Search

Family PHACODISCIDAE Haeckel, 1882 Phacodiscida Haeckel, 1882: 456 [as a subfamily]; 1887: 409, 419-421 [as a family]. ��� B��tschli 1889: 1958 [as a family]. ��� nec R��st 1892: 165 [as a family]. ��� Schr��der 1909: 3 [as a family]. ��� Anderson 1983: 24 [as a family]. Phacodisciden ��� Haecker 1907: 123. Phacodiscidae ��� Haecker 1908: 444. ��� Popofsky 1912: 126. ��� Clark & Campbell 1942: 38; 1945: 20. ��� Campbell & Clark 1944b: 14. ��� Campbell 1954: D78. ��� Orlev 1959: 443. ��� Chediya 1959: 124. ��� Riedel 1967b: 294; 1971: 653. ��� Nigrini 1974: 1065. ��� Nakaseko et al. 1975: 169. ��� Nakaseko & Sugano 1976: 125. ��� Tan & Tchang 1976: 241. ��� Riedel & Sanfilippo 1977: 864. ��� Dumitrica 1979: 21. ��� Kozur & Mostler 1979: 35 (sensu emend.). ��� Tan & Su 1982: 151. ��� Anderson 1983: 38. ��� Takahashi 1991: 89. ��� Chen & Tan 1996: 151. ��� Hollis 1997: 40. ��� Boltovskoy 1998: 31. ��� Tan 1998: 203. ��� Tan & Chen 1999: 204. ��� Anderson et al. 2002: 1002. Phacodiscinae ��� Campbell 1954: D78. ��� Petrushevskaya & Kozlova 1972: 522. ��� Dumitrica 1984: 96-97. TYPE GENUS. ��� Phacodiscus Haeckel, 1882: 457 [type species by subsequent designation (Campbell 1954: D78): Phacodiscus rotula Haeckel, 1887: 424]. INCLUDED GENERA. ��� Periphaena Ehrenberg, 1874: 246 (= Astrophacomma, Heliodiscomma synonymized by Sanfilippo & Riedel 1973: 522; Perizona synonymized by Kozur & Mostler 1972: 19). ��� Phacodiscus Haeckel, 1882: 457 (= Phacodiscinus with the same type species; Astrophacilla n. syn., Paracenodiscus n. syn., Phacodisculus n. syn., Prunulum n. syn., Prunuletta n. syn., Sethodiscinus n. syn.). INVALID NAME. ��� Coccymelium. NOMINA DUBIA. ��� Conophacodiscus, Pentadiscus, Triadiscus. DIAGNOSIS. ��� Shell roughly flat, consists of a large convex lensshaped latticed shell. Radial beams arise from the outer medullary shell and radiate to both sides of the equatorial plane. These beams are connected to the large latticed shell. Exterior structure outside of the large latticed shell absent or exclusively represented by a simple solid flat circular edge which is surrounded by distinctive solid arrowhead-like short spines. No structure extends to both sides of the equatorial plane. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. ��� Early Eocene-Living. REMARKS Phacodiscus shares a homeomorphous appearance to Heliodiscus representatives without spines. The latter genus is a living form and has a characteristic microsphere, always eccentrically placed in the second inner shell (outer double medullary shell). The Phacodiscidae are an extinct family, whereas Heliodiscidae is a common component of living plankton. Periphaena has a special distinguishable pore near its center on one side of the cortical shell, probably an exit for the axoflagellum (Sugiyama & Furutani 1992: pl. 16, fig. 6). The internal skeletal structure of Periphaena has been illustrated (Sugiyama & Furutani 1992: pl. 16, fig. 5). VALIDITY OF GENERA Phacodiscus The same type species was designated for the following combinations of genera: Phacodiscus and Phacodiscinus; and Prunulum, Prunuletta and Coccymelium. Haeckel (1887) seems to propose new taxon name for differently oriented specimens in some cases. Sethodiscinus is considered to have a simple medullary shell (Campbell 1954: D78), but the innermost shell is known to be easily dissolved. Phacodiscus is validated due to the oldest available name among them. The type image for Phacodiscus is poor (Haeckel 1887: pl. 35, fig. 7) but it is unfortunately ��� Phacodiscus ��� can be precisely identified by using this poor image., Published as part of Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre & Dumitrica, Paulian, 2021, A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts, pp. 405-573 in Geodiversitas 43 (15) on page 424, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15, http://zenodo.org/record/5101757, {"references":["HAECKEL E. 1882. - Entwurf eines Radiolarien-Systems auf Grund von Studien der Challenger-Radiolarien. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft 15: 418 - 472. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 8700599","BUTSCHLI O. 1889. - Kurze Ubersicht des Systems der Radiolaria, in BRONN H. G. & HOFFMANN C. K. (eds), Dr. H. G. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs. Infusoria und System der Radiolaria, Band 1, Protozoa. Vol. 3. C. F. Winter'sche Verlagshandlung, Leipzig und Heidelberg: 1946 - 2004. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14134","RUST D. 1892. - Beitrage zur Kenntnis der fossilen Radiolarien aus Gesteinen der Trias und der palaeozoischen Schichten. Palaeontographica 38: 107 - 179. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 33193870","SCHRODER O. 1909. - Die nordischen Spumellarian: Unterlegion Sphaerellaria, in BRANDT K. & APSTEIN C. (eds), Nordisches Plankton. Vol. 17. Lipsius und Tischer, Kiel and Leipzig, Germany: 1 - 66.","HAECKER V. 1907. - Altertumliche Spharellarien und Cyrtellarien aus grossen Meerestiefen. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 10: 114 - 126. https: // archive. org / details / bub _ gb _ tw 4 BAAAAYAAJ / page / n 6","HAECKER V. 1908. - Tiefsee-Radiolarien. Spezieller Teil. Die Tripyleen, Collodarienund Mikroradiolarien der Tiefsee, in CHUN C. (ed.), Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer \" Valdivia \", 1898 - 1899. Vol. 14, Jena, Germany: 336 - 476. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 3441590","POPOFSKY A. 1912. - Die Sphaerellarien des Warmwassergebietes, in DRYGALSKI E. (ed.), Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition, 1901 - 1903. Vol. 13. Georg Reimer, Berlin, Germany: 73 - 159. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2138893","CLARK B. L. & CAMPBELL A. S. 1942. - Eocene radiolarian faunas from the Monte Diablo area, California. Geological Society of America, special Papers 39: 1 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / SPE 39","CLARK B. L. & CAMPBELL A. S. 1945. - Radiolaria from the Kreyenhagen Formation near Los Banos, California. Geological Society of America, Memoir 101: i-vii, 1 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / MEM 10","CAMPBELL A. S. & CLARK B. L. 1944 b. - Miocene radiolarian faunas from southern California. Geological Society of America, special Papers 51: 1 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / SPE 51","CAMPBELL A. S. 1954. - Radiolaria, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part. D, Protista 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence / Kansas: 11 - 195.","ORLEV Y. A. 1959. - Principles of Paleontology, General Part and Protozoa, Moscow, 482 p. [in Russian]","CHEDIYA D. M. 1959. - Obzor Sistematiki Radiolyarii, Tadzhikskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet, Stalingrad, 330 and corrigenda p. [in Russian]","RIEDEL W. R. 1967 b. - Some new families of Radiolaria. Proceedings of the geological Society of London 1640: 148 - 149.","NIGRINI C. 1974. - Cenozoic Radiolaria from the Arabian Sea, DSDP Leg 23, in DAVIES T. A., LUYENDYK B. P. et al. (eds), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 26. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.: 1051 - 1121. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 26.233.1974","NAKASEKO K., YAO A. & ICHIKAWA K. 1975. - Chapter 10. Protozoa. 4. Radiolaria, in TAKAYANAGI Y. & OMORI M. (eds), Particulars of Paleontology. Volume 2. Invertebrate Fossils 1. Vol. 2. Tsukiji Shokan, Tokyo: 154 - 185. [in Japanese]","NAKASEKO K. & SUGANO K. 1976. - 7. Radiolaria, in ASANO K. (ed.), Micropaleontology. Vol. 1. Asakura Shoten, Tokyo: 67 - 137. [in Japanese]","TAN Z. Y. & TCHANG T. R. 1976. - Studies on the Radiolaria of the East China Sea. II Spumellaria, Nassellaria, Phaeodaria, Sticholonchea. Studia marina sinica 11: 217 - 310. [in Chinese]","RIEDEL W. R. & SANFILIPPO A. 1977. - Cainozoic Radiolaria, in RAMSAY A. T. S. (ed.), Oceanic Micropalaeontology. Vol. 2. Academic Press, London / New York / San Francisco: 847 - 912.","DUMITRICA P. 1979. - Clasa Actinopoda, in NEAGU T. (ed.), Micropaleontologie. Protozoare. Editura Technica, Bucharest, Romania: 9 - 35.","KOZUR H. & MOSTLER H. 1979. - Beitrage zur Erforschung der mesozoischen Radiolarien. Teil III: Die Oberfamilien Actinommacea HAECKEL 1862 emend., Artiscacea HAECKEL 1882, Multiarcusellacea nov. der Spumellaria und triassische Nassellaria. Geologisch Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck 9 (1 / 2): 1 - 132.","TAN Z. Y. & SU X. H. 1982. - Studies on the Radiolaria in sediments of the East China Sea (Continental Shelf). Studia marina sinica 19: 129 - 216. [in Chinese]","TAKAHASHI K. 1991. - Radiolaria: Flux, Ecology, and Taxonomy in the Pacific and Atlantic, in HONJO S. (ed.), Ocean Biocoenosis Series. Vol. 3. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts: 1 - 303. https: // doi. org / 10.1575 / 1912 / 408","CHEN M. & TAN Z. 1996. - Radiolaria from Surface Sediments of the Central and Northern South China Sea. Scene Publishing House, Beijing, 271 p. [in Chinese]","HOLLIS C. J. 1997. - Cretaceous-Paleocene Radiolaria from eastern Marlborough, New Zealand. Institute of geological and nuclear Sciences, Monograph 17: 1 - 152.","BOLTOVSKOY D. 1998. - Classification and distribution of south Atlantic recent polycystine Radiolaria. Palaeontologia Electronica 1 (2.6 A): https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 98006","TAN Z. Y. 1998. - Phylum Protozoa. Class Sacodina. Order Acantharia. Order Spumellaria, Fauna Sinica, Protozoa, 315 p. [in Chinese]","TAN Z. Y. & CHEN M. H. 1999. - Offshore Radiolaria in China. China. Scientific Publications, 1 - 404 p. [in Chinese]","ANDERSON O. R., NIGRINI C., BOLTOVSKOY D., TAKAHASHI K. & SWANBERG N. R. 2002. - Class Polycystinea, in LEE J. J., LEEDALE G. F. & BRADBURY P. (eds), The Second Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kansas: 994 - 1022.","PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G. & KOZLOVA G. E. 1972. - Radiolaria: Leg 14, Deep Sea Drilling Project, in HAYES D. E., PIMM A. C. et al. (eds), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 14. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.: 495 - 648. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 14.116.1972","DUMITRICA P. 1984. - Systematics of Sphaerellarian radiolarian, in PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G. & STEPANJANTS S. D. (eds), Morphology, ecology and evolution of radiolarians. Material from the IV symposium of European radiolarists EURORAD IV. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR: 91 - 102. [in Russian]","HAECKEL E. 1887. - Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology 18: clxxxviii + 1803. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 23487916","EHRENBERG C. G. 1874. - Grossere Felsproben des Polycystinen-Mergels von Barbados mit weiteren Erlauterungen. Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie derWissenschaften zu Berlin (1873): 213 - 263. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 35983332","SANFILIPPO A. & RIEDEL W. R. 1973. - Cenozoic Radiolaria (exclusive of theoperids, artostrobiids and amphipyndacids) from the Gulf of Mexico, DSDP Leg 10, in WORZEL J. L., BRYANT W. et al. (eds), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 10. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.: 475 - 611. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 10.119.1973","KOZUR H. & MOSTLER H. 1972. - Beitrage zur Erforschung der mesozoischen Radiolarien. Teil I: Revision der Oberfamilie Coccodiscacea HAECKEL 1862 emend. und Beschreibung ihrer triassischen Vertreter. Geologisch Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck 2: 1 - 60.","SUGIYAMA K. & FURUTANI H. 1992. - Middle Miocene radiolarians from the Oidawara formation, Mizunami Group, Gifu Prefecture, central Japan. Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum 19: 199 - 213."]}

Family COLLOPHIDIIDAE Biard & Suzuki in Biard, Pillet, Decelle, Poirier, Suzuki & Not, 2015 Collophidiidae Biard & Suzuki in Biard, Pillet, Decelle, Poirier, Suzuki & Not, 2015: 384. Collophidae ��� Ishitani et al. 2012 [no pages can be specified due to ambiguous indication, no type genus indication, and grammatic error in name formation, unavailable name]. TYPE GENUS. ��� Collophidium Haeckel, 1887: 26 [type species by subsequent designation (Campbell 1954: D44): Collozoum serpentinum Haeckel, 1887: 26]. INCLUDED GENERA. ��� Collophidium Haeckel, 1887: 26. NOMEN DUBIUM. ��� Colloprunum. DIAGNOSIS. ��� Collophidiidae are Colonial Collodaria with a variable elongated, cylindrical, or spherical appearance. Each colony is comprised of a delicate gelatinous material that encompasses the scattered algal symbionts and the string-like aggregations. A stringlike aggregation includes tens to a hundred collodarian cells within a firm gelatinous material. The central capsule is of an elongated cylindrical shape, with an endoplasm highly vacuolated. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. ��� Living. REMARKS The taxonomic independency of Collophidium was initially recognized by the studies of Anderson et al. (1999). This was achieved by the observation of ultrafine cellular structure and the publication of ���living��� images.Their results were later supported by a molecular phylogenetic study by Ishitani et al. (2012). The microbial eukaryotes (0.8-20 ��m) of the bathypelagic zone (3000-4000 m in water depth) in global oceans are dominated by Collophidium, suggesting the important role of this genus in the deep-ocean (Pernice et al. 2016). This family can be easily distinguished from the other collodarian families by the presence of cell-embedded sacks observed within the gelatinous matter. Many undescribed genera and species are encountered in plankton samples. Four Collophidium species were drawn in figs 10-13 of Strelkov & Reshetnyak (1971) but need to be described again as new species due to their identification based on the unillustrated species of Haeckel (1887)., Published as part of Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre & Dumitrica, Paulian, 2021, A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts, pp. 405-573 in Geodiversitas 43 (15) on pages 527-528, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15, http://zenodo.org/record/5101757, {"references":["BIARD T., PILLET L., DECELLE J., POIRIER C., SUZUKI N. & NOT F. 2015. - Towards an Integrative Morpho-molecular Classification of the Collodaria (Polycystinea, Radiolaria). Protist 166 (3): 374 - 388. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. protis. 2015.05.002","ISHITANI Y., UJIIE Y., DE VARGAS C., NOT F. & TAKAHASHI K. 2012. - Phylogenetic Relationships and Evolutionary Patterns of the Order Collodaria (Radiolaria). PLoS ONE 7 (5): e 35775. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0035775","HAECKEL E. 1887. - Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology 18: clxxxviii + 1803. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 23487916","CAMPBELL A. S. 1954. - Radiolaria, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part. D, Protista 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence / Kansas: 11 - 195.","ANDERSON O. R., GASTRICH M. D. & AMARAL ZETTLER L. 1999. - Fine structure of the colonial radiolarian Collozoum serpentinum (Polycystinea: Spumellaria) with a reconsideration of its taxonomic status and re-establishment of the genus Collophidium (Haeckel). Marine Micropaleontology 36 (2 - 3): 81 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0377 - 8398 (98) 00029 - 2","PERNICE M. C., GINER C. R., LOGARES R., PERERA- BEL J., ACINAS S. G., DUARTE C. M., GASOL J. M. & MASSANA R. 2016. - Large variability of bathypelagic microbial eukaryotic communities across the world's oceans. The ISME Journal 10 (4): 945 - 958. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / ismej. 2015.170","STRELKOV A. A. & RESHETNYAK V. V. 1971. - Colonial Spumellarian radiolarians of the world ocean. Akademiya nauk SSSR, Zoologicheskii Institut, Issledovaniya Fauny Morei 9 (17): 295 - 418. [in Russian]"]}

Family ENTAPIIDAE Dumitrica in De Wever, Dumitrica, Caulet, Nigrini & Caridroit, 2001 Entapiidae Dumitrica in De Wever, Dumitrica, Caulet, Nigrini & Caridroit, 2001: 118-119. Entapiinae ��� Afanasieva et al. 2005: 273. ��� Afanasieva & Amon, 2006: 110. TYPE GENUS. ��� Entapium Sanfilippo & Riedel, 1973: 491 [type species by original designation: Entapium regulare Sanfilippo & Riedel, 1973: 492] INCLUDED GENUS. ��� Entapium Sanfilippo & Riedel, 1973: 491. DIAGNOSIS. ��� Skeleton consists of two shells. The innermost shell has a pyriform shape and the outer shell is latticed and spherical. Three to six radial bladed beams penetrate the outer shell to form bladed radial spines. No fine radial beams were observed. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. ��� Middle Paleocene-early Middle Eocene. REMARKS The internal skeletal structure for Entapium was illustrated (Nakaseko & Nishimura 1982: pl. 22, fig. 6?; Nishimura 2001; pl. 1, fig. 13; Sanfilippo & Riedel 1973: pls 23, 24). However, Entapium showed an outward migration of the medullary shell towards the cortical shell which ultimately tends to disappear. O���Connor (1999) coined the new genus name Zealithapium but this latter genus is not an Entapiidae. The numerous radial spines similar to those of Stylosphaeridae morphotypes were observed, but the characteristics of these radial spines are different between the two families., Published as part of Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre & Dumitrica, Paulian, 2021, A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts, pp. 405-573 in Geodiversitas 43 (15) on page 457, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15, http://zenodo.org/record/5101757, {"references":["DE WEVER P., DUMITRICA P., CAULET J. P., NIGRINI C. & CARIDROIT M. 2001. - Radiolarians in the sedimentary record, Amsterdam, 533 p. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781482283181","AFANASIEVA M. S., AMON E. O., AGARKOV Y. V. & BOLTOVSKOY D. S. 2005. - Radiolarians in the geological record. Paleontological Journal 39 (3, Suppl. S.): 135 - 392.","AFANASIEVA M. S. & AMON E. O. 2006. - Biotic crises and stages of radiolarian evolution in the Phanerozoic. Paleontological Journal 40 (4): S 453 - S 467. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0031030106100054","SANFILIPPO A. & RIEDEL W. R. 1973. - Cenozoic Radiolaria (exclusive of theoperids, artostrobiids and amphipyndacids) from the Gulf of Mexico, DSDP Leg 10, in WORZEL J. L., BRYANT W. et al. (eds), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 10. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.: 475 - 611. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 10.119.1973","NAKASEKO K. & NISHIMURA A. 1982. - Radiolaria from the bottom sediments of the Bellingshausen Basin in the Antarctic Sea, Report of the Technology Research Center, Japan National Oil Corporation, 91 - 244 p.","NISHIMURA A. 2001. - Paleocene Radiolarians from DSDP Leg 43, Site 384 in the Northwest Atlantic. News of Osaka Micropaleontologists, special Volume 12: 293 - 320. [in Japanese]","O'CONNOR B. 1999. - Radiolaria from the Late Eocene Oamaru Diatomite, South Island, New Zealand. Micropaleontology 45 (1): 1 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1486201"]}

Superfamily SPHAEROZOIDEA M��ller, 1859 Sphaerozoen M��ller, 1859a: 17 [as a family]. Sphaerozoeen ��� Hertwig 1879: 261 [as an order]. ��� Brandt 1885: 210-212. Sphaerozoa ��� Lankester et al. 1909:145 [as an order]. Spheroidea ��� Calkins 1909: 40 [as an order]. Spherozoea ��� Calkins 1909: 40 [as an order]. Collosphaerinea ��� Poche 1913: 210 [as a suborder] (synonymized with Collosphaerida, Polycyttaria). Sphaerozoidea ��� Bertolini 1937: 1267-1268 [as a group]. Collosphaeroidea ��� Bertolini 1937: 1268. DIAGNOSIS. ���For Colonial Collodaria, the colony consists of many collodarian cells which are embedded in a gelatinous support. A reticulated system of pseudopodia interconnects the collodarian cells inside the gelatinous substance. The cell is constituted of three zonal structure: the adipose droplet (oil droplet) in the center, the intracapsular zone with an endoplasm, and the extracapsular zone with ectoplasm. The intracapsular zone includes many small nuclei, pigmented spherules observed in light microscopy, and several small orthorhombic shaped crystals. The intracapsular zone is bounded from the extracapsular zone by the capsular wall. The extracapsular zone resembles a transparent clear thin zone and consists of the ectoplasm and pseudopodia. Anatomically, the pseudopodia are part of the endoplasm. The endoplasm extrudes from the intracapsular zone through the fusules, that is a special tunnel organelle on the central capsule. The extracapsular zone is bounded by the plasmalemma of the gelatinous material. The pseudopodia buried in gelatinous material radiate and appear as fibers of gelatinous matter. The algal symbionts are located in the ectoplasm or in the gelatinous matter. The boundary of the gelatinous matter is unknown. If present, the siliceous skeletons are wrapped with silicalemma. It is unknown whether the silicalemma is a part of the endoplasm and/or of the ectoplasm. REMARKS The Collodaria are conventionally divided into ���colonial Collodaria ��� and ���solitary Collodaria ���; the former is commonly known as Sphaerozoidea. One of the most comprehensive studies of the Sphaerozoidea was performed by Strelkov & Reshetnyak (1971). The morphological terminology adopted in fig. 6 of Strelkov & Reshetnyak (1971) is a basis in understanding the Sphaerozoidea. The metabarcoding survey found that the coastal area populations are dominated by the Sphaerozoidae, while open ocean populations are dominated by the Collosphaeridae (Biard et al. 2017). Although the exact taxonomy of the host is unknown, amphipod species such as Oxycephalusclausi, Streetsiaporcella and Hyperietta stebbingi were found among Sphaerozoidea (Harbison et al. 1977; Zeidler 2016). The Sphaerozoidea consists of the Collophiidae, Collosphaeridae and Sphaerozoidae. The formation of superfamily names for this group needs some additional explanations. The Latin stem of Sphaerozoum is Sphaerozo-, thus Sphaerozo-oidea is grammatically correct. However, in this case, there is an old pronunciation problem. When one pronounces a double ���oo���, the result is not very nice for Latin, Italian, French and Spanish ears. In English the pronunciation can result as ���ouuu��� sound. There is just a big exception which is the Greek name ���zoon��� = zoo (identical in all European languages, even in Russian). The prevalent use in occidental languages is to remove the additional ���o���, so as not to pronounce this not phonetically nice ���oo���. Sphaerozoidae sounds better than Sphaerozooidae.Very often, many radiolarists have been using translations of such word in their native languages: Sphaerozoid��s in French, Sphaerozoids in English and Sphaerozoiden in German (always without a double ���o���)., Published as part of Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre & Dumitrica, Paulian, 2021, A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts, pp. 405-573 in Geodiversitas 43 (15) on page 527, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15, http://zenodo.org/record/5101757, {"references":["MULLER J. 1859 a. - Uber die Thalassicollen, Polycystinen und Acanthometren des Mittelmeeres. Abhandlungen der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (1858): 1 - 62. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 29502127","HERTWIG R. 1879. - Der Organismus der Radiolarien. G. Fischer, Jena, Germany, iv + 149 p. https: // archive. org / details / denkschriftender 02 medi / page / 126 / mode / 2 up","BRANDT K. 1885. - Die koloniebildenden Radiolarien (Spherozoeen) des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeresabschnitte. Monographie Fauna Flora Golfes Neapel 13: 1 - 276. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 37846","LANKESTER E. R., HICKSON S. J., LISTER J. J., GAMBLE F. W., WILLEY A., WOODCOCK H. M. & WELDON W. F. R. 1909. - A Treatise on Zoology. Part I. Introduction and Protozoa. First Fascicle. Adam & Charles Black, London, 296 p. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 21118768","CALKINS G. N. 1909. - Protozoology. Lea & Febiger, New York, 349 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 62800","POCHE F. 1913. - Das System der Protozoa. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 30: 125 - 321.","BERTOLINI F. 1937. - Sulla classificazione dei Radiolari, Twelfth International Zoological Congress, 1935. Lisbon, Portugal: 1265 - 1275.","STRELKOV A. A. & RESHETNYAK V. V. 1971. - Colonial Spumellarian radiolarians of the world ocean. Akademiya nauk SSSR, Zoologicheskii Institut, Issledovaniya Fauny Morei 9 (17): 295 - 418. [in Russian]","BIARD T., BIGEARD E., AUDIC S., POULAIN J., GUTIERREZ- RO- DRIGUEZ A., PESANT S., STEMMANN L. & NOT F. 2017. - Biogeography and diversity of Collodaria (Radiolaria) in the global ocean. The ISME Journal 11 (6): 1331 - 1344. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / ismej. 2017.12","HARBISON G. R., BIGGS D. C. & MADIN L. P. 1977. - The associations of Amphipoda Hyperiidea with gelatinous zooplankton - II; Associations with Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Radiolaria. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 24 (5): 465 - 488. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0146 - 6291 (77) 90484 - 2","ZEIDLER W. 2016. - A review of the families and genera of the superfamily Platysceloidea Bowman & Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea), together with keys to the families, genera and species. Zootaxa 4192 (1): 1 - 136. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4192.1.1"]}

Family COLLOPHIDIIDAE Biard & Suzuki in Biard, Pillet, Decelle, Poirier, Suzuki & Not, 2015 Collophidiidae Biard & Suzuki in Biard, Pillet, Decelle, Poirier, Suzuki & Not, 2015: 384. Collophidae – Ishitani et al. 2012 [no pages can be specified due to ambiguous indication, no type genus indication, and grammatic error in name formation, unavailable name]. TYPE GENUS. — Collophidium Haeckel, 1887: 26 [type species by subsequent designation (Campbell 1954: D44): Collozoum serpentinum Haeckel, 1887: 26]. INCLUDED GENERA. — Collophidium Haeckel, 1887: 26. NOMEN DUBIUM. — Colloprunum. DIAGNOSIS. — Collophidiidae are Colonial Collodaria with a variable elongated, cylindrical, or spherical appearance. Each colony is comprised of a delicate gelatinous material that encompasses the scattered algal symbionts and the string-like aggregations. A stringlike aggregation includes tens to a hundred collodarian cells within a firm gelatinous material. The central capsule is of an elongated cylindrical shape, with an endoplasm highly vacuolated. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Living. REMARKS The taxonomic independency of Collophidium was initially recognized by the studies of Anderson et al. (1999). This was achieved by the observation of ultrafine cellular structure and the publication of “living” images.Their results were later supported by a molecular phylogenetic study by Ishitani et al. (2012). The microbial eukaryotes (0.8-20 Μm) of the bathypelagic zone (3000-4000 m in water depth) in global oceans are dominated by Collophidium, suggesting the important role of this genus in the deep-ocean (Pernice et al. 2016). This family can be easily distinguished from the other collodarian families by the presence of cell-embedded sacks observed within the gelatinous matter. Many undescribed genera and species are encountered in plankton samples. Four Collophidium species were drawn in figs 10-13 of Strelkov & Reshetnyak (1971) but need to be described again as new species due to their identification based on the unillustrated species of Haeckel (1887).

Family THALASSOSPHAERIDAE Haeckel, 1862 Thalassosphaerida Haeckel, 1862: 237, 246, 255 [as both family and tribe];1882: 470 [as a family]; 1884: 28 [as a family]; 1887: 10, 29-30 [as a family]. ��� B��tschli 1889: 1947 [as a family]. ��� Ludwig 1908: 17 [rank unknown]. ��� Anderson 1983: 23. ��� Afanasieva & Amon 2006: 157 [as a class]. Thalassosphaeridae ��� Claus 1876: 158. ��� Delage & H��rouard 1896: 178 [as a suborder]. ��� Campbell 1954: D45. ��� Chediya 1959: 66. ��� De Wever et al. 2001: 171. ��� Afanasieva et al. 2005: S306. ��� Chen et al. 2017: 81. Physematidae Brandt, 1902: 81-82 [nomen dubium]. ��� Hollande & Enjumet 1953: 107, 112, 129. ��� Cachon & Cachon 1985: 284. Physematiidae ��� Lankester et al. 1909: 144 [nomen dubium]. Physematiden ��� Huth 1913: 25 [nomen dubium, as a family]. Bathysphaeridae Hollande & Enjumet, 1960: 127 [junior homonym]. ��� Cachon & Cachon 1985: 285. TYPE GENUS. ��� Thalassosphaera Haeckel, 1862: 259 [type species by subsequent designation (Campbell 1951: 527): Sphaerozoum bifurcum Haeckel, 1861b: 845] INCLUDED GENERA. ��� Lampoxanthura Haeckel, 1887: 38. ��� Thalassosphaera Haeckel, 1862: 259 (nec Haeckel, 1887) (= Thalassoxanthomma with the same type species). ��� Thalassoxanthella Haeckel, 1887: 31. NOMINA DUBIA. ��� Calosphaera, Lampoxanthella, Lampoxanthium, Lampoxanthomma, Physematium, Thalassiosolen, Thalassorhaphis, Thalassoxanthium. JUNIOR HOMONYMS. ��� Thalassoplancta Haeckel, 1887 (= Thalassorhaphis) nec Haeckel, 1882; Thalassosphaera Haeckel, 1887 (= Calosphaera) nec Haeckel, 1862. DIAGNOSIS. ��� Thalassosphaeridae consist of solitary Collodaria. The protoplasm consists of a single central large nucleus surrounded by an endoplasm. A very high number of isolated siliceous spicules are scattered outside the endoplasm. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. ��� Living. REMARKS No molecular data was obtained but the Thalassosphaeridae are suspected to be one of the different living stages of Thalassicollidae (see remarks for Thalassicollidae). This family includes the first described polycystine genus in history, namely Physematium, but the original images in Meyen (1834) are too ambiguous, making it difficult to determine real specimens without a dose of interpretative imagination. However, the ecology of Physematium has been studied in wide area of open oceans. In this sense, there are several studies on the functional morphology of the colony (Anderson et al. 1986b), the trophic activity (Swanberg & Anderson 1985; Swanberg et al. 1986a), as well as their feeding preferences (Swanberg et al. 1986b). ���Living��� images were illustrated for Lampoxanthura (Anderson 1983: figs 1.2.C-1.2.D), Thalassosphaera (Suzuki & Aita 2011: fig. 5E; Suzuki & Not 2015: fig. 8.13.2), ��� Physematium ��� (Anderson 1983: figs.1.2.A-1.2.B; Anderson et al. 1986b: figs 1.1-1.2) and ��� Thalassoxanthium ��� (Hollande & Enjumet 1953: fig. 18). However, these ���living images��� were obtained for nomina dubia genera such as ��� Physematium ��� and ��� Thalassoxanthium ���. Many undescribed ���genera��� of Thalassicollidae are also commonly found in plankton samples., Published as part of Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre & Dumitrica, Paulian, 2021, A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts, pp. 405-573 in Geodiversitas 43 (15) on pages 533-534, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15, http://zenodo.org/record/5101757, {"references":["HAECKEL E. 1862. - Die Radiolarien (Rhizopoda Radiaria). Eine Monographie. Reimer, Berlin, 572 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10155","BUTSCHLI O. 1889. - Kurze Ubersicht des Systems der Radiolaria, in BRONN H. G. & HOFFMANN C. K. (eds), Dr. H. G. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs. Infusoria und System der Radiolaria, Band 1, Protozoa. Vol. 3. C. F. Winter'sche Verlagshandlung, Leipzig und Heidelberg: 1946 - 2004. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14134","LUDWIG K. 1908. - Zur Kenntnis der Thalassicolliden [Ph. D. Dissertation: E. Ebering, Konigl. Christian-Albrechts-Universitet, Kiel, 91 p.","AFANASIEVA M. S. & AMON E. O. 2006. - Biotic crises and stages of radiolarian evolution in the Phanerozoic. Paleontological Journal 40 (4): S 453 - S 467. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0031030106100054","CLAUS C. 1876. - Grundzuge der Zoologie. N. G. Elwert'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Marburg und Leipzig, 740 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 34811","DELAGE Y. & HEROUARD E. 1896. - Traite de Zoologie Concrete. Schleicher, Paris, France, xxi + 584 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11672","CAMPBELL A. S. 1954. - Radiolaria, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part. D, Protista 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence / Kansas: 11 - 195.","CHEDIYA D. M. 1959. - Obzor Sistematiki Radiolyarii, Tadzhikskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet, Stalingrad, 330 and corrigenda p. [in Russian]","DE WEVER P., DUMITRICA P., CAULET J. P., NIGRINI C. & CARIDROIT M. 2001. - Radiolarians in the sedimentary record, Amsterdam, 533 p. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781482283181","AFANASIEVA M. S., AMON E. O., AGARKOV Y. V. & BOLTOVSKOY D. S. 2005. - Radiolarians in the geological record. Paleontological Journal 39 (3, Suppl. S.): 135 - 392.","CHEN M., ZHANG Q. & ZHANG L. 2017. - Radiolaria in the Sediments from the Northwest Pacific and its marginal seas. Scientific Publishing, Beijing, 1 - 279 p. [in Chinese]","BRANDT K. 1902. - Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Colliden (1 & 2). Archiv fur Protistenkunde 1 (1): 59 - 88. https: // archive. org / details / archivfrprotist 00 unkngoog / page / n 8","HOLLANDE A. & ENJUMET M. 1953. - Contribution a l'etude biologique des Sphaerocollides (Radiolaires Collodaires et Radiolaires polycyttaires et leurs parasites. 1. - Thalassicollidae, Physematidae, Thalassophysidae. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie et Biologie Animale, Serie 11 15: 99 - 183.","CACHON J. & CACHON M. 1985. - 2. Class Polycystinea, in LEE J. J., HUTNER S. H. & BOVEE E. C. (eds), An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence Kansas: 283 - 295.","LANKESTER E. R., HICKSON S. J., LISTER J. J., GAMBLE F. W., WILLEY A., WOODCOCK H. M. & WELDON W. F. R. 1909. - A Treatise on Zoology. Part I. Introduction and Protozoa. First Fascicle. Adam & Charles Black, London, 296 p. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 21118768","HUTH W. 1913. - Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Thalassicollen. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 30: 1 - 124.","HOLLANDE A. & ENJUMET M. 1960. - Cytologie, evolution et systematique des Sphaeroides (Radiolaires). Archives du Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris 7: 1 - 134.","CAMPBELL A. S. 1951. - New genera and subgenera of Radiolaria. Journal of Paleontology 25 (4): 527 - 530. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 1299751","HAECKEL E. 1861 b. - Fernere Abbildungen und Diagnosen neuer Gattungen und Arten von lebenden Radiolarien des Mittel- meeres. Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (1860): 835 - 845. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 36276090","HAECKEL E. 1887. - Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology 18: clxxxviii + 1803. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 23487916","HAECKEL E. 1882. - Entwurf eines Radiolarien-Systems auf Grund von Studien der Challenger-Radiolarien. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft 15: 418 - 472. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 8700599","MEYEN F. J. F. 1834. - Uber das Leuchten des Meeres und Beschreibung einiger Polypen und anderer niederer Tiere, in WEBER E. (ed.), Beitrage zur Zoologie, gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde. Novorum actorum Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino Carolinae naturae curiosorum. Volume 16 (2) Bonn: 125 - 216.","ANDERSON R. O., HEMLEBEN C., SPINDLER M. & LINDSEY J. L. 1986 b. - A comparative analysis of the morphogenesis and morphometric diversity of mature skeletons of living Didymocyrtis tetrathalamus tetrathalamus and Hexalonche amphisiphon. Marine Micropaleontology 11 (1 - 3): 203 - 215. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0377 - 8398 (86) 90015 - 0","SWANBERG N. R., ANDERSON O. R., LINDSEY J. L. & BENNETT P. 1986 a. - The biology of Physematium muelleri: trophic activity. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 33 (7): 913 - 922. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0198 - 0149 (86) 90006 - 3","SWANBERG N. R., BENNETT P., LINDSEY J. L. & ANDERSON O. R. 1986 b. - A comparative study on predation in two Caribbean radiolarian populations. Marine Microbial foodWebs 1 (2): 105 - 118.","SUZUKI N. & AITA Y. 2011. - Radiolaria: achievements and unresolved issues: taxonomy and cytology. Plankton & Benthos Research 6 (2): 69 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.3800 / pbr. 6.69","SUZUKI N. & NOT F. 2015. - Biology and Ecology of Radiolaria, in OHTSUKA S., SUZAKI T., HORIGUCHI T., SUZUKI N. & NOT F. (eds), Marine Protists: Diversity and Dynamics. Springer Japan: 179 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 4 - 431 - 55130 - 0 _ 8"]}

Order ENTACTINARIA Kozur & Mostler, 1982 Molecular phylogenetic lineage III (Sandin et al. 2021) DIAGNOSIS. ��� One, to rarely two or three, spherical cortical shells, whose wall are made of a spongy layer or of a spherical shape consisting of a full coarse mesh. The central cubic structure is framed with sharp corners and contains a heteropolar microsphere; with MB and two A-rays on its top. Following an author���s recommen- dation (PD), the Lineage III is regarded as a living Entactinaria. Nonetheless, it is noted that the true genus Entactinia have a MB and two sets of radial rays at both ends; however, it has never been observed in living Entactinaria (Nakamura et al. 2020: supplement). REMARKS We include the Rhizosphaeroidea (Clade G: Haliommilla, Rhizosphaera), Centrocuboidea (Clade H: Octodendron; Clade I: Plegmosphaeromma), Centrolonchoidea, Heliosaturnaloidea and Thalassothamnoidea in the Entactinaria sensu Dumitrica, but the diagnosis for the Lineage III shown above does not include Centrolonchoidea, Heliosaturnaloidea and Thalassothamnoidea due to the lack of molecular support. The axopodial system was regarded as a determinant character applicable to superfamily or order level taxonomy (Hollande & Enjumet 1960; Cachon & Cachon 1985). However, molecular phylogenetic studies (Sandin et al. 2021) discarded this hypothesis., Published as part of Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre & Dumitrica, Paulian, 2021, A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts, pp. 405-573 in Geodiversitas 43 (15) on page 461, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15, http://zenodo.org/record/5101757, {"references":["KOZUR H. & MOSTLER H. 1982. - Entactinaria subordo Nov., a new radiolarian suborder. Geologisch Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck 11 (1): 399 - 414.","SANDIN M. M., BIARD T., ROMAC S., O'DOGHERTY L., SUZUKI N. & NOT F. 2021. - A morpho-molecular perspective on the diversity and evolution of Spumellaria (Radiolaria). Protist 172: https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. protis. 2021.125806","NAKAMURA Y., SANDIN M. M., SUZUKI N., TUJI A. & NOT F. 2020. - Phylogenetic revision of the order Entactinaria - Paleozoic relict Radiolaria (Rhizaria, SAR). Protist 171 (1): 125712. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. protis. 2019.125712","HOLLANDE A. & ENJUMET M. 1960. - Cytologie, evolution et systematique des Sphaeroides (Radiolaires). Archives du Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris 7: 1 - 134.","CACHON J. & CACHON M. 1985. - 2. Class Polycystinea, in LEE J. J., HUTNER S. H. & BOVEE E. C. (eds), An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence Kansas: 283 - 295."]}

Family PSEUDOAULOPHACIDAE Riedel, 1967 sensu De Wever et al. (2001) Pseudoaulophacidae Riedel, 1967a: 148; 1967b: 295; 1971: 654- 655. ��� Pessagno 1972: 296-297 (sensu emend.); 1977b: 932. ��� Nakaseko et al. 1975: 169. ��� Nakaseko & Sugano 1976: 126. ��� Foreman 1978: 744. ��� Kozur & Mostler 1978: 155. ��� Dumitrica 1979: 25; 1997: 212-214. ��� Schaaf 1984: 49. ��� Sanfilippo & Riedel 1985: 593-594. ��� Carter et al. 1988: 43. ��� O���Dogherty 1994: 315. ��� Dumitrica 1995: 26. ��� Kiessling 1999: 39. ��� Amon 2000: 45. ��� De Wever et al. 2001: 143-144. ��� Afanasieva et al. 2005: S286. ��� Afanasieva & Amon 2006: 128. Pentapyloniinae Dumitrica in De Wever, Dumitrica, Caulet, Nigrini & Caridroit, 2001: 146. ��� Afanasieva et al. 2005: S286. ��� Afanasieva & Amon 2006: 128. Pseudoaulophacinae ��� De Wever et al. 2001: 144, 146 (sensu emend.).��� Afanasieva et al. 2005: S286. ��� Afanasieva & Amon 2006: 128. TYPE GENUS. ��� Pseudoaulophacus Pessagno, 1963: 200 [type species by objective designation: Pseudoaulophacus floresensis Pessagno, 1963: 200]. INCLUDED GENERA (CENOZOIC ONLY). ��� Pentapylonium Dumitrica, 1991: 37. DIAGNOSIS. ��� Spongy discoidal spumellarians with surface completely or partially covered by a meshwork of equilateral triangular frames. The microsphere is shaped like triangular prism with 3 primary rays originating from its lateral edges. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. ���early Early Miocene-Early Pliocene. REMARKS The internal skeletal structure of Pentapylonium was already illustrated (Dumitrica 1991: pl. 5, figs 1-9; pl. 6, figs 1-9; pl. 7, figs 1-7). As reporting of Pentapylonium implicatum is limited to the upwelling regions off Peru, Oman and Somali (Nigrini & Caulet 1992), this family can rarely be observed in other regions. The overall appearance of Sphaeropylolena (Pylodiscidae) is similar to that of Pentapylonium, but the former fundamentally differs from the latter by the presence of a pylodiscid center (Zhang & Suzuki 2017: 38)., Published as part of Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre & Dumitrica, Paulian, 2021, A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts, pp. 405-573 in Geodiversitas 43 (15) on page 456, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15, http://zenodo.org/record/5101757, {"references":["DE WEVER P., DUMITRICA P., CAULET J. P., NIGRINI C. & CARIDROIT M. 2001. - Radiolarians in the sedimentary record, Amsterdam, 533 p. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781482283181","RIEDEL W. R. 1967 a. - Subclass Radiolaria, in HARLAND W. B., HOLLAND C. H., HOUSE M. R., HUGHES N. F., REYNOLDS A. B., RUDWICK M. J. S., SATTERTHWAITE G. E., TARLO L. B. H. & WILLEY E. C. (eds), The Fossil Record. A symposium with documentation. Geological Society of London, London: 291 - 298.","RIEDEL W. R. 1967 b. - Some new families of Radiolaria. Proceedings of the geological Society of London 1640: 148 - 149.","PESSAGNO E. A. 1972. - Cretaceous Radiolaria. Part I: The Phaseliformidae, new family, and other Spongodiscacea from the Upper Cretaceous portion of the Great Valley Sequence, part II; Pseudoaulophacidae Riedel from the Cretaceous of California and the Blake-Bahama Basin (JOIDES leg 1). Bulletins of american Paleontology 61 (270): 269 - 328. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 10584886","NAKASEKO K., YAO A. & ICHIKAWA K. 1975. - Chapter 10. Protozoa. 4. Radiolaria, in TAKAYANAGI Y. & OMORI M. (eds), Particulars of Paleontology. Volume 2. Invertebrate Fossils 1. Vol. 2. Tsukiji Shokan, Tokyo: 154 - 185. [in Japanese]","NAKASEKO K. & SUGANO K. 1976. - 7. Radiolaria, in ASANO K. (ed.), Micropaleontology. Vol. 1. Asakura Shoten, Tokyo: 67 - 137. [in Japanese]","FOREMAN H. P. 1978. - Mesozoic Radiolaria in the Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of Africa, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 41, in LANCELOT Y., SEIBOLD E. et al. (eds), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 41. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.: 739 - 761. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 41.117.1978","KOZUR H. & MOSTLER H. 1978. - Beitrage zur Erforschung der mesozoischen Radiolarien Teil II: Oberfamilie Trematodiscacea HAECKEL 1862 emend. und Beschreibung ihrer triassischen Vertreter. Geologisch Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck 8: 123 - 182.","DUMITRICA P. 1979. - Clasa Actinopoda, in NEAGU T. (ed.), Micropaleontologie. Protozoare. Editura Technica, Bucharest, Romania: 9 - 35.","SCHAAF A. 1984. - Les radiolaires du Cretace inferieur et moyen: biologie et systematique. Sciences geologiques (Strasbourg) Memoire 75: 1 - 189. https: // www. persee. fr / doc / sgeol _ 0302 - 2684 _ 1984 _ mon _ 75 _ 1","SANFILIPPO A. & RIEDEL W. R. 1985. - Cretaceous Radiolaria, in BOLLI H. M., SAUNDERS J. B. & PERCH- NIELSEN K. (eds), Plankton Stratigraphy. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 573 - 630.","CARTER E. S., CAMERON B. E. B. & SMITH P. L. 1988. - Lower and Middle Jurassic radiolarian biostratigraphy and systematic paleontology, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 386: 1 - 109. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 126315","O'DOGHERTY L. 1994. - Biochronology and Paleontology of Mid-Cretaceous Radiolarians from Northern Apennines (Italy) and Betic Cordillera (Spain). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne) 21: 1 - 415.","DUMITRICA P. 1995. - Systematic framework of Jurassic and Cretaceous Radiolaria, in BAUMGARTNER P. O., O'DOGHERTY L., GORICAN s., URQUHART E., PILLEVUIT A. & DE WEVER P. (eds), Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne) 23: 19 - 35.","KIESSLING W. 1999. - Late Jurassic Radiolarians from the Antarctic Peninsula. Micropaleontology, special issues 45 (1): 1 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1486097","AMON E. O. 2000. - Upper Cretaceous radiolarians of Urals region. Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch, Institute of Geology and Geochemistry. Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg, 209 p. [in Russian]","AFANASIEVA M. S., AMON E. O., AGARKOV Y. V. & BOLTOVSKOY D. S. 2005. - Radiolarians in the geological record. Paleontological Journal 39 (3, Suppl. S.): 135 - 392.","AFANASIEVA M. S. & AMON E. O. 2006. - Biotic crises and stages of radiolarian evolution in the Phanerozoic. Paleontological Journal 40 (4): S 453 - S 467. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0031030106100054","PESSAGNO E. A. 1963. - Upper Cretaceous Radiolaria from Puerto Rico. Micropaleontology 9 (2): 197 - 214. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1484568","DUMITRICA P. 1991. - Cenozoic Pyloniacea (Radiolaria) with a five-gated microsphere. Revue de Micropaleontologie 34 (1): 35 - 56.","NIGRINI C. & CAULET J. P. 1992. - Late Neogene radiolarian assemblages characteristic of Indo-Pacific areas of upwelling. Micropaleontology 38 (2): 139 - 164. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 1485992","ZHANG L. L. & SUZUKI N. 2017. - Taxonomy and species diversity of Holocene pylonioid radiolarians from surface sediments of the northeastern Indian Ocean. Palaeontologia Electronica 20.3.48 A: 1 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 718"]}

Order ENTACTINARIA Kozur & Mostler, 1982 Molecular phylogenetic lineage III (Sandin et al. 2021) DIAGNOSIS. — One, to rarely two or three, spherical cortical shells, whose wall are made of a spongy layer or of a spherical shape consisting of a full coarse mesh. The central cubic structure is framed with sharp corners and contains a heteropolar microsphere; with MB and two A-rays on its top. Following an author’s recommen- dation (PD), the Lineage III is regarded as a living Entactinaria. Nonetheless, it is noted that the true genus Entactinia have a MB and two sets of radial rays at both ends; however, it has never been observed in living Entactinaria (Nakamura et al. 2020: supplement). REMARKS We include the Rhizosphaeroidea (Clade G: Haliommilla, Rhizosphaera), Centrocuboidea (Clade H: Octodendron; Clade I: Plegmosphaeromma), Centrolonchoidea, Heliosaturnaloidea and Thalassothamnoidea in the Entactinaria sensu Dumitrica, but the diagnosis for the Lineage III shown above does not include Centrolonchoidea, Heliosaturnaloidea and Thalassothamnoidea due to the lack of molecular support. The axopodial system was regarded as a determinant character applicable to superfamily or order level taxonomy (Hollande & Enjumet 1960; Cachon & Cachon 1985). However, molecular phylogenetic studies (Sandin et al. 2021) discarded this hypothesis.

Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre, Dumitrica, Paulian (2021): A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts. Geodiversitas 43 (15): 405-573, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15

Family BEKOMIDAE Dumitrica in De Wever, Dumitrica, Caulet, Nigrini & Caridroit, 2001 Bekomidae Dumitrica in De Wever, Dumitrica, Caulet, Nigrini & Caridroit, 2001: 284. ��� Matsuzaki et al. 2015: 63-64. Bekominae ��� Afanasieva et al. 2005: S296. ��� Afanasieva & Amon 2006: 145. TYPE GENUS. ��� Bekoma Riedel & Sanfilippo, 1971: 1592 [type species by monotypy: Bekoma bidarfensis Riedel & Sanfilippo, 1971: 1592]. INCLUDED GENERA. ��� Bekoma Riedel & Sanfilippo, 1971: 1592. ��� Bekomiforma Sanfilippo & Riedel, 1974: 1020. ��� Lamprotripus Haeckel, 1882: 431. ��� Orbula Foreman, 1973a: 437. NOMINA DUBIA. ��� Stichocampe, Stichopterium. DIAGNOSIS. ��� Bekomidae consist of two-segmented Lithochytridoidea (exclusive of Orbula) with six collar pores that form the basal ring of the cephalis, two free A- and V-rods in the cephalic cavity, and three feet. Except in the case of Lamprotripus, the cephalis is covered with a thick siliceous wall. The cephalic initial spicular system consists of A-, V-, D-, double l-, and double L-rods. A combination of A- and V-rods, or solely A-rod, forms one or more significant cylindrical apical horn(s). D- and double L-rods protrude from the cephalis and form three feet or rims on the thorax. The MB is located in the center of the basal aperture of the cephalis. The basal ring is directly connected to the D-, double l- and double L-rods. The basal ring tends to be located horizontally in the cephalic cavity. Although the basal ring is generally merged to the shell wall, it is well visible in older forms (Bekoma and Bekomiforma) but degraded in a younger form (Lamprotripus). A protoplasm is observed in Lamprotripus. The endoplasm is opaque dark grey, filling the upper part of the shell at the level where three rod wings are separated from the shell. No algal symbionts are present. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. ��� Middle Paleocene-Living. REMARKS The Bekomidae are distinguishable from the Lithochytrididae. The latter lack the double l-rod and have four collar pores instead of six and their MB is oblique to the collar stricture.The cephalic initial spicular system was illustrated for Bekoma (Nishimura 1992: pl. 5, figs 4, 5, 9, 11; pl. 8, fig. 5?), Bekomiforma (Sugiyama et al. 1992: pl. 20, fig. 1) and Lamprotripus (Nishimura & Yamauchi 1984: pl. 31, fig.1; Nishimura 1990: figs 26.6, 26.7, 29.6; Sugiyama et al. 1992: pl. 22, fig. 1). The diagnosis written above excludes the characteristics of ��� Lamprotripus ��� mawsoni (Riedel 1958). As this species lacks the double l- and V-rods (Sugiyama et al. 1992: pl. 16, figs 4, 5), it cannot be placed in Lamprotripus. This species is also grouped with Dictyopodium (= Pterocanium in original) but not Lamprotripus in the Clade I (Sandin et al. 2019). ��� L.��� mawsoni has three collar pores as opposed to four.Sugiyama et al. (1992: 18-19) conceptualized it as a new genus. The living appearance of Lamprotripus is documented (Suzuki & Not 2015: fig. 8.10.15)., Published as part of Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre & Dumitrica, Paulian, 2021, A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts, pp. 405-573 in Geodiversitas 43 (15) on page 516, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15, http://zenodo.org/record/5101757, {"references":["DE WEVER P., DUMITRICA P., CAULET J. P., NIGRINI C. & CARIDROIT M. 2001. - Radiolarians in the sedimentary record, Amsterdam, 533 p. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781482283181","MATSUZAKI K. M., SUZUKI N. & NISHI H. 2015. - Middle to Upper Pleistocene Polycystine Radiolarians from Hole 902 - C 9001 C, Northwestern Pacific. Paleontological Research 19 (supplement 1): 1 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.2517 / 2015 PR 003","AFANASIEVA M. S., AMON E. O., AGARKOV Y. V. & BOLTOVSKOY D. S. 2005. - Radiolarians in the geological record. Paleontological Journal 39 (3, Suppl. S.): 135 - 392.","AFANASIEVA M. S. & AMON E. O. 2006. - Biotic crises and stages of radiolarian evolution in the Phanerozoic. Paleontological Journal 40 (4): S 453 - S 467. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0031030106100054","RIEDEL W. R. & SANFILIPPO A. 1971. - Cenozoic Radiolaria from the western tropical Pacific, Leg 7, in WINTERER E. L., RIEDEL W. R. et al. (eds), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 7. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.: 1529 - 1672. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 7.132.1971","SANFILIPPO A. & RIEDEL W. R. 1974. - Radiolaria from the west-central Indian Ocean and Gulf of Aden, DSDP Leg 24, in FISHER R. L., BUNCE E. T. et al. (eds), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 24. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.: 997 - 1035. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 24.125.1974","HAECKEL E. 1882. - Entwurf eines Radiolarien-Systems auf Grund von Studien der Challenger-Radiolarien. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft 15: 418 - 472. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 8700599","FOREMAN H. P. 1973 a. - Radiolaria from DSDP Leg 20, in HEEZEN B. C., MACGREGOR J. D. et al. (eds), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 20. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.: 249 - 305. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 20.113.1973","NISHIMURA A. 1992. - Paleocene radiolarian biostratigraphy in the northwest Atlantic at Site 384, Leg 43, of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Micropaleontology 38 (4): 317 - 362. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 1485764","NISHIMURA A. & YAMAUCHI M. 1984. - Radiolarians from the Nankai Trough in the Northwest Pacific. News of Osaka Micropaleontologists, special Volume 6: 1 - 148.","NISHIMURA H. 1990. - Taxonomic study on Cenozoic Nassellaria (Radiolaria). Science Reports of the Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Section B: Geological Sciences 11: 69 - 172. http: // hdl. handle. net / 2241 / 4970","RIEDEL W. R. 1958. - Radiolaria in Antarctic sediments. Reports of the B. A. N. Z. Antarctic Research Expedition, series B 6: 217 - 255.","SANDIN M. M., PILLET L., BIARD T., POIRIER C., BIGEARD E., ROMAC S., SUZUKI N. & NOT F. 2019. - Time Calibrated Morpho-molecular Classification of Nassellaria (Radiolaria). Protist 170 (2): 187 - 208. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. protis. 2019.02.002","SUZUKI N. & NOT F. 2015. - Biology and Ecology of Radiolaria, in OHTSUKA S., SUZAKI T., HORIGUCHI T., SUZUKI N. & NOT F. (eds), Marine Protists: Diversity and Dynamics. Springer Japan: 179 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 4 - 431 - 55130 - 0 _ 8"]}

Family DIACANTHOCAPSIDAE O���Dogherty, 1994 Diacanthocapsidae O���Dogherty, 1994: 216. Diacanthocapsinae ��� De Wever et al. 2001: 256-258. TYPE GENUS. ��� Diacanthocapsa Squinabol, 1903: 129 [type species by monotypy: Diacanthocapsa euganea Squinabol 1903: 133]. INCLUDED GENUS (CENOZOIC ONLY). ��� Myllocercion Foreman, 1968: 37 (= Schadelfusslerus synonymized by Hollis 1997: 62). DIAGNOSIS. ��� The family is oval to fusiform in shape. Two to four segments with a small simple cephalis that tends to be encased in the abdomen. The thorax is larger than the abdomen or develops three to four feet characteristics instead of a thorax. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. ��� Early Campanian-early Middle Eocene. REMARKS The Diacanthocapsidae are fundamentally different from the Carpocaniidae by the presence of a simple cephalis. We consider the Diacanthocapsidae a member of the Carpocanioidea due to the similarity of all their characteristics, except for the difference in cephalic initial spicular systems. This decision undoubtedly needs to be re-examined in the future., Published as part of Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre & Dumitrica, Paulian, 2021, A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts, pp. 405-573 in Geodiversitas 43 (15) on pages 479-480, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15, http://zenodo.org/record/5101757, {"references":["O'DOGHERTY L. 1994. - Biochronology and Paleontology of Mid-Cretaceous Radiolarians from Northern Apennines (Italy) and Betic Cordillera (Spain). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne) 21: 1 - 415.","DE WEVER P., DUMITRICA P., CAULET J. P., NIGRINI C. & CARIDROIT M. 2001. - Radiolarians in the sedimentary record, Amsterdam, 533 p. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781482283181","SQUINABOL S. 1903. - Radiolarie fossili di Teolo (Euganei). Atti e Memorie della reale Accademia di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti in Padova, nuova serie 19: 127 - 130.","FOREMAN H. P. 1968. - Upper Maestrichtian Radiolaria of California. Special Papers in Palaeontology 3: 1 - 82. https: // www. palass. org / sites / default / files / media / publications / special _ papers _ in _ palaeontology / number _ 3 / spp 3 _ pp 1 - 82. pdf","HOLLIS C. J. 1997. - Cretaceous-Paleocene Radiolaria from eastern Marlborough, New Zealand. Institute of geological and nuclear Sciences, Monograph 17: 1 - 152."]}

Family SPONGOSPHAERIDAE Haeckel, 1862 Spongosphaerida Haeckel, 1862: 239, 452 [as a tribe]; 1882: 455 [as a subfamily]. ��� Mivart 1878: 177 [as a subsection]. ��� St��hr 1880: 119 [as a family]. Spongosphaeria ��� Dunikowski 1882: 187 [as a subfamily]. Spongosphaerinae ��� Mast 1910: 177. ��� Popofsky 1912: 93, 111. ��� Hollande & Enjumet 1960: 68, 97. ��� Anderson 1983: 51, 57. ��� Cachon & Cachon 1985: 287 [with wrong authors as Hollande & Enjumet]. Spongosphaera ��� Hertwig 1937: 22-25 [as a group]. Spongosphaeridae ��� Hollande & Enjumet 1960: 68, 95, 96. ��� Anderson 1983: 50, 57. ��� Cachon & Cachon 1985: 286. ��� van de Paverd 1995: 104 [with wrong authors as Hollande & Enjumet]. TYPE GENUS. ��� Spongosphaera Ehrenberg, 1847: 54 [type species by subsequent monotypy: Spongosphaera polyacantha M��ller, 1856: 487]. INCLUDED GENERA. ��� Diplospongus Mast, 1910: 61. ��� Spongodendron Hollande & Enjumet, 1960: 99. ��� Spongosphaera Ehrenberg, 1847: 54 (= Hexadoridium n. syn.; Spongosphaeromma synonymized by Kozur & Mostler 1979: 10). NOMEN DUBIUM. ��� Spongioconcha. DIAGNOSIS. ��� Thick spongy spherical cortical skeleton with a single or double medullary shell and a variable number of threebladed radial spines. Protoplasm is well observed in Spongosphaera. Endoplasm of brownish gray color, filling a spongy shell. Dark brownish red to reddish brown granular pigments surround the surface of the endoplasm. Axopodia radiate throughout the endoplasm. Algal symbionts are scattered on the endoplasm. Axopodial system of centroaxoplastidtype: the Axoplast is a very small fused point, located within the inner microsphere (inner double medullary shell). Nucleus is located inside the outer medullary shell or is found wrapping it. Significant bundles of axoneme are not present. Instead of bundles, axoneme radiate evenly throughout the intracapsular zone. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. ��� early Middle Miocene-Living. REMARKS The genus Spongosphaera is characterized by a double medullary shell and straight three-bladed radial spines. We place the genera Diplospongus and Spongodendron into Spongosphaeridae based on the presence of three-bladed radial spines, although both genera seem to have a single medullary shell. As Spongosphaera streptacantha is typically found in plankton samples from tropical to subtropical oceans, many observations were related as well as personally observed. S. streptacantha is the only Spumellaria whose images can be captured in the ocean with an autonomous visual plankton recorder (A-VPR) (Nakamura et al. 2017: fig. 2.C). Thus, its taxonomic stability and oceanographic response are important. The number of radial beams of this species is varies from six to twelve, its internal structure was also illustrated in detail (Kurihara & Matsuoka 2004). By referring to this case, other genera belonging to Spongosphaeridae presumably have significant variations. The fine protoplasmic structure was illustrated in Diplospongus (Hollande & Enjumet 1960: pl. 6, figs 4-9), Spongodendron (Hollande & Enjumet 1960: pl. 6, figs 1-3; pl. 7, fig. 5) and Spongosphaera (Hollande & Enjumet 1960: pl. 9, figs 8-10; pl. 22, figs 8, 9; pl. 23, figs 1, 2; pl. 24, fig. 2; pl. 26, fig. 4). An image of living forms was illustrated for Spongosphaera (Cachon et al. 1989: fig. 1; Matsuoka 2007: fig. 5.a; 2017: figs 6.1, 6.2; Matsuoka et al. 2017: appendix A). According to Cachon (1964), ��� Spongosphaera ��� is infected with Hollandella myceloides, but it is impossible to amend the taxonomic name for the host without having a more complete image. Spongosphaera streptacantha can exceptionally survive in high temperatures (> 30��C) in the Malacca Strait (Zhang et al. 2020) and is also regularly found in 17.1-19.4��C in the Japan Sea (Kurihara & Matsuoka 2010). This is the only one species with this very wide range of survival sea water temperature. VALIDITY OF GENERA Spongosphaera Morphological variation of Spongosphaera was well illustrated in many previous studies (Kurihara & Matsuoka 2004; van de Paverd 1995: pl. 28, figs 2, 5-7). Hexadoridium is characterized by two concentric medullary lattice shells and a spongy octahedral shell (Campbell 1954: D60). As the specimen identifiable as Hexadoridium streptacanthum is regarded as Spongosphaera polyacantha form streptacantha by van de Paverd (1995: pl. 2, fig. 2), Hexadorium is a synonym of Spongosphaera. Spongosphaeromma is characterized by two medullary lattice shells surrounded by a cortical shell bearing many radial spines (Campbell 1954: D68). Nishimura & Yamauchi (1984: 33) seems to be the first paper to illustrate the type species Spongosphaeromma as ��� Spongosphaera helioides ��� and this morphological character fits with not only the definition of Spongosphaeromma but also the variation in Spongosphaera. Spongosphaera is the oldest available name among them., Published as part of Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre & Dumitrica, Paulian, 2021, A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts, pp. 405-573 in Geodiversitas 43 (15) on pages 418-419, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15, http://zenodo.org/record/5101757, {"references":["HAECKEL E. 1862. - Die Radiolarien (Rhizopoda Radiaria). Eine Monographie. Reimer, Berlin, 572 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10155","MIVART S. G. 1878. - Notes touching recent researches on the Radiolaria. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology 14: 136 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1878. tb 02351. x","STOHR E. 1880. - Die Radiolarienfauna der Tripoli von Grotte, Provinz Girgenti in Sicilien. Palaeontographica 26: 71 - 124. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 33300080","DUNIKOWSKI E. 1882. - Die Spongien, Radiolarien und Foraminiferen der unterliassischen Schichten vom Schafberg bei Salzburg. Denkschriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften. Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 45: 163 - 194. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 7216008","MAST H. 1910. - Die Astrophaeriden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Expedition auf dem Dampfer \" Valdivia \" 1898 - 1899. Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwurde, Universitat Tubingen 19 (4): 1 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2171","POPOFSKY A. 1912. - Die Sphaerellarien des Warmwassergebietes, in DRYGALSKI E. (ed.), Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition, 1901 - 1903. Vol. 13. Georg Reimer, Berlin, Germany: 73 - 159. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2138893","HOLLANDE A. & ENJUMET M. 1960. - Cytologie, evolution et systematique des Sphaeroides (Radiolaires). Archives du Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris 7: 1 - 134.","CACHON J. & CACHON M. 1985. - 2. Class Polycystinea, in LEE J. J., HUTNER S. H. & BOVEE E. C. (eds), An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence Kansas: 283 - 295.","HERTWIG R. 1937. - Uber den Bau der Peripyleen. II Teil. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung, new series 41: 1 - 33. https: // www. zobodat. at / pdf / Abhandlungen-Akademie-Bayern _ NF _ 41 _ 0001 - 0033. pdf","VAN DE PAVERD P. J. 1995. - Recent Polycystine Radiolaria from the Snellius-II Expedition [PhD Thesis]: Free University, 351 p.","EHRENBERG C. G. 1847. - Uber die mikroskopischen kieselschaligen Polycystinen als machtige Gebirgsmasse von Barbados und uber das Verhaltniss deraus mehr als 300 neuen Arten bestehenden ganz eigenthumlichen Formengruppe jener Felsmasse zu den jetzt lebenden Thieren und zur Kreidebildung Eine neue Anregung zur Erforschung des Erdlebens. Bericht uber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin: 40 - 60. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 11226274","MULLER J. 1856. - Uber die Thalassicollen, Polycystinen und Acanthometren des Mittelmeeres. Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin: 474 - 503. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 11069128","KOZUR H. & MOSTLER H. 1979. - Beitrage zur Erforschung der mesozoischen Radiolarien. Teil III: Die Oberfamilien Actinommacea HAECKEL 1862 emend., Artiscacea HAECKEL 1882, Multiarcusellacea nov. der Spumellaria und triassische Nassellaria. Geologisch Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck 9 (1 / 2): 1 - 132.","NAKAMURA Y., SOMIYA R., SUZUKI N., HIDAKA- UMETSU M., YAMA- GUCHI A. & LINDSAY D. J. 2017. - Optics-based surveys of large unicellular zooplankton: a case study on radiolarians and phaeodarians. Plankton & Benthos Research 12 (2): 95 - 103. https: // doi. org / 10.3800 / pbr. 12.95","KURIHARA T. & MATSUOKA A. 2004. - Shell structure and morphologic variation in Spongosphaera steptacantha Haeckel (Spumellaria, Radiolaria). Science Reports of Niigata University, Series E, (Geology) 19: 35 - 48. http: // hdl. handle. net / 10191 / 2141","CACHON J., CACHON M. & ESTEP K. W. 1989. - Phylum Actinopoda Classes Polycystina (= Radiolaria) and Phaeodaria, in MARGULIS L., CORLISS J. O., MELKONIAN M. & CHAPMAN D. J. (eds), Handbook of Protoctista. Jones and Barlett Publishers, Boston: 334 - 346.","MATSUOKA A. 2007. - Living radiolarian feeding mechanisms: new light on past marine ecosystems. Swiss Journal of Geosciences 100 (2): 273 - 279. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00015 - 007 - 1228 - y","MATSUOKA A., SUZUKI N., ITO T., KIMOTO K., TUJI A., ICHINOHE R. & LI X. 2017. - Excursion guide to the radiolarians of the East China Sea near Sesoko Island, Okinawa, Japan: An important research station for living radiolarian studies. Science Reports of Niigata University, Series E, (Geology) 32 (supplement): 103 - 123. http: // hdl. handle. net / 10191 / 48676","CACHON J. 1964. - Contribution a l'etude des Peridiniens parasites. Citologie, cycles evolutifs. Annales des Sciences naturelles, Zoologie et Biologie animale, Serie 12 6: 1 - 158.","ZHANG J., ZHANG L. L., XIANG R., SUZUKI N., QIU Z. & ZHANG Q. 2020. - Radiolarian biogeographic contrast between spring of 2017 and winter of 2017 - 2018 in the South China sea and Malacca Strait. Continental Shelf Research 208: 104245. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. csr. 2020.104245","KURIHARA T. & MATSUOKA A. 2010. - Living radiolarian fauna of late autumn (November 13, 2008) in surface-subsurface waters of the Japan Sea off Tassha, Sado Island, central Japan. Science Reports of the Niigata University, Series E: Geology and Mineralogy 25: 83 - 92.","CAMPBELL A. S. 1954. - Radiolaria, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part. D, Protista 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence / Kansas: 11 - 195.","NISHIMURA A. & YAMAUCHI M. 1984. - Radiolarians from the Nankai Trough in the Northwest Pacific. News of Osaka Micropaleontologists, special Volume 6: 1 - 148."]}

Glanta Wakamatsu, Sugiyama & Furutani, 1990 sensu Umeda (1998) Glanta Wakamatsu, Sugiyama & Furutani, 1990: 180. — Umeda 1998: 98. TYPE SPECIES. — Glanta fragilis Wakamatsu, Sugiyama & Furutani, 1990 (Wakamatsu et al. 1990: 181, pl. 12, figs 1-7). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Tlecerina - Glanta assemblage, Middle Devonian, Kurosegawa tectonic zone, southwest Japan. TAXON CODE. — 016. STATUS. — Valid. ORIGINAL DIAGNOSIS. — “ Ceratoikiscidae with bilaterally symmetric shell. Central skeletal frame triangular with five to six extratriangular rods. Shell perforate or imperforate, covering a.t. and the dorsal portion of i.t., supported by many trabeculae arising from a.t. and the dorsal portion of i.t. Aperture of the shell facing to the ventral portion of b.t. Single pair of free-developed caveal ribs originating from a-/b- junction, projecting almost perpendicularly to the central skeletal plane.”(Wakamatsu et al. 1990: 180). REMARKS Umeda (1998) emends the diagnosis to indicate that the lamellar shell is always perforate., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 424, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["WAKAMATSU H., SUGIYAMA K. & FURUTANI H. 1990. - Silurian and Devonian radiolarians from the Kurosegawa Tectonic Zone, southwest Japan. Journal of Earth Sciences, Nagoya University 37: 157 - 192.","UMEDA M. 1998. - Early to Middle Devonian Ceratoikiscidae (Radiolaria) from the Yokokurayama Group in the Kurosegawa Terrane, Southwest Japan. Paleontological Research 2 (2): 96 - 107. https: // doi. org / 10.2517 / prpsj. 2.96"]}

Corythoecia Foreman, 1963 Corythoecia Foreman, 1963: 298. TYPE SPECIES. — Corythoecia dichoptera Foreman, 1963 (Foreman 1963: 298, pl. 8, fig. 14, pl. 9, fig. 2a-c). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Upper Devonian, Huron member, Ohio Shale, USA. TAXON CODE. — 279. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Small, approximately conical shell with one or two longitudinal ribs in opposite sides of the shell wall. One bi-lobed lamellar wing extends laterally from the shell wall between the two ribs.” (Foreman 1963: 298)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 485, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["FOREMAN H. P. 1963. - Upper Devonian Radiolaria from the Huron member of the Ohio shale. Micropaleontology 9 (3): 267 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1484751"]}

Kappaforma Noble & Lenz, 2007 Kappaforma Noble & Lenz, 2007: 1050. TYPE SPECIES. — Kappaforma insecta Noble & Lenz, 2007 (Noble & Lenz 2007: 1052, figs 6.8, 6.9, 8.5-8.9). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Upper Wenlock (Silurian), Cape Phillips Formation, Arctic Canada. TAXON CODE. — 019. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Basic frame consisting of three rods (kv- kd, ka, and cv) in same plane arranged crudely in shape of letter ‘‘k.’’ Longest rod straight and composed of two parts, dorsal half (kd) bearing caveal ribs, and ventral half (kv) partially covered in patagium. Patagium forms incomplete ring attaching along dorsal half of kv to ka rod” (Noble & Lenz 2007: 1050)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 425, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["NOBLE P. J. & LENZ A. C. 2007. - Upper Wenlock Ceratoikiscidae (Radiolaria) from the Cape Phillips Formation, Arctic Canada. Journal of Paleontology 81 (5): 1044 - 1052. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / pleo 05 - 053.1"]}

Ormistonella De Wever & Caridroit, 1984 Ormistonella De Wever & Caridroit, 1984: 100. TYPE SPECIES. — Ormistonella robusta De Wever & Caridroit, 1984 (De Wever & Caridroit 1984: 100, pl. 2, fig. 8-9). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Upper Permian, Kamigori belt, SW Japan. TAXON CODE. — 193. STATUS. — Valid. SYNONYM. — Paulianella Kozur & Mostler, 1989. DIAGNOSIS. — “ Ormistonellidae à 4 bras également développés, longs, en forme de tube et/ou de gouttière.” (De Wever & Caridroit 1984: 100). DIAGNOSIS (English translation by J. P. Caulet – RadWorld database). — “ Ormistonellidae with 4 arms equally developed, long, tube and/or gutter shaped.&rdquo

Gansuceratoikiscum Wang, Cheng & Zhang, 2010 Gansuceratoikiscum Wang, Cheng & Zhang, 2010: 48. TYPE SPECIES. — Gansuceratoikiscum guanzhuangensis Wang, Cheng & Zhang, 2010 (Wang et al. 2010: 473, pl. 1, fig. 11). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Sandbian, Upper Ordovician, Pingliang Formation, Gansu Province, China. TAXON CODE. — 015. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Six rod-like primary spines positioned in eccentric place. The pairs of caveal ribs are paired on the dorsal rod of the a-rod; The patagial tissue is present on one lateral side of the i-rod. A single row of arches (or by-spines) connect the primary spines, forming a simple cortical shell.”(Wang et al. 2010: 48). REMARKS This genus differs from Protoceratoikiscum in that it has a framework composed of 6 rods connecting to a median bar. Ceratoikisum has 3 rods (a, b, intersector) that cross to form a triangle. It differs from Protoceratoikiscum in that it possesses row of arches that connect the primary rods to form a subcircular shell, and the rods join in an eccentric position in Gansuceratoikiscum., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 424, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["WANG Y. J., CHENG J. F. & ZHANG Y. D. 2010. - Fossil preservation modes and functional discussion of the basic structures of a new radiolarian genus Gansuceratoikiscum Wang gen. nov. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 49 (4): 472 - 476."]}

Gyrosphaera Noble & Maletz, 2000 Gyrosphaera Noble & Maletz, 2000: 267. TYPE SPECIES. — Gyrosphaera raneatela Noble & Maletz, 2000 (Noble & Maletz 2000: 267, pl. 2, fig. 1-3). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Telychian (Llandovery, Lower Silurian), Dalarna, Sweden. TAXON CODE. — 250. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Large spherical to subspherical shell composed of loose labyrinthine mesh forming three or more spiral layers. Primary spines rod-shaped. Species vary in relative spine length, number of spines, and robustness of spines.” (Noble & Maletz 2000: 267)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 478, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["NOBLE P. J. & MALETZ J. 2000. - Radiolaria from the Telychian (Llandovery, Early Silurian) of Dalarna, Sweden. Micropaleontology 46: 265 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.2113 / 46.3.265"]}

Ormistonella De Wever & Caridroit, 1984 Ormistonella De Wever & Caridroit, 1984: 100. TYPE SPECIES. — Ormistonella robusta De Wever & Caridroit, 1984 (De Wever & Caridroit 1984: 100, pl. 2, fig. 8-9). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Upper Permian, Kamigori belt, SW Japan. TAXON CODE. — 193. STATUS. — Valid. SYNONYM. — Paulianella Kozur & Mostler, 1989. DIAGNOSIS. — “ Ormistonellidae à 4 bras également développés, longs, en forme de tube et/ou de gouttière.” (De Wever & Caridroit 1984: 100). DIAGNOSIS (English translation by J. P. Caulet – RadWorld database). — “ Ormistonellidae with 4 arms equally developed, long, tube and/or gutter shaped.”, Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 465, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["CARIDROIT M. & DE WEVER P. 1984. - Description de quelques nouvelles especes de Follicucullidae et d'Entactinidae (Radiolaires polycystines) du Permien du Japon. Geobios 17 (5): 639 - 644. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (84) 80035 - 2","KOZUR H. W. & MOSTLER H. 1989. - Radiolarien und schwammskleren aus dem Unterperm des Vorurals. Geologisch Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, Sonderband 2: 147 - 275."]}

Cornum Schwartzapfel & Holdsworth, 1996 Cornum Schwartzapfel & Holdsworth, 1996: 230. TYPE SPECIES. — Cornum mittereri Schwartzapfel & Holdsworth, 1996 (Schwartzapfel & Holdsworth 1996: 246, pl. 36, fig. 1-5, 10, 15-19). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Middle Chesterian/ lower Namurian (lower Carboniferous), Delaware Creek Member, “Caney” Shale, Southern Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma, USA. TAXON CODE. — 278. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Test as with subfamily; imperforate, segmented, asymmetrically conical (rarely symmetrically conical) in shape; subtriangular to rhamphoid-like in outline. Shell flattened, compressed parallel to the plane of bilateral symmetry. Shell half open with lateral slit developed along convex side of shell (in lateral view). Lateral slit continuous with basal aperture. Lamellar wing, situated above basal aperture, originating along convex side of shell between open portion of shell wall. Wing variable in size and shape. Columellae(?) present; not observed in material studied.” (Schwartzapfel & Holdsworth 1996: 230)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 484, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["SCHWARTZAPFEL J. A. & HOLDSWORTH B. K. 1996. - Upper Devonian and Mississippian radiolarian zonation and biostratigraphy of the Woodford, Sycamore, Caney and Goddard Formations, Oklahoma. Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication 33: 1 - 275."]}

International audience; This chapter is to be used as companion text with the companion chapter, an illustrated catalogue of Paleozoic radiolarian genera found in this volume, and serves the purpose of giving the reader explanation for any taxonomic operations undertaken during the course of constructing the catalogue. These operations refer to the status of the genera as valid, junior synonym, homonym, nomen nudum, nomen dubium, or not Radiolaria. We also include diagnoses and/or descriptions in the original language published, English translations where needed, and locality and age information for the type material.; Cet article est un complément indispensable de la partie catalogue illustré des genres de radiolaires paléozoïques (article précédent) ; il a pour ambition de donner au lecteur toutes les informations taxonomiques nécessaires qui expliquent les changements introduits au cours de la construction du catalogue. Les statuts des genres, argumentés, sont fournis : valide, synonyme junior, homonyme, nomen nudum, nomen dubium, ou non radiolaire. De plus, il propose des traductions en Anglais des diagnoses ou définitions des genres publiées dans diverses langues et des informations sur la localité et l’âge du matériel type.

Vertically stratified bottle plankton samples collected in the Río de La Plata estuary (Atlantic coast of South America at ∼35° S) and in coastal waters off Mar del Plata (∼38° S) in December 1999 and November 2001 yielded up to 394 live cells l-1 of a single new nassellarian species: Lophophaena rioplatensis n. sp. (family Plagoniidae). In estuarine waters, the species was recorded at salinities as low as 15.4 p.s.u.; densities in excess of 100 cells l-1 were found at salinities ranging from 16. 9 p.s.u. These extremely high concentrations (the highest ever reported in the literature), as well as the fact that >90% of the individuals recorded contain cytoplasm, indicate that these are self-sustaining populations which thrive in the estuary (and in nearshore coastal waters), probably due to plentiful dissolved silica and an abundant food supply. Lophophaena rioplatensis is the first polycystine brackish-water species described. This finding shows that radiolarian fossils are not unequivocally associated with open-ocean conditions, but may also be useful indicators of coastal and brackish estuarine paleoenvironments. Fil:Boltovskoy, D. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Fil:Kogan, M. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Fil:Alder, V.A. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina.

Popova, Irina M., Baumgartner, Peter O., Guex, Jean, Tochilina, Svetlana V., Glezer, Zoya I. (2002): Radiolarian biostratigraphy of Paleogene deposits of the Russian Platform (Voronesh Anticline). Geodiversitas 24 (1): 7-59, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5375608, {"references": ["ABELMANN A. 1990. - Oligocene to Middle Miocene radiolarian stratigraphy of southern high latitudes from Leg 113, sites 689, and 690, Maud Rise. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program) 113: 675-708.", "BAUMGARTNER P. O., O'DOGHERTY L., GORICHAN S., PILLEVUIT A. & DE WEVER P. 1995. - Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous radiolaria of Tethys: occurrences, systematics, biochronology. Memoires de Geologie 23, 1171 p.", "BENYAMOVSKY V. N., MUZILEV N. G., ORESHKINA T. V., RADIONOVA E. P., KHOKHLOVA I. E., ZASTROSHNOV A. S., MYSATOV V. A. & NAZARKOV A. G. 1993. - Nekotorie opornie rasresi srednego i verkhnego Eocena Voroneshskoi Anteklisi, Nishnego Povolshya i Vostochnogo PriCaspiya. Bulletin regionalinoi meshvedomstvennoi stratigraficheskoi komissii po Centry i Ugy Rysskoi Platformi 2: 123-128.", "BJORKLUND K. R. 1976. - Radiolaria from the Norwegian Sea, Leg 38 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 38: 1101-1168.", "BJORKLUND K. R. & KELLOGG D. E. 1972. - Five new Eocene radiolarian species from the Norwegian Sea. Micropaleontology 18 (3): 386-396.", "BLUEFORD J. 1988. - Radiolarian biostratigraphy of siliceous Eocene deposits in central California. Micropaleontology 34 (3): 236-258.", "BLUEFORD J. R. & WHITE L. D. 1984. - Paleoceanographic interpretation of Eocene siliceous deposits from west-central California, in BLUEFORD J. R. (ed.), Kreyenhagen Formation and Related Rocks. Pacific Section, Society of economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Los Angeles: 67-78.", "BLUEFORD J. R. & AMON E. O. 1993. - Comparing elongated Spongodiscoidea (Radiolaria) from early Eocene deposits of northwest Turgay, Russia with present world-wide distribution, in BLUEFORD J. & MURCHEY B. (eds), Radiolaria of Giant and Subgiant Fields in Asia. Micropaleontology. Nazarov memorial volume, special publication, New York: 72-89.", "BORISENKO N. N. 1960. - Radiolarii nishnego i srednego eocena Zapadnoi Kybani [= Early-middle Eocene Radiolaria of Western Kuban]. Trudy Vsesoyuznyi Neftegazovyi Nauchno-Issledovalelskii Institut (VNII), Krasnodarskii Filial 4: 219-232.", "BRANDT R. 1936. - Die Mikropalaeontologie des Heiligenhafener Kieseltones (Ober-Eozan) Radiolarienz Systematik, in WETZEL E. O. (ed.), Jahresbericht des Niedersachsischen geologischen Vereins. Hannover, Germany: 48-59.", "BUTSCHLI O. 1882a. - Radiolaria, in BRONN H. G. (ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs 1: 332- 478.", "BUTSCHLI O. 1882b. - Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Radiolarienskelette, insbesondere der Cyrtida. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 36: 485-540.", "CHEN P. H. 1975. - Antarctic Radiolaria, Leg. 28. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 28: 437- 513.", "CAMPBELL A. S. &. CLARK B. L. 1944. - Radiolaria from Upper Cretaceous of Middle California. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 57: i-viii, 1-61, pls 1-8.", "CARTER E. S. 1993. - Biochronology and Paleontology of uppermost Triassic (Rhaetian) radiolarians, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada. Memoires de Geologie 11, 175 p.", "CAULET J.-P. 1991. - Radiolarians from the Kerguelen Plateau, Leg 119, in BARRON J. et al. (eds), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program 119: 513-546.", "CLARK B. L. & CAMPBELL A. S. 1942. - Eocene radiolarian faunas from the Mount Diablo area, California. Geological Society of America, Special Papers 39: 1-112.", "CLARK B. L. & CAMPBELL A. S. 1945. - Radiolaria from the Kreyenhagen Formation near Los Banos, California. Geological Society of America 101 (i-vii): 1- 66.", "DREYER F. 1889. - Die Pylombildungen in vergleichend-anatomischer und entwicklungsgzeschichtlicher Beziehung bei Radiolarien und bei Protisten uberhaupt. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft 23: 1-138.", "DUMITRICA P. 1973. - Paleocene Radiolaria, DSDP Leg 21. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 21: 787-817.", "DZIONORIDZE R. N., JOUSE A. P. KOROLEVA- GOLIKOVA G. S., KOZLOVA G. E., NAGAEVA G. S., PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G. & STRELNIKOVA N. I. 1978. - Diatoms and Radiolarian Cenozoic stratigraphy, Norwegian Basin, DSDP Leg. 38. Supplement to Volumes XXXVIII, XXXIX, XL and XLI: 289-427.", "EHRENBERG C. G. 1873. - Grossere Felsproben des Polycystinen-Mergels von Barbados mit weiteren Erlauterungen. Konigliche Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin: 213-263.", "EHRENBERG C. G. 1875. - Fortsetzung der mikrogeologischen Studien als Gesammt-uebersicher mikroskopischen Palaontologie gleichartig analysirter Gebirgsarten der Erde, mit specieller Rucksicht auf den Polycystinen-Mergel von Barbados. Konigliche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 225 p.", "EIDVIN T., GOLL R., GROGAN P., SMELROR M. & ULLEBERG K. 1998. - The Pleistocene to Middle Eocene stratigraphy and geological evolution of the western barents sea continental margin at well site 7316/5-1 (BjOrnOya West area). Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 2, 78: 99-123.", "FENNER J. 1984. - Eocene-Oligocene planktic diatom stratigraphy in high and low latitudes. Micropaleontology 30 (4): 319-342.", "FOREMAN H. P. 1968. - Upper Maastrichtian Radiolaria of California: Special Papers. Paleontology 3: 1-82.", "FOREMAN H. P. 1973. - Radiolaria of Leg 10 with systematics and ranges for the families Amphipyndacidae, Artostrobiidae, and Theoperidae. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 10: 407-474.", "GLEZER Z. I. 1979a. - Zonal subdivision of Paleogene deposits USSR, diatoms. Sovetskaya Geologia 11: 10- 17", "GLEZER Z. I. 1979b. - About Silicoflagellates Zonal Subdivision of Paleogene Deposits of the Meditteranean Paleogeographic Region Within the USSR Territory, Trudi 22 sessii VPO. Nayka, Leningrad: 28-33.", "GLEZER Z. I., PANOVA I. P., TABACHNIKOVA I. P. & VYALOVA S. G. 1997. - Correlation of the Eocene marine sediments from Northwestern Eurasia (West Siberia and volga region) based on microphytofossils. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 5/4: 342-352.", "GOLL R. M. 1968. - Classification and phylogeny of Cenozoic Trissocyclidae (Radiolaria) in the Pacific and Caribbean Basins. Part I. Journal of Paleontology 42: 1409-1432.", "GOLL R. M. 1969. - Classification and phylogeny of Cenozoic Trissocyclidae (Radiolaria) in the Pacific and Caribbean basins. Part II. Journal of Paleontology 43: 322-339.", "GOLL R. M. 1979. - The Neogene evolution of Zygocircus, Neosemantis and Callimitra: their bearing on nassellarian classification. A revision of the Plagiacanthoidea. Micropaleontology 25: 365-396.", "GOLL R. M. & B JORKLUND K. R. 1980. - The evolution of Eucoronis fridtjofnanseni n. sp. and its application to the Neogene biostratigraphy of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. Micropaleontology 26: 356-371.", "GOLL R. M. & BJORKLUND K. R. 1989. - A new radiolarian biostratigraphy for the Neogene of the Norwegian Sea: ODP Leg 104, in ELDHOLM O., THIEDE J., TAYLOR E. et al. (eds), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program 104: 697-737.", "GOLL R. 1989. - A synthesis of Norwegian Sea biostratigraphies : ODP Leg 104 on the Voring Plateau, in ELDHOLM O., THIEDE J., TAYLOR E. et al. (eds), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program 104: 777- 826.", "GORBUNOV V. S. 1979. - Radiolyarii srednego i verkhnego eotsena Dneprovsko-Donetskoy vpadiny [= Radiolaria of the middle and upper Eocene of the Dnieper-Donets Basin]. [s.n.], [s.l.], 164 p.", "GORICAN S. 1994. - Jurassic and Cretaceous radiolari- an biostratigraphy and sedimentary evolution of the Budva Zone (Dinarides, Montenegro). Memoires de Geologie 18, 249 p.", "GUEX J. 1991. - Biochronological Correlations. Springer- Verlag, Berlin; Heidelberg; New York, 250 p.", "HAECKEL E. 1879. - Ueber die Phaeodarien, eine neue Gruppe Kieselschaliger mariner Rhizopoden. Zitsungsberichte der Jenaischen Gesellschaft fur Medicin und Naturwissenschaft fur das Jahr 1879. Jena.", "HAECKEL E. 1881. - Entwurf eines Radiolarien- Systems auf Grund von Studien der Challenger- Radiolarien (Basis for a radiolarian classification from the study of Radiolaria of the Challenger collection). Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft 15: 418-472.", "HAECKEL E. 1887. - Report on the Radiolaria collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876: report on the scientific results of the voyage of the H.M.S. Challenger. Zoology 18: clxxxviii + 1803 p.", "HERTWIG R. 1879. - Der Organismus der Radiolarien: iv + 149 p.", "JOHNSON D. A. 1974. - Radiolaria from the eastern Indian Ocean, DSDP Leg 22. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 22: 521-575.", "HOLLIS C. 1991. - Latest Cretaceous to Late Paleocene Radiolaria from Marlborough (New Zealand) and DSDP Site 208. Thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland, USA, 301p.", "HOLLIS C. J. 1993. - Latest Cretaceous to Late Paleocene radiolarian biostratigraphy: A new zonation from the New Zealand region. Marine Micropaleontology 21: 295-327.", "HOLLIS C. 1997. - Cretaceous-Paleocene Radiolaria from eastern Marlborough. New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin, 152 p.", "HULL D. M. 1996. - Paleoceanography and biostratigraphy of Paleogene Radiolarians from the Norwegian- Greenland Sea, in THIEDE J., MYHRE A. M., FIRTH J. V., JONSON G. L. & RUDDIMAN W. F. (eds), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program 151: 125- 152.", "JOHNSON D. A. & NIGRINI C. A. 1985a. - Time-transgressive Late Cenozoic radiolarian events of the equatorial Indo-Pacific. Science 230: 538-540.", "JOHNSON D. A. & NIGRINI C. A. 1985b. - Synchronous and time-transgressive Neogene radiolarian datum levels in the equatorial Indian and Pacific Oceans. Marine Micropaleontology 9: 489-523.", "JORGENSEN E. 1900. - Protophyten und Protozoen im Plankton aus der norwegischen Westkuste. Bergens Museums Aarbog (1899) 2 ( 6), 112 p.", "JUD R. 1994. - Biochronology and systematics of Early Cretaceous Radiolaria of the Western Tethys. Memoires de Geologie 19, 147 p.", "IWATA K. & TAJIKA J. 1986. - Late Cretaceous radiolarians of the Yubetsu Group, Tokoro Belt, Northeast Hokkaido. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series 4. Geology and Mineralogy 21: 619- 644.", "KHOKHLOVA I. E. 1996. - Paleogenovie radiolarii Ushnoi Rosii: taxonomicheskii sostav i paleoecologicheskie reconstruksii. Stratigrafia, Geologicheskaya korrelasiya 4: 53-61.", "KHOKHLOVA I. E., BRAGINA L. G & KRASHENINNIKOV V. A. 1994. - Zonal stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene deposits of the Key Perapedhi Section (Southern Cyprus) by means of radiolarians and correlation with the foraminiferal Zones, in KRASHENINNIKOV V. A. (ed.), Geological Structure of the North-Eastern Mediterranean: 219- 250.", "KHOKHLOVA I. E., RADIONOVA E. P., BENIAMOVSKII V. N. & SHCHERBININA E. K. 1999. - Eocene stratigraphy of key-sections of the dnepr-Donets Depression based on calcareous and siliceous microplankton. Geodiversitas 21 (3): 453-477.", "KOZLOVA G. E. 1972. - A find of Radiolaria in the lower Kimmeridgian of the Timan-Ural region. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 201: 118-120.", "KOZLOVA G. E. 1984. - Zonal subdivision of the boreal Paleogene by radiolarians. Morphology, ecology and evolution of radiolarians, in PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G. & STEPANJANTS S. D. (eds), Material from the IVth Symposium of European Radiolarists EURORAD IV. Zoological Institute, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, USSR: 196-210,", "KOZLOVA G. E. 1990. - Philogeneticheskie issledovania kak osnova pri rasrabotke zonal'noi shkali boreal'nogo Paleogena po radiolariyam, in AMON E. O. (ed.), Radiolarii v biostratigrafii. [s.n.], Sverdlovsk: 70- 81.", "KOZLOVA G. E. 1993. - Radiolarian zonal scale of the boreal Paleogene, in BLUEFORD J. & MURCHEY B. (eds), Radiolaria of giant and subgiant fields in Asia. Micropaleontology, special publication, Nazarov memorial volume: 90-93.", "KOZLOVA G. E. 1999. - Radiolarii paleogene boreal'noi oblasti Rossii [= Paleogene Radiolarians of the Russian Boreal Realm]. Practicheskoe rykovodstvo po microfayne Rossii. VNIGRI, Saint-Petersburg, 9, 320 p.", "KOZLOVA G. E. & GORBOVETZ A. N. 1966. - Radiolarians of the Upper Cretaceous and Upper Eocene deposits of the West Siberian Lowland. Proceedings of the All Union Petroleum Scientific Research Institute for Geological Survey (VNIGRI) 248: 1-159.", "KRASHENINNIKOV V. A. 1960. - Radiolyarii srednego i verkhnego miostena Severnogo Sakhalina. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Neftyanogo Nauchno. Issledovatelskogo Geologorazvedochnogo Instituta (VNIGRI) 153: 307- 317.", "LAZARUS D. B. 1992. - Antarctic Neogene Radiolarians from the Kerguelen Plateau, ODP Legs 119 & 120. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program 119/120: 785-810.", "LEONOV G. P. 1961. - Osnovnie voprosi regionalnoi stratigrafii Paleogenovikh otloshenii Russkoi Pliti. Moscow, 148 p.", "LING H. Y. & LAZARUS D. B. 1990. - Cretaceous radiolaria from the Weddell Sea: Leg 113 of the Ocean Drilling Program, in BARKER P. F. et al. (eds), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 113, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program): 353-363.", "LIPMAN R. K. 1949. - Otryad Radiolaria. Radiolarii, in Atlas rykovodyashikh form iskopaemykh faun SSSR. Paleogene XII: 111-119.", "LIPMAN R. K. 1950. - Radiolyarii eotsena Kyzyl- Kumov [= The radiolarians of the Eocene of Kyzyl- Kumi]. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Nauchno-Issledovatelskogo Geologicheskogo Instituta (VSEGEI) 1: 51-65.", "LIPMAN R. K. 1953. - Materialy k izucheniyu radiolaryii paleogena zapadnykh raionovs srednei azii [= Material for radiolarians study of the Paleogene of the Central Asia - western regions]. Ezhegodnik Vsesoyuznogo Paleontologicheskogo Obshchestva (Akademiya Nauk SSSR) 14: 135-157.", "LIPMAN R . KH. 1960. - Significance of radiolarians for the stratigraphic division of the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene deposits of the USSR. In Stratigraphy and fauna of the Cretaceous deposits in the western siberian Lowland. Transactions of the All Union Scientific Research Institute of Geology (VSEGEI). Ministry of Geology anf of the Preservation of Mineral Resources in the USSR, new series 29.", "LIPMAN R. K. 1972. - Novyye eotsenovyye radiolyarii Turgayskogo progiba i Svernogo Priaral'ya [= New Eocene Radiolaria from the Turgai trough and northern Aral region], in Novyye vidy drevnikh rasteniy i bespozvonochnykh SSSR. Nauka, Moscow: 42-56.", "LIPMAN R . KH. 1973. - The significance of radiolarians in the development of a zonal scale for the Paleogene in the south of the USSR. In Plankton and the organic world of the pelagic realm in the earth's history. Abstracts of reports given at the XIX session of the All Union Paleontological Society, Leningrad.", "LIPMAN R. K. 1979. - Zonal subdivision of Paleogene deposits of the USSR using Radiolaria, in Fossil and Modern Radiolarians. Academy of Sciences, Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR: 10-33.", "LIPMAN R. K. 1984. - Sopostavlenie zonal'nikh stratigraficheskikh skhem Predkavkasia i Apsheronskogo polyostrova po radiolariyam v otlosheniyakh paleocena i eotsena i sootnoshenie ikh s zonami po foraminiferam, in Morfologiya, ecologiya i evolutsiya radiolarii. Nauka, Leningrad: 211-220.", "LIPMAN R. H. 1993. - Paleogene radiolaria of Nothern Eurasia and their implication for a global correlation, in BLUEFORD J. & MURCHEY B. (eds), Radiolaria of Giant and subgiant fields in Asia. Micropaleontology, special publication, Nazarov memorial volume: 94-97.", "LIPMAN R. K., BURTMAN E. S. & KHOKHLOVA I. A. 1960. - Stratigrafiya i fauna paleogenovykh otlozhenii zapadno-sibirskoinizmennosti [= Stratigraphy and fauna of the Paleogene deposits in the Western Siberian lowlands]. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Nauchno-Issledovatelskogo Geologicheskogo Instituta (VSEGEI) 28 (new series), 172 p.", "LOMBARI G. & LAZARUS D. B. 1988. - Neogene cycladophorid radiolarians from the North Atlantic, Antarctic, and North Pacific deep-sea sediments. Micropaleontology 34: 97-135.", "MATO C. Y. & THEYER F. 1980. - Lychnocanoma bandyca n. sp., a new stratigraphically important late Eocene radiolarian, in SLITER W. V. (ed.), Studies in marine micropaleontology and paleoecology. Memorial Volume to Orville L. Bandy. 19, Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, special publication: 225-229.", "MOKSYAKOVA A. M. 1961. - Radiolyarii kumskogo gorizonta verkhnego eotsena Zapadnoi Turkmenii [= The radiolarians of the Kumsk Group of the Upper Eocene in western Turkmenistan]. Trudy VNIGNI (44): 231-246.", "MUZYLEV N. G., RASULOV U. M., KHOKHLOVA I. E. & KUSHAKOV A. R. 1996. - The Upper Eocene of the Fergana Depression and Adjacent regions. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 4, 2: 38-45.", "NIGRINI C. 1977. - Tropical Cenozoic Artostrobiidae (Radiolaria). Micropaleontology 23: 241-269.", "NIGRINI C. A. & LOMBARI C. 1984. - A guide to Miocene Radiolaria. Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, special publication 22: i-xvii, S1-S102, N1-N206.", "NIKITINA P. & ZAGORODNYUK V. I. 1981. - Sravnenie zonal'nikh podrazdelenii po radiolariyam i foraminiferam eocen-oligocenovikh otloshenii nishnego Dona i Prikaspiya [= Comparison of the Foraminifera and Radiolaria biozonations in the Eocene/Oligocene sediments of the Lower Don and the north Precaspian area], in KRASHENINNIKOV V. A. (ed.), Systematica, evolusia and stratigraficheskoe znachenie radiolarii. Nauka, Moscow: 99-105.", "NISHIMURA A. 1987. - Cenozoic Radiolaria in the western North Atlantic, Site 603, Leg 93 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, in VAN HINTE J. E., WISE S. W. J. et al. (eds), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 93: 713-737.", "NISHIMURA A. 1992. - Paleocene radiolarian biostratigraphy in the northeast Atlantic at Site 384, Leg 43, of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Micropaleontology 38 (4) : 317-362.", "O'DOGHERTY L. 1994. - Biochronology and paleontology of Mid-Cretaceous Radiolarians from Northern Appenines (Italy) and Betic Cordillera (Spain). Memoires de Geologie 21.", "PESSAGNO E. A. 1975. - Upper Cretaceous Radiolaria from DSDP Site 275, in KENNETT J., HOUTZ R. et al. (eds), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Volume 29. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.: 1011-1029.", "PESSAGNO E. A. 1976. - Radiolarian zonation and stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous portion of the Great Valley Sequence, California Coast Ranges. Micropaleontology special publication 2: 1-95.", "PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G. 1967. - Antarctic Spumellaria and Nassellaria radiolarians, Issledovaniya Fauny Morei 4 (12), Resultaty Biologicheskikh Issledovanii Sovetskoi Antarkticheskoi Ekspeditsii 1955-1958, Zoologicheskii Institut Academiya Nauk SSSR, 186 p.", "PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G. 1975. - Cenozoic radiolarians of the Antarctic, Leg 29, in KENNET J. P., HOUTZ R. E. et al. (eds), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 29: 541-675.", "PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G. 1981. - Radiolarii otrada Nassellaria mirovogo okeana (Nassellarian radiolarians from the world ocean) Opredeliteli po fayne SSSR. Zoologicheskii instityt, Akademiya Nayk, Leningrad, 405 p.", "PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G. 1986. - Evolution of the Antarctissa group. Marine Micropaleontology: 11: 185- 195.", "PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G. & KOZLOVA G. E. 1972. - Radiolaria: Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg. 14. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 14: 495-648.", "PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G. & KOZLOVA G. E. 1979. - Description of the radiolarian genera and species, in STRELKOV A. A. & PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G. (eds), Istoriya mikroplanktona Norveshskogo mora. Exploration of the Fauna of the Seas XXIII (XXXI): 86- 157.", "POPOFSKY A. 1908. - Die Radiolarien der Antarktis (mit Ausnahme der Tripyleen), in DRYGALSKI E. (ed.), Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition, 1901-1903. Georg Reimer, Berlin: 183-306.", "RADIONOVA E., ORESHKINA T., KHOKHLOVA I. & BENIAMOVSKI V. 1994. - Eocene deposits on the northeastern slope of the Dnepr-Donets Depression: Zonal Stratigraphy and Cyclic Analysis. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlations 2 (6)