Curiñanco, Leg. E. Krahmer (UACH); 2♂, Valdivia, 26.XII.1987, Leg. E. Krahmer (MNHNCL); 1♂, 1♀, Santo Domingo, 24.I.1971, Leg. E. Krahmer (UACH); 1♂, Fundo Los Coigües, 31.II.1964 Leg. NN (MEUC); 2♀, Pucatrihue, 21.II.1967, Leg. NN (MEUC); 1♀, Alerce Costero National Park, 01.II.1993, Leg. Curkovic (MEUC); Los Lagos: 1♀, Río GolGol, 13.II.1984, Leg. Luis Peña (CNC); 3♀, Puyehue National Park, 7.II.2018, Leg. J.H., A.W. & A.M. Skevington (CNC); 1♀, Ralún, Llanquihue, 10.II.1986, Leg. J. Solervicens (IEUMCE); 1♀, Puerto Octay, II.1968; Leg. NN (MZUC); 1♀, Carelmapu, no date, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 1♂, Lago Chapo, 18.II.2017, Leg. Barahona-Segovia (PCRBS); 3♂, Alerce Andino National Park, 13.II.2016, Leg. Barahona-Segovia (PCRBS); Huinay Biological Station, Hornopirén, (Polidori et al. 2014); 2♂, 2♀, Senda Darwin Biological Station, 17.II.2016, Leg. Barahona-Segovia (CSP); 1♂, 1♀, Caulín, Chacao, Chiloé, 17.II.2016, Leg. Barahona-Segovia (CSP, PCRBS); 1♀, Guabun, Ancud, II.1967, Leg. José Herrera (IEUMCE); 2♀, Dalcahue, II.1980; Leg. R. Sierpe (MEUC, CNC); 1♀, Putrihuen, 26.II.2016; Leg. Barahona-Segovia (PCRBS); 1♀, Ahoní, 40 km Southeast of Castro, 24.XII.1993, Leg. G. & M. Wood (CNC); Aysén: 1♀, Puerto Cisnes, 7.I.1967, Leg. Zapata, (IEUMCE); 5♀, same locality, 1–15.II.1961, Leg. L.E. Peña (CNC). References. Philippi, 1865: 735, fig. 26 (desc.); Williston, 1886: 322 (cat.); Reed, 1888: 300 (cat.); Kertész, 1910: 287 (cat.); Porter, 1923: 117 (cat.); Porter, 1924: 82 (cat.); Shannon, 1926: 49 (desc.); Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 152 (desc.); Stuardo, 1946: 126 (cat.); Hull, 1949b: 372 (desc.); Stuardo & Cortés, 1952: 311 (desc.); Fluke, 1956: 110 (cat.); Etcheverry, 1963: 16 (cat.); Thompson, 1972b: 161, fig. 12 (head, lateral, female), fig. 24 (wing), fig. 64 (male genitalia), 64a (aedeagus and apodeme), 64e (ejaculatory apodeme), 64s (sternum), 64t (tergum) (Milesiinae rev.); Thompson et al., 1976: 118 (cat.); Thompson, 1999a: 336 (key); Camousseight, 2005: 93 (cat.); González & Coscarón, 2005: 347 (distr.); Polidori et al., 2014: 32 (batesian mimicry); Smith-Ramírez et al., 2014: 6 (ecological study, supplementary material); Smith-Ramírez et al., 2016: 3 (pollinator study); Alaniz et al., 2018: 2 (dist. & conservation); López-García et al., 2019: 349 (dist.), Smith-Ramírez et al., 2021: 1 (pollinator study). World distribution. Argentina and Chile. Chilean distribution. From Maule to Aysén region (Fig. 87). Altitudinal range. From coastal to precordillera ecosystems (5– 1,000 m.a.s.l.). Biology and notes. Aneriophora aureorufa is associated almost exclusively to the trees Eucryphia cordifolia and M. planipes, and forest fragments>10 hectares (Alaniz et al., 2018; Smith-Ramírez et al., 2021). Laurelia sempervirens is also visited by this flower fly in the south Maule region (Smith-Ramírez et al., 2021). It is considered the most common pollinator in the high canopy of Eucryphia forests in Chiloé (Smith-Ramírez et al., 2016). This species is sensitive to habitat fragmentation and anthropic factors such as urbanization, plantation forestry and agriculture. The northern populations have declined and are considered threatened, while central and southern areas potentially host large populations (Alaniz et al., 2018). In addition, the species has lost around 68 % of its original habitat (Alaniz et al., 2018). Considering the aforementioned, it is problematic that the species is currently listed as LC by the Environmental Ministry of Chile using the IUCN criteria (www.mma.gob.cl/clasificacionespecies). Conservation status. LC; EOO = 159,234 km 2, AOO = 176 km 2, 39 subpopulations and 41 localities. Genus Odyneromyia Shannon & Aubertin, 1933 Odyneromyia Shannon & Aubertin 1933: 156. Type-species Doros odyneroides Philippi, 1865 (ori. des.)., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on pages 61-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Philippi, P. I. (1865) Aufzahlung der chilenischen Dipteren. Verhandlunger der Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 15, 595 - 782. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9295","Williston, S. W. (1886) Catalog of the described species of South American Syrphidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 14, 308 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076478","Kertesz, K. (1910) Catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum. Vol. 7. G. Engelmann Budapestini, 470 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5141","Porter, C. E. (1923) Lista de los Sirfidos colectados por don Hector E. Pinochet C. en la prov. de Bio-Bio. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 27, 117.","Polidori, C., Nieves-Aldrey, J. L., Gilbert, F. & Rotheray, G. E. (2014) Hidden in taxonomy: Batesian mimicry by a syrphid fly towards a Patagonian bumblebee. Insect Conservation and Diversity, 7, 32 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / icad. 12028","Reed, E. C. (1888) Catalogo de los Insectos Dipteros de Chile. Anales de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 73, 271 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8562","Porter, C. E. (1924) Enumeracion de Sirfidos colectados en San Jose de Maipo en Octubre y Noviembre de 1923. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 28, 98.","Shannon, R. C. (1926) Review of the American xylotine syrphid - flies. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 69, 1 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.2635","Shannon, R. C. & Aubertin, D. (1933) Syrphidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part 6. Fascicle 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 120 - 170.","Stuardo, C. (1946) Catalogo de los Dipteros de Chile. Ministerio de Agricultura, Chile, Santiago, 251 pp.","Hull, F. M. (1949 b) The morphology and inter - relationships of the genera of syrphid flies, recent and fossil. Transactions of The Zoological Society of London, 26, 257 - 408. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1949. tb 00224. x","Stuardo, C. & Cortes, R. (1952) Nuevo nombre para un genero de Syrphidae chileno de RA Philippi (Diptera). Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 2, 311 - 318.","Etcheverry, M. (1963) Descripciones originales, sinonimia y distribucion geografica de las especies de la familia Syrphidae (Diptera) en Chile. Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, 5, 1 - 144.","Thompson, F. C. (1972 b) A contribution to a generic revision of the Neotropical Milesiinae (Diptera, Syrphidae). Arquivos de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, 23, 73 - 215.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Thompson, F. C. (1999 a) A key to the genera of the flower flies (Diptera, Syrphidae) of the Neotropical Region including descriptions of new genera and species and a glossary of taxonomic terms used. Contributions on Entomology International, 3, 321 - 378.","Camousseight, A. (2005) La contribucion entomologica de RA Philippi entre 1859 y 1875 y el estado actual de sus especies. Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Chile, 54, 81 - 106.","Gonzalez, C. R. & Coscaron, S. (2005) Diversidad de dipteros en la Cordillera de la Costa de Chile. In: Smith-Ramirez, C., Valdovinos, C. & Armesto, J. J. (Eds.), Historia, biodiversidad y ecologia de los bosques costeros de Chile. Editorial Universitaria, Santiago de Chile, pp. 330 - 349.","Smith-Ramirez, C., Ramos-Jiliberto, R., Valdovinos, F. S., Martinez, P., Castillo, J. A. & Armesto, J. J. (2014) Decadal trends in the pollinator assemblage of Eucryphia cordifolia in Chilean rainforests. Oecologia, 176, 157 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00442 - 014 - 3000 - 0","Smith-Ramirez, C., Martinez, P., Diaz, I. & Armesto, J. J. (2016) Upper canopy pollinators of Eucryphia cordifolia, a tree of South American temperate rain forest. Journal of Insect Biodiversity, 4, 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.12976 / jib / 2016.4.9","Alaniz, A. J., Carvajal, M. A., Smith-Ramirez, C., Barahona-Segovia, R. M. & Vieli, L. (2018) Habitat loss of a rainforest spe- cialist pollinator fly as an indicator of conservation status of the South American Temperate Rainforests. Journal of Insect Conservation, 22, 745 - 755. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10841 - 018 - 0098 - 0","Lopez-Garcia, G., Barahona-Segovia, R. M., Maza, N., Dominguez, M. C. & Mengual, X. (2019) Filling gaps in flower fly distributions: first record of Aneriophora aureorufa (Philippi, 1865) (Diptera, Syrphidae) from Argentina. CheckList, 15, 349 - 355. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 15.3.349.","Smith-Ramirez, C., Vieli, L. & Barahona-Segovia, R. M. (2021) Aneriophora aureorufa (Philippi, 1865) (Diptera: Syrphidae): a fly specialized in the pollination of Eucryphia cordifolia Cav. (Cunoniaceae R. Br.), an endemic species of South American temperate forest. Journal of Pollination Ecology. [in press]"]}

Macrometopia atra Philippi, 1865 Figs 111–112 Macrometopia atra Philippi, 1865: 740 Type locality and data. “ Corral, Chile ” (T, A, MNHNCL). Material examined. Coquimbo: 1♂, Cuesta Alicahue, 15–16.XI.1959, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); Valparaíso: 1♀, Llay Llay, 27.VIII.1992, Leg. R. Trincado (INIA); 1♂, Mantagua, 01.II.1975, Leg. Cerda (MNHNCL); 1♂, Leyda, II.1944, Leg. L.E. Peña (INIA); Metropolitana: 1♂, Caleu, TilTil, 28.XI.82, Leg. M. Cerda (MNHNCL); 1♂, La Dormida, 27.I.1982, Leg. P. Cerda (MNHNCL); 1♀, El Manzano, 21.IX.1965, Leg. J. Solervicens (MNHNCL); 1♀, Las Condes, no date, Leg. Ramírez (IEUMCE); 1♀, Peñalolen, no date, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 1♂, El Canelo, no date, Leg. M. Etcheverry (IEUMCE); O’Higgins: 1♀, Las Cabras, 29.I.1955, Leg. NN (IEUMCE); Maule: (Sex undetermined) Estero de Leiva, 8–12.I.1953, Leg. Barros-L. Peña (CNC); 1♀, Buchen, 8–9.I.1960, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); (Sex undetermined) El Radal, 26.XI.1957, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 2♀, Fundo Malcho, I.1957, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); (Sex undetermined) Río Achibueno, Linares, 16–19.I.1957, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); (Sex undetermined) Curanipe, 4.XII.1953, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); Ñuble: 1♂, Laguna Las Truchas, 17–21.I.1992, Leg. G. Moreno (MNHNCL); 1♀, Puentes Comadres, 31.I.1991, Leg. S. Roitman (MNHNCL); 1♀, Las Trancas, I.1967, Leg. L. Peña (MNHNCL); Biobío: 1♀, Cordillera Pemehue, 1365 m, 20–31.I.1941, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 1♂, 1♀, Pichinahuel, 10–20.I.1959, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); La Araucanía: 1♂, El Manzanar, 17.I.1966, Leg. Wagenknecht (MZUC); (Sex undetermined) Angol, 01.XII.1966, Leg. Bullock (IEUMCE); 1♂, 3♀, Tolhuaca, 15.I.1959, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); (Sex undetermined) Termas de Palguin, 12.II.1966, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); Los Ríos: 1♂, Pichoy, 12.I.1972, Leg. E. Krahmer (UACH); 1♀, Quechuco, 3.III.1977, Leg. E. Krahmer (UACH); 1♀, Valdivia, 3.I.1989, Leg. Krahmer (MNHNCL); 1♀, Santo Domingo, 21.XI.1976, Leg. E. Krahmer (UACH); Los Lagos: 1♂, 1♀, Estación biológica Senda Darwin, km14, Chiloé, 13.I.2017, Leg. Rodrigo Barahona-Segovia (PCRBS). References. Philippi, 1865: 740 (desc.); Williston, 1886: 322 (cat.); Reed, 1888: 300 (cat.); Kertész, 1910: 323 (key); Shannon, 1926: 50 (desc.); Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 153 (desc.); Stuardo, 1946: 126 (cat.); Hull, 1949b: 373 (key & desc.); Fluke, 1957: 103 (cat.); Etcheverry, 1963: 51 (cat.); Thompson, 1972b: 152, fig. 9 (head, lateral, male) (Milesiinae rev.); Thompson et al., 1976: 116 (cat.); Thompson, 1999a: 347 (key); Camousseight, 2005: 93 (cat.); González & Coscarón, 2005: 347 (distr.); Smith-Ramírez et al., 2005: 412 (pollinator study). World distribution. Argentina and Chile. Chilean distribution. From Coquimbo to Los Lagos region (Fig. 70). Altitudinal range. From coastal to precordillera ecosystems (5– 1,200 m.a.s.l.). Biology and notes. Macrometopia atra is mainly associated with Mediterranean scrubland, Valdivian forests or Nothofagus forest although is it also likely to be found in open areas (R. Barahona-Segovia, pers. obs.). According to Smith-Ramírez et al. (2005), this species visits flowers of the endemic trees Eucryphia cordifolia and M. planipes in Chiloé (R. Barahona-Segovia, obs. pers.). Conservation status. LC; EOO = 123,128 km 2, AOO = 116 km 2, 25 subpopulations and 27 localities. Genus Sterphus Philippi, 1865 Sterphus Philippi, 1865: 737. Type-species, S. autumnalis Philippi (orig. des.) = S. coeruleus Rondani. Refs. Kertész, 1910 (cat.); Shannon, 1926: 45 (cat.); Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 155 (desc., notes, distr. data); Hull, 1949b: 369 (desc.); Thompson, 1972b: 153–154 (Milesinae rev., desc. & synonms); Thompson, 1973: 1185–240 (phylogenetic rev, keys and taxonomic notes); Thompson, 1999a: 333–334 (key). Crepidomyia Shannon, 1926: 47. Type-species, C. tricrepis Shannon (orig. des.) = C. jamaicensis Gmelin. Tatuomyia Shannon, 1926: 48. Type-species, T. batesi Shannon, 1926 (orig. des.). Senoceria Hull, 1930: 144. Type-species, S. spinifemorata Hull, 1930 (orig. des.) = Xylota coarctata Wiedemann, 1830. Stherphus Fluke, 1957: 106. Misspelling., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on pages 77-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Philippi, P. I. (1865) Aufzahlung der chilenischen Dipteren. Verhandlunger der Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 15, 595 - 782. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9295","Williston, S. W. (1886) Catalog of the described species of South American Syrphidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 14, 308 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076478","Reed, E. C. (1888) Catalogo de los Insectos Dipteros de Chile. Anales de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 73, 271 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8562","Kertesz, K. (1910) Catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum. Vol. 7. G. Engelmann Budapestini, 470 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5141","Shannon, R. C. (1926) Review of the American xylotine syrphid - flies. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 69, 1 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.2635","Shannon, R. C. & Aubertin, D. (1933) Syrphidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part 6. Fascicle 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 120 - 170.","Stuardo, C. (1946) Catalogo de los Dipteros de Chile. Ministerio de Agricultura, Chile, Santiago, 251 pp.","Hull, F. M. (1949 b) The morphology and inter - relationships of the genera of syrphid flies, recent and fossil. Transactions of The Zoological Society of London, 26, 257 - 408. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1949. tb 00224. x","Fluke, C. L. (1957) Catalog of the family Syrphidae in the Neotropical Region. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 7, 1 - 181.","Etcheverry, M. (1963) Descripciones originales, sinonimia y distribucion geografica de las especies de la familia Syrphidae (Diptera) en Chile. Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, 5, 1 - 144.","Thompson, F. C. (1972 b) A contribution to a generic revision of the Neotropical Milesiinae (Diptera, Syrphidae). Arquivos de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, 23, 73 - 215.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Thompson, F. C. (1999 a) A key to the genera of the flower flies (Diptera, Syrphidae) of the Neotropical Region including descriptions of new genera and species and a glossary of taxonomic terms used. Contributions on Entomology International, 3, 321 - 378.","Camousseight, A. (2005) La contribucion entomologica de RA Philippi entre 1859 y 1875 y el estado actual de sus especies. Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Chile, 54, 81 - 106.","Gonzalez, C. R. & Coscaron, S. (2005) Diversidad de dipteros en la Cordillera de la Costa de Chile. In: Smith-Ramirez, C., Valdovinos, C. & Armesto, J. J. (Eds.), Historia, biodiversidad y ecologia de los bosques costeros de Chile. Editorial Universitaria, Santiago de Chile, pp. 330 - 349.","Smith-Ramirez, C., Martinez, P., Nunez, M., Gonzalez, C. & Armesto, J. J. (2005) Diversity, flower visitation frequency and generalism of pollinators in temperate rain forests of Chiloe Island, Chile. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 147, 399 - 416. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.2005.00388. x","Thompson, F. C. (1973) Review of the genus Sterphus Philippi (Diptera, Syrphidae). Part I. Entomologica Americana, 46, 185 - 240.","Hull, F. M. (1930) Some new species of Syrphidae from North and South America. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 56, 139 - 148.","Wiedemann, C. R. W. (1830) Aussereuropaische zweiflugelige Insekten. Schulzischen Buchhandlung, Hammburg, 684 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14603"]}

Dolichogyna (Nosodepus) pennipes Sack, 1951 Tubifera pennipes Sack, 1951: 110 Type locality and data. “ Peru ” (T, A, MD). Material examined. Coquimbo: 1♂, Haciend Illapel, 11.XI.1954, Leg. L.E. Peña (CNC). References. Sack, 1941: 110, fig. 7 (legs) (cat.) World distribution. Peru and Chile. Chilean distribution. Only recorded in Coquimbo region (Fig. 39). Altitudinal range. From coastal to precordillera ecosystems (500– 1,800 m.a.s.l.). Biology and notes. Dolichogyna pennipes is here reported from Chile for the first time. Nothing is known about the biology of this species. Conservation status. DD; AOO = 2 km 2 and one locality (or subpopulation)., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on page 32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Sack, P. (1941) Syrphidae (Dipt.). In: Titschack, E. (Eds.), Beitragezur Fauna Perus. Band 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 97 - 120 pp. [reprinted as Sack, P (1951) Syrphidae (Dipt.). In: Titschack, E. (Eds.), Beitragezur Fauna Perus. Band 2. Gustav Fischer, Jena, pp. 93 - 116]."]}

Hemixylota unicolor Shannon & Aubertin, 1933 Fig. 78 Hemixylota unicolor Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 148 Type locality and data. “ Ensenada, Argentina ” (T, ♀, BMNH). Material examined. La Araucanía: 1♂, Rio Blanco, Malleco, II.1974, Leg. L. Peña (CNC); 1♂, Malalcahuello, 31.XII.1982, Leg. A. Newton & M. Thayer (CNC); Los Ríos: 1♂, Valdivia, 7.X.1990, Leg. E. Krahmer (UACH); Los Lagos: Ensenada (Shannon &Aubertin 1933). References. Shannon & Aubertin, 1933 (desc.); Stuardo, 1946: 126 (cat.); Hull, 1949b: 375 (desc.); Fluke, 1957: 112 (desc.); Etcheverry, 1963: 50 (cat.); Thompson et al., 1976: 121 (cat.); Thompson, 1999a: 334 (key). World distribution. Chile. Chilean distribution. From La Araucanía to Los Lagos región (Fig. 79). Altitudinal range. From coastal to precordillera ecosystems (5– 1,000 m.a.s.l.). Biology and notes. Shannon & Aubertin (1933) described the holotype of Hemixylota unicolor based on specimens from “Ensenada” in Argentina. However, Ensenada is a locality in Chile belonging to the Puerto Varas municipality (Hull 1949b; Thompson 1999a). Thus, we reclassified this species as endemic to Chile. The species is associated with the Valdivian evergreen and North Patagonian forest, which has been replaced by urbanization and plantation forestry. All biological and ecological aspects of this species are unknown. Conservation status. EN under B2ab (iii) using AOO = 12 km 2 and three localities (or subpopulations); EOO = 19,513 km 2.

Palpada nigripes (Wiedemann, 1830) Fig. 63 Eristalis nigripes Wiedemann, 1830: 165 Type locality and data. Brazil (T, ♀, NMW). Material examined. Arica y Parinacota: 1♀, Boca Rio Lluta, 4.IV.1974, Leg. H. Vasquéz (UTA); Metropolitana: 1♀, Maipú, 14.II.1948, Leg. L. Peña (CNC). References. Wiedemann, 1830: 165 (desc.); Kertész, 1910: 227 (cat.); Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 160 (desc.); Thompson et al., 1976: 107 (cat.); Lagrange, 1992: 151 (key & desc.); Reemer, 2016: 131, fig. 93 (dorsal habitus, female) (cat. & key); Miranda & Moran, 2016: 8, fig. 4, 5, 16, 23 (female terminalia). World distribution. Suriname, Brazil, Argentina and Chile. Chilean distribution. Only recorded fom Arica y Parinacota region (Fig. 65). Altitudinal range. This species inhabits transverse valleys between 100 and 500 m. a.s.l. Biology and notes. Palpada nigripes is here reported from Chile for the first time. The species inhabits the Lluta valley and surrounding areas probably associated with crops. Other aspects of its biology and ecology remain unknown. Conservation status. LC; AOO = 8 km 2 and two localities (or subpopulations).The species is widely distributed in all South America., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on page 49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Wiedemann, C. R. W. (1830) Aussereuropaische zweiflugelige Insekten. Schulzischen Buchhandlung, Hammburg, 684 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14603","Kertesz, K. (1910) Catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum. Vol. 7. G. Engelmann Budapestini, 470 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5141","Shannon, R. C. & Aubertin, D. (1933) Syrphidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part 6. Fascicle 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 120 - 170.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Lagrange, E. B. (1992) Revision de las especies argentinas del grupo vinetorum del genero Palpada Macquart, 1834 (Diptera, Syrphidae). Revista de la sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 50, 145 - 166.","Reemer, M. (2016) Syrphidae (Diptera) of Surinam: Eristalinae and synthesis. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 159, 97 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22119434 - 15902002","Miranda, G. F. G. & Moran, K. (2016) The female abdomen and genitalia of Syrphidae (Diptera). Insect Systematic & Evolution, 48 (2), 157 - 201. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1876312 X- 48022153"]}

Allograpta exoticus (Wiedemann, 1830) Fig. 165 Syrphus exoticus Wiedemann, 1830: 136 Allograpta fracta Osten Sacken, 1877: 331 Mesograpta exotica Lynch Arribálzaga, 1892: 260 * Allograpta skottsbergi Enderlein, 1940: 663 Type locality and data. “ Brazil ” (LT, A, NMW). Material examined. Arica y Parinacota: 1♂, Cica, 23.XI.1967, Leg. G. Díaz P. (UTA); 2♂, 3♀, Azapa, 21.XI.1967, Leg. G. Díaz P. (UTA); 1♀, Codpa, VII.1967, Leg. G. Díaz P. (UTA); 1♀, Chipisca, 30.IV.1968, Leg. J. Acuña (UTA); 1♀, Lluta km30, 29.I.1974, Leg. H. Vásquez (UTA); 2♂, 1♀, Lluta km41, 14.VIII.1969, Leg. R.M. (UTA); Tarapacá: Miñe Miñe, 1650m, 14.II.1948 (Etcheverry 1952); 1♀, Chiapa, 2950 m, 23–24.IV.1969, Leg. L.E. Peña (MEUC); Antofagasta: 1♀, Mejillones, 21.II.1970, Leg. Cerda (MNHNCL); Atacama: 1♂, 1♀, Paipote, 15– 18.X.1969, Leg. L.E. Peña (MEUC); Coquimbo: 1♀, Los Vilos, 2.XII.1995, Leg. M. Cerda (MNHNCL); Valparaíso: 2♀, Robinson Crusoe, Juan Fernández, X.2004 Leg. H. González & M. Beeche (SAG); 1♂, 2♀, Plazoleta Masatierra 23.I.2003, Leg. A. Sandoval (SAG); 1♀, Quebrada Las Casas, Alejandro Selkirk 1.XII.2007; Leg. H. González (SAG); 1♂, 1♀, Juan Bautista, Masatierra, 13.I.1952, Leg. Kuschel (MZUC); Metropolitana: Experimental station of Pontificia Universidad Católica of Chile (Ximenez-Embum et al. 2014). References. Wiedemann, 1830: 136 (desc.); Williston, 1886: 313 (cat.); Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 131 (key); Curran, 1936: 12 (key); Sack, 1941: 95 (cat.); Fluke, 1942: 24, fig. 47 (abdomen); Stuardo, 1946: 123 (cat.); Fluke, 1950a: 129, figs 136–138 (desc.); Etcheverry, 1951: 356 (cat.); Etcheverry, 1952: 308 (cat.); Fluke, 1955: 40 (desc. & distr.); Fluke, 1956: 206 (cat.); Fluke, 1957: 159 (desc.); Etcheverry, 1963: 9 (cat.); Boyes et al., 1973: 371 (karyotypes); Cevallos, 1973: 26 (desc.); Thompson et al., 1976: 34 (cat.); Reemer, 2010: 171, fig. 10 (desc. & notes); Mengual et al., 2008: 717 (molecular study); Castro & Araya 2012: 89 (key eggs, puparium, larvae); López et al., 2012: 13 (key); Arcaya et al., 2013: 145 (larvae predatory); Ximénez-Embun et al., 2014: 3 (biological control study). World distribution. Global distr.: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela and Chile. Chilean distribution. Known from Arica y Parinacota to Metropolitan region (Fig. 170). Altitudinal range. From coastal to highland ecosystems (5– 2,950 m.a.s.l.). Biology and notes. Allograpta exoticus is associated with several habitats, in both disturbed as well as natural ecosystems. López et al. (2012) found that the species is associated with Medicago sativa L. crops. Citizen scientists have observed to this flower fly species visiting flowers of E. pectinatus (Gabriela Germain, CSP record); Prunus domestica (Orlando Montes, CSP records) and Foeniculum vulgare (Matías Cortés, CSP record) Conservation status. LC; EOO = 888,017 km 2, AOO = 52 km 2 and 13 localities (or subpopulations)., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on pages 111-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Wiedemann, C. R. W. (1830) Aussereuropaische zweiflugelige Insekten. Schulzischen Buchhandlung, Hammburg, 684 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14603","Osten Sacken, C. R. (1877) Western Diptera: Descriptions of new genera and species of Diptera from the region west of the Mississippi and especially from California. Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, 3, 189 - 354. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 57939","Enderlein, G. (1940) Die dipterenfauna der Juan Fernandez inseln und der oscterinseln in Skottberg Natural History of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island. Zoology, 3 (5), 643 - 680.","Etcheverry, M. (1952) Syrphidae de la Provincia de Tarapaca (Diptera). Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 2, 307 - 310.","Williston, S. W. (1886) Catalog of the described species of South American Syrphidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 14, 308 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076478","Shannon, R. C. & Aubertin, D. (1933) Syrphidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part 6. Fascicle 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 120 - 170.","Curran, C. H. (1936) New Neotropical Syrphidae (Diptera). American Museum Novitates, 882, 1 - 17.","Sack, P. (1941) Syrphidae (Dipt.). In: Titschack, E. (Eds.), Beitragezur Fauna Perus. Band 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 97 - 120 pp. [reprinted as Sack, P (1951) Syrphidae (Dipt.). In: Titschack, E. (Eds.), Beitragezur Fauna Perus. Band 2. Gustav Fischer, Jena, pp. 93 - 116].","Fluke, C. L. (1942) Revision of the Neotropical Syrphini related to Syrphus (Diptera: Syrphidae). American Museum Novitates, 1201, 1 - 24.","Stuardo, C. (1946) Catalogo de los Dipteros de Chile. Ministerio de Agricultura, Chile, Santiago, 251 pp.","Fluke, C. L. (1950 a) The Male genitalia of Syrphus, Epistrophe and related genera (Diptera, Syrphidae). Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences Arts and Letters, 40, 115 - 148.","Etcheverry, M. (1951) Syrphidae de Tarapaca. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 51 - 53, 355 - 358.","Fluke, C. L. (1955) Los Insectos de las Islas Juan Fernandez. 18. Syrphidae (Diptera). Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 4, 39 - 43.","Fluke, C. L. (1957) Catalog of the family Syrphidae in the Neotropical Region. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 7, 1 - 181.","Etcheverry, M. (1963) Descripciones originales, sinonimia y distribucion geografica de las especies de la familia Syrphidae (Diptera) en Chile. Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, 5, 1 - 144.","Boyes, J. W., Boyes, B. C., van Brink, J. M. & Vockeroth, J. R. (1973) Cytotaxonomy of South American Syrphinae (Diptera: Syrphidae). Genetica, 44 (3), 368 - 415. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00161313","Cevallos, S. (1973) Allograpta exotica Wiedemann y Syrphus shorae Fluke, dos Syrphidae (Diptera) predatores de afidos en maiz. Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 16, 24 - 29.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Reemer, M. (2010) A second survey of Surinam Syrphidae (Diptera): Introduction and Syrphinae. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 153, 163 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22119434 - 900000295","Castro, V. & Araya, J. E. (2012) Clave de identificacion de huevos, larvas y pupas de Allograpta (Diptera: Syrphidae) comunes en la zona central de Chile. Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal Plagas, 38, 83 - 94.","Lopez, R., Araya, J. E. & Sazo, L. (2012) Colectas de Syrphidae (Diptera) en alfalfa en Colina, Regioin Metropolitana, Chile, y clave de identificacion de seis especies de Allograpta. Boletin Sanidad Vegetal Plagas, 38, 3 - 15.","Arcaya, E., Mengual, X., Perez-Banon, C. & Rojo, S. (2013) Registros y distribucion de sirfidos depredadores (Diptera: Syrphidae: Syrphinae) en el estado Lara, Venezuela. Bioagro, 25, 143 - 148.","Ximenez-Embun, M. G., Zaviezo, T. & Grez, A. (2014) Seasonal, spatial and diel partitioning of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) predators and predation in alfalfa fields. Biological Control, 69, 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. biocontrol. 2013.10.012"]}

Ohmyia omya Thompson, 1999 Figs 40–41 Ohmyia omya Thompson, 1999a: 342 Type locality and data. “ Lamayeque, 5 miles south of Chiclayo 20m, Peru ” (HT, ♂, CAS). Material examined. Arica and Parinacota: 1♀, Arica, 5.XI.1902, W. Schnuse (SMT; Thompson 1999a). References. Thompson, 1999a: 342 (desc.). World distribution. Peru and Chile. Chilean distribution. Only known from Arica y Parinacota region (Fig. 55). Altitudinal range. This species could inhabit transverse valleys between 5 and 500 m. a.s.l. Biology and notes. The particular name of this native flower fly species is a female arbitrary combination which in colloquial English means “ Oh my ” (Thompson 1999a). All basic aspects of its biology and ecology remain unknown. Conservation status. DD; AOO = 2 km 2 and one locality (or subpopulation). Genus Eristalinus Rondani, 1845 Eristalinus Rondani, 1845: 453. Type-species, Musca sepulchralis Linnaeus (Subs. mon, Rondani 1857: 38). Refs. Thompson, 1999a: 329 (key); 340 (notes on taxa); Thompson, 2003: 3, 10 (key, syn. and taxonomic notes). Lathyrophthalmus Mik, 1897: 114. Type-species, Conops aeneus Scopoli (orig. des.). Lathyrophthalmus, subg. of Metalloeristalis Kanervo, 1938: 43. Type-species, Conops aeneus Scopoli (orig. des.). Oreristalis Séguy, 1851: 16. Nomen nudum. Subgenus Eristalinus Rondani, 1845, Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on page 34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Thompson, F. C. (1999 a) A key to the genera of the flower flies (Diptera, Syrphidae) of the Neotropical Region including descriptions of new genera and species and a glossary of taxonomic terms used. Contributions on Entomology International, 3, 321 - 378.","Rondani, C. (1845) Ordinamento sistematico dei generi italiani degli insetti ditteri. Nuovi Annalidelle Scienze Naturali. Bologna, Series 2, 2, 443 - 459.","Rondani, C. (1857) Dipterologiae Italicae prodomus. Vol. 2. Species Italicae ordinis dipterorum in genera characteribus definito, ordinatim collectae, methodo analitica, distinctae, et novis velminus cognitis descriptis. Pars Prima; Oestridae, Syrp- fhidae (sic), Conopidae. s. n., Parma, 264 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8160","Thompson, F. C. (2003) Austalis, a new genus of flower flies (Diptera, Syrphidae) with revisionary notes on related genera. Zootaxa, 246 (1), 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 246.1.1","Mik, J. L. (1897) Einige Bemerkungen zur Dipteren - Familie der Syrphiden. Wiener entomologische Zeitung, 1, 113 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 12834","Kanervo, E. (1938) Zur Systematik und Phylogenie der west palaarktischen Eristalis - Arten (Dipt. Syrphidae) miteiner Revision derjenigen Finnlands. Annales Universitasis Turkuensis, (A), 6 (4), 54 pp.","Seguy, E. (1851) Trois nouveaux Syrphides de Madagascar (Dipt.). Revue Francaise d'Entomologie, 18, 14 - 18."]}

Orthonevra chilensis Thompson, 1999 Figs 11–12 Orthonevra chilensis Thompson 1999a: 346 Type locality and data. “ Viña del Mar, Chile ” (HT, ♂, NMW). Material examined. Coquimbo: 4♂, 5♀, El Naranjo, Tilama, I.1969, Leg. J. Molina (MEUC); Valparaíso: 1♂, Viña del Mar, 4.IV.1967, Leg. P. Herbst (NMW). References. Thompson, 1999a: 346 (desc.). World distribution. Chile. Chilean distribution. From Coquimbo to Valparaíso region (Fig. 28). Altitudinal range. From coastal to inland valley ecosystems (50– 491 m.a.s.l.). Biology and notes. The habitats of this species has been scenario of several socio-environmental conflicts and the native forest have been replaced and fragmented by avocado crops, urbanization and wildfires (Carranza et al., 2020). All basic aspects of its biology and ecology remain unknown. Conservation status. EN under B2ab (iii) using AOO = 8 km 2 and two localities and subpopulations., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Thompson, F. C. (1999 a) A key to the genera of the flower flies (Diptera, Syrphidae) of the Neotropical Region including descriptions of new genera and species and a glossary of taxonomic terms used. Contributions on Entomology International, 3, 321 - 378.","Carranza, D. M., Varas-Belemmi, K., De Veer, D., Iglesias-Muller, C., Coral-Santacruz, D., Mendez, F. A., Torres-Lagos, E., Squeo, F. A. & Gaymer, C. F. (2020) Socio-environmental conflicts: An underestimated threat to biodiversity conservation in Chile. Environmental Science & Policy, 110, 46 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. envsci. 2020.04.006"]}

Copestylum (Phalacromya) bulbosum (Fluke, 1951b) Fig. 123 Volucella bulbosa Fluke, 1951b: 24 Type locality and data. “ Tungurahua: Volcano, Ecuador ” (T, ♂, AMNH). Material examined. Arica y Parinacota: 1♂, 2♀, Putre, 28.IV.2018, Leg. Rodrigo Barahona-Segovia (PCRBS); 1♀, Belén, 26.IV.2018, Leg. Rodrigo Barahona-Segovia (PCRBS); 2♂, 2♀, Codpa, 25.I.1967, Leg. R.H. González (MEUC); Tarapacá: 1♀, Chiza, Iquique, 16.V.1986; Leg. S. Cerda (MNHNCL); 1♂, 3♀, Chapiquiña, 3.V.1969, L.E. Peña (MEUC); 1♂, Camiña, 09.IX.1983, Leg. S. Cerda (MNHNCL); 3♀, Quebrada Camiña, 6.VI.1968, Leg. L.E. Peña (MEUC); 2♂, Quisama, 5.VI.1968, Leg. L.E. Peña (MEUC). References. Fluke, 1951b: 24, figs 13, 35, 45 & 63 (key); Etcheverry, 1952: 310 (cat.); Fluke, 1957: 62 (cat.); Etcheverry, 1963: 98 (cat.); Etcheverry, 1970: 96 (cat.); Marín-Armijos et al., 2017: 169 (cat.). World distribution. Argentina, Ecuador and Chile. Chilean distribution. From Arica y Parinacota to Tarapacá region (Fig. 146). Altitudinal range. From precordillera to highland ecosystems (1,660 –3,800 m.a.s.l.). Biology and notes. Copestylum bulbosum is associated with native flora in highlands of the Andes. Specimens have been collected visiting flowers of Aldama helianthoides (Rich.) E.E. Schill. & Panero (R. Barahona-Segovia, pers. obs.). In Chile its habitat has been negatively affected by mining and water exploitation, reducing feeding resources for adults and habitat for its offspring. There is no knowledge of this species biology. Conservation status. VU under B1ab (iii) + 2ab (iii) using EOO = 11,115 km 2;AOO = 36 km 2, 7 subpopulations and eight localities., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on page 85, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Fluke, C. L. (1951 b) Syrphid flies related to Volucella scutellata Macquart. American Museum Novitates, 1503, 1 - 33.","Etcheverry, M. (1952) Syrphidae de la Provincia de Tarapaca (Diptera). Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 2, 307 - 310.","Fluke, C. L. (1957) Catalog of the family Syrphidae in the Neotropical Region. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 7, 1 - 181.","Etcheverry, M. (1963) Descripciones originales, sinonimia y distribucion geografica de las especies de la familia Syrphidae (Diptera) en Chile. Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, 5, 1 - 144.","Etcheverry, M. (1970) Syrphidae (Diptera) y Rhopalocera (Lepidoptera) Colectados en la Provincia de Tarapaca (Chile). Revista peruana de Entomologia, 13, 94 - 96.","Marin-Armijos, D., Quezada-Rios, N., Soto-Armijos, C. & Mengual, X. (2017) Checklist of the flower flies of Ecuador (Diptera, Syrphidae). ZooKeys, 691, 163 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 691.13328"]}

Platycheirus (Carposcalis) lundbladi (Enderlein, 1940) Carposcalis lundbladi Enderlein, 1940: 665 Melanostoma lundbladi Fluke, 1945: 24 * Melanostoma (Carposcalis) lundbladi Fluke, 1955: 41 * Type locality and data. “Juan Fernandez Is.: Masatierra. Chile ” (HT, ♀, NHRS). Literature distribution. Valparaíso:Alto inglés, Masatierra, II.1952, Leg. Fluke (Fluke, 1955); Miradero Selkirk, 15.II.1951, Leg. Fluke (Fluke, 1955); Plazoleta El Yunque, 12.II.1951 (Fluke, 1955). References. Enderlein, 1940: 665 (desc.); Fluke, 1952: 24 (desc.); Fluke, 1955: 41 (desc.); Fluke, 1958: 273, figs 61–62 (genitalia); Etcheverry, 1963: 54 (cat.); Thompson et al., 1976: 41 (cat.); Smith-Ramírez et al., 2014: 6 (ecological study, supplementary material; error in the identification). World distribution. Chile. Chilean distribution. Restricted only to Robinson Crusoe, Juan Fernández Islands, Valparaíso region (Fig. 164). Altitudinal range. The species inhabits native forests in ravines and clifftops (200– 600 m.a.s.l.). Biology. Platycheirus lundbladi inhabits only the Robinson Crusoe Island in the Juan Fernández Archipelago. There is no biological information about this species apart from some reports of floral visits by Bernardello et al. (2001). Smith-Ramírez et al. (2005) mentioned this species in their pollinator study in Chiloé. However, it was incorrectly identified (R. Barahona-Segovia corrected the identification as belonging to P. chalconota). Conservation status. CR under B1ab (iii) + 2ab (iii) using EOO = 4 km 2, AOO = 4 km 2 and 1 locality (or subpopulation)., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on page 110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Enderlein, G. (1940) Die dipterenfauna der Juan Fernandez inseln und der oscterinseln in Skottberg Natural History of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island. Zoology, 3 (5), 643 - 680.","Fluke, C. L. (1945) The Melanostomini of the Neotropical Region (Diptera, Syrphidae). American Museum Novitates, 1272, 1 - 29.","Fluke, C. L. (1955) Los Insectos de las Islas Juan Fernandez. 18. Syrphidae (Diptera). Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 4, 39 - 43.","Fluke, C. L. (1952) The Metasyrphus species of North America (Syrphidae). American Museum Novitates, 1590, 1 - 27.","Fluke, C. L. (1958) A study of the male genitalia of the Melanostomini (Diptera-Syrphidae). Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, 46, 261 - 279, 6 pls.","Etcheverry, M. (1963) Descripciones originales, sinonimia y distribucion geografica de las especies de la familia Syrphidae (Diptera) en Chile. Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, 5, 1 - 144.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Smith-Ramirez, C., Ramos-Jiliberto, R., Valdovinos, F. S., Martinez, P., Castillo, J. A. & Armesto, J. J. (2014) Decadal trends in the pollinator assemblage of Eucryphia cordifolia in Chilean rainforests. Oecologia, 176, 157 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00442 - 014 - 3000 - 0","Bernardello, G., Anderson, G. J., Stuessy, T. F. & Crawford, D. J. (2001) A survey of floral traits, breeding systems, floral visitors, and pollination systems of the angiosperms of the Juan Fernandez Islands (Chile). The Botanical Review, 67, 255 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02858097","Smith-Ramirez, C., Martinez, P., Nunez, M., Gonzalez, C. & Armesto, J. J. (2005) Diversity, flower visitation frequency and generalism of pollinators in temperate rain forests of Chiloe Island, Chile. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 147, 399 - 416. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.2005.00388. x"]}

Subtribe Criorhinina Genus Flukea Etcheverry, 1966 Flukea Etcheverry, 1966: 3. Type-species Flukea vockerothi Etcheverry, 1966 (mon.)., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on page 55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Etcheverry, M. (1966) Flukea vockerothi, nuevo genero y nueva especie de Syrphidae Chileno (Diptera). Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, 8, 1 - 22."]}

Cepa simonettii Barahona-Segovia inBarahona-Segovia & Barcel�� (2019) Figs 66���67 Cepa simonettii Barahona-Segovia in Barahona-Segovia 2019: 431 Type locality and data. ���Santo Domingo, Valdivia, Chile ��� (H, ♀, MNHNCL). Material examined. Los R��os: 1♀, Santo Domingo, Valdivia, 22.IX.1987, Leg. E. Krahmer (MNHNCL). References. Barahona-Segovia & Barcel��, 2019: 431, figs 1���4 (desc. & key). World distribution. Chile. Chilean distribution. Only recorded from Los R��os region (Fig. 70). Altitudinal range. This species mainly inhabits native forests in coastal areas between 5 and 50 m. a.s.l. Biology and notes. Cepa simonettii is a species associated with the Valdivian evergreen forest. Other biological and ecological aspects of this species are unknown. Conservation status. DD; AOO = 2 km 2 and one locality (or subpopulation). Genus Eumerus Meigen, 1822 Eumerus Meigen, 1822: 202. Type-species, Syrphus tricolor Fabricius (Curtis, 1839: 749). Genus-group name conserved by ICZN (1993, Opinion 1747). Refs. Latta & Cole, 1933 (rev, key); Thompson et al., 1976: 92 (cat.); Thompson, 1999a: 332; Thompson, 2008: 3 (key), fig. 15 (wing)., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pa��inao-Mons��lvez, Laura, Guzm��n, Vicente Vald��s & Henr��quez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on pages 52-53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Barahona-Segovia, R. M. & Barcelo, M. (2019) A new flower fly species of Cepa Thompson & Vockeroth (Diptera: Syrphidae) from the Valdivian evergreen forest hotspot, Chile. Zootaxa, 4612 (3), 431 - 439. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4612.3.9","Meigen, J. W. (1822) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischenzweiflugeligen Insekten. Dritter Theil. Schulz- Wundermann, Hammburg, 416 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12464","ICZN (1993) Opinion 1747. Eristalis Latreille, 1804, Helophilus Fabricius 1805, Xylota Meigen 1822 and Eumerus Meigen 1822 (Insecta, Diptera), Conserved. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 50, 256 - 258.","Latta, R. & Cole, F. R. (1933) A comparative study of the species of Eumerus known as the lesser bulb flies. Monthly Bulletin of California Department of Agriculture, 22, 142 - 152.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Thompson, F. C. (1999 a) A key to the genera of the flower flies (Diptera, Syrphidae) of the Neotropical Region including descriptions of new genera and species and a glossary of taxonomic terms used. Contributions on Entomology International, 3, 321 - 378.","Thompson, F. C. (2008) A conspectus of New Zealand flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) with the description of a new genus and species. Zootaxa, 1716 (1), 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1716.1.1"]}

Victoriana lugubris (Philippi, 1865) Figs 208–209 Baccha lugubris Philippi, 1865: 749 Baccha nigrifrons Bigot, 1883: 335 Type locality and data. “ Corral, Chile ” (T, A, MNHNCL). Material examined. Valparaíso: 1♂, Quintero, 31.VIII.1967, Leg. L.E. Peña (MEUC); Metropolitana: 1♂, Peñalolen, no date, Leg. Montero (IEUMCE); Ñuble: 2♂, 1♀, Las Trancas, 12-15.IV.1966, Leg. NN (MEUC); 1♂, Puente Marchant, 2.I.1988, Leg. S. Roitman (MNHNCL); Biobío: 1♂, Concepción, 26.IV.1959, Leg. Jara (MZUC); 2♂, Playa del Burro, 16.I.2013, Leg. Rodrigo Barahona-Segovia (PCRBS); La Araucanía: 1♀, Cerro Ñielol, 2.I.1963, Leg. Files (MZUC); 1♂, Termas de Palguin 22.II.1966, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); 1♂, Termas de Río Blanco 23.II.1966, Leg. J. Herrera (IEUMCE); Los Ríos: 1♂, Santo Domingo, Valdivia, 8.XII.1987, Leg. Khramer (MNHNCL); 2♂, 1♀, Valdivia, 17.XII.1984, Leg. E. Krahmer (MEUC); Los Lagos: 1♂, Playa Maitén, Osorno, II.1960; J. Moroni (MNHNCL); 3♂, Pucatrihue, 1968, Leg. Salgado (MEUC); 1♀, Pucatrihue, 4–21-II- 1967, L.E. Peña (MEUC); 2♂, Centinela, 17.II.1956, Leg. O’herens (MZUC); 1♀, Puerto Octay, 17.II.1956, Leg. O.E.B. (MZUC); 1♂, 2♀, Frutillar, 3.II.1966, Leg. J. Silva & Valenzuela (MNHNCL); 2♂, Saltos de Petrohue, 30.III.1968, Leg. L.E. Peña (MEUC). References. Philippi, 1865: 749 (desc.); Bigot, 1883: 335 (desc.); Williston, 1886: 314 (cat.); Reed, 1888: 299 (cat.); Kértesz, 1910: 161 (cat.); Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 135, 136 (desc. & key); Sack, 1941: 101 (cat.); Stuardo, 1946: 124 (cat.); Fluke, 1956: 253 (cat.); Etcheverry, 1963: 19 (cat.); Thompson et al., 1976 (cat.); Camousseight, 2005: 94 (cat.); Mengual et al., 2018b: 12 (desc. group). World distribution. Chile. Chilean distribution. From Valparaíso to Los Lagos region (Fig. 200). Altitudinal range. From coastal to precordillera ecosystems (0–1,600 m.a.s.l.). Biology and notes. Victoriana lugubris has been observed in flowers of Hypochaeris sp. on the edge of native forests (Álvaro Zúñiga-Reinoso, CSP record), feeding on Mitraria coccinea Cav. (Gustavo Lezana, CSP record), Asteraceae flowers (Francisco Carreño, CSP record) or hovering in the middle of remaining fragments of native forest chosing flowers of Sarmienta scandens (J.D. Brandis ex Molina) Pers. (Rodrigo Barahona-Segovia pers. obs.). Conservation status. LC; EOO = 236,119 km 2, AOO = 68 km 2, 15 subpopulations and 16 localities., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on pages 149-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Philippi, P. I. (1865) Aufzahlung der chilenischen Dipteren. Verhandlunger der Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 15, 595 - 782. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9295","Bigot, J. M. F. (1883) Dipteres nouveaux oupeuconnus. 20 \" partie, XXXI, Genres Volucella (Geoffr., Hist, des Insectes, 1764) et Phalachromyia (Rondani, Esame d. var. spec. d'Insetti Ditteri Brasiliani, Torino, 1848); 21 e partie, XXXII, Syrphidi (2 e partie); 22 e partie, XXXII, Syrphidi (2 e partie). Especesnouvelles, no. I; Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, Series 6, 3, 61 - 88 + 221 - 258 + 315 - 356.","Williston, S. W. (1886) Catalog of the described species of South American Syrphidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 14, 308 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076478","Reed, E. C. (1888) Catalogo de los Insectos Dipteros de Chile. Anales de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 73, 271 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8562","Kertesz, K. (1910) Catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum. Vol. 7. G. Engelmann Budapestini, 470 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5141","Shannon, R. C. & Aubertin, D. (1933) Syrphidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part 6. Fascicle 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 120 - 170.","Sack, P. (1941) Syrphidae (Dipt.). In: Titschack, E. (Eds.), Beitragezur Fauna Perus. Band 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 97 - 120 pp. [reprinted as Sack, P (1951) Syrphidae (Dipt.). In: Titschack, E. (Eds.), Beitragezur Fauna Perus. Band 2. Gustav Fischer, Jena, pp. 93 - 116].","Stuardo, C. (1946) Catalogo de los Dipteros de Chile. Ministerio de Agricultura, Chile, Santiago, 251 pp.","Etcheverry, M. (1963) Descripciones originales, sinonimia y distribucion geografica de las especies de la familia Syrphidae (Diptera) en Chile. Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, 5, 1 - 144.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Camousseight, A. (2005) La contribucion entomologica de RA Philippi entre 1859 y 1875 y el estado actual de sus especies. Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Chile, 54, 81 - 106.","Mengual, X., Miranda, G. F. G. & Thompson, F. C. (2018 b) Unraveling Ocyptamus and the Baccha legacy (Diptera: Syrphidae): redefinition of groups and new species descriptions. Zootaxa, 4461 (1), 1 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4461.1.1"]}

Tribe Toxomerini Enderlein, 1938 Genus Toxomerus Macquart, 1855 Toxomerus Macquart, 1855: 112 (1855: 92). Type-species, T. notatus Macquart (orig. des.) = geminatus (Say). Refs. Hull, 1941b: 45–49 (key); Thompson, 1981: 66 (key); Thompson, 1999a: 326 (key); Metz & Thompson, 2001: 225–256 (rev. of larger spp.); Thompson & Thompson, 2006: 317–331 (rev. of Chilean spp.); Marinoni et al., 2007: 149, 150 (desc., key, illustrations); Borges & Couri, 2009: 1–72 (rev. of Brazilian spp.); Reemer, 2010: 190–194 (rev. of Surinam spp.); Mengual, 2011: 1–26 (rev. of Black–tie dress spp.). Mesogramma Loew, 1866: 157 (1872 b: 31) (name preocc. by Stephens, 1850). Type-species, M. parvula Loew (Williston, 1887: 98). Mesograpta Loew, 1872: 114 (1872 b: 290) (nom. nov. for Mesogramma Loew). Type-species, M. parvula Loew (aut.). Mitrosphen Enderlein, 1938: 227. Type-species, Syrphus tibicen Wiedemann (orig. des.). Antiops Enderlein, 1938: 228. Typespecies, Mesograpta saphiridiceps Bigot (orig. des.)., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on page 151, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Enderlein, G. (1938) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Syrphiden. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft NaturforschenderFreunde Berlin, 1937, 192 - 237.","Macquart, J. (1855) Dipteres exotiques nouveaux oupeuconnus. 5 a supplement. Memoirs de la SocieteRoyale des Sciente, del'Agriculture et des Art, de Lille, 1854, 25 - 156.","Hull, F. M. (1941 b) Some flies of the Family Syrphidae, Mesogramma. Psyche, 48, 45 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1941 / 17865","Thompson, F. C. (1981) The Flower Flies of the West Indies (Diptera, Syrphidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington, 9, 1 - 200.","Thompson, F. C. (1999 a) A key to the genera of the flower flies (Diptera, Syrphidae) of the Neotropical Region including descriptions of new genera and species and a glossary of taxonomic terms used. Contributions on Entomology International, 3, 321 - 378.","Metz, M. A. & Thompson, F. C. (2001) A revision of the larger species of Toxomerus (Diptera, Syrphidae) with description of a new species. Studia Dipterologica, 8, 225 - 256.","Thompson, F. C. & Thompson, B. J. (2006) A new Toxomerus species from Chile (Diptera, Syrphidae). Studia Dipterologica, 13, 317 - 331.","Marinoni, L., Morales, M. N. & Spaler, I. (2007) Chave de identificacao ilustrada para os generos de Syrphinae (Diptera, Syrphidae) de ocorrencia no sul do Brasil. Biota Neotropical, 7, 145 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032007000100019","Borges, Z. M. & Couri, M. S. (2009) Revision of Toxomerus Macquart, 1855 (Diptera, Syrphidae) from Brazil with synonymic notes, identification key to the species and description of three new species. Zootaxa, 2179 (1), 1 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2179.1.1","Reemer, M. (2010) A second survey of Surinam Syrphidae (Diptera): Introduction and Syrphinae. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 153, 163 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22119434 - 900000295","Loew, H. (1866) Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Centuria sexta. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 9, 127 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18650090303.","Loew, H. (1872) Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Centuria 10. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift, 16, 49 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18720160110","Stephens, J. F. (1850) List of the specimens of British Animals in the collection of the British Museum. Part V. Lepidoptera [1]. Printed by order of the Trustees, London, 352 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1582","Williston, S. W. (1887) Synopsis of the North American Syrphidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 31, 1 - 335. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 40963"]}

Platycheirus (Carposcalis) punctulatum (Wulp, 1888) Melanostoma punctulatum Wulp, 1888: 375 Melanostoma punctulatum Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891: 310 * Melanostoma (Carposcalis) punctulatum Fluke, 1945: 14 * Carposcalis punctulatum Fluke, 1957, fig. 67, 68* Type locality and data. “ Ecuador ” (T, A, currently lost). Material examined. Arica y Parinacota: Putre, 3650 m, 23.II.1948 (Etcheverry 1952); Azapa, 12.III.1948 (Etcheverry 1952); Tarapacá: Mamiña, 2730 m, 17.VII.1951 (Etcheverry 1952); Noasa, 3850 m, 29.VII.1951 (Etcheverry 1952); Metropolitana: 1♂, Cerro San Cristóbal, 27.XI.1987, Leg. R. L. Brown (CNC); 1♀, La Granja, 25.XI.1982, Leg. R. L. Brown (CNC); Maule: Reserva Nacional Los Ruiles (Espinoza et al. 2012); La Araucanía: 1♀, Temuco, 7.VIII.1986, Leg. R. Rebolledo (UFRO); Los Lagos: 1♀, Biological station Senda Darwin, km14 Chiloé, Chile, 12–15.I.2015, Leg. Cecilia Smith-Ramírez (CSD). References. Wulp, 1888: 375 (desc.); Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891: 310 (cat.); Curran, 1937: 2 (distr.); Fluke, 1945: 14, figs 20 & 58 (desc.); Stuardo, 1946: 124 (cat.); Etcheverry, 1951: 355 (cat.); Etcheverry, 1952: 307 (cat.); Fluke, 1952: 14 (desc.); Fluke, 1958: 275, figs 67–68 (genitalia); Etcheverry, 1963: 56 (cat.); Etcheverry, 1970: 95 (distr.); Thompson et al., 1976: 41 (cat.); Rivera-Hutinel et al., 2010: 19 (ecological study); Espinoza et al., 2012: 506 (ecological study); Marín-Armijos et al., 2017: 176 (cat.). World distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Chile. Chilean distribution. From Arica y Parinacota to Los Lagos region (Fig. 164). Altitudinal range. From coastal to highland ecosystems (1–3,850 m.a.s.l.). Biology and notes. Platycheirus punctulatum has been reported on rare occasions visiting flowers of Viola portalesia Gay in native habitats (Espinoza et al. 2012) and in opened flowers in pine plantations (Rivera-Hutinel et al. 2010). Because its habitat has been intensively fragmented by croplands, forestry and urbanization (Miranda et al., 2017), we applied the precautory principle. Conservation status. VU B2ab (iii) using AOO = 36 km 2 and nine localities (or subpopulations); EOO = 296,665 km 2., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on page 110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Wulp, F. M. van Dek (1888) Nieuwe Argentijnsche Diptera van wijlen Prof. H. Veyenbergh. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 31, 359 - 376.","Lynch Arribalzaga, F. (1891 - 1892) Dipterologia Argentina (Syrphidae). Anales Sociedad Ciencia Argentina, 32, 194 - 202 + 247 - 256.","Fluke, C. L. (1945) The Melanostomini of the Neotropical Region (Diptera, Syrphidae). American Museum Novitates, 1272, 1 - 29.","Fluke, C. L. (1957) Catalog of the family Syrphidae in the Neotropical Region. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 7, 1 - 181.","Etcheverry, M. (1952) Syrphidae de la Provincia de Tarapaca (Diptera). Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 2, 307 - 310.","Espinoza, C. L., Murua, M., Bustamante, R. O., Marin, V. H. & Medel, R. (2012) Reproductive consequences off lower damage in two contrasting habitats: the case of Viola portalesia (Violaceae) in Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 85, 503 - 511. https: // doi. org / 10.4067 / S 0716 - 078 X 2012000400012.","Curran, C. H. (1937) The Neotropical species of Melanostoma and allies (Syrphidae, Diptera). American Museum Novitates, 926, 1 - 4.","Stuardo, C. (1946) Catalogo de los Dipteros de Chile. Ministerio de Agricultura, Chile, Santiago, 251 pp.","Etcheverry, M. (1951) Syrphidae de Tarapaca. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 51 - 53, 355 - 358.","Fluke, C. L. (1952) The Metasyrphus species of North America (Syrphidae). American Museum Novitates, 1590, 1 - 27.","Fluke, C. L. (1958) A study of the male genitalia of the Melanostomini (Diptera-Syrphidae). Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, 46, 261 - 279, 6 pls.","Etcheverry, M. (1963) Descripciones originales, sinonimia y distribucion geografica de las especies de la familia Syrphidae (Diptera) en Chile. Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, 5, 1 - 144.","Etcheverry, M. (1970) Syrphidae (Diptera) y Rhopalocera (Lepidoptera) Colectados en la Provincia de Tarapaca (Chile). Revista peruana de Entomologia, 13, 94 - 96.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Rivera-Hutinel, A., Bahamondez, A., Cuartas-Dominguez, M. & Gonzalez, C. (2010) Diversidad de agentes polinizadores en paisajes antropogenicos: el caso del bosque maulino y su reemplazo con plantaciones de pino. In: Bustamante, R. O. & Bachmann, P. L. (Eds.), Historia natural del bosque maulino costero: Disectando la biodiversidad en un paisaje antropogenico. Alvimpress impresores, Santiago, pp. 14 - 27.","Marin-Armijos, D., Quezada-Rios, N., Soto-Armijos, C. & Mengual, X. (2017) Checklist of the flower flies of Ecuador (Diptera, Syrphidae). ZooKeys, 691, 163 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 691.13328","Miranda, A., Altamirano, A., Cayuela, L., Lara, A. & Gonzalez, M. (2017) Native forest loss in the Chilean biodiversity hotspot: revealing the evidence. Regional Environmental Change, 17, 285 - 297. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10113 - 016 - 1010 - 7"]}

Fazia macquarti (Blanchard, 1852) Figs 190–191 Syrphus macquarti Blanchard, 1852: 411 Epistrophe (Fazia) macquarti Fluke, 1942: 11 Type locality and data. “ Serena, Chile ” (MNHNP). Material examined. Coquimbo: La Serena (Porter 1921); 1♂, El Naranjo, Tilama, XII.1968, Leg. J. Molina (MEUC); Valparaíso: 1♂, Peñuelas, 27.V.1964, Leg. D. Lanfranco (MNHNCL); 1♂, Caleta Higuerillas 6.I.1963, Leg. N. Hichins (MNHNCL); 1♀, El Salto, 8.V.1963, Leg. N. Hichins (MNHNCL); 1♀, Playa Ancha, 8.VI.1965, Leg. N. Hichins (MNHNCL); 1♂, Tranque Las Palmas, Villa Alemana, 9.IV.1965, Leg. L. Marnef (MNHNCL); 1♂, Bosque Relicto, Quintero, 7.XII.1963, Leg. Hichins (MNHNCL); 1♂, ConCon, 6.V.1964, Leg. Hichins (MNHN- CL); Metropolitana: 2♂, 1♀, E. Santiago, 15–19.III.1967, Leg. L.E. Peña (MEUC); 1♀, San José de Maipo (Porter 1924); Maule: 1♂, Rio Teno, 1200 m, 24–26.XI.1968, Leg. L.E. Peña (MEUC); Biobío: Traiguén (Porter 1923); La Araucanía: 1♂, Lican Ray, 17.XI.1986, Leg. M. Cerda (MNHNCL); Los Ríos: 1♂, Valdivia, 8.II.1986, Leg. R. Rebolledo (PCRR); Los Lagos: Caulín, Chacao, Chiloé (Smith-Ramírez et al. 2005). References. Blanchard, 1852: 411 (des.); Schiner, 1868: 354 (desc.); Williston, 1886: 311 (cat.); Reed, 1888: 300 (cat.); Lynch Arribálzaga, 1892: 116 (desc.); Kertész, 1910: 120 (cat.); Brèthes, 1919: 42 (desc.); Porter, 1921: 446 (cat., dist. & notes); Porter, 1923: 117 (cat.); Porter, 1924: 98 (cat.); Shannon, 1927: 26 (desc.); Porter, 1933: 182 (checklist); Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 126 (desc.); Ruiz & Stuardo, 1935: 318 (natural history); Sack, 1941: 94 (cat.); Fluke, 1942: 13 (key & desc.); Stuardo, 1946: 123 (cat.); Fluke, 1956: 212 (desc.); Etcheverry, 1963: 47 (cat.), Thompson et al., 1976: 36 (cat.); González & Coscarón, 2005: 347 (distr.); Smith-Ramírez et al., 2005: 412 (pollinator study); Mengual et al., 2009: 15 (distr.); Smith-Ramírez et al., 2014: 6 (ecological study, supplementary material). World distribution. Argentina and Chile. Chilean distribution. From Coquimbo to Los Lagos region (Fig. 192). Altitudinal range. From coastal to highland ecosystems (5– 1,200 m.a.s.l.). Biology. Fazia macquarti has been associated with the tree species L. apiculata, M. ovata var. ovata and T. stipularis (Smith-Ramírez et al., 2005). Previously, Porter (1921) mentioned that professor Stuardo collected this species in A. chilensis. He also mentioned that professor Espinosa gave him a specimen collected in a flower called “Tupa”. This flower fly species has also been observed visiting flower of Baccharis sp. (Daniel Mora, CSP record); B. rapa (Fernanda Gatalina, CSP record); M. domestica (Vanessa Durán & Rodrigo Barahona-Segovia, CSP record); T. officinale (Christian Correa, CSP record); Conservation status. LC; EOO = 91,396 km 2, AOO = 60 km 2, 12 subpopulations and 13 localities. Genus Fragosa Miranda, 2020 in Miranda et al., 2020 Baccha rugosifrons Schiner, 1868; Baccha obscuricornis species group Hull (1949c) Baccha victoria species group, in part Hull (1949c); Ocyptamus stenogaster species group Thompson (1981); Mengual et al. (2012, 2018b); Miranda et al. (2014, 2016)., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on pages 135-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Blanchard, E. (1852) Orden IX. Dipteros. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Historia fisica y politica de Chile. Zoologia. Vol. 7. Published by Author, Paris & Museo de Historia Natural, Santiago, pp. 471.","Fluke, C. L. (1942) Revision of the Neotropical Syrphini related to Syrphus (Diptera: Syrphidae). American Museum Novitates, 1201, 1 - 24.","Porter, C. E. (1921) Sobre algunos Sirfidos de Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 25, 446 - 447.","Porter, C. E. (1924) Enumeracion de Sirfidos colectados en San Jose de Maipo en Octubre y Noviembre de 1923. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 28, 98.","Porter, C. E. (1923) Lista de los Sirfidos colectados por don Hector E. Pinochet C. en la prov. de Bio-Bio. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 27, 117.","Smith-Ramirez, C., Martinez, P., Nunez, M., Gonzalez, C. & Armesto, J. J. (2005) Diversity, flower visitation frequency and generalism of pollinators in temperate rain forests of Chiloe Island, Chile. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 147, 399 - 416. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.2005.00388. x","Schiner, I. R. (1868) Diptera. In: von Wullerstorf-Urbair, B. (Ed.), Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859, unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. K. Gerold, Vienna, pp. 1 - 388.","Williston, S. W. (1886) Catalog of the described species of South American Syrphidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 14, 308 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076478","Reed, E. C. (1888) Catalogo de los Insectos Dipteros de Chile. Anales de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 73, 271 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8562","Kertesz, K. (1910) Catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum. Vol. 7. G. Engelmann Budapestini, 470 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5141","Shannon, R. C. (1927) A review of the South American two-winged flies of the family Syrphidae. Proceedings of the United States Natural Museum, 70, 1 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.70 - 2658.1","Porter, C. E. (1933) Algunos insectos de Atacama. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 37, 182.","Shannon, R. C. & Aubertin, D. (1933) Syrphidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part 6. Fascicle 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 120 - 170.","Ruiz, F. & Stuardo, C. (1935) Insectos colectados en las Termas de Chillan. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 39, 313 - 322.","Sack, P. (1941) Syrphidae (Dipt.). In: Titschack, E. (Eds.), Beitragezur Fauna Perus. Band 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 97 - 120 pp. [reprinted as Sack, P (1951) Syrphidae (Dipt.). In: Titschack, E. (Eds.), Beitragezur Fauna Perus. Band 2. Gustav Fischer, Jena, pp. 93 - 116].","Stuardo, C. (1946) Catalogo de los Dipteros de Chile. Ministerio de Agricultura, Chile, Santiago, 251 pp.","Etcheverry, M. (1963) Descripciones originales, sinonimia y distribucion geografica de las especies de la familia Syrphidae (Diptera) en Chile. Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, 5, 1 - 144.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Gonzalez, C. R. & Coscaron, S. (2005) Diversidad de dipteros en la Cordillera de la Costa de Chile. In: Smith-Ramirez, C., Valdovinos, C. & Armesto, J. J. (Eds.), Historia, biodiversidad y ecologia de los bosques costeros de Chile. Editorial Universitaria, Santiago de Chile, pp. 330 - 349.","Mengual, X., Ruiz, C., Rojo, S., Stahls, G. & Thompson, F. C. (2009) A conspectus of the flower fly genus Allograpta (Diptera, Syrphidae) with description of a new subgenus and species. Zootaxa, 2214 (1), 1 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2214.1.1","Smith-Ramirez, C., Ramos-Jiliberto, R., Valdovinos, F. S., Martinez, P., Castillo, J. A. & Armesto, J. J. (2014) Decadal trends in the pollinator assemblage of Eucryphia cordifolia in Chilean rainforests. Oecologia, 176, 157 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00442 - 014 - 3000 - 0","Miranda, G. F. G., Skevington, J. H. & Marshall, S. A. (2020) New generic concepts for orphaned lineages formerly treated as part of the genus Ocyptamus Macquart, 1834 (Diptera, Syrphidae). Zootaxa, 4822 (2), 151 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4822.2.1","Hull, F. M. (1949 c) The genus Baccha from the New World. Entomology American, 21, 89 - 291.","Thompson, F. C. (1981) The Flower Flies of the West Indies (Diptera, Syrphidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington, 9, 1 - 200.","Mengual, X., Stahls, G. & Rojo, S. (2012) Is the mega-diverse genus Ocyptamus (Diptera, Syrphidae) monophyletic? Evidence from molecular characters including the secondary structure of 28 S rRNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 62, 191 - 205 https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2011.09.014","Mengual, X., Miranda, G. F. G. & Thompson, F. C. (2018 b) Unraveling Ocyptamus and the Baccha legacy (Diptera: Syrphidae): redefinition of groups and new species descriptions. Zootaxa, 4461 (1), 1 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4461.1.1","Miranda, G. F. G., Marshall, S. A. & Skevington, J. H. (2014) Revision of the genus Pelecinobaccha Shannon, description of Relictanum gen. nov. and redescription of Atylobaccha flukiella (Curran, 1941). Zootaxa, 3819 (1), 1 - 154. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3819.1.1"]}

Valdiviomyia camrasi (Sedman, 1965) Valdivia camrasi Sedman, 1965: 199 Type locality and data. “ Icalma, Chile ” (T, ♂, USNM). Material examined. La Araucanía: 2♂, Icalma, 29.XII.1989, Leg. L. E. Peña (MNHNCL; BMNH); Los Ríos: 1♂, Valdivia, 16.III.1962, Leg. W. Ruhm (MZUC); Los Lagos: 1♂, Estación Biológica Senda Darwin, 12.I.2014, Leg. Lorena Vieli & C. Smith-Ramírez (CSD). References. Sedman, 1965: 199, fig. 5 (head, lateral, male), fig. 6 (axial system of male genitalia), fig. 7 (dorsal view of pennis), fig. 8 (male genitalia) (desc.); Thompson, 1972b: 161 (Milesiinae rev.); Thompson et al., 1976: 118 (cat.); Thompson, 1999a: 335 (key); Thompson & Thompson, 2017: 16 (rev. & key); Mengual, 2017: 436, Figs 8–9 (key). World distribution. Chile. Chilean distribution. From La Araucania to Los Lagos region (Fig. 103). Altitudinal range. From coastal to precordillera ecosystems (5– 1,350 m.a.s.l.). Biology and notes. Valdiviomyia camrasi is associated mainly with the Valdivian evergreen forest, which has been extensely fragmented by urbanization, croplands and forestry (Miranda et al., 2017). This species has been recorded visiting M. planipes in Chiloé (Cecilia Smith-Ramírez, com. pers.). Other data about the biology or ecology are unknown. Conservation status. EN under B2ab (iii) using AOO = 12 km 2 and three localities (or subpopulations); EOO = 18,170 km 2., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on pages 66-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Sedman, Y. S. (1965) The genus Valdivia Shannon. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 67, 197 - 201.","Thompson, F. C. (1972 b) A contribution to a generic revision of the Neotropical Milesiinae (Diptera, Syrphidae). Arquivos de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, 23, 73 - 215.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Thompson, F. C. (1999 a) A key to the genera of the flower flies (Diptera, Syrphidae) of the Neotropical Region including descriptions of new genera and species and a glossary of taxonomic terms used. Contributions on Entomology International, 3, 321 - 378.","Thompson, F. C. & Thompson, B. J. (2017) Flower fly genus Valdiviomyia Vockeroth (Diptera: Syrphidae), with the description of two new species. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 153, 13 - 20.","Mengual, X. (2017) A New Species of Valdiviomyia Vockeroth (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Argentina. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 119, 430 - 441. https: // doi. org / 10.4289 / 0013 - 8797.119.3.430","Miranda, A., Altamirano, A., Cayuela, L., Lara, A. & Gonzalez, M. (2017) Native forest loss in the Chilean biodiversity hotspot: revealing the evidence. Regional Environmental Change, 17, 285 - 297. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10113 - 016 - 1010 - 7"]}

Meromacrus laconicus (Walker, 1852) Figs 51–54 Milesia laconica Walker, 1852: 277 * Meromacrus pratorum Sack, 1920: 268 Type locality and data. “ Brazil ” (T, ♀, BMNH). Material examined. Arica y Parinacota: 1♂, Lluta, km 31, 13.XII.1979, Leg. G. Días P. (UTA); 1♀, Lluta, km 40, Tarapacá Province, 21.I.1968, Leg. R.H. González (MEUC); 1♀, Azapa, Km 12, 20.III.1980, Leg. G. Díaz P. (UTA); 1♀, Azapa, Km 12, 3.I.1977, Leg. H. Vargas (UTA). References. Walker, 1852: 227 (desc.); Sack, 1920: 268 (mesonotum, desc., key ref.), Sack, 1921: 144 (larvae desc.); Hine, 1924: 22 (key, descriptive notes); Curran, 1934: 416 (distr.); Curran, 1936: 2 (taxonomic notes, distr.); Hull, 1942b: 3 (key reference); Fluke, 1957: 151 (cat.); Doesburg, 1962: 27 (distr.); Doesburg, 1966: 102 (distr.); Thompson et al., 1976: 113 (cat.); Lagrange, 1990a: 496 (distr.); Thompson, 2002 (cat., key reference); Blatch et al., 2003: 13–36 (key); Montoya, 2016: 494 (cat.); Ricarte et al., 2020: 1-29 (desc. & phylogeny). World distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guyana, Panamá, Paraguay, United States, Venezuela and Chile. Chilean distribution. Only recorded from Arica y Parinacota region (Fig. 55). Altitudinal range. This species inhabits transverse valleys between 80 and 500 m. a.s.l. Biology and notes. Meromacrus laconicus is here reported from Chile for the first time. The genus Meromacrus is distributed from the southern United States to northern Argentina (Sierra Madre to Chacoan province; Morrone, 2014). Thompson et al. (2010) recorded the genus from northern Chile without citing any particular species. Considering the collection site, it is associated with crops and semi-natural environments. This species is widely distributed in South America and Chile, probably is the most southern distributional record. Therefore, it should be classified as a Least Concern species. The larvae have been recorded recycling organic material in rot-hole trees and bromeliads (Blatch et al. 2003). Adults visit flowers of tropical fruit trees in rainforests or crops (Blatch et al. 2003). Conservation status. LC; EOO = 14 km 2; AOO = 12 km 2 (see biology and notes for explanaition). Genus Palpada Macquart, 1834 Palpada Macquart, 1834: 512. Type-species, Palpada scutellata Macquart (mon.) = scutellaris (Fabricius). Refs. Curran, 1928: 42 (key to Puerto Rico spp.); Bean, 1949 (M genitalia); Hull, 1949b: 390, fig. 241 (head); Thompson, 1972b: 142–144 (Milesinae rev. & desc.); Thompson et al., 1976: 113 (cat.); Thompson, 1997: 209–237 (rev, key and notes); Morales & Marinoni, 2009: 301–347 (Cladistic analysis and taxonomic rev. of scutellaris group); Thompson, 2003: 4, 13 (key, syn. and taxonomic notes); Mengual & Thompson, 2008 (species group and rev. of ruficeps subgroup). Doliosyrphus Bigot, 1882: 120. Type-species, Doliosyrphus scutellatus Bigot (subs. des.by Williston, 1887: 178) = scutellaris (Fabricius). Dolyosyrphus, Bigot, 1883: 228. Misspelling., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on pages 43-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Walker, F. (1852) Diptera. In: Saunders, W. W. (Ed.), InsectaSaundersiana: or characters of undescribed insects in the collection of William Wilson Saunders, Esq., F. R. S., F. L. S. & c. Vol. 1. Van Voorst, London, pp. 157 - 414.","Sack, P. (1920) Die Gattungen Salpingogaster Schinerund Meromacrus Rondani. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologieder Tiere, 43, 235 - 272.","Sack, P. (1921) Dr. L. Ziirchers Dipteren - Ausbeuteaus Paraguay, Syrphiden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 87, 127 - 149.","Curran, C. H. (1934) Diptera of Kartabo, Bartica District, British Guiana. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 66, 287 - 532.","Curran, C. H. (1936) New Neotropical Syrphidae (Diptera). American Museum Novitates, 882, 1 - 17.","Hull, F. M. (1942 b) The flies of the genus Meromacrus. American Museum Novitates, 1200, 1 - 19.","Fluke, C. L. (1957) Catalog of the family Syrphidae in the Neotropical Region. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 7, 1 - 181.","Doesburg, P. H. van. (1962) Preliminary list of Syrphidae known from Suriname and British and French Guiana. Studies on the Fauna of Suriname and other Guyanas, 5 (28), 1 - 33.","Doesburg, P. H. van. (1966) Syrphidae from Suriname. Additional records and descriptions. Studies on the Fauna of Suriname and other Guyanas, 9 (35), 61 - 107.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Lagrange, E. B. (1990 a) Las especies argentinas del genero Meromacrus Rondani (Diptera, Syrphidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 34, 489 - 498.","Blatch, S., Thompson, F. C. & Zumbado, M. A. (2003) The Mesoamerican Meromacrus flower flies (Diptera, Syrphidae). Studia Dipterologica, 10, 13 - 36.","Montoya, A. L. (2016) Family Syrphidae. Zootaxa, 4122 (1), 457 - 537. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4122.1.39","Ricarte, A., Souba-Dols, G. J., Skevington, J. H., Quinto, J. & Garcia, M. (2020) Morphological, genetic and biological evidences to understand Meromacrus Rondani diversity: new species and early stages (Diptera: Syrphidae). Insects, 11, 791. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / insects 11110791","Morrone, J. J. (2014) Biogeographical regionalisation of the Neotropical region. Zootaxa, 3782 (1), 1 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3782.1.1","Macquart, J. (1834) Histoire naturelle des insectes - Dipteres. In: Roret, N. E. (Ed.), Collection des suites a Buffon, formant avec les oeuvres de cet auteur un courscomplet d'histoire naturalle. Libreirie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, pp. 1 - 578. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14274","Curran, C. H. (1928) Records and descriptions of Diptera mostly from Jamaica. In: Gowdey, C. C., 1828, Catalogus Insectorum jamaicensis. Entomological Bulletin Jamaica Department of Agriculture, 4, pp. 29 - 45.","Bean, J. L. (1949) A study of male hypopygia of the species of Tubifera (Syrphidae, Diptera) that occur north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 81, 140 - 152. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 81140 - 6","Hull, F. M. (1949 b) The morphology and inter - relationships of the genera of syrphid flies, recent and fossil. Transactions of The Zoological Society of London, 26, 257 - 408. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1949. tb 00224. x","Thompson, F. C. (1972 b) A contribution to a generic revision of the Neotropical Milesiinae (Diptera, Syrphidae). Arquivos de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, 23, 73 - 215.","Thompson, F. C. (1997) Revision of the Eristalis flower flies (Diptera, Syrphidae) of the Americas south of the United States. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 99, 209 - 237.","Morales, M. N. & Marinoni, L. (2009) Cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the scutellaris group of Palpada Macquart (Diptera, Syrphidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 23, 301 - 347. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 09006","Thompson, F. C. (2003) Austalis, a new genus of flower flies (Diptera, Syrphidae) with revisionary notes on related genera. Zootaxa, 246 (1), 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 246.1.1","Mengual, X. & Thompson, F. C. (2008) A taxonomic review of the Palpada ruficeps species group, with the description of a new flower fly from Colombia (Diptera, Syrphidae). Zootaxa, 1841 (1), 31 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1741.1.3","Bigot, J. M. F. (1882) Descriptions de qucitre genres nouveaux de la tribu des Syrphides auctorum, ainsi que celles de deux nouvelles especes. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, Series 6, 2 (Bull.), Ixvii - lxviii.","Williston, S. W. (1887) Synopsis of the North American Syrphidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 31, 1 - 335. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 40963","Bigot, J. M. F. (1883) Dipteres nouveaux oupeuconnus. 20 \" partie, XXXI, Genres Volucella (Geoffr., Hist, des Insectes, 1764) et Phalachromyia (Rondani, Esame d. var. spec. d'Insetti Ditteri Brasiliani, Torino, 1848); 21 e partie, XXXII, Syrphidi (2 e partie); 22 e partie, XXXII, Syrphidi (2 e partie). Especesnouvelles, no. I; Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, Series 6, 3, 61 - 88 + 221 - 258 + 315 - 356."]}

Toxomerus schlingeri Thompson & Thompson, 2007 Figs 216–217 Toxomerus schlingeri Thompson & Thompson, 2007: 325 Type locality and data. “ Chile ” (HT, ♂, MEUC). Material examined. Arica y Parinacota: 1♂, Cica, 12.VI.1968, Leg. N. Hichins (UTA); 1♀, Valle de Lluta, 28.I.1968, Leg. R.H. González (MEUC); 1♀, Valle de LLuta, 12.I.1971, Leg. L. Ruz (UCV); Atacama: 1♂, Parque Nacional Llanos de Challe, VIII.2017, phot. col.: Gabriela Germain (CSP); Coquimbo: 1♀, humedal El Culebron, 02.VIII.2019, phot. col.: Francisco Carreño (CSP); Tongoy, 4 km southwest, 18.X.1997, Leg. Betty & F.C.Thompson (MEUC; specimen lost). References. Thompson & Thompson, 2007: 325 (key & desc.). World distribution. Chile. Chilean distribution. From Arica y Parinacota regions to Coquimbo region (Fig. 220). Altitudinal range. From coastal to inland valley ecosystems (5– 500 m.a.s.l.). Biology and notes. Toxomerus schlingeri is associated with some exotic grasses such as M. sativa (Thompson & Thompson 2006), Salicornia sp. (Francisco Carreño, CSP record), and R. raphanistrum L. (Gabriela Germain, CSP record). Type specimen lost (Danilo Cepeda pers. comm.). Other aspects of its biology and ecology remain unknown. Conservation status. EN under B1ab (iii) + 2ab (iii) using EOO = 3,296 km 2, AOO = 12 km 2 and five localities (or subpopulations)., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on page 156, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Thompson, F. C. (2007) A new Costa Rican flower fly (Diptera: Syrphidae) and a replacement name for a Neoptropical flower fly genus. Studia Dipterologica, 167 - 170.","Thompson, F. C. & Thompson, B. J. (2006) A new Toxomerus species from Chile (Diptera, Syrphidae). Studia Dipterologica, 13, 317 - 331."]}