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Ixodes rio D. Apanaskevich & Labruna n. sp. Type-host: Variable antshrike— Thamnophilus caerulescens Vieillot (Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae). Other hosts: Rufous-capped antshrike— Thamnophilus ruficapillus Vieillot (Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae), white-necked thrush— Turdus albicollis Vieillot (Passeriformes: Turdidae). Type-locality: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro: Serra do Itatiaia, Alto do Itatiaia. Other locality: Brazil: Paraná: Tijucas do Sul. Type-material: Holotype female, from T. caerulescens, Alto do Itatiaia (~ 22°22’S, 44°37’W), Serra do Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2.ii.1922, E. G. Holt (EGH); deposited in the USNTC (USNMENT 01481794). Paratypes: 6 females. Brazil: Paraná: Tijucas do Sul (~ 25°55’S, 49°11’W): 1 female, from T. albicollis, 2.xi.2000, M. Arzua and A. Bispo, CNC-976; Rio de Janeiro: Serra do Itatiaia, Alto do Itatiaia: 4 females, from T. caerulescens, 2.ii.1922, EGH, USNMENT 00987157; same locality: 1 female, from T. ruficapillus, 10.ii.1922, EGH, USNMENT 00987151. All paratypes with USNMENT numbers are deposited in the USNTC and that with CNC number is in the CNC. ZooBank registration: The Life Science Identifier (LSID) for Ixodes rio n. sp. is urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 13C2F3B1- ABED-49EE-BB33-C956555CF102. Etymology: The species is named after Rio de Janeiro, the state of Brazil, where the holotype and most of the paratypes were collected. Description. Female [Based on 7 specimens; Figs. 28, 29.] Idiosoma (Fig. 28A, F) length from scapular apices to posterior body margin in nearly unfed specimen 1.86 (n = 1), maximal width in nearly unfed specimen 1.08 (n = 1), ratio 1.72 (n = 1), broadly suboval, widest posterior to mid-length. Scutum (Fig. 28B, C) length 1.02–1.14 (1.05 ± 0.05; n = 6), width 0.72–0.80 (0.74 ± 0.03; n = 6), ratio 1.34–1.44 (1.41 ± 0.04; n = 6); lateral margins diverging for approximately 1/2 of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves very shallow reaching posterior quarter of scutal length; relatively sparse very fine punctations evenly distributed throughout scutum; setae (Fig. 28B, C) relatively sparse, very short (c. 0.03–0.04 in anterolateral margin of scutum). Alloscutum (Fig. 28A) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 28A, D, E) numerous, evenly distributed, very short in center of alloscutum: c. 0.02 and long in area medial to marginal grooves: c.0.06–0.08 (avg. 0.07), setae in area medial to marginal grooves 3.00–4.50 (avg. 4.00) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum, ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 13.49–16.96 (15.18 ± 1.40; n = 6). Venter (Fig. 28F) as illustrated; genital aperture (Fig. 28F) medial to posterior margin of coxae III; genital groove (Fig. 28F) well developed; anal groove (Fig. 28F) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 28F) numerous, length of preanal setae c. 0.05, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 29A) length 0.25–0.29 (0.27 ± 0.02; n = 6), width 0.26–0.30 (0.27 ± 0.02; n = 6), ratio 0.94–1.03 (0.99 ± 0.04; n = 6); subcircular. Gnathosoma (Fig. 29B–D) length from palpal apices to cornual apices dorsally 0.51–0.59 (0.55 ± 0.03; n = 6), width of basis capituli dorsally 0.44–0.49 (0.45 ± 0.02; n = 6), ratio 1.14–1.28 (1.21 ± 0.05; n = 6). Dorsal basis capituli (Fig. 29B) length from medial insertion of palpal segment I to cornual apices 0.18–0.21 (0.20 ± 0.01; n = 6), ratio width to length 2.12–2.48 (2.31 ± 0.13; n = 6), subhexagonal: with short and angular lateral projections, posterior margin slightly convex; cornua short, length 0.01–0.03 (0.02 ± 0.01; n = 6), ratio total length of basis capituli, including cornua, to cornual length 7.50–14.50 (10.00 ± 2.73; n = 6), triangular with broadly rounded apex; transversally suboval porose areas large, width 0.13–0.15 (0.13 ± 0.01; n = 6), ratio basis capituli width dorsally to porose area width 3.25–3.60 (3.47 ± 0.17; n = 6), clearly distinct, not indented, separated by distance of nearly half of their own width, openings discrete. Ventral basis capituli (Fig. 29C, D) pentagonal; auriculae long, length 0.05–0.07 (0.06 ± 0.01; n = 6), ratio gnathosoma length to auriculae length 8.73–11.27 (9.64 ± 0.92; n = 6), narrow, nearly twice as long as wide, slightly recurved inwardly to narrowly rounded apex. Lateral surface of basis capituli concave (Fig. 29C, D). Palpi (Fig. 29B, C, E) moderately long, length dorsally (segments II and III) 0.28–0.33 (0.30 ± 0.02; n = 6), maximum width (in dorsolateral plane) 0.10–0.12 (0.10 ± 0.01; n = 6), ratio 2.63–3.06 (2.87 ± 0.16; n = 6), length of medial margin of palpal segment I ventrally 0.14 (n = 6); segment I with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 0.10–0.11 (0.11 ± 0.01; n = 6), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 2.61–3.19 (2.83 ± 0.19; n = 6); dorsally segment I without mesodorsal spur, with slight transversal ridge at base and small blunt or tapering dorsoapical denticle; segments II and III fused with indistinct or barely discernible (mostly medially) suture between them, narrow proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 29C) length 0.32–0.34 (0.33; n = 2), width 0.10 (n = 1), ratio 3.17 (n = 1); base of hypostome nearly at same level as base of palpal segments II, club-shaped, widest close to mid-length; dental formula mostly 4/4, proximal rows 2/2 and then 3/3, distal rows 5/5; denticles sharply pointed; proximal part of hypostome without denticles moderate in length. Legs moderately long, slender. Coxae (Fig. 29F): coxae I-III with internal and external spurs, coxa IV with external spur only; external spur on coxae I-III moderately long, subequal in length, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, directed posteromedially; external spur on coxa IV same as on other coxae but twice shorter; internal spur on coxae I-III short, decreasing in size from coxa I to III, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, directed posteromedially; external spur on coxa I nearly twice as long as internal spur; no syncoxae. Distally trochanters I-IV (Fig. 29F) with moderate ventral spur with narrowly rounded apex. Tarsus I length 0.65–0.67 (0.66; n = 4); tarsus IV length 0.62–0.63 (0.63; n = 4). Remarks. The descriptions and illustrations of female of I. auritulus in Keirans and Clifford (1978), BarrosBattesti et al. (2003) and Onofrio et al. (2009) were partially or entirely based on specimens of I. rio n. sp. By having a distinct, anteriorly directed internal projection on palpal segment I, the female of I. rio n. sp. most closely resembles the following Ixodes (Multidentatus) spp.: I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. contrarius n. sp., I. cornuae, I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. insulae n. sp., I. kerguelenensis, I. moralesi n. sp., I. paranaensis, I. percavatus, I. robbinsi n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus. The female of I. rio n. sp. can be distinguished from the female of I. cornuae by having short cornua (vs very long cornua in that species); from females of I. kerguelenensis and I. percavatus by having the indistinct mesodorsal spur on palpal segment I (vs large, distinct spur in those species); from the female of I. paranaensis by having longer auriculae (vs very short auriculae in that species) (see Arthur 1960; Wilson 1970; Barros-Battesti et al. 2003). The female of I. rio n. sp. can be distinguished from females of other species by the narrow scutum: mean ratio length to width 1.41 (vs broader scutum: mean ratio 1.19 in I. auritulus, 1.25 in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and I. moralesi n. sp., 1.16 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 1.14 in I. tinamou n. sp.); short setae in center of alloscutum and long setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves to length of setae in center of alloscutum 4.00 (vs shorter setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 1.58 in I. brevisetosus n. sp.; longer setae in both center and area medial to marginal grooves of alloscutum: mean ratio 1.09 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 2.00 in I. insulae n. sp. and 1.14 in I. zealandicus); long setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of scutum to length of alloscutal setae medial to marginal grooves 15.18 (vs shorter setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 45.62 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 20.89 in I. moralesi n. sp., 26.93 in I. robbinsi n. sp.); broad gnathosoma: mean ratio length of gnathosoma to width of basis capituli 1.21 (vs narrower gnathosoma: mean ratio 1.33 in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and I. zealandicus and 1.34 in I. insulae n. sp.); short angular dorsolateral projections of basis capituli (vs all these species, except for I. brevisetosus n. sp., have basis capituli without angular dorsolateral projections); lateral surface of basis capituli concave (vs lateral surface flat in I. brevisetosus n. sp.); posterior margin of basis capituli slightly convex (vs sinuously concave in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and straight to very slightly concave in I. zealandicus); short cornua: mean ratio length of basis capituli to cornual length 10.00 (vs longer cornua: mean ratio 6.00 in I. auritulus, 4.94 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 4.60 in I. insulae n. sp. and 5.87 in I. moralesi n. sp.); narrow porose areas: mean ratio width of basis capituli to width of porose area 3.47 (vs broader porose areas: mean ratio 2.92 in I. auritulus, 2.97 in I. contrarius n. sp., 2.91 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 3.03 in I. insulae n. sp., 2.83 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 2.93 in I. zealandicus); auriculae long: mean ratio length of gnathosoma dorsally to length of auriculae 9.64, narrow, directed posteriorly or slightly curved inwardly, with narrowly rounded apex (vs shorter auriculae: mean ratio 28.15 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 14.59 in I. robbinsi n. sp., 43.38 in I. tinamou n. sp. and 19.54 in I. zealandicus; auriculae distinctly broader, directed slightly outwards, with broadly rounded apex in I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. moralesi n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus); lacking spur at base of palpal segment I dorsally (vs short mesodorsal spur at base of palpal segment I dorsally in I. insulae n. sp., I. moralesi n. sp. and I. zealandicus); moderately long internal projection on palpal segment I: mean ratio length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I 2.83 (vs longer projection: mean ratio 1.88 in I. contrarius n. sp.; shorter internal projection: mean ratio 4.94 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 3.55 in I. insulae n. sp., 3.69 in I. tinamou n. sp. and 4.50 in I. zealandicus); indistinct or short dorsoapical spur on palpal segment I (vs moderate spur in I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. insulae n. sp. and I. zealandicus; large, hook-like spur in I. moralesi n. sp.), narrower palpal segments II and III: mean ratio length to width 2.87 (vs broader segments: mean ratio 2.53 in I. contrarius n. sp., 2.16 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 2.46 in I. moralesi n. sp., 2.41 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and I. tinamou n. sp. and 2.42 in I. zealandicus); external spur on coxae I-IV relatively long, narrow, sharp at apex (vs shorter, broader spur with broadly rounded apex in I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus); generally smaller species: see description for measurements (vs noticeable larger species: I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. insulae n. sp., I. moralesi n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp. and I. tinamou n. sp.; noticeably smaller species: I. contrarius n. sp. See descriptions for measurements). Collection data for I. rio n. sp. are listed in the material above. Collections of this species were made in Brazil (Paraná and Rio de Janeiro States) (Fig. 10E). Females of this species were collected from passeriform birds: the white-necked thrush, T. albicollis (Passeriformes: Turdidae), variable antshrike, T. caerulescens and the rufouscapped antshrike, T. ruficapillus (Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae) during February and November., Published as part of Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., Apanaskevich, Maria A., Klimov, Pavel B., Edgy, Brett M., Bermúdez, Sergio E., Labruna, Marcelo B., Korzeev, Andrei I. & Barker, Stephen C., 2022, Description of eight new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. auritulus Neumann, 1904, parasites of birds in the Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 5173 (1) on pages 49-53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5173.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966076, {"references":["Keirans, J. E. & Clifford, C. M. (1978) The genus Ixodes in the United States: a scanning electron microscope study and key to adults. Journal of Medical Entomology, Supplement 2, 1 - 149. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 15. suppl 2.1","Onofrio, V. C., Barros-Battesti, D. M., Labruna, M. B. & Faccini, J. L. H. (2009) Diagnoses of and illustrated key to the species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) from Brazil. Systematic Parasitology, 72, 143 - 157. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11230 - 008 - 9169 - z","Arthur, D. R. (1960) A review of some ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of sea birds. Part II. The taxonomic problems associated with the Ixodes auritulus - percavatus group of species. Parasitology, 50, 199 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000025294","Wilson, N. (1970) Acarina: Metastigmata: Ixodidae of South Georgia, Heard and Kerguelen. Pacific Insects Monograph, 23, 78 - 88.","Barros-Battesti, D. M., Arzua, M., Pichorim, M. & Keirans, J. E. (2003) Ixodes (Multidentatus) paranaensis n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) a parasite of Streptoprocne biscutata (Sclater, 1865) (Apodiformes: Apodidae) birds in Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 98, 93 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02762003000100013"]}

Ixodes robbinsi D. Apanaskevich & Edgy n. sp. Type-host: American robin— Turdus migratorius Linnaeus (Passeriformes: Turdidae). Other hosts: Ruffed grouse— Bonasa umbellus (Linnaeus) (Galliformes: Phasianidae), black-headed grosbeak— Pheucticus melanocephalus (Swainson) (Passeriformes: Cardinalidae), dark-eyed junco— Junco hyemalis (Linnaeus), song sparrow— Melospiza melodia (Wilson), Savannah sparrow— Passerculus sandwichensis (Gmelin), sooty fox sparrow— Passerella unalaschensis (Gmelin), golden-crowned sparrow— Zonotrichia atricapilla (Gmelin), white-crowned sparrow— Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forster) (Passeriformes: Emberizidae), purple finch— Haemorhous purpureus (Gmelin) (Passeriformes: Fringillidae), black-capped chickadee— Poecile atricapillus Linnaeus (Passeriformes: Paridae), house sparrow— Passer domesticus (Linnaeus) (Passeriformes: Passeridae), Bewick’s wren— Thryomanes bewickii (Audubon), Pacific wren— Troglodytes pacificus Baird (Passeriformes: Troglodytidae). Type-locality: USA: Oregon: Tillamook County: Netarts. Other localities: Canada: British Columbia: Vancouver Island, Rocky Point, Rocky Point Bird Observatory; USA: Alaska: Alexander Archipelago, Wrangell Island; Juneau, Gold Creek, Salmon Creek; California: Mendocino County, Ten Mile River; Napa County, Mead Ranch; Oregon: Curry County, near Brookings, Goat Island; Tillamook County: Hebo, Tillamook; Washington: Kitsap County: Hansville Road c. 8 km north of junction with Highway 104; Olympic Mountains. Type-material: Holotype female, from T. migratorius, Netarts (~ 45°26’N, 123°56’W), Tillamook County, Oregon, USA, 3.iii.1930, A. Walker (AW) and R. Walker (RW); deposited in the USNTC (USNMENT 00987201). Paratypes: 10 females. USA: Oregon: Tillamook County, Hebo (~ 45°13’N, 123°51’W): 1 female, from P. domesticus, 25.viii.1932, USNMENT 00987238; Tillamook County, Netarts: 1 female, from P. unalaschensis, 5.iii.1930, AW and RW, USNMENT 00987204; same locality: 1 female, from T. migratorius, 21.iii.1930, AW and RW, USNMENT 00987239; same locality: 1 female, from M. melodia, 16.xi.1930, RW, USNMENT 00987207; same locality: 1 female, from M. melodia, 25.xi.1930, AW and RW, USNMENT 00987218; Tillamook County, Tillamook (~ 45°27’N, 123°50’W): 1 female, from J. hyemalis, 10.xii.1930, AW and RW, USNMENT 00987205; same locality: 1 female, from J. hyemalis, 24.ii.1930, AW, USNMENT 00987223; same locality: 1 female, from T. migratorius, 15.iii.1930, AW and RW, USNMENT 00987222; same locality: 1 female, from H. purpureus, 24.iii.1930, AW and RW, USNMENT 00987195; Washington: Kitsap County, Hansville Road c. 8 km north of junction with Highway 104 (~ 47°52’N, 122°32’W): 1 female, from P. atricapillus, 30.ix.2000, H. Kaster, USNMENT 00988219. All paratypes are deposited in the USNTC. Other material: 11 nymphs and 17 larvae. Canada: British Columbia: Vancouver Island, Rock Point (~ 48°19’N, 123°32’W), Rocky Point Bird Observatory: 1 nymph, from T. bewickii, 18.viii.2001, G. Gibson, USNMENT 00988214. USA: Alaska: Alexander Archipelago, Wrangell Island (~ 56°17’N, 132°10’W): 1 nymph, from P. unalaschensis, 22.iv.1946, J. D. Webster, USNMENT 00987221; Juneau, Gold Creek (~ 58°17’N, 134°25’W): 7 larvae, from P. sandwichensis, 10.v.1945, R. B. Williams (RBW), USNMENT 00987209; Juneau, Salmon Creek (~ 58°20’N, 134°24’W): 9 larvae, from Z. atricapilla, 5.v.1953, RBW, USNMENT 00987180; California: Mendocino County, Ten Mile River (~ 39°33’N, 123°46’W): 1 nymph, from Z. leucophrys, 10.v.1959, R. C. Banks, USNMENT 00987197; Napa County, Mead Ranch (~ 38°23’N, 122°14’W): 1 nymph, from P. melanocephalus, 25.viii.1970, R. T. Mead, USNMENT 00987224; Oregon: Curry County, near Brookings, Goat Island (~ 42°3’N, 124°19’W): 2 nymphs, from M. melodia, 16.ix.1967, E. Easton (EE), USNMENT 00987210; same locality: 1 nymph, from M. melodia, 22.vi.1968, Clifford, Corwin and EE, USNMENT 00987230; same locality: 1 larva, from M. melodia, 8.ix.1971, EE, USNMENT 01481795; Tillamook County, Tillamook: 1 nymph, from M. melodia, 19.iii.1930, AW and RW, USNMENT 00987237; same locality: 1 nymph, from J. hyemalis, 6.xi.1930, RW and AW, USNMENT 00987213; same locality: 1 nymph, from T. pacificus, 27.ii.1931, AW, USNMENT 00987203; Washington: Olympic Mountains (~ 47°49’N, 123°49’W), Spruce: 1 nymph, from B. umbellus, 20.iv.1933, H. H. Stage, USNMENT 00987150. All specimens are deposited in the USNTC. ZooBank registration: The Life Science Identifier (LSID) for Ixodes robbinsi n. sp. is urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: 0F514D22-818B-4951-B436-FF95A14A2B24. Etymology: The species is named after Richard George Robbins, a United States acarologist and colleague who has contributed much to our knowledge on the systematics, distribution and ecology of ticks, especially those of the Americas, East and Southeast Asia. Description. Female [Based on 11 specimens; Figs. 30, 31.] Idiosoma (Fig. 30A, F) of medium- to largely engorged specimens broadly suboval. Scutum (Fig. 30B, C) length 1.24–1.36 (1.29 ± 0.05; n = 11), width 1.05–1.26 (1.11 ± 0.06; n = 11), ratio 1.08–1.25 (1.16 ± 0.05; n = 11); lateral margins diverging for approximately 1/2 of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves very shallow reaching posterior quarter of scutal length; relatively sparse very fine punctations evenly distributed throughout scutum; very slight rugosity may be discernible in central field of scutum; setae (Fig. 30B, C) relatively sparse, very short (c. 0.03 in anterolateral margin of scutum). Alloscutum (Fig. 30A) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 30A, D, E) numerous, evenly distributed, very short in center of alloscutum: c. 0.02–0.03 (avg. 0.02) and long in area medial to marginal grooves: c.0.04–0.05 (avg. 0.05), setae in area medial to marginal grooves 1.83-3.00 (avg. 2.65) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum; ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 24.60–30.00 (26.93 ± 1.51; n = 11). Venter (Fig. 30F) as illustrated; genital aperture (Fig. 30F) medial to coxae III; genital groove (Fig. 30F) well developed; anal groove (Fig. 30F) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 30F) numerous, length of preanal setae c. 0.04, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 31A) length 0.30–0.37 (0.33 ± 0.02; n = 11), width 0.31–0.39 (0.35 ± 0.03; n = 11), ratio 0.88–0.97 (0.92 ± 0.03; n = 11); broadly suboval to subcircular. Gnathosoma (Fig. 31B–D) length from palpal apices to cornual apices dorsally 0.68–0.73 (0.69 ± 0.02; n = 11), width of basis capituli dorsally 0.53–0.60 (0.56 ± 0.03; n = 11), ratio 1.15–1.29 (1.22 ± 0.05; n = 10). Dorsal basis capituli (Fig. 31B) length from medial insertion of palpal segment I to cornual apices 0.23–0.25 (0.24 ± 0.01; n = 11), ratio width to length 2.21–2.47 (2.34 ± 0.07; n = 11), subrectangular, lateral margins slightly convex, without lateral projections, posterior margin nearly straight or very slightly convex; cornua short, length 0.03–0.06 (0.04 ± 0.01; n = 11), ratio total length of basis capituli, including cornua, to cornual length 4.00–8.00 (5.84 ± 1.05; n = 11), triangular with broadly rounded apex; transversally suboval porose areas large, width 0.18–0.21 (0.20 ± 0.01; n = 11), ratio width of basis capituli dorsally to width of porose area 2.63–3.03 (2.83 ± 0.12; n = 11), clearly distinct, slightly indented, separated by distance of nearly 1/3 of their own width, openings discrete. Ventral basis capituli (Fig. 31C, D) pentagonal; auriculae moderately long, length 0.04–0.05 (0.05 ± 0.004; n = 11), ratio length of gnathosoma dorsally to length of auriculae 13.24–16.18 (14.59 ± 1.08; n = 11), broad, nearly as long as wide, directed posteriorly or very slightly posterolaterally, with broadly rounded apex. Lateral surface of basis capituli concave (Fig. 31C, D). Palpi (Fig. 31B, C, E) moderately long, length dorsally (segments II and III) 0.35–0.40 (0.38 ± 0.02; n = 11), maximum width (in dorsolateral plane) 0.14–0.16 (0.16 ± 0.01; n = 11), ratio 2.31–2.52 (2.41 ± 0.07; n = 11), length of medial margin of palpal segment I ventrally 0.14–0.18 (0.17 ± 0.01; n = 11); segment I with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 0.10–0.14 (0.13 ± 0.01; n = 11), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 2.68–3.43 (3.02 ± 0.25; n = 11); dorsally segment I with slight transversal ridge at base, mesodorsal spur indistinct, dorsoapical denticle indistinct, as small blunt projection; segments II and III fused with indistinct or barely discernible (mostly medially) suture between them, narrow proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 31C, F) length 0.40–0.43 (0.41; n = 3), width 0.15 (n = 3), ratio 2.67–2.78 (2.71; n = 3); base of hypostome nearly at same level as base of palpal segments II, club-shaped, widest close to mid-length; dental formula mostly 4/4, proximal rows 2/2 and then 3/3, distal rows 5/5; denticles sharply pointed; proximal part of hypostome without denticles moderate in length. Legs moderately long, slender. Coxae (Fig. 31G, H): coxae I-III with internal and external spurs, coxae II and III may be with poorly distinct or indistinct internal spur, coxa IV with external spur only; external spur on coxae I-IV moderately long, subequal or spur on coxa I slightly longer than spur on other coxae, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, directed slightly posteromedially; internal spur on coxae I-III short, decreasing in size from coxa I to III, narrow on coxa I and broader on coxae II and III, narrowly rounded at apex, spur on coxa I directed slightly posteromedially or posteriorly, spur on coxae II and III directed posteriorly; external spur on coxa I at least twice as long as internal spur; no syncoxae. Distally trochanters I-IV (Fig. 31G, H) with moderate ventral spur with narrowly rounded apex. Tarsus I length 0.86–0.94 (0.90 ± 0.03; n = 9); tarsus IV length 0.75–0.84 (0.80 ± 0.03; n = 9). Nymph [Based on 11 specimens; Figs. 32, 33.] Idiosoma (Fig. 32C): broadly suboval, widest posterior to midlength. Scutum (Fig. 32A) length 612–672 (634 ± 15; n = 11), width 553–621 (583 ± 24; n = 11), ratio 1.00–1.15 (1.09 ± 0.04; n = 11); lateral margins diverging for approximately half of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; posterolateral margins nearly straight; lateral carinae lacking; cervical grooves shallow; setae (Fig. 32A) relatively sparse, short: length in posterocentral field of scutum 5–13 (9 ± 2; n = 8), shorter than those on alloscutum, distributed as figured. Alloscutum (Fig. 32B) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 32B) numerous, evenly distributed, short in center of alloscutum: 13–18 (16 ± 1; n = 10) and long in area medial to marginal grooves: 34–40 (36 ± 2; n = 10), setae in area medial to marginal grooves 2.00–2.67 (2.28 ± 0.22; n = 10) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum; ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 15.94–19.00 (17.55 ± 0.93; n = 10). Anal groove (Fig. 32C) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 32C) numerous, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 32D) broadly oval; length 136–196 (160 ± 18; n = 11), width 153–196 (171 ± 14; n = 11), ratio 0.84–1.05 (0.94 ± 0.07; n = 11). Gnathosoma (Fig. 33A, B) length from palpal apices to posterior margin of basis capituli ventrally 387–417 (402 ± 11; n = 9), width at dorsal cornua apices 272–306 (291 ± 9; n = 11), ratio 1.36–1.40 (1.37 ± 0.01; n = 9). Basis capituli (Fig. 33A, B): dorsally subtriangular, posterior margin slightly convex with long posterolaterally directed cornua; ventrally pentagonal; auriculae moderately long: length 21–30 (26 ± 2; n = 11), ratio gnathosoma length to auriculae length 13–20 (16 ± 2; n = 9), triangular, directed slightly posterolaterally. Palpi (Fig. 33A, B): elongate, length dorsally (segments II and III) 162–187 (175 ± 7; n = 9), width 77–85 (82 ± 4; n = 9), ratio 2.10–2.22 (2.14 ± 0.05; n = 9); segment I well developed, with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 43–57 (50 ± 5; n = 11), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 2.98–4.00 (3.42 ± 0.31; n = 9); segments II and III fused with indistinct suture between them, narrower proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 33B) length 179–193 (187 ± 6; n = 6), width 72–85 (79 ± 5; n = 6), ratio 2.24–2.51 (2.37 ± 0.12; n = 6); widest at approximately its mid-length; base of hypostome approximately at same level as base of palpal segment II; proximal portion of hypostome without denticles short, then dental formula 2/2 for approximately 2 or 3 rows, 3/3 for approximately 4–8 rows, 4/4 for 0–3 rows; apex broadly rounded with irregular smaller denticles. Legs moderately long. Coxae (Fig. 33C): coxae I-III with well-developed internal and external spurs, coxa IV with well-developed external spur and indistinct internal spur; external spur on coxae I-IV moderately long, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, curved slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxae I-IV nearly subequal; internal spur on coxae I-III short, broad and narrowly to broadly rounded at apex, shorter than external spur; no syncoxae. Trochanters I-IV (Fig. 33C) with short ventral spur. Tarsus I length 434–476 (451 ± 15; n = 10); tarsus IV length 366–400 (385 ± 11; n = 9). Larva [Based on 17 specimens; Figs. 34, 35.] Idiosoma (Fig. 34B): broadly suboval, widest close to midlength. Scutum (Fig. 35A) length 305–365 (328; n = 3), width 375–390 (383; n = 3), ratio 0.81–0.95 (0.86; n = 3); hexagonal, lateral margins diverging for slightly more than 1/2 of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded or nearly straight posterior margin; posterolateral margins with very slight depressions; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves faint, shallow depressions. Setae 5 pairs, length of Sc 2 18 (n = 1); length of Sc 3 15 (n = 2); alloscutum (Fig. 34A) as illustrated. Dorsal setae approximately 15–17 pairs; approximately 3–5 pairs of central dorsals, length of Cd 1 22–25 (24; n = 3), length of Cd 2 20–21 (20; n = 3); approximately 11–13 pairs of marginal dorsals combined with supplementaries, length of Md 1 19–22 (20; n = 3). Venter (Fig. 34B) as illustrated; anal groove indistinct anteriorly and open posteriorly. Ventral setae approximately 14–16 pairs plus 1 pair on anal valves; 3 pairs of sternals, length of St 1 20–22 (21; n = 3); 2 pairs of preanals, length of Pa 1 24–25 (25; n = 3), length of Pa 2 28–30 (29; n = 3); approximately 6–8 pairs of premarginals; 3 pairs of marginal ventrals, length of Mv 1 18–21 (20; n = 3). Gnathosoma (Fig. 35B–D): length from hypostomal apex to posterior margin of basis capituli ventrally 240– 275 (254; n = 3), width at dorsal cornual apices 164–185 (172; n = 3); ratio 1.43–1.51 (1.48; n = 3). Basis capituli (Fig. 35B–D): dorsally subtriangular, posterior margin slightly convex with long posterolaterally directed cornua; ventrally pentagonal with relatively short, triangular auriculae, directed posterolaterally. Post-hypostomal setae 2 pairs. Palpi (Fig. 35B, C): elongate, length (segments II and III) 101–105 (103; n = 3), width 48–50 (48; n = 3), ratio 2.10–2.13 (2.12; n = 3); segment I well developed, with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 23–25 (23; n = 3), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 4.05–4.67 (4.41; n = 3); segments II and III fused, suture between them indistinct; segment I lacking setae, 10 dorsal and 3 ventral setae on segments II and III combined. Hypostome (Fig. 35C): length 100–103 (101; n = 3), width 50–53 (51; n = 3), ratio 1.95–2.00 (1.97; n = 3); base of hypostome nearly at same level as articulation of palpal segments I and II; proximal portion without denticles short, then dental formula 1/1 for 1 row, 2/2 for 3 or 4 rows and 3/3 for approximately 4 or 5 rows; apex broadly rounded with irregular small denticles. Legs moderately long. Coxae (Fig. 35E): coxa I with well-developed internal and external spurs, coxae II and III each with well-developed external spur and indistinct internal spur; external spur on coxae I-III moderately long, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, curved slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxa I slightly longer than spur on other coxae; external spur on coxa III slightly shorter than on coxa II; internal spur on coxa I short, broad, narrowly rounded at apex, shorter than external spur; posteromedian angle of coxa II forming slight, broadly rounded projection; no syncoxae; coxae I and III with 3 setae each, coxa II with 2 setae. Trochanters I and II with short ventral spur; trochanter III lack of ventral spur (Fig. 35E). Tarsus I length 238–268 (251; n = 3); tarsus III length 208–245 (230; n = 3). Remarks. Apparently, the male of this species was described in Gregson (1956). Descriptions of the female were partially or entirely based on specimens of I. robbinsi n. sp. in Nuttall (1916), Cooley and Kohls (1945), Gregson (1956), Arthur (1960), Furman and Loomis (1984) and Lindquist et al. (2016). Descriptions of the nymph were seemingly, partially or entirely, based on specimens of I. robbinsi n. sp. in Nuttall (1916), Cooley and Kohls (1945), Gregson (1956), Furman and Loomis (1984) and Lindquist et al. (2016). Descriptions of the larva were seemingly, partially or entirely, based on specimens of I. robbinsi n. sp. in Nuttall (1916), Furman and Loomis (1984), Webb et al. (1990) and Lindquist et al. (2016).

Ixodes guglielmonei D. Apanaskevich n. sp. Type-host: Rufous-chested plover— Charadrius modestus Lichtenstein (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae). Other hosts: Bar-winged cinclodes— Cinclodes fuscus (Vieillot) (Passeriformes: Furnariidae), striated caracara— Phalcoboenus australis (Gmelin) (Falconiformes: Falconidae). Type-locality: Chile: Antártica Chilena: Isla Navarino, Puerto Williams. Other localities: Argentina: Tierra del Fuego: Isla de los Estados, Bahia Crossley. Type-material: Holotype female, from C. modestus, Puerto Williams (~ 54°55’S, 67°37’W), Isla Navarino, Antártica Chilena, Chile, 24.i.1964, G. E. Watson (GEW); deposited in the USNTC (USNMENT 00987164). Paratypes: Chile: Antártica Chilena: Isla Navarino (~ 55°4’S, 67°40’W): 1 female and 2 nymphs, from C. fuscus, 19.i.1964, GEW, USNMENT 00987148. All paratypes are deposited in the USNTC. Other material: 1 female, 9 nymphs and 42 larvae. Argentina: Tierra del Fuego: Isla de los Estados, Bahia Crossley (~ 54°47’S, 64°41’W): 1 female and 3 larvae, from P. australis, 26.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987191; same locality: 1 nymph and 33 larvae, from P. australis, 26.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987158; Isla Observatorio (~ 54°38’S, 64°7’W): 6 nymphs and 2 larvae, from P. australis, 17.v.1971, USNMENT 00987163; same locality: 2 nymphs and 4 larvae, from P. australis, 17.v.1971, USNMENT 00987155. All specimens are deposited in the USNTC. ZooBank registration: The Life Science Identifier (LSID) for Ixodes guglielmonei n. sp. is urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: 0F85FCF8-5487-447F-AE84-2A8695748722. Etymology: The species is named after Alberto Alejandro Guglielmone, an Argentinian expert on ticks and colleague who has contributed much to our knowledge on the systematics, distribution and ecology of ticks, particularly those of the Neotropical Region. Description. Female [Based on 3 specimens; Figs. 19, 20.] Idiosoma (Fig. 19A, F) of least of largely engorged females broadly suboval, widest in posterior half. Scutum (Fig. 19B, C) length 1.50–1.64 (1.55; n = 3), width 1.16–1.30 (1.25; n = 3), ratio 1.17–1.31 (1.25; n = 3); lateral margins diverging for approximately 1/2 of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin and give diamond shape to scutum; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves shallow reaching posterior quarter of scutal length; relatively sparse very fine punctations evenly distributed throughout scutum; surface varies from smooth or with very slight rugosity (Chilean specimens) to wrinkled on lateral and central fields (Argentinian specimen); setae (Fig. 19B, C) relatively sparse, very short (c. 0.04–0.05 in anterolateral margin of scutum). Alloscutum (Fig. 19A) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 19A, D, E) numerous, evenly distributed, long in center of alloscutum: c. 0.08–0.11 (avg. 0.10) and in area medial to marginal grooves: c.0.09–0.12 (avg. 0.10), setae in area medial to marginal grooves 1.08–1.10 (avg. 1.09) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum; ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 12.76–16.45 (15.16; n = 3). Venter (Fig. 19F) as illustrated; genital aperture (Fig. 19F) medial to coxae III; genital groove (Fig. 19F) well developed; anal groove (Fig. 19F) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 19F) numerous, length of preanal setae c. 0.07, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 20A) length 0.32–0.36 (0.34; n = 3), width 0.34–0.38 (0.36; n = 3), ratio 0.87–0.98 (0.93; n = 3); broadly suboval to subcircular. Gnathosoma (Fig. 20B–D) length from palpal apices to cornual apices dorsally 0.75–0.80 (0.78; n = 2), width of basis capituli dorsally 0.55–0.65 (0.60; n = 2), ratio 1.23–1.36 (1.30; n = 2). Dorsal basis capituli (Fig. 20B) length from medial insertion of palpal segment I to cornual apices 0.25–0.28 (0.26; n = 2), ratio width to length 2.20–2.36 (2.28; n = 2), subrectangular: lateral margins slightly convex, without lateral projections, posterior margin slightly sinuously concave; cornua short, length 0.05–0.06 (0.05; n = 2), ratio total length of basis capituli, including cornua, to cornual length 4.89–5.00 (4.94; n = 2), triangular with broadly rounded apex; transversally suboval porose areas large, width 0.19–0.23 (0.21; n = 2), ratio basis capituli width dorsally to porose area width 2.89–2.93 (2.91; n = 2), clearly distinct, indented, separated by distance of approximately2–3.5times narrower than their own width, openings discrete. Ventral basis capituli (Fig. 20C, D) pentagonal; auriculae short, length 0.03 (n = 2), ratio gnathosoma length to auriculae length 26.89–29.41 (28.15; n = 2), broad, nearly as long as wide, diverging to broadly rounded apex. Lateral surface of basis capituli concave (Fig. 20C, D). Palpi (Fig. 20B, C, E) moderately long, length dorsally (segments II and III) 0.41–0.45 (0.43; n = 2), maximum width (in dorsolateral plane) 0.19–0.21 (0.20; n = 2), ratio 2.12–2.20 (2.16; n = 2), length of medial margin of palpal segment I ventrally 0.11 (n = 2); segment I with relatively short internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 0.09 (n = 2), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 4.58–5.29 (4.94; n = 2); dorsally segment I without distinct mesodorsal spur, with small blunt dorsoapical denticle; segments II and III fused with indistinct or barely discernible (mostly medially) suture between them, narrow proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 20C) length 0.44–0.46 (0.45; n = 2), width 0.17–0.18 (0.17; n = 2), ratio 2.57–2.60 (2.59; n = 2); base of hypostome nearly at same level as base of palpal segments II, club-shaped, widest close to mid-length; dental formula mostly 4/4, proximal rows 2/2 and then 3/3, distal rows 5/5; denticles sharply pointed; proximal part of hypostome without denticles very short. Legs moderately long, slender. Coxae (Fig. 20F, G): coxae I-III with internal and external spurs, coxa IV with external spur only; external spur on coxae I-IV moderately long, subequal in length, moderately narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, directed slightly posteromedially (external spur shorter, broader in Argentinian specimen); internal spur on coxae I-III very short, often poorly distinct, broad, broadly rounded at apex, directed slightly posteromedially or posteriorly; internal spur on coxa I considerably shorter than external spur; no syncoxae. Distally trochanters I-IV (Fig. 20F, G) with moderate ventral spur with narrowly rounded apex. Tarsus I length 1.06–1.17 (1.12; n = 3); tarsus IV length 0.94–1.08 (0.99; n = 3). Nymph [Based on 11 specimens; Figs. 21, 22.] Idiosoma (Fig. 21C): broadly suboval, widest close to midlength. Scutum (Fig. 21A) length 672–782 (739 ± 31; n = 11), width 604–697 (652 ± 32; n = 11), ratio 1.04–1.22 (1.13 ± 0.06; n = 11); lateral margins diverging for approximately half of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; posterolateral margins nearly straight; lateral carinae lacking; cervical grooves shallow; setae (Fig. 21A) relatively sparse, short: length in posterocentral field of scutum 17–30 (23 ± 4; n = 6), shorter than those on alloscutum, distributed as figured. Alloscutum (Fig. 21B) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 21B) numerous, evenly distributed, long in center of alloscutum: 60–72 (62 ± 5; n = 11) and in area medial to marginal grooves: 68–77 (73 ± 4; n = 11), setae in area medial to marginal grooves 1.06–1.29 (1.17 ± 0.07; n = 11) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum; ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 9.44–11.50 (10.22 ± 0.71; n = 11). Anal groove (Fig. 21C) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 21C) numerous, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 21D) length 145–204 (166 ± 18; n = 10), width 179–217 (191 ± 12; n = 10), ratio 0.80–0.94 (0.87 ± 0.05; n = 10), broadly oval. Gnathosoma (Fig. 22A, B) length from palpal apices to posterior margin of basis capituli ventrally 459–510 (484 ± 15; n = 9), width at dorsal cornua apices 323–366 (343 ± 15; n = 10), ratio 1.35–1.49 (1.42 ± 0.04; n = 9). Basis capituli (Fig. 22A, B): dorsally subtriangular, posterior margin slightly convex with long posterolaterally directed cornua; ventrally pentagonal; auriculae relatively short: length 21–26 (24 ± 2; n = 10), ratio length of gnathosoma to length of auriculae 18–23 (20 ± 2; n = 9), triangular, directed slightly posterolaterally. Palpi (Fig. 22A, B): elongate, length dorsally (segments II and III) 213–221 (219 ± 4; n = 9), width 102–111 (107 ± 4; n = 9), ratio 1.92–2.17 (2.05 ± 0.10; n = 9); segment I well developed, with relatively short internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 26–30 (28 ± 2; n = 9), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 7.08–8.67 (7.79 ± 0.64; n = 9); segments II and III fused with indistinct suture between them, narrower proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 22B) length 221–253 (242 ± 13; n = 7), width 85–115 (95 ± 10; n = 7), ratio 2.17–2.87 (2.58 ± 2; n = 7); widest at approximately its mid-length; base of hypostome approximately at same level as base of palpal segment II; proximal portion of hypostome without denticles very short, then dental formula 2/2 for approximately 2 or 3 rows, 3/3 for approximately 5–7 rows and 4/4 for approximately 0–2 rows; apex broadly rounded with irregular smaller denticles. Legs moderately long. Coxae (Fig. 22C): coxae I-III with well-developed internal and external spurs, coxa IV with well-developed external spur and indistinct internal spur; external spur on coxae I-IV moderately long, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, curved slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxae I-IV nearly subequal; internal spur on coxae I-III short, broad and narrowly to broadly rounded at apex, shorter than external spur; no syncoxae. Trochanters I-IV (Fig. 22C) with short ventral spur. Tarsus I length 553–595 (577 ± 15; n = 11); tarsus IV length 468–544 (506 ± 18; n = 11). Larva [Based on 42 specimens; Figs. 23, 24.] Idiosoma (Fig. 23B): broadly suboval, widest close to mid-length. Scutum (Fig. 24A) length 365–400 (378 ± 16; n = 5), width 425–495 (446 ± 29; n = 5), ratio 0.81–0.87 (0.85 ± 0.02; n = 5); hexagonal, lateral margins diverging for slightly more than 1/2 of scutal length, then converging to straight posterior margin; posterolateral margins with very slight depressions; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves faint, shallow depressions; surface of scutum roughly sculptured. Setae: 5 pairs, length of Sc 2 21–26 (23 ± 2; n = 5); length of Sc 3 22–30 (25 ± 3; n = 5); alloscutum (Fig. 23A) as illustrated. Dorsal setae approximately 17–19 pairs (usually 19); approximately 4–6 (usually 6) pairs of central dorsals, length of Cd 1 43–50 (47 ± 3; n = 5), length of Cd 2 30–40 (33 ± 4; n = 5); 12–13 (usually 13) pairs of marginal dorsals combined with supplementaries, length of Md 1 32–47 (39 ± 6; n = 5). Venter (Fig. 23B) as illustrated; anal groove indistinct anteriorly and open posteriorly. Ventral setae approximately 15–19 pairs plus 1 pair on anal valves; 3 pairs of sternals, length of St 1 38–45 (42 ± 3; n = 5); 2 pairs of preanals, length of Pa 1 42–52 (47 ± 4; n = 5), length of Pa 2 37–49 (42 ± 5; n = 5); approximately 7–11 pairs of premarginals; 3 pairs of marginal ventrals, length of Mv 1 22–30 (27 ± 4; n = 5). Gnathosoma (Fig. 24B–D): length from hypostomal apex to posterior margin of basis capituli ventrally 278–308 (291 ± 11; n = 5), width at dorsal cornual apices 180–200 (190 ± 8; n = 5); ratio 1.47–1.58 (1.53 ± 0.05; n = 5). Basis capituli (Fig. 24B–D): dorsally subtriangular, posterior margin slightly convex with long posterolaterally directed cornua; ventrally pentagonal with relatively short, triangular auriculae, directed posterolaterally. Post-hypostomal setae 2 pairs. Palpi (Fig. 24B, C): elongate, length (segments II and III) 118–128 (122 ± 5; n = 5), width 55–60 (57 ± 2; n = 5), ratio 2.04–2.27 (2.14 ± 0.08; n = 5); segment I well developed, with relatively short internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 15–18 (17 ± 1; n = 5), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 6.71–8.33 (7.29 ± 0.66; n = 5); segments II and III fused, suture between them indistinct; segment I lacking setae, 10 dorsal and 3 ventral setae on segments II and III combined. Hypostome (Fig. 24C): length 120–133 (125 ± 5; n = 5), width 58–75 (64 ± 7; n = 5), ratio 1.78–2.13 (1.97 ± 0.14; n = 5); base of hypostome nearly at same level as articulation of palpal segments I and II; proximal portion without denticles very short, then dental formula 1/1 for 1 row, 2/2 for usually 4 rows and 3/3 for usually 4 or 5 rows; apex broadly rounded with irregular small denticles. Legs moderately long. Coxae (Fig. 24E): coxae I-III with internal and external spurs; external spur on coxae I-III moderately long, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, curved slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxae I-III nearly subequal; internal spur on coxa I short to moderately long, broad, narrowly to broadly rounded at apex, slightly shorter than external spur; internal spur on coxa II short, broadly triangular; internal spur on coxa III poorly distinct, very short, ridge-like; no syncoxae; coxa I with 3 setae, coxa II with 2 setae, coxa III usually with 3 setae. Trochanters I and II with short ventral spur; trochanter III lack of ventral spur (Fig. 24E). Tarsus I length 310–335 (326 ± 9; n = 5); tarsus III length 290–333 (311 ± 17; n = 5). Remarks. The description and illustrations of the nymph of I. auritulus in Durden and Keirans (1996) is partially based on specimens of I. guglielmonei n. sp. By having a distinct, anteriorly directed internal projection on palpal segment I, the female of I. guglielmonei n. sp. most closely resembles the following Ixodes (Multidentatus) spp.: I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. contrarius n. sp., I. cornuae, I. insulae n. sp., I. kerguelenensis, I. moralesi n. sp., I. paranaensis, I. percavatus, I. rio n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus. The female of I. guglielmonei n. sp. can be distinguished from the female of I. cornuae by having short cornua (vs very long cornua in that species); from females of I. kerguelenensis and I. percavatus by having the indistinct mesodorsal spur on palpal segment I (vs large, distinct spur in those species); from the female of I. paranaensis by having longer auriculae (vs very short auriculae in that species) (see Arthur 1960; Wilson 1970; Barros-Battesti et al. 2003). The female of I. guglielmonei n. sp. can be distinguished from females of other species by the broad scutum: mean ratio length to width 1.25 (vs narrower scutum: mean ratio 1.44 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 1.45 in I. contrarius n. sp., 1.35 in I. insulae n. sp., 1.41 in I. rio n. sp. and 1.37 in I. zealandicus); long setae in both center and area medial to marginal grooves of alloscutum: mean ratio length of setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves to length of setae in center of alloscutum 1.09 (vs shorter setae in center of alloscutum: mean ratio 3.40 in I. auritulus, 1.58 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 3.75 in I. contrarius n. sp., 2.00 in I. insulae n. sp., 3.68 in I. moralesi n. sp., 4.00 in I. rio n. sp., 2.65 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 2.99 in I. tinamou n. sp.); long setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of scutum to length of alloscutal setae medial to marginal grooves 15.16 (vs shorter setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 45.62 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 20.89 in I. moralesi n. sp. and 26.93 in I. robbinsi n. sp.); basis capituli slightly convex dorsolaterally (vs basis capituli with angular dorsolateral projections in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and I. rio n. sp.); lateral surface of basis capituli concave (vs lateral surface flat in I. brevisetosus n. sp.); posterior margin of basis capituli slightly sinuously concave (vs slightly convex in I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. contrarius n. sp., I. insulae n. sp., I. moralesi n. sp., I. rio n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp. and I. tinamou n. sp.); long cornua: mean ratio length of basis capituli to cornual length 4.94 (vs shorter cornua: mean ratio 14.00 in I. contrarius n. sp., 10.00 in I. rio n. sp., 9.01 in I. tinamou n. sp. and 7.25 in I. zealandicus); broad porose areas: mean ratio width of basis capituli to width of porose area 2.91 (vs narrower porose areas: mean ratio 3.61 in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and 3.47 in I. rio n. sp.); auriculae short: mean ratio gnathosoma length dorsally to length of auriculae 28.15, broad, directed posterolaterally, with broadly rounded apex (vs longer auriculae: mean ratio gnathosoma length dorsally to length of auriculae 9.74 in I. auritulus, 8.97 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 8.61 in I. contrarius n. sp., 8.97 in I. insulae n. sp., 11.33 in I. moralesi n. sp., 9.64 in I. rio n. sp., 14.59 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 19.54 in I. zealandicus; shorter auriculae: mean ratio gnathosoma length dorsally to length of auriculae 43.38 in I. tinamou n. sp.; auriculae distin, Published as part of Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., Apanaskevich, Maria A., Klimov, Pavel B., Edgy, Brett M., Bermúdez, Sergio E., Labruna, Marcelo B., Korzeev, Andrei I. & Barker, Stephen C., 2022, Description of eight new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. auritulus Neumann, 1904, parasites of birds in the Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 5173 (1) on pages 33-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5173.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966076, {"references":["Durden, L. A. & Keirans, J. E. (1996) Nymphs of the genus Ixodes (Acari: Ixodidae) of the United States: taxonomy, identification key, distribution, hosts, and medical / veterinary importance. Thomas Say Publication in Entomology Monographs 9. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, Maryland, 95 pp.","Arthur, D. R. (1960) A review of some ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of sea birds. Part II. The taxonomic problems associated with the Ixodes auritulus - percavatus group of species. Parasitology, 50, 199 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000025294","Wilson, N. (1970) Acarina: Metastigmata: Ixodidae of South Georgia, Heard and Kerguelen. Pacific Insects Monograph, 23, 78 - 88.","Barros-Battesti, D. M., Arzua, M., Pichorim, M. & Keirans, J. E. (2003) Ixodes (Multidentatus) paranaensis n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) a parasite of Streptoprocne biscutata (Sclater, 1865) (Apodiformes: Apodidae) birds in Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 98, 93 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02762003000100013"]}

Ixodes auritulus Neumann, 1904 Synonyms: Ixodes thoracicus Neumann, 1899 nec Koch, 1844; Ixodes auritulus auritulus Neumann, 1904 sensu Kohls & Clifford, 1966. Type-host: Unidentified bird. Other hosts: Thorn-tailed rayadito— Aphrastura spinicauda (Gmelin) (Passeriformes: Furnariidae), grass wren— Cistothorus platensis (Latham) (Passeriformes: Troglodytidae), Austral thrush— Turdus falcklandii Quoy & Gaimard (Passeriformes: Turdidae). Type-locality: Chile: Magallanes Province: Punta Arenas. Other localities: Chile: Antártica Chilena Province: Isla Navarino, Puerto Williams; Magallanes Province: Fuerte Bulnes. Type-material: 4 syntype females, Punta Arenas (~ 53°8’S, 70°55’W), Magallanes Province, Chile, Lebrun; deposited in the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France (3 females: No. 2474–83) and École Nationale de Vétérinaire, Toulouse, France (1 female), according to Arthur (1960), who mentioned that these four specimens were badly mutilated. We were not able to confirm the existence of these specimens. Other material: Two females, 24 nymphs and 35 larvae. Chile: Antártica Chilena Province: Isla Navarino (~ 55°4’S, 67°40’W): 1 female, from T. falcklandii, 19.i.1964, G. E. Watson (GEW), USNMENT 00987234; Isla Navarino, Puerto Williams (~ 54°55’S, 67°37’W): 1 nymph and 3 larvae, from T. falcklandii, 2.ii.1964, GEW, USNMENT 00987156; same locality: 1 nymph and 2 larvae, from A. spinicauda, 2.ii.1964, GEW, USNMENT 00987173; Magallanes Province: Fuerte Bulnes (~ 53°36’S, 70°55’W): 2 nymphs and 7 larvae, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987185; same locality: 1 nymph, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987175; same locality: 1 larva, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987194; same locality: 1 nymph, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987193; same locality: 1 larva, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987183; same locality: 2 nymphs and 2 larvae, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987160; same locality: 2 nymphs, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987182; same locality: 2 nymphs and 1 larva, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987171; same locality: 1 nymph and 7 larvae, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987190; same locality: 1 larva, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987179; same locality: 1 nymph, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987145; same locality: 1 nymph, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987170; same locality: 1 nymph and 3 larvae, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987178; same locality: 2 nymphs and 4 larvae, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987146; same locality: 4 nymphs and 3 larvae, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987186; Punta Arenas: 1 female and 1 nymph, from C. platensis, 16.i.1940, C. C. Sanborn, FMNH 4463077; same locality: 1 nymph, from A. spinicauda, 15.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987165. All specimens with USNMENT numbers are deposited in the USNTC, and the specimens with a FMNH number are deposited in the FMNH. Etymology: The specific name is derived from the Latin auritus meaning “having ears” and suffix - ulus meaning “small” apparently referring to palpal segment I having a distinct anterior projection. Description. Female [Based on 2 specimens; Figs. 4, 5.] Idiosoma (Fig. 4A, F) of largely engorged females broadly suboval. Scutum (Fig. 4B, C) length 1.16–1.22 (1.19; n = 2), width 1.00 (n = 2), ratio 1.16–1.22 (1.19; n = 2); lateral margins diverging for approximately 1/2 of scutal length, then slightly converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves shallow reaching posterior quarter of scutal length; relatively sparse very fine punctations evenly distributed throughout scutum; very slight rugosity may be discernible in central field of scutum; setae (Fig. 4B, C) relatively sparse, very short (c. 0.04 in anterolateral margin of scutum). Alloscutum (Fig. 4A) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 4A, D, E) numerous, evenly distributed, very short in center of alloscutum: c. 0.03 and long in area medial to marginal grooves: c.0.09, setae in area medial to marginal grooves 3.14–3.67 (avg. 3.40) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum; ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 12.55–13.20 (12.88; n = 2). Venter (Fig. 4F) as illustrated; genital aperture (Fig. 4F) medial to coxae III; genital groove (Fig. 4F) well developed; anal groove (Fig. 4F) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 4F) numerous, length of preanal setae c. 0.06, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 5A) length 0.29–0.32 (0.31; n = 2), width 0.31 (n = 2), ratio 0.94–1.06 (1.00; n = 2); broadly suboval. Gnathosoma (Fig. 5B–D) length from palpal apices to cornual apices dorsally 0.64–0.69 (0.66; n = 2), width of basis capituli dorsally 0.53 (n = 2), ratio 1.21–1.29 (1.25; n = 2). Dorsal basis capituli (Fig. 5B) length from medial insertion of palpal segment I to cornual apices 0.23 (n = 2), ratio width to length 2.33–2.36 (2.35; n = 2), subrectangular, lateral margins slightly convex, without lateral projections, posterior margin slightly convex; cornua short, length 0.04 (n = 2), ratio total length of basis capituli, including cornua, to cornual length 6.00 (n = 2), triangular with broadly rounded apex; transversally suboval porose areas large, width 0.18–0.19 (0.18; n = 2), ratio width of basis capituli dorsally to width of porose area 2.83–3.00 (2.92; n = 2), clearly distinct, slightly indented, separated by distance of nearly 1/2 of their own width, openings discrete. Ventral basis capituli (Fig. 5C, D) pentagonal; auriculae long, length 0.07 (n = 2), ratio length of gnathosoma dorsally to length of auriculae 9.38–10.11 (9.74; n = 2), moderately narrow, nearly twice as long as wide, directed posteriorly, with moderately broadly rounded apex. Lateral surface of basis capituli concave (Fig. 5C, D). Palpi (Fig. 5B, C, E) moderately long, length dorsally (segments II and III) 0.34–0.36 (0.35; n = 2), maximum width (in dorsolateral plane) 0.14 (n = 2), ratio 2.45–2.64 (2.55; n = 2), length of medial margin of palpal segment I ventrally 0.14 (n = 2); segment I with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 0.12 (n = 2), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 2.81–3.05 (2.93; n = 2); dorsally segment I with slight transversal ridge at base and small tapering dorsoapical denticle, mesodorsal spur indistinct; segments II and III fused with indistinct or barely discernible (mostly medially) suture between them, narrow proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 5C) length 0.37 (n = 1), width 0.14 (n = 1), ratio 2.59 (n = 1); base of hypostome nearly at same level as base of palpal segments II, club-shaped, widest close to mid-length; dental formula mostly 4/4, proximal rows 2/2 and then 3/3, distal rows 5/5; denticles sharply pointed; proximal part of hypostome without denticles moderate in length. Legs moderately long, slender. Coxae (Fig. 5F–H): coxae I-III with internal and external spurs, coxa IV with external spur only; external spur on coxae I-IV moderately long, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, directed posteromedially; external spur on coxa I slightly longer than those on coxae II-IV; external spur on coxae II-IV subequal in length; internal spur on coxae I-III short, nearly subequal, narrow on coxa I and broader on coxae II and III, narrowly rounded at apex; internal spur on coxa I directed slightly posteromedially; internal spur on coxae II and III directed posteriorly; external spur on coxa I at least twice as long as internal spur; no syncoxae. Distally trochanters I-IV (Fig. 5F–H) with moderate ventral spur with narrowly rounded apex. Tarsus I length 0.71–0.83 (0.77; n = 2); tarsus IV length 0.65 (n = 2). Nymph [Based on 24 specimens; Figs. 6, 7.] Idiosoma (Fig. 6C): broadly suboval, widest close to mid-length. Scutum (Fig. 6A) length 561–672 (621 ± 26; n = 24), width 451–553 (496 ± 26; n = 24), ratio 1.15–1.38 (1.25 ± 0.06; n = 24); lateral margins diverging for approximately half of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; posterolateral margins nearly straight; lateral carinae lacking; cervical grooves shallow; setae (Fig. 6A) relatively sparse, short: length in posterocentral field of scutum 9–13 (10 ± 1; n = 15), shorter than those on alloscutum, distributed as figured. Alloscutum (Fig. 6B) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 6B) numerous, evenly distributed, long in center of alloscutum: 24–34 (26 ± 2; n = 24) and in area medial to marginal grooves: 68–85 (74 ± 6; n = 24), setae in area medial to marginal grooves 2.25–3.33 (2.83 ± 0.24; n = 24) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum; ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 7.50–9.50 (8.40 ± 0.63; n = 24). Anal groove (Fig. 6C) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 6C) numerous, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 6D) length 128–170 (146 ± 11; n = 24), width 145–179 (159 ± 10; n = 24), ratio 0.83–1.00 (0.92 ± 0.04; n = 24), broadly oval. Gnathosoma (Fig. 7A, B) length from palpal apices to posterior margin of basis capituli ventrally 357–400 (377 ± 11; n = 21), width at dorsal cornua apices 255–281 (266 ± 9; n = 22), ratio 1.36–1.50 (1.42 ± 0.04; n = 21). Basis capituli (Fig. 7A, B): dorsally subtriangular, posterior margin slightly convex with long posterolaterally directed cornua; ventrally pentagonal; auriculae long: length 30–34 (34 ± 1; n = 22), ratio length of gnathosoma to length of auriculae 10.50–12.29 (11.17 ± 0.41; n = 21), triangular, directed posteriorly or slightly posterolaterally. Palpi (Fig. 7A, B): elongate, length dorsally (segments II and III) 162–179 (171 ± 6; n = 21), width 68–77 (72 ± 4; n = 21), ratio 2.22–2.50 (2.37 ± 0.10; n = 21); segment I well developed, with relatively long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 43–55 (46 ± 4; n = 21), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 3.09–4.20 (3.70 ± 0.30; n = 21); segments II and III fused with indistinct suture between them, narrower proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 7B) length 153–186 (175 ± 8; n = 14), width 51–68 (62 ± 5; n = 14), ratio 2.62–3.44 (2.82 ± 0.22; n = 14); widest at approximately its mid-length; base of hypostome approximately at same level as base of palpal segment II; proximal portion of hypostome without denticles short, then dental formula 2/2 for approximately 3 rows and 3/3 for approximately 4–6 rows and 4/4 for 1–4 rows; apex broadly rounded with irregular smaller denticles. Legs moderately long. Coxae (Fig. 7C): coxae I-III with well-developed internal and external spurs, coxa IV with well-developed external spur and indistinct internal spur; external spur on coxae I-IV moderately long, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, curved slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxae I-IV nearly subequal or very slightly decreasing in size from coxa I to coxa IV; internal spur on coxae I-III short, broad and narrowly rounded at apex, shorter than external spur; no syncoxae. Trochanters I-IV (Fig. 7C) with short ventral spur. Tarsus I length 374–434 (406 ± 15; n = 24); tarsus IV length 315–366 (334 ± 12; n = 24). Larva [Based on 35 specimens; Figs. 8, 9.] Idiosoma (Fig. 8B): broadly suboval, widest close to mid-length. Scutum (Fig. 9A) length 315–375 (349 ± 17; n = 9), width 345–400 (370 ± 17; n = 9), ratio 0.83–1.00 (0.95 ± 0.05; n = 9); hexagonal, lateral margins diverging for slightly more than 1/2 of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded or nearly straight posterior margin; posterolateral margins with very slight depressions; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves faint, shallow depressions. Setae 5 pairs, length of Sc 2 23–28 (25 ± 2; n = 9); length of Sc 3 24–28 (26 ± 1; n = 9); alloscutum (Fig. 8A) as illustrated. Dorsal setae approximately 14–18 pairs; approximately 4–6 pairs of central dorsals, length of Cd 1 28–36 (33 ± 3; n = 9), length of Cd 2 26–34 (31 ± 3; n = 9); approximately 10–13 pairs of marginal dorsals combined with supplementaries, length of Md 1 35–43 (38 ± 3; n = 9). Venter (Fig. 8B) as illustrated; anal groove indistinct anteriorly and open posteriorly. Ventral setae approximately 14–18 pairs plus 1 pair on anal valves; 3 pairs of sternals, length of St 1 29–38 (33 ± 3; n = 9); 2 pairs of preanals, length of Pa 1 31–41 (37 ± 3; n = 9), length of Pa 2 39–51 (46 ± 5; n = 9); approximately 6–10 pairs of premarginals; 3 pairs of marginal ventrals, length of Mv 1 26–34 (29 ± 3; n = 9). Gnathosoma (Fig. 9B–D): length from hypostomal apex to posterior margin of basis capituli ventrally 230–253 (241 ± 8; n = 8), width at dorsal cornual apices 158–190 (173 ± 11; n = 9); ratio 1.30–1.53 (1.38 ± 0.07; n = 8). Basis capituli (Fig. 9B–D): dorsally subtriangular, posterior margin slightly convex with long posterolaterally directed cornua; ventrally pentagonal with moderately long, triangular auriculae, directed posterolaterally. Post-hypostomal setae 2 pairs. Palpi (Fig. 9B, C): elongate, length (segments II and III) 103–110 (107 ± 3; n = 9), width 43–53 (48 ± 3; n = 9), ratio 2.00–2.47 (2.22 ± 0.15; n = 9); segment I well developed, with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 28–35 (31 ± 3; n = 9), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 3.07–3.82 (3.50 ± 0.30; n = 9); segments II and III fused, suture between them indistinct; segment I lacking setae, 10 dorsal and 3 ventral setae on segments II and III combined. Hypostome (Fig. 9C): length 98–105 (101 ± 3; n = 8), width 45–53 (46 ± 3; n = 8), ratio 2.00–2.28 (2.19 ± 0.09; n = 8); base of hypostome nearly at same level as articulation of palpal segments I and II; proximal portion without denticles short, then dental formula 1/1 for 1 row, 2/2 for approximately 3 or 4 rows and 3/3 for approximately 4–6 rows; apex broadly rounded with irregular small denticles. Legs moderately long. Coxae (Fig. 9E): coxa I with well-developed internal and external spurs, coxae II and III each with well-developed external spur and indistinct internal spur; external spur on coxae I-III moderately long, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, curved slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxae I-III nearly subequal and usually decreasing slightly in size from coxa I to coxa III; internal spur on coxae I moderately long, broad and narrowly rounded at apex, usually slightly shorter than external spur; posteromedian angle of coxa II forming slight, broadly rounded projection; no syncoxae; coxae I and III with 3 setae each, coxa II with 2 setae. Trochanters I and II with short ventral spur; trochanter III lack of ventral spur (Fig. 9E). Tarsus I length 230–248 (237 ± 7; n = 9); tarsus III length 205–221 (214 ± 5; n = 9). Remarks. Neumann (1899) based his description on 4 females collected at Punta Arenas, Magallanes Province, Chile. According to Arthur (1960) three of those females are in the collection of the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France and one female is at École Nationale de Vétérinaire, Toulouse, France. Unfortunately, we were unable to confirm if any of these specimens currently exist. The association of the I. auritulus female specimens we studied with the type specimens was made by analysis of the description of the latter in Arthur (1960). All the available characters as well as most of the morphometrics taken from the Arthur’s illustrations unambiguously confirmed our identification of I. auritulus. We conclude that the male of I. auritulus is undescribed. Previous descriptions of males refer either to other species (Dumbleton 1953, 1961; Gregson 1956; Arthur 1960; Wilson 1967) or to undetermined species of the I. auritulus complex (Kohls & Clifford 1966; Keirans & Clifford 1978; Furman & Loomis 1984; Onofrio et al. 2009; Lindquist et al. 2016; Nava et al. 2017). Whether any of the latter descriptions refer to true I. auritulus is yet to be determined, if possible, at all. The female of I. auritulus was described in Neumann (1899, 1904, 1911), Nuttall and Warburton (1911) and Arthur (1960). Illustrations of the female in Wilson (1967) are based on Arthur (1960) and hence Wilson’s description, is at least, partially based on I. auritulus. All other previous descriptions of females either refer entirely or partially to other species (Nuttall 1916; Cooley & Kohls 1945; Dumbleton 1953, 1961; Gregson 1956; Roberts 1970; Keirans & Clifford 1978; Furman & Loomis 1984; Barros-Battesti et al. 2003; Onofrio et al. 2009; Lindquist et al. 2016; Bermúdez et al. 2018) or to undetermined species of the I. auritulus complex (Ault 1943; Nava et al. 2017). The description of the nymph of I. auritulus in Durden and Keirans (1996) was partially based on specimens of true I. auritulus and those of I. guglielmonei n. sp. All other previous descriptions of nymphs either refer entirely or partially to other species (Nuttall 1916; Cooley & Kohls 1945; Dumbleton 1953; Gregson 1956; Arthur 1960; Roberts 1970; Furman & Loomis 1984; Lindquist et al. 2016) or to undetermined species of the I. auritulus complex (Aragão 1938; Ault 1943; Wilson 1967; Nava et al. 2017). Apparently, most of the larval description in Webb et al. (1990) was based on true I. auritulus specimens, and partially on I. robbinsi n. sp. All other previous descriptions of larvae either refer entirely or partially to other species (Nuttall 1916; Dumbleton 1953; Furman & Loomis 1984; Lindquist et al. 2016) o, Published as part of Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., Apanaskevich, Maria A., Klimov, Pavel B., Edgy, Brett M., Bermúdez, Sergio E., Labruna, Marcelo B., Korzeev, Andrei I. & Barker, Stephen C., 2022, Description of eight new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. auritulus Neumann, 1904, parasites of birds in the Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 5173 (1) on pages 8-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5173.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966076, {"references":["Neumann, L. G. (1904) Notes sur les ixodides. II. Archives de Parasitologie, 8, 444 - 464.","Neumann, G. (1899) Revision de la famille des ixodides. Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, 12, 107 - 294.","Kohls, G. M. & Clifford, C. M. (1966) Three new species of Ixodes from Mexico and description of the male of I. auritulus auritulus Neumann, I. conepati Cooley and Kohls, and I. lasallei Mendez and Ortiz (Acarina: Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 52, 810 - 820. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3276462","Arthur, D. R. (1960) A review of some ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of sea birds. Part II. The taxonomic problems associated with the Ixodes auritulus - percavatus group of species. Parasitology, 50, 199 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000025294","Dumbleton, L. J. (1953) The ticks (Ixodoidea) of the New Zealand subregion. Cape Expedition Series Bulletin, 14, 5 - 35.","Dumbleton, L. J. (1961) The ticks (Acarina: Ixodoidea) of sea birds in New Zealand waters. New Zealand Journal of Science, 4, 760 - 769.","Gregson, J. D. (1956) The Ixodoidea of Canada. Canada Department Agriculture, Science Service, Entomological Division Publication 930. Canada Department Agriculture, Science Service, Entomological Division. Queen's Printer, Ottawa, 92 pp.","Wilson, N. (1967) Mesostigmata: Rhinonyssidae, Halarachnidae (nasal mites); Metastigmata: Ixodidae (ticks). Antarctic Research Series, 10, 41 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1029 / AR 010 p 0041","Keirans, J. E. & Clifford, C. M. (1978) The genus Ixodes in the United States: a scanning electron microscope study and key to adults. Journal of Medical Entomology, Supplement 2, 1 - 149. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 15. suppl 2.1","Furman, D. P. & Loomis, E. C. (1984) The ticks of California (Acari: Ixodida). Bulletin of California Insect Survey, 25, 1 - 239.","Onofrio, V. C., Barros-Battesti, D. M., Labruna, M. B. & Faccini, J. L. H. (2009) Diagnoses of and illustrated key to the species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) from Brazil. Systematic Parasitology, 72, 143 - 157. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11230 - 008 - 9169 - z","Lindquist, E. E., Galloway, T. D., Artsob, H., Lindsay, L. R., Drebot, M., Wood, H. & Robbins, R. G. (2016) A Handbook to the Ticks of Canada (Ixodida: Ixodidae, Argasidae). Biological Survey of Canada Monograph Series No. 7. Biological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, 317 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.3752 / 9780968932186","Nava, S., Venzal, J. M., Gonzalez-Acuna, D., Martins, T. F. & Guglielmone, A. A. (2017) Ticks of the Southern Cone of America. Elsevier Academic Press, London, San Diego, Cambridge, Oxford, 348 pp.","Neumann, L. G. (1911) Ixodidae. Das Tierreich, 26, 1 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 22339","Nuttall, G. H. F. & Warburton, C. (1911) Ticks. A monograph of the Ixodoidea. Part II. The Ixodidae. Section II. Genus I. Ixodes Latreille 1795. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 133 - 293. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 24075","Nuttall, G. H. F. (1916) Notes on ticks. IV. Relating to the genus Ixodes and including a description of three new species and two new varieties. Parasitology, 8, 294 - 337. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000010623","Cooley, R. A. & Kohls, G. M. (1945) The genus Ixodes in North America. National Institute of Health Bulletin, 184, 1 - 246.","Roberts, F. H. S. (1970) Australian ticks. CSIRO, Melbourne, 267 pp.","Barros-Battesti, D. M., Arzua, M., Pichorim, M. & Keirans, J. E. (2003) Ixodes (Multidentatus) paranaensis n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) a parasite of Streptoprocne biscutata (Sclater, 1865) (Apodiformes: Apodidae) birds in Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 98, 93 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02762003000100013","Bermudez, S., Apanaskevich, D. A. & Dominguez, L. (2018) Garrapatas Ixodidae de Panama. Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion, Panama, 129 pp.","Ault, C. N. (1943) Description de nuevos ejemplares de Ixodes auritulus Neumann 1899, hallados en la Republica Argentina. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria, 25, 167 - 174.","Durden, L. A. & Keirans, J. E. (1996) Nymphs of the genus Ixodes (Acari: Ixodidae) of the United States: taxonomy, identification key, distribution, hosts, and medical / veterinary importance. Thomas Say Publication in Entomology Monographs 9. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, Maryland, 95 pp.","Aragao, H. B. (1938) Nota sobre os ixodideos da Republica Argentina. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 33, 319 - 327. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761938000200009","Webb, J. P., Bennett, S. G. & Challet, G. L. (1990) The larval ticks of the genus Ixodes Latreille (Acari: Ixodidae) of California. Bulletin of the Society for Vector Ecology, 15, 73 - 124.","Wilson, N. (1970) Acarina: Metastigmata: Ixodidae of South Georgia, Heard and Kerguelen. Pacific Insects Monograph, 23, 78 - 88."]}

Ixodes insulae D. Apanaskevich & Barker n. sp. Type-host: Morepork— Ninox novaeseelandiae (Gmelin) (Strigiformes: Strigidae). Type-locality: Australia: Tasmania: Derby. Type-material: Holotype female, from N. novaeseelandiae, Derby (~ 41°8’S, 147°48’E), Tasmania, Australia, 3.viii.1983, R. H. Green; deposited in the USNTC (USNMENT 01481793). ZooBank registration: The Life Science Identifier (LSID) for Ixodes insulae n. sp. is urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D9E68280-2C5E-417B-A2A4-A5A75E5C41F6. Etymology: The species name is derived from the Latin insula meaning “island” implying the island of Tasmania where the holotype of this species was collected. Description. Female [Based on 1 specimen; Fig. 25.] Idiosoma of moderately engorged specimen broadly suboval. Scutum (Fig. 25A) length 1.30 (n = 1), width 0.96 (n = 1), ratio 1.35 (n = 1); lateral margins diverging for approximately 1/2 of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves shallow reaching posterior quarter of scutal length; relatively sparse very fine punctations evenly distributed throughout scutum; setae (Fig. 25A) relatively sparse, very short (c. 0.04 in anterolateral margin of scutum). Setae of alloscutum (Fig. 25B, C) numerous, evenly distributed, short in center of alloscutum: c. 0.04 and long in area medial to marginal grooves: c.0.08, setae in area medial to marginal grooves 2.00 times longer than setae in center of alloscutum, ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 17.20 (n = 1). Genital aperture medial to posterior margin of coxae III; genital groove well developed; anal groove oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae numerous, length of preanal setae c. 0.06, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 25D) length 0.34 (n = 1), width 0.32 (n = 1), ratio 1.05 (n = 1); broadly suboval. Gnathosoma (Fig. 25E, F) length from palpal apices to cornual apices dorsally 0.76 (n = 1), width of basis capituli dorsally 0.57 (n = 1), ratio 1.34 (n = 1). Dorsal basis capituli (Fig. 25E) length from medial insertion of palpal segment I to cornual apices 0.29 (n = 1), ratio width to length 1.98 (n = 1), subrectangular, lateral margins slightly convex, without lateral projections, posterior margin very slightly convex; cornua moderately long, length 0.06 (n = 1), ratio total length of basis capituli, including cornua, to cornual length 4.60 (n = 1), triangular with broadly rounded apex; transversally suboval porose areas large, width 0.19 (n = 1), ratio width of basis capituli dorsally to width of porose area 3.03 (n = 1), clearly distinct, slightly indented, separated by distance of nearly 1/2 of their own width, openings discrete. Ventral basis capituli (Fig. 25F) pentagonal; auriculae long, length 0.09 (n = 1), ratio length of gnathosoma dorsally to length of auriculae 8.97 (n = 1), narrow, nearly twice as long as wide, directed posteriorly, with narrowly rounded apex. Lateral surface of basis capituli concave. Palpi (Fig. 25E–G) moderately long, length dorsally (segments II and III) 0.36 (n = 1), maximum width (in dorsolateral plane) 0.14 (n = 1), ratio 2.64 (n = 1), length of medial margin of palpal segment I ventrally 0.12 (n = 1); segment I with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 0.10 (n = 1), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 3.55 (n = 1); dorsally segment I with short mesodorsal spur at base and small tapering dorsoapical denticle; segments II and III fused with indistinct or barely discernible (mostly medially) suture between them, narrow proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 25F) length 0.42 (n = 1), width 0.15 (n = 1), ratio 2.72 (n = 1); base of hypostome nearly at same level as base of palpal segments II, club-shaped, widest close to mid-length; dental formula mostly 4/4, proximal rows 2/2 and then 3/3, distal rows 5/5; denticles sharply pointed; proximal part of hypostome without denticles short. Legs moderately long, slender. Coxae (Fig. 25H): coxae I-III with internal and external spurs, coxa IV with external spur only; external spur on coxae I-III moderately long, subequal in length, narrow, moderately broadly rounded at apex, directed slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxa IV same as on other coxae but slightly shorter; internal spur on coxae I-III short, nearly subequal, narrow and narrowly rounded at apex on coxa I, broader and broader rounded at apex on coxae II and III, directed posteriorly; external spur on coxa I at least twice as long as internal spur; no syncoxae. Distally trochanters I-IV (Fig. 25H) with long, ventral spur with narrowly rounded apex. Tarsus I length 0.76 (n = 1); tarsus IV length 0.70 (n = 1). Remarks. Possibly this species was described based on a female and two nymphs from Tasmania by Roberts (1964, 1970) as I. auritulus. Unfortunately, this material was not available for our examination to confirm or deny this possibility. If the identity of the Tasmanian female of I. auritulus of Roberts is confirmed to be I. insulae n. sp., then the nymph should be considered as formally described, although it should be redescribed in greater detail and provided with illustrations. By having a distinct, anteriorly directed internal projection on palpal segment I, the female of I. insulae n. sp. most closely resembles the following Ixodes (Multidentatus) spp.: I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. contrarius n. sp., I. cornuae, I. guglielmonei n. sp. I. kerguelenensis, I. moralesi n. sp., I. paranaensis, I. percavatus, I. rio n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus. The female of I. insulae n. sp. can be distinguished from the female of I. cornuae by having short cornua (vs very long cornua in that species); from the female of I. kerguelenensis by having slightly convex posterior margin of basis capituli dorsally (vs sinuously concave margin in that species), longer and posteriorly directed auriculae (vs shorter, slightly posterolaterally directed auriculae in that species), smaller mesodorsal spur and dorsoapical denticle on palpal segment I (vs larger spur and denticle in that species); from the female of I. paranaensis by having longer auriculae (vs very short auriculae in that species); and from the female of I. percavatus by having smaller mesodorsal spur and dorsoapical denticle on palpal segment I (vs larger spur and denticle in that species) and longer internal and external spurs on coxae I-IV (vs shorter spurs in that species) (see Arthur 1960; Wilson 1970; BarrosBattesti et al. 2003). The female of I. insulae n. sp. can be distinguished from females of other species by the narrow scutum: mean ratio length to width 1.35 (vs broader scutum: mean ratio 1.19 in I. auritulus, 1.25 in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and I. moralesi n. sp., 1.16 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 1.11 in I. tinamou n. sp.); moderately long setae in center of alloscutum and long setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves to length of setae in center of alloscutum 2.00 (vs shorter setae in center of alloscutum: mean ratio 3.40 in I. auritulus, 3.75 in I. contrarius n. sp., 3.68 in I. moralesi n. sp., 4.00 in I. rio n. sp. and 2.73 in I. tinamou n. sp.; shorter setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 1.58 in I. brevisetosus n. sp.; longer setae in center of alloscutum: mean ratio 1.09 in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and 1.14 in I. zealandicus); long setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of scutum to length of alloscutal setae medial to marginal grooves 17.20 (vs shorter setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 45.62 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 20.89 in I. moralesi n. sp. and 26.93 in I. robbinsi n. sp.); narrow gnathosoma: ratio length of gnathosoma to width of basis capituli 1.34 (vs broader gnathosoma: mean ratio 1.25 in I. auritulus, 1.25 in I. contrarius n. sp., 1.28 in I. moralesi n. sp., 1.21 in I. rio n. sp., 1.22 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 1.24 in I. tinamou n. sp.); basis capituli slightly convex dorsolaterally (vs basis capituli with angular dorsolateral projections in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and I. rio n. sp.); lateral surface of basis capituli concave (vs lateral surface flat in I. brevisetosus n. sp.); posterior margin of basis capituli slightly convex (vs sinuously concave in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and straight to very slightly concave in I. zealandicus); long cornua: mean ratio length of basis capituli to cornual length 4.60 (vs shorter cornua: mean ratio 14.00 in I. contrarius n. sp., 10.00 in I. rio n. sp., 9.92 in I. tinamou n. sp. and 7.25 in I. zealandicus); broad porose areas: ratio width of basis capituli to width of porose area 3.03 (vs narrower porose areas: mean ratio 3.61 in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and 3.47 in I. rio n. sp.); auriculae long: mean ratio length of gnathosoma dorsally to length of auriculae 8.97, narrow, directed posteriorly, with narrowly rounded apex (vs shorter auriculae: mean ratio 28.15 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 14.59 in I. robbinsi n. sp., 40.07 in I. tinamou n. sp. and 19.54 in I. zealandicus; auriculae distinctly broader, with broadly rounded apex in I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. moralesi n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus; auriculae directed slightly outwards in I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus); moderately long internal projection on palpal segment I: mean ratio length of palpal segments II and III to length of projection on palpal segment I 3.55 (vs longer projection: mean ratio 2.93 in I. auritulus, 2.77 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 1.88 in I. contrarius n. sp., 3.08 in I. moralesi n. sp., 2.83 in I. rio n. sp. and 3.02 in I. robbinsi n. sp.; shorter projection: mean ratio 4.94 in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and 4.50 in I. zealandicus); short mesodorsal spur at base of palpal segment I dorsally (vs spur indistinct in I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. contrarius n. sp., I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. rio n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp. and I. tinamou n. sp.); moderate dorsoapical spur on palpal segment I (vs indistinct spur in I. contrarius n. sp., I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. rio n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp. and I. tinamou n. sp.; large, hook-like spur in I. moralesi n. sp.); moderately narrow palpal segments II and III: mean ratio length to width 2.64 (vs narrower segments: mean ratio 2.82 in I. brevisetosus n. sp.; broader segments: mean ratio 2.53 in I. contrarius n. sp., 2.16 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 2.46 in I. moralesi n. sp., 2.41 in I. robbinsi n. sp., 2.44 in I. tinamou n. sp. and 2.42 in I. zealandicus); external spur on coxae I-IV relatively long, narrow, sharper at apex (vs shorter, broader spur with broadly rounded apex in I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus); generally moderately large species: see description for measurements (vs noticeably smaller species: I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. contrarius n. sp., I. rio n. sp. and I. zealandicus; noticeably larger species: I. guglielmonei n. sp. See descriptions for measurements). Collection data for I. insulae n. sp. are listed in the material above. The only collection of this species was made in Australia (Tasmania) (Fig. 10B). The single female of I. insulae n. sp. was collected from the morepork, N. novaeseelandiae (Strigiformes: Strigidae) during August., Published as part of Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., Apanaskevich, Maria A., Klimov, Pavel B., Edgy, Brett M., Bermúdez, Sergio E., Labruna, Marcelo B., Korzeev, Andrei I. & Barker, Stephen C., 2022, Description of eight new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. auritulus Neumann, 1904, parasites of birds in the Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 5173 (1) on pages 42-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5173.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966076, {"references":["Roberts, F. H. S. (1964) The tick fauna of Tasmania. Records of the Queen Victoria Museum Launceston, New Series, 17, 1 - 8.","Roberts, F. H. S. (1970) Australian ticks. CSIRO, Melbourne, 267 pp.","Arthur, D. R. (1960) A review of some ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of sea birds. Part II. The taxonomic problems associated with the Ixodes auritulus - percavatus group of species. Parasitology, 50, 199 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000025294","Wilson, N. (1970) Acarina: Metastigmata: Ixodidae of South Georgia, Heard and Kerguelen. Pacific Insects Monograph, 23, 78 - 88."]}

Ixodes brevisetosus D. Apanaskevich n. sp. Type-host: Crested berrypecker— Paramythia montium De Vis (Passeriformes: Melanocharitidae). Other hosts: Lesser melampitta— Melampitta lugubris Schlegel (Passeriformes: Orthonychidae), mountain mousewarbler— Origma robusta (De Vis) (Passeriformes: Acanthizidae), white-winged robin— Peneothello sigillata (De Vis) (Passeriformes: Petroicidae), eastern New Guinea mountain rat— Rattus niobe (Thomas) (Rodentia: Muridae). Type-locality: Papua New Guinea: West Sepik: 17 miles northwest of Telefomin, Lake Louise. Other localities: Papua New Guinea: Morobe: Bulldog Road, 12 miles east of Edie Creek Road, 12 miles south of Edie Creek Road; southwest of Garaina, Moimo. Type-material: Holotype female, from P. montium, Lake Louise (~ 4°59’S, 141°19’E), 17 miles northwest of Telefomin, West Sepik, Papua New Guinea, 2,800 m alt., 22.iv.1971, A. B. Mirza (ABM); deposited in the USNTC (USNMENT 01481775). Paratypes: Papua New Guinea: Morobe: Bulldog Road, 12 miles east of Edie Creek Road (~ 7°20’S, 146°40’E), 2,500 m alt.: 2 females, 1 nymph and 1 larva, from M. lugubris, 11.i.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481776. All paratypes are deposited in the USNTC. Other material: Papua New Guinea: Morobe: Bulldog Road, 12 miles east of Edie Creek Road, 2,500 m alt.: 1 nymph and 10 larvae, from M. lugubris, 6.i.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481766; same locality and altitude: 3 nymphs and 2 larvae, from M. lugubris, 8.i.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481759; same locality and altitude: 2 nymphs and 3 larvae, from M. lugubris, 8.i.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481758; same locality and altitude: 1 nymph and 5 larvae, from M. lugubris, 9.i.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481760; same locality and altitude: 2 nymphs and 6 larvae, from M. lugubris, 9.i.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481765; same locality and altitude: 1 larva, from M. lugubris, 11.i.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481768; same locality and altitude: 2 larvae, from O. robusta, 11.i.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481757; same locality and altitude: 1 nymph, from M. lugubris, 13.vii.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481774; same locality and altitude: 2 larvae, from M. lugubris, 13.vii.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481767; same locality and altitude: 1 nymph, from M. lugubris, 14.vii.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481771; same locality and altitude: 10 nymphs and 8 larvae, from M. lugubris, 16.vii.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481763; same locality and altitude: 2 nymphs and 1 larva, from M. lugubris, 17.vii.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481772; Bulldog Road, 12 miles south of Edie Creek Road, 2,500 m alt.: 2 nymphs, from P. sigillata, 21.vii.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481762; same locality, 2,800 m alt.: 1 nymph, from M. lugubris, 12.viii.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481770; southwest of Garaina, Moimo (~ 7°58’S, 147°3’E), 1,829 m alt.: 1 nymph, from R. niobe, 14.xii.1969, ABM, USNMENT 01481773; West Sepik: 17 miles northwest of Telefomin, Lake Louise, 2,800 m alt.: 1 nymph, from P. sigillata, 27.iv.1971, ABM, USNMENT 01481764; Unknown province and locality: 1 larva, USNMENT 01481761; Unknown province and locality: 1 larva, USNMENT 01481769. All specimens are deposited in the USNTC. ZooBank registration: The Life Science Identifier (LSID) for Ixodes brevisetosus n. sp. is urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: 51FC2DFE-E33D-4623-8AC5-2DCFED6B3BB5. Etymology: The specific name is derived from the Latin brevis meaning ‘short’ and setosus meaning ‘bristly’ which refers to the short idiosomal setae characteristic of the female, nymph and larva of this species. Description. Female [Based on 3 specimens; Figs. 11, 12.] Idiosoma (Fig. 11A, F) length from scapular apices to posterior body margin in nearly unfed specimen 2.28 (n = 1), width in nearly unfed specimen 1.33 (n = 1), ratio 1.71 (n = 1), broadly suboval, widest posterior to mid-length. Scutum (Fig. 11B, C) length 1.20–1.22 (1.21; n = 3), width 0.80–0.90 (0.84; n = 3), ratio 1.36–1.50 (1.44; n = 3); lateral margins diverging for approximately 1/2 of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves very shallow reaching posterior quarter of scutal length; relatively sparse very fine punctations evenly distributed throughout scutum; setae (Fig. 11B, C) relatively sparse, very short (c. 0.03 in anterolateral margin of scutum). Alloscutum (Fig. 11A) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 11A, D, E) numerous, evenly distributed, very short in center of alloscutum: c. 0.02 and in area medial to marginal grooves: c.0.03, setae in area medial to marginal grooves 1.50–1.75 (avg. 1.58) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum; ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 40.82–48.41 (45.62; n = 3). Venter (Fig. 11F) as illustrated; genital aperture (Fig. 11F) medial to coxae III; genital groove (Fig. 11F) well developed; anal groove (Fig. 11F) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 11F) numerous, length of preanal setae c. 0.04, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 12A) length 0.27–0.28 (0.28; n = 3), width 0.29 (n = 3), ratio 0.94–0.97 (0.96; n = 3); subcircular. Gnathosoma (Fig. 12B–D) length from palpal apices to cornual apices dorsally 0.64–0.68 (0.66; n = 3), width of basis capituli dorsally 0.49–0.50 (0.50; n = 3), ratio 1.31–1.35 (1.33; n = 3). Dorsal basis capituli (Fig. 12B) length from medial insertion of palpal segment I to cornual apices 0.24–0.26 (0.25; n = 3), ratio width to length 1.90–2.05 (1.99; n = 3), subhexagonal: with short and angular lateral projections, posterior margin nearly straight or very slightly convex; cornua short, length 0.03–0.05 (0.04; n = 3), ratio total length of basis capituli, including cornua, to cornual length 5.00–7.60 (5.95; n = 3), triangular with broadly rounded apex; transversally suboval porose areas large, width 0.14 (n = 3), ratio width of basis capituli dorsally to width of porose area 3.55–3.64 (3.61; n = 3), clearly distinct, slightly indented, separated by distance of slightly less than 1/2 of their own width, openings discrete. Ventral basis capituli (Fig. 12C, D) pentagonal; auriculae long, length 0.07–0.08 (0.07; n = 3), ratio length of gnathosoma dorsally to length of auriculae 8.33–9.93 (8.97; n = 3), narrow, nearly twice as long as wide, directed posteriorly, with moderately broadly rounded apex. Lateral surface of basis capituli flat (Fig. 12C, D). Palpi (Fig. 12B, C) moderately long, length dorsally (segments II and III) 0.33–0.34 (0.33; n = 3), maximum width (in dorsolateral plane) 0.11–0.12 (0.12; n = 3), ratio 2.74–2.89 (2.82; n = 3), length of medial margin of palpal segment I ventrally 0.16–0.17 (0.16; n = 3); segment I with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 0.11–0.13 (0.12; n = 3), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 2.54–3.05 (2.77; n = 3); dorsally segment I with slight transversal ridge at base and moderate tapering dorsoapical denticle, mesodorsal spur indistinct; segments II and III fused with indistinct or barely discernible (mostly medially) suture between them, narrow proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 12C) length 0.39–0.42 (0.40; n = 2), width 0.12–0.13 (0.13; n = 2), ratio 3.16–3.29 (3.22; n = 2); base of hypostome nearly at same level as base of palpal segments II, club-shaped, widest close to mid-length; dental formula mostly 4/4, proximal rows 2/2 and then 3/3, distal rows 5/5; denticles sharply pointed; proximal part of hypostome without denticles moderate in length. Legs moderately long, slender. Coxae (Fig. 12F, G): coxae I-III with internal and external spurs, coxa IV with external spur only; external spur on coxae I-IV moderately long, narrow, moderately broadly rounded at apex, directed slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxa I slightly longer than spur on other coxae; external spur on coxae II and III subequal; external spur on coxa IV slightly shorter than on other coxae; internal spur on coxae I-III short, nearly subequal, narrow and narrowly rounded at apex on coxa I, broader and broader rounded at apex on coxae II and III, internal spur on coxa I directed slightly posteromedially, internal spur on coxae II and III directed posteriorly; external spur on coxa I at least twice as long as internal spur; no syncoxae. Distally trochanters I-IV (Fig. 12F, G) with moderate ventral spur with narrowly rounded apex. Tarsus I length 0.71–0.75 (0.74; n = 3); tarsus IV length 0.60–0.62 (0.61; n = 3). Nymph [Based on 29 specimens; Figs. 13, 14.] Idiosoma (Fig. 13C): broadly suboval, widest posterior to midlength. Scutum (Fig. 13A) length 595–689 (632 ± 19; n = 28), width 455–527 (493 ± 18; n = 28), ratio 1.20–1.38 (1.28 ± 0.04; n = 28); lateral margins diverging for approximately half of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; posterolateral margins nearly straight; lateral carinae lacking; cervical grooves shallow; setae (Fig. 13A) relatively sparse, short: length in posterocentral field of scutum 8–10 (9 ± 1; n = 24), shorter than those on alloscutum, distributed as figured. Alloscutum (Fig. 13B) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 13B) numerous, evenly distributed, short in center of alloscutum: 11–17 (14 ± 2; n = 28) and slightly longer in area medial to marginal grooves: 21–34 (25 ± 2; n = 28), setae in area medial to marginal grooves 1.50–2.40 (1.90 ± 0.23; n = 28) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum; ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 18.75–28.80 (25.08 ± 2.05; n = 28). Anal groove (Fig. 13C) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 13C) numerous, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 13D) length 136–179 (158 ± 10; n = 27), width 153–179 (168 ± 9; n = 27), ratio 0.88–1.00 (0.94 ± 0.04; n = 27), broadly oval. Gnathosoma (Fig. 14A, B) length from palpal apices to posterior margin of basis capituli ventrally 374–425 (394 ± 12; n = 27), width at dorsal cornua apices 264–298 (282 ± 8; n = 28), ratio 1.34–1.48 (1.40 ± 0.04; n = 27). Basis capituli (Fig. 14A, B): dorsally subtriangular, posterior margin slightly convex with long posterolaterally directed cornua; ventrally pentagonal; auriculae long: 38–47 (41 ± 2; n = 27), ratio length of gnathosoma to length of auriculae 8.55–10.89 (9.62 ± 0.61; n = 27), triangular, directed posteriorly. Palpi (Fig. 14A, B): elongate, length dorsally (segments II and III) 170–187 (178 ± 6; n = 28), width 68–77 (72 ± 3; n = 28), ratio 2.33–2.63 (2.47 ± 0.09; n = 28); segment I well developed, with relatively long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 48–55 (52 ± 2; n = 26), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 3.09–3.85 (3.41 ± 0.18; n = 26); segments II and III fused with indistinct suture between them, narrower proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 14B) length 180–205 (188 ± 7; n = 24), width 68–80 (72 ± 3; n = 23), ratio 2.40–2.79 (2.63 ± 0.09; n = 23); widest at approximately its mid-length; base of hypostome approximately at same level as base of palpal segment II; proximal portion of hypostome without denticles short, then dental formula 2/2 for approximately 2 or 3 rows, 3/3 for approximately 5–7 rows and 4/4 for approximately 2–4 rows; apex broadly rounded with irregular smaller denticles. Legs moderately long. Coxae (Fig. 14C): coxae I-III with well-developed internal and external spurs, coxa IV with well-developed external spur and indistinct internal spur; external spur on coxae I-IV moderately long, narrow, narrowly to broadly rounded at apex, curved slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxae I-IV nearly subequal; internal spur on coxae I-III moderately long, narrow to broad and narrowly to broadly rounded at apex, slightly shorter than external spur; no syncoxae. Trochanters I-IV (Fig. 14C) with short ventral spur. Tarsus I length 417–451 (433 ± 10; n = 27); tarsus IV length 323–349 (332 ± 8; n = 27). Larva [Based on 42 specimens; Figs. 15, 16.] Idiosoma (Fig. 15B): broadly suboval, widest close to mid-length. Scutum (Fig. 16A) length 305–350 (334 ± 13; n = 12), width 335–375 (359 ± 12; n = 12), ratio 0.88–0.97 (0.93 ± 0.03; n = 12); hexagonal, lateral margins diverging for slightly more than 1/2 of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded or nearly straight posterior margin; posterolateral margins with very slight depressions; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves faint, shallow depressions. Setae 5 pairs, length of Sc 2 14–18 (16 ± 1; n = 10); length of Sc 3 13–17 (15 ± 1; n = 12); alloscutum (Fig. 15A) as illustrated. Dorsal setae approximately 13–17 pairs (usually 15 or 16); approximately 4–6 (usually 4 or 5) pairs of central dorsals, length of Cd 1 14–21 (17 ± 2; n = 12), length of Cd 2 11–15 (13 ± 1; n = 12); approximately 9–12 (usually 10 or 11) pairs of marginal dorsals combined with supplementaries, length of Md 1 17–23 (20 ± 2; n = 12). Venter (Fig. 15B) as illustrated; anal groove indistinct anteriorly and open posteriorly. Ventral setae approximately 12–14 (usually 12 or 13) pairs plus 1 pair on anal valves; 3 pairs of sternals, length of St 1 22–35 (27 ± 3; n = 12); 2 pairs of preanals, length of Pa 1 27–34 (30 ± 3; n = 12), length of Pa 2 33–45 (38 ± 4; n = 12); approximately 4–6 (usually 4 or 5) pairs of premarginals; 3 pairs of marginal ventrals, length of Mv 1 16–20 (19 ± 1; n = 12). Gnathosoma (Fig. 16B–D): length from hypostomal apex to posterior margin of basis capituli ventrally 235– 249 (242 ± 4; n = 12), width at dorsal cornual apices 156–180 (165 ± 7; n = 12); ratio 1.38–1.58 (1.46 ± 0.06; n = 12). Basis capituli (Fig. 16B–D): dorsally subtriangular, posterior margin slightly convex with long posterolaterally directed cornua; ventrally pentagonal with moderately long, triangular auriculae, directed posterolaterally. Posthypostomal setae 2 pairs. Palpi (Fig. 16B, C): elongate, length (segments II and III) 100–108 (102 ± 2; n = 12), width 40–45 (42 ± 1; n = 12), ratio 2.34–2.50 (2.41 ± 0.05; n = 12); segment I well developed, with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 23–25 (23 ± 1; n = 12), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 4.00–4.67 (4.40 ± 0.17; n = 12); segments II and III fused, suture between them indistinct; segment I lacking setae, 10 dorsal and 3 ventral setae on segments II and III combined. Hypostome (Fig. 16C): length 108–113 (110 ± 2; n = 12), width 49–58 (52 ± 2; n = 12), ratio 1.95–2.25 (2.12 ± 0.09; n = 12); base of hypostome nearly at same level as articulation of palpal segments I and II; proximal 1/9th portion of hypostomal length without denticles, then dental formula 1/1 for 1 row, 2/2 for 3 to 5 rows and 3/3 for approximately 6 or 7 rows; apex broadly rounded with irregular small denticles. Legs moderately long. Coxae (Fig. 16E): coxa I with internal and external spurs, coxae II and III with external spur only; external spur on coxae I-III moderately long, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, curved slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxa I slightly longer than spur on other coxae; external spur on coxa III slightly shorter than on coxa II; internal spur on coxae I short, broad and narrowly rounded at apex, shorter than external spur; posteromedian angle of coxa II forming slight, broadly rounded projection; no syncoxae; coxae I–III with 3 setae each. Trochanters I and II with short ventral spur; trochanter III lack of ventral spur (Fig. 16E). Tarsus I length 245–265 (260 ± 6; n = 12); tarsus III length 203–243 (227 ± 10; n = 12). Remarks. By having a distinct, anteriorly directed internal projection on palpal segment I, the female of I. brevisetosus n. sp. most closely resembles the following Ixodes (Multidentatus) spp.: I. auritulus, I. contrarius n. sp., I. cornuae, I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. insulae n. sp., I. kerguelenensis, I. moralesi n. sp., I. paranaensis, I. percavatus, I. rio n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus. The female of I. brevisetosus n. sp. can be distinguished from the females of I. cornuae by having short cornua (vs very long cornua in that species); from females of I. kerguelenensis and I. percavatus by having the indistinct mesodorsal spur on palpal segment I (vs large, distinct spur in those species); from the female of I. paranaensis by having longer auriculae (vs very short auriculae in that species) (see Arthur 1960; Wilson 1970; Barros-Battesti et al. 2003). The female of I. brevisetosus n. sp. can be distinguished from females of other species by the narrow scutum: mean ratio length to width 1.44 (vs broader scutum: mean ratio 1.19 in I. auritulus, 1.25 in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and I. moralesi n. sp., 1.35 in I. insulae n. sp., 1.16 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 1.11 in I. tinamou n. sp.); short setae in both center of alloscutum and alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves to length of setae in center of alloscutum 1.58 (vs longer setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 3.40 in I. auritulus, 3.75 in I. contrarius n. sp., 2.00 in I. insulae n. sp., 3.68 in I. moralesi n. sp., 4.00 in I. rio n. sp., 2.65 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 2.73 in I. tinamou n. sp.; longer setae in center of alloscutum: mean ratio 1.09 in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and 1.14 in I. zealandicus); short setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of scutum to length of alloscutal setae medial to marginal groo, Published as part of Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., Apanaskevich, Maria A., Klimov, Pavel B., Edgy, Brett M., Bermúdez, Sergio E., Labruna, Marcelo B., Korzeev, Andrei I. & Barker, Stephen C., 2022, Description of eight new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. auritulus Neumann, 1904, parasites of birds in the Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 5173 (1) on pages 19-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5173.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966076, {"references":["Arthur, D. R. (1960) A review of some ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of sea birds. Part II. The taxonomic problems associated with the Ixodes auritulus - percavatus group of species. Parasitology, 50, 199 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000025294","Wilson, N. (1970) Acarina: Metastigmata: Ixodidae of South Georgia, Heard and Kerguelen. Pacific Insects Monograph, 23, 78 - 88.","Barros-Battesti, D. M., Arzua, M., Pichorim, M. & Keirans, J. E. (2003) Ixodes (Multidentatus) paranaensis n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) a parasite of Streptoprocne biscutata (Sclater, 1865) (Apodiformes: Apodidae) birds in Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 98, 93 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02762003000100013"]}

Ixodes tinamou D. Apanaskevich n. sp. Type-host: Andean tinamou— Nothoprocta pentlandii (Gray) (Tinamiformes: Tinamidae). Type-locality: Peru: Cuzco: Ocongate, Tinki. Type-material: Holotype female, from N. pentlandii, Tinki (~ 13°39’S, 71°22’W), Ocongate, Cuzco, Peru, 3,500- 4,000 m alt., 20.vii.1949, C. Kalinowski (CK); deposited in the FMNH (FMNH 4462815). Paratypes: Peru: Cuzco: Ocongate, Tinki, 3,500-4,000 m alt.: 1 female and 1 nymph, from N. pentlandii, 20.vii.1949, CK, USNMENT 00987216, deposited in the USNTC. ZooBank registration: The Life Science Identifier (LSID) for Ixodes tinamou n. sp. is urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: 425D5A13-B9EF-43AF-9740-8C072AB44159. Etymology: The species is named after tinamous, which represent an order and family of Neotropical birds (Tinamiformes: Tinamidae) from which it was collected. Description. Female [Based on 2 specimens; Figs. 36, 37.] Idiosoma (Fig. 36A, F) length from scapular apices to posterior body margin in slightly fed specimen 2.42 (n = 1), width in slightly fed specimen 1.66 (n = 1), ratio 1.46 (n = 1), broadly suboval, widest posterior to mid-length. Scutum (Fig. 36B, C) length 1.18–1.20 (1.19; n = 2), width 1.04–1.10 (1.07; n = 2), ratio 1.09–1.13 (1.11; n = 2); lateral margins diverging for approximately 1/2 of scutal length, then slightly converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves shallow reaching posterior quarter of scutal length; relatively sparse very fine punctations evenly distributed throughout scutum; very slight rugosity may be discernible in central field of scutum; setae (Fig. 36B, C) relatively sparse, very short (c. 0.03 in anterolateral margin of scutum). Alloscutum (Fig. 36A) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 36A, D, E) numerous, evenly distributed, very short in center of alloscutum: c. 0.03 and long in area medial to marginal grooves: c.0.07, setae in area medial to marginal grooves 2.67–2.78 (avg. 2.73) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum, ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 17.24–17.56 (17.40; n = 2). Venter (Fig. 36F) as illustrated; genital aperture (Fig. 36F) medial to coxae III; genital groove (Fig. 36F) well developed; anal groove (Fig. 36F) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 36F) numerous, length of preanal setae c. 0.05, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 37A) length 0.28–0.30 (0.29; n = 2), width 0.31–0.34 (0.33; n = 2), ratio 0.88–0.89 (0.88; n = 2); broadly suboval. Gnathosoma (Fig. 37B–D) length from palpal apices to cornual apices dorsally 0.56–0.61 (0.59; n = 2), width of basis capituli dorsally 0.46–0.49 (0.48; n = 2), ratio 1.22–1.26 (1.24; n = 2). Dorsal basis capituli (Fig. 37B) length from medial insertion of palpal segment I to cornual apices 0.21 (n = 2), ratio width to length 2.18–2.29 (2.24; n = 2), subrectangular: lateral margins slightly convex, without lateral projections, posterior margin slightly convex; cornua short, length 0.02–0.03 (0.02; n = 2), ratio total length of basis capituli, including cornua, to cornual length 8.50–11.33 (9.92; n = 2), triangular with broadly rounded apex; transversally suboval porose areas large, width 0.15–0.16 (0.16; n = 2), ratio width of basis capituli dorsally to width of porose area 2.85–3.25 (3.05; n = 2), clearly distinct, slightly indented, separated by distance of 1/3 of their width, openings discrete. Ventral basis capituli (Fig. 37C, D) pentagonal; auriculae short, length 0.01–0.02 (0.01; n = 2), ratio length of gnathosoma dorsally to length of auriculae 36.03–44.12 (40.07; n = 2), short, broader than long, directed posterolaterally, with broadly rounded apex. Lateral surface of basis capituli concave (Fig. 37C, D). Palpi (Fig. 37B, C, E) moderately long, length dorsally (segments II and III) 0.33–0.36 (0.34; n = 2), maximum width (in dorsolateral plane) 0.14 (n = 2), ratio 2.36–2.52 (2.44; n = 2), length of medial margin of palpal segment I ventrally 0.11–0.13 (0.12; n = 2); segment I with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 0.09–0.11 (0.10; n = 2), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 3.33–3.82 (3.57; n = 2); dorsally segment I with slight transverse ridge at base, mesodorsal spur indistinct, dorsoapical denticle indistinct; segments II and III fused with indistinct or barely discernible (mostly medially) suture between them, narrow proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 37C) length 0.34 (n = 2), width 0.12–0.13 (0.13; n = 2), ratio 2.67–2.76 (2.71; n = 2); base of hypostome nearly at same level as base of palpal segments II, club-shaped, widest close to mid-length; dental formula mostly 4/4, proximal rows 2/2 and then 3/3; denticles sharply pointed; proximal part of hypostome without denticles moderate in length. Legs moderately long, slender. Coxae (Fig. 37F): coxa I with internal and external spurs, coxae II and III with external and poorly distinct or indistinct internal spur, coxa IV with external spur only; external spur on coxae I-III short, subequal, broad, narrowly to broadly rounded at apex, directed posteriorly, spur on coxa IV same as on other coxae but slightly shorter; internal spur on coxae I-III short, decreasing in size from coxa I to III, narrower on coxa I and broader on coxae II and III, broadly rounded at apex, directed posteriorly; external spur on coxa I at least twice as long as internal spur; no syncoxae. Distally trochanters I-IV (Fig. 37F) with short ventral spur with narrowly rounded apex. Tarsus I length 0.83–0.86 (0.84; n = 2); tarsus IV length 0.76 (n = 1). Nymph [Based on 1 specimen; Figs. 38, 39.] Idiosoma (Fig. 38C): broadly suboval, widest posterior to midlength. Scutum (Fig. 38A) length 612 (n = 1), width 595 (n = 1), ratio 1.03 (n = 1); lateral margins diverging for approximately half of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; posterolateral margins nearly straight; lateral carinae lacking; cervical grooves shallow; setae (Fig. 38A) relatively sparse, short: length in posterocentral field of scutum 9 (n = 1), shorter than those on alloscutum, distributed as figured. Alloscutum (Fig. 38B) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 38B) numerous, evenly distributed, short in center of alloscutum: 20 (n = 1) and long in area medial to marginal grooves: 48 (n = 1), setae in area medial to marginal grooves 2.40 (n = 1) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum; ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 12.75 (n = 1). Anal groove (Fig. 38C) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 38C) numerous, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 38D) length 113 (n = 1), width 138 (n = 1), ratio 0.82 (n = 1), broadly oval. Gnathosoma (Fig. 39A, B) length from palpal apices to posterior margin of basis capituli ventrally 374 (n = 1), width at dorsal cornua apices 289 (n = 1), ratio 1.29 (n = 1). Basis capituli (Fig. 39A, B): dorsally subtriangular, posterior margin slightly convex with short posterolaterally directed cornua; ventrally pentagonal; auriculae relatively short: length 8.5 (n = 1), ratio length of gnathosoma to length of auriculae 44 (n = 1), triangular, directed slightly posterolaterally. Palpi (Fig. 39A, B): elongate, length dorsally (segments II and III) 174 (n = 1), width 81 (n = 1), ratio 2.16 (n = 1); segment I well developed, with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 42 (n = 1), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 4.15 (n = 1); segments II and III fused with indistinct suture between them, narrower proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 39B) length 158 (n = 1), width 60 (n = 1), ratio 2.63 (n = 1); widest at approximately its mid-length; base of hypostome approximately at same level as base of palpal segment II; proximal portion of hypostome without denticles short, then dental formula 2/2 for approximately 3 rows and 3/3 for approximately 7 rows; apex broadly rounded with irregular small denticles. Legs moderately long. Coxae (Fig. 39C): coxae I-III with well-developed internal and external spurs, coxa IV with well-developed external spur and indistinct internal spur; external spur on coxae I-IV moderately long, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, curved slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxae I-IV nearly subequal; internal spur on coxae I-III short, broad and narrowly rounded at apex, shorter than external spur; no syncoxae. Trochanters I-IV with short ventral spur, ventral spur on trochanters III and IV poorly distinct (Fig. 39C). Tarsus I length 442 (n = 1); tarsus IV length 374 (n = 1). Remarks. By having a distinct, anteriorly directed internal projection on palpal segment I, the female of I. tinamou n. sp. most closely resembles the following Ixodes (Multidentatus) spp.: I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. contrarius n. sp., I. cornuae, I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. insulae n. sp., I. kerguelenensis, I. moralesi n. sp., I. paranaensis, I. percavatus, I. rio n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp. and I. zealandicus. The female of I. tinamou n. sp. can be distinguished from the female of I. cornuae by having short cornua (vs very long cornua in that species); from females of I. kerguelenensis and I. percavatus by having the indistinct mesodorsal spur on palpal segment I (vs large, distinct spur in those species); from the female of I. paranaensis by having longer auriculae (vs very short auriculae in that species) (see Arthur 1960; Wilson 1970; Barros-Battesti et al. 2003). The female of I. tinamou n. sp. can be distinguished from females of other species by the broad scutum: mean ratio length to width 1.11 (vs narrower scutum: mean ratio 1.19 in I. auritulus, 1.44 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 1.45 in I. contrarius n. sp., 1.41 in I. rio n. sp., 1.25 in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and I. moralesi n. sp., 1.35 in I. insulae n. sp. and 1.37 in I. zealandicus); short setae in center of alloscutum and long setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves to length of setae in center of alloscutum 2.73 (vs longer setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 3.40 in I. auritulus, 3.75 in I. contrarius n. sp., 3.68 in I. moralesi n. sp. and 4.00 in I. rio n. sp.; shorter setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 1.58 in I. brevisetosus n. sp.; longer setae in both center and area medial to marginal grooves of alloscutum: mean ratio 1.09 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 2.00 in I. insulae n. sp. and 1.14 in I. zealandicus); moderately long setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of scutum to length of alloscutal setae medial to marginal grooves 17.40 (vs longer setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 12.88 in I. auritulus; shorter setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 45.62 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 20.89 in I. moralesi n. sp. and 26.93 in I. robbinsi n. sp.); broad gnathosoma: mean ratio length of gnathosoma to width of basis capituli 1.24 (vs narrower gnathosoma: mean ratio 1.33 in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and I. zealandicus and 1.34 in I. insulae n. sp.); basis capituli slightly convex dorsolaterally (vs basis capituli with angular dorsolateral projections in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and I. rio n. sp.); lateral surface of basis capituli concave (vs lateral surface flat in I. brevisetosus n. sp.); posterior margin of basis capituli slightly convex (vs sinuously concave in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and straight to very slightly concave in I. zealandicus); short cornua: mean ratio length of basis capituli to cornual length 9.92 (vs longer cornua: mean ratio 6.00 in I. auritulus, 5.95 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 4.94 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 4.60 in I. insulae n. sp., 5.87 in I. moralesi n. sp., 5.84 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 7.25 in I. zealandicus; shorter cornua: mean ratio 14.00 in I. contrarius n. sp.); broad porose areas: mean ratio width of basis capituli to width of porose area 3.05 (vs narrower porose areas: mean ratio 3.61 in I. brevisetosus n. sp.); auriculae short: mean ratio length of gnathosoma dorsally to length of auriculae 40.07, broad, directed posterolaterally, with broadly rounded apex (vs longer auriculae in all other species: mean ratio 9.74 in I. auritulus, 8.97 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 9.50 in I. contrarius n. sp., 28.15 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 8.97 in I. insulae n. sp., 11.33 in I. moralesi n. sp., 9.64 in I. rio n. sp., 14.59 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 19.54 in I. zealandicus; auriculae distinctly narrower, directed posteriorly, with narrowly rounded apex in I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. contrarius n. sp., I. insulae n. sp. and I. rio n. sp.); lack of spur at base of palpal segment I dorsally (vs short mesodorsal spur at base of palpal segment I dorsally in I. insulae n. sp., I. moralesi n. sp. and I. zealandicus); moderately long internal projection on palpal segment I: mean ratio length of palpal segments II and III to length of projection on palpal segment I 3.57 (vs longer projection: mean ratio 2.93 in I. auritulus, 2.77 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 1.88 in I. contrarius n. sp. and 2.83 in I. rio n. sp.; shorter projection: mean ratio 4.94 in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and 4.50 in I. zealandicus); indistinct dorsoapical spur on palpal segment I (vs moderate spur in I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. insulae n. sp. and I. zealandicus; large, hook-like spur in I. moralesi n. sp.); moderately broad palpal segments II and III: mean ratio length to width 2.44 (vs narrower segments: mean ratio 2.82 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 2.64 in I. insulae n. sp. and 2.87 in I. rio n. sp.; broader segments: mean ratio 2.16 in I. guglielmonei n. sp.); external spur on coxae I-IV relatively short, broad, blunt at apex (vs longer, narrower spur with narrowly rounded apex in all other species, except for I. zealandicus); generally moderately large species: see description for measurements (vs noticeably smaller species: I. contrarius n. sp. and I. rio n. sp.; noticeably larger species: I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. insulae n. sp., I. moralesi n. sp. and I. robbinsi n. sp. See descriptions for measurements). The nymph of I. tinamou n. sp. can be distinguished from nymphs of I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. guglielmonei n. sp. and I. robbinsi n. sp. by its relatively short and moderately broad scutum (vs narrower scutum in I. auritulus and I. brevisetosus n. sp.; longer and broader scutum in I. guglielmonei n. sp.; longer scutum in I. robbinsi n. sp.), shorter setae in posterocentral field of scutum (vs longer setae in I. guglielmonei n. sp.), moderately long setae on alloscutum in area medial to marginal grooves and in center of alloscutum (vs longer setae in I. auritulus and I. guglielmonei n. sp.; shorter setae in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and I. robbinsi n. sp.), setae on alloscutum in area medial to marginal grooves at least twice longer than setae in center of alloscutum (vs subequal setae in I. guglielmonei n. sp.), relatively small spiracular plate (vs larger spiracular plate in all other species), relatively short and moderately broad gnathosoma (vs narrower gnathosoma in I. auritulus; longer gnathosoma in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and I. robbinsi n. sp.; longer and broader gnathosoma in I. guglielmonei n. sp.), short auriculae (vs longer auriculae in all other species), relatively short and moderately broad palpal segments II and III (vs narrower segments in I. auritulus and I. brevisetosus n. sp.; longer and broader segments in I. guglielmonei n. sp.), moderately long internal projection on palpal segment I (vs longer projection in I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp. and I. robbinsi n. sp.; shorter projection in I. guglielmonei n. sp.), small hypostome (vs larger hypostome in all other species), moderately long tarsus I (vs shorter tarsus in I. auritulus; longer tarsus in I. guglielmonei n. sp.) and moderately long tarsus IV (vs shorter tarsus in I. auritulus and I. brevisetosus n. sp.; longer tarsus in I. guglielmonei n. sp.). Collection data for I. tinamou n. sp. are listed in the material above. Collections of this species were made in Peru (Cuzco Department) (Fig. 10E) at elevations of 3,500 -4,000 meters above sea level. Females and nymph of this species were collected from the Andean tinamou, N. pentlandii (Tinamiformes: Tinamidae) during July., Published as part of Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., Apanaskevich, Maria A., Klimov, Pavel B., Edgy, Brett M., Bermúdez, Sergio E., Labruna, Marcelo B., Korzeev, Andrei I. & Barker, Stephen C., 2022, Description of eight new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. auritulus Neumann, 1904, parasites of birds in the Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 5173 (1) on pages 64-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5173.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966076, {"references":["Arthur, D. R. (1960) A review of some ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of sea birds. Part II. The taxonomic problems associated with the Ixodes auritulus - percavatus group of species. Parasitology, 50, 199 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000025294","Wilson, N. (1970) Acarina: Metastigmata: Ixodidae of South Georgia, Heard and Kerguelen. Pacific Insects Monograph, 23, 78 - 88.","Barros-Battesti, D. M., Arzua, M., Pichorim, M. & Keirans, J. E. (2003) Ixodes (Multidentatus) paranaensis n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) a parasite of Streptoprocne biscutata (Sclater, 1865) (Apodiformes: Apodidae) birds in Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 98, 93 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02762003000100013"]}

Ixodes contrarius D. Apanaskevich n. sp. Type-host: Thrush— Turdus sp. (Passeriformes: Turdidae). Other hosts: Timberline wren— Thryorchilus browni (Bangs) (Passeriformes: Troglodytidae). Type-locality: Costa Rica: San José: Cerra la Muerte, Pan American Highway, 2.8 miles north of Café la Georgina. Type-material: Holotype female, from Turdus sp., 2.8 miles north of Café la Georgina (~ 9°34’N, 83°45’W), Pan American Highway, Cerra la Muerte, San José, Costa Rica, 23.viii.1963, R. S. Casebeer; deposited in the USNTC (USNMENT 00987233). Paratype: Costa Rica: unknown locality: 1 female, from T. browni, received 5.viii.1963, R. J. Tonn, USNMENT 00987235. Paratype is deposited in the USNTC. ZooBank registration: The Life Science Identifier (LSID) for Ixodes contrarius n. sp. is urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: 7C19F02D-B6D6-4EFD-B69F-1E18223CD651. Etymology: The specific name is derived from the Latin contrarius meaning ‘opposite’ and refers to this species being the smallest of the species discussed, but having the longest internal projection on palpal segment I. Description. Female [Based on 2 specimens; Figs. 17, 18.] Idiosoma (Fig. 17A, F) of moderately engorged specimen broadly suboval. Scutum (Fig. 17B, C) length 0.90–0.98 (0.94; n = 2), width 0.60–0.70 (0.65; n = 2), ratio 1.40–1.50 (1.45; n = 2); lateral margins diverging for approximately 1/2 of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves very shallow reaching posterior quarter of scutal length; relatively sparse very fine punctations evenly distributed throughout scutum; setae (Fig. 17B, C) relatively sparse, very short (c. 0.03 in anterolateral margin of scutum). Alloscutum (Fig. 17A) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 17A, D, E) numerous, evenly distributed, very short in center of alloscutum: c. 0.02 and long in area medial to marginal grooves: c.0.06–0.07 (avg. 0.06), setae in area medial to marginal grooves 3.50–4.00 (avg. 3.75) times longer than setae in the center of alloscutum, ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 13.39–16.67 (15.03; n = 2). Venter (Fig. 17F) as illustrated; genital aperture (Fig. 17F) medial to coxae III; genital groove (Fig. 17F) well developed; anal groove (Fig. 17F) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 17F) numerous, length of preanal setae c. 0.05, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 18A) length 0.20–0.23 (0.21; n = 2), width 0.18–0.24 (0.21; n = 2), ratio 0.95–1.10 (1.02; n = 2); broadly suboval. Gnathosoma (Fig. 18B–D) length from palpal apices to cornual apices dorsally 0.45–0.50 (0.48; n = 2), width of basis capituli dorsally 0.35–0.41 (0.38; n = 2), ratio 1.21–1.29 (1.25; n = 2). Dorsal basis capituli (Fig. 18B) length from medial insertion of palpal segment I to cornual apices 0.18 (n = 2), ratio width to length 2.00–2.36 (2.18; n = 2), subrectangular: lateral margins convex, without angular lateral projections or slightly subhexagonal: lateral margins with very short angular lateral projections, posterior margin nearly straight or slightly convex; cornua short, length 0.01 (n = 2), ratio total length of basis capituli, including cornua, to cornual length 14.00 (n = 2), triangular with broadly rounded apex; transversally suboval porose areas large, width 0.12–0.14 (0.13; n = 2), ratio basis capituli width dorsally to porose area width 2.95–3.00 (2.97; n = 2), clearly distinct, slightly indented, separated by distance of nearly 1/2 of their own width, openings discrete. Ventral basis capituli (Fig. 18C, D) pentagonal; auriculae long, length 0.04–0.06 (0.05; n = 2), ratio gnathosoma length to auriculae length 8.40–10.59 (9.50; n = 2), narrow, slightly longer than broad or nearly as long as broad, directed posteriorly, with narrowly rounded apex. Lateral surface of basis capituli slightly concave (Fig. 18C, D). Palpi (Fig. 18B, C, E) moderately long, length dorsally (segments II and III) 0.25–0.29 (0.27; n = 2), maximum width (in dorsolateral plane) 0.10–0.11 (0.11; n = 2), ratio 2.50–2.56 (2.53; n = 2), length of medial margin of palpal segment I ventrally 0.16–0.17 (0.17; n = 2); segment I with long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 0.13–0.16 (0.14; n = 2), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 1.83–1.92 (1.88; n = 2); dorsally segment I with slight transversal ridge at base, mesodorsal spur indistinct, dorsoapical denticle indistinct; segments II and III fused with indistinct or barely discernible (mostly medially) suture between them, narrow proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 18C) length 0.29–0.31 (0.30; n = 2), width 0.10 (n = 1), ratio 2.83 (n = 1); base of hypostome nearly at same level as base of palpal segments II, club-shaped, widest close to mid-length; dental formula mostly 4/4, proximal rows 2/2 and then 3/3, distal rows 5/5; denticles sharply pointed; proximal part of hypostome without denticles moderate in length. Legs moderately long, slender. Coxae (Fig. 18F–H): coxae I-III with internal and external spurs, coxa IV with external spur only; external spur on coxae I-IV moderately long, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, directed slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxa I slightly longer than spur on other coxae; external spur on coxae II and III subequal; external spur on coxa IV shorter or subequal to spur on coxae II and III; internal spur on coxae I-III short, nearly subequal, narrow on coxa I and broader on coxae II and III, narrowly to moderately broadly rounded at apex; internal spur on coxa I directed slightly posteromedially; internal spur on coxae II and III directed posteriorly; external spur on coxa I at least twice as long as internal spur; no syncoxae. Distally trochanters I-IV (Fig. 18F–H) with moderate ventral spur with narrowly rounded apex. Tarsus I: length 0.56–0.62 (0.59; n = 2); tarsus IV length 0.52–0.59 (0.56; n = 2). Remarks. The description and illustrations of I. auritulus in Keirans and Clifford (1978) are partially based on the female of I. contrarius n. sp. By having a distinct, anteriorly directed internal projection on palpal segment I, the female of I. contrarius n. sp. most closely resembles the following Ixodes (Multidentatus) spp.: I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. cornuae, I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. insulae n. sp., I. kerguelenensis, I. moralesi n. sp., I. paranaensis, I. percavatus, I. rio n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus. The female of I. contrarius n. sp. can be distinguished from the female of I. cornuae by having short cornua (vs very long cornua in that species); from females of I. kerguelenensis and I. percavatus by having the indistinct mesodorsal spur on palpal segment I (vs large, distinct spur in those species); and from the female of I. paranaensis by having longer auriculae (vs very short auriculae in that species) (see Arthur 1960; Wilson 1970; Barros-Battesti et al. 2003). The female of I. contrarius n. sp. can be distinguished from females of other species by the narrow scutum: mean ratio length to width 1.45 (vs broader scutum: mean ratio 1.19 in I. auritulus, 1.25 in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and I. moralesi n. sp., 1.16 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 1.11 in I. tinamou n. sp.); short setae in center of alloscutum and long setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves to length of setae in center of alloscutum 3.75 (vs shorter setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 1.58 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 2.65 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 2.73 in I. tinamou n. sp.; longer setae in both center and area medial to marginal grooves of alloscutum: mean ratio 1.09 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 2.00 in I. insulae n. sp. and 1.14 in I. zealandicus); long setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of scutum to length of alloscutal setae medial to marginal grooves 15.03 (vs shorter setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 45.62 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 20.89 in I. moralesi n. sp. and 26.93 in I. robbinsi n. sp.); broad gnathosoma: mean ratio length of gnathosoma to width of basis capituli 1.25 (vs narrower gnathosoma: mean ratio 1.33 in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and I. zealandicus and 1.34 in I. insulae n. sp.); lateral surface of basis capituli slightly concave (vs lateral surface flat in I. brevisetosus n. sp.); posterior margin of basis capituli slightly convex (vs sinuously concave in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and straight to very slightly concave in I. zealandicus); short cornua: mean ratio length of basis capituli to cornual length 14.00 (vs longer cornua: mean ratio 6.00 in I. auritulus, 5.95 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 4.94 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 4.60 in I. insulae n. sp., 5.87 in I. moralesi n. sp., 5.84 in I. robbinsi n. sp., 9.92 in I. tinamou n. sp. and 7.25 in I. zealandicus); broad porose areas: mean ratio width of basis capituli to width of porose area 2.97 (vs narrower porose areas: mean ratio 3.61 in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and 3.47 in I. rio n. sp.); auriculae moderately long: mean ratio length of gnathosoma dorsally to length of auriculae 9.50, narrow, directed posteriorly, with narrowly rounded apex (vs shorter auriculae: mean ratio 28.15 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 14.59 in I. robbinsi n. sp., 40.07 in I. tinamou n. sp. and 19.54 in I. zealandicus; auriculae distinctly broader, with broadly rounded apex in I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. moralesi n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus; auriculae directed slightly outwards in I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus); lacking spur at base of palpal segment I dorsally (vs short mesodorsal spur at base of palpal segment I dorsally in I. insulae n. sp., I. moralesi n. sp. and I. zealandicus); very long internal projection on palpal segment I: mean ratio length of palpal segments II and III to length of projection on palpal segment I 1.88 (vs shorter projection in all other species: mean ratio 2.93 in I. auritulus, 2.77 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 4.94 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 3.55 in I. insulae n. sp., 3.08 in I. moralesi n. sp., 2.83 in I. rio n. sp., 3.02 in I. robbinsi n. sp., 3.57 in I. tinamou n. sp. and 4.50 in I. zealandicus); indistinct dorsoapical spur on palpal segment I (vs moderate spur in I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. insulae n. sp. and I. zealandicus; large, hook-like spur in I. moralesi n. sp.); moderately broad palpal segments II and III: mean ratio length to width 2.53 (vs narrower segments: mean ratio 2.82 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 2.64 in I. insulae n. sp. and 2.87 in I. rio n. sp.; broader segments: mean ratio 2.16 in I. guglielmonei n. sp.); external spur on coxae I-IV relatively narrow, sharp at apex (vs broader spur with broadly rounded apex in I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus); generally the smallest of all discussed species: see description for measurements (vs all other species noticeably larger. See descriptions for measurements). Collection data for I. contrarius n. sp. are listed in the material above. Collections of this species were made in Costa Rica (San José Province) (Fig. 10C). Both known females of this species were collected from birds: the timberline wren, T. browni (Passeriformes: Troglodytidae) and unidentified thrush, Turdus sp. (Passeriformes: Turdidae). One of the females was collected during August., Published as part of Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., Apanaskevich, Maria A., Klimov, Pavel B., Edgy, Brett M., Bermúdez, Sergio E., Labruna, Marcelo B., Korzeev, Andrei I. & Barker, Stephen C., 2022, Description of eight new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. auritulus Neumann, 1904, parasites of birds in the Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 5173 (1) on pages 28-30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5173.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966076, {"references":["Keirans, J. E. & Clifford, C. M. (1978) The genus Ixodes in the United States: a scanning electron microscope study and key to adults. Journal of Medical Entomology, Supplement 2, 1 - 149. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 15. suppl 2.1","Arthur, D. R. (1960) A review of some ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of sea birds. Part II. The taxonomic problems associated with the Ixodes auritulus - percavatus group of species. Parasitology, 50, 199 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000025294","Wilson, N. (1970) Acarina: Metastigmata: Ixodidae of South Georgia, Heard and Kerguelen. Pacific Insects Monograph, 23, 78 - 88.","Barros-Battesti, D. M., Arzua, M., Pichorim, M. & Keirans, J. E. (2003) Ixodes (Multidentatus) paranaensis n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) a parasite of Streptoprocne biscutata (Sclater, 1865) (Apodiformes: Apodidae) birds in Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 98, 93 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02762003000100013"]}

Ixodes moralesi D. Apanaskevich & Bermúdez n. sp. Type-host: Spotted wood-quail— Odontophorus guttatus (Gould) (Galliformes: Odontophoridae). Other hosts: Horned guan— Oreophasis derbianus Gray (Galliformes: Cracidae), American mountain thrush— Turdus plebejus Cabanis (Passeriformes: Turdidae). Type-locality: Panama: Chiriquí: Volcán Barú National Park, Respingo. Other localities: Guatemala: San Marcos: Volcán Tajumulco. Type-material: Holotype female, from O. guttatus, El Respingo Station (~ 8°50’N, 82°32’W), Volcán Barú National Park, Chiriquí, Panama, 2,500 m alt., 1.iv.2015, S. E. Bermúdez (SEB), Y. Aguirre (YA), S. S. Torres (SST) and J. A. Bernal (JAB); deposited in the USNTC (USNMENT 01481796). Paratypes: Guatemala: San Marcos: Volcán Tajumulco (~ 15°2’N, 91°54’W): 1 female, from O. derbianus, 23.ii.1934, E. R. Blake, FMNH 4462814. Panama: Chiriquí: Volcán Barú National Park, El Respingo Station, 2,500 m alt.: 1 female, from O. guttatus, 1.iv.2015, SEB, YA, SST and JAB, USNMENT 01481797; same locality and altitude: 1 female, from T. plebejus, 13.v.2015, SST, YA and SEB, CoZEM-ICGES. All paratypes with USNMENT numbers are deposited in the USNTC, that with FMNH number is in the FMNH, that with ICGES is in the CoZEM-ICGES. ZooBank registration: The Life Science Identifier (LSID) for Ixodes moralesi n. sp. is urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: 47D6EA8C-6843-4832-88BD-F474A1A4625A. Etymology: The species is named after Miguel Morales (1932–2018), a Panamanian native of the Chiriquí Highlands, who was curator of the Zoological Collection of the Gorgas Institute for 61 years. Description. Female [Based on 4 specimens; Figs. 26, 27.] Idiosoma (Fig. 26A, F) length from scapular apices to posterior body margin in slightly fed specimen 2.72 (n = 1), width in slightly fed specimen 1.75 (n = 1), ratio 1.55 (n = 1), broadly suboval, widest posterior to mid-length. Scutum (Fig. 26B, C) length 1.30–1.40 (1.36; n = 4), width 1.04–1.12 (1.08; n = 4), ratio 1.24–1.28 (1.25; n = 4); lateral margins diverging for approximately 1/2 of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves very shallow reaching posterior quarter of scutal length; relatively sparse very fine punctations evenly distributed throughout scutum; very slight rugosity may be discernible in central field of scutum; setae (Fig. 26B, C) relatively sparse, very short (c. 0.04 in anterolateral margin of scutum). Alloscutum (Fig. 26A) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 26A, D, E) numerous, evenly distributed, very short in center of alloscutum: c. 0.02 and long in area medial to marginal grooves: c.0.06–0.07 (avg. 0.07), setae in area medial to marginal grooves 3.20–4.00 (avg. 3.68) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum, ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 19.35–23.13 (20.89; n = 4). Venter (Fig. 26F) as illustrated; genital aperture (Fig. 26F) medial to coxae III; genital groove (Fig. 26F) well developed; anal groove (Fig. 26F) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 26F) numerous, length of preanal setae c. 0.06, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 27A) length 0.31–0.37 (0.34; n = 4), width 0.33–0.41 (0.38; n = 4), ratio 0.87–0.95 (0.90; n = 4); broadly suboval. Gnathosoma (Fig. 27B–D) length from palpal apices to cornual apices dorsally 0.71–0.79 (0.75; n = 4), width of basis capituli dorsally 0.58–0.60 (0.59; n = 4), ratio 1.24–1.31 (1.28; n = 4). Dorsal basis capituli (Fig. 27B) length from medial insertion of palpal segment I to cornual apices 0.24–0.25 (0.24; n = 4), ratio width to length 2.35–2.53 (2.41; n = 4), subrectangular: lateral margins slightly convex, without lateral projections, posterior margin slightly convex; cornua moderately long, length 0.04–0.05 (0.04; n = 4), ratio total length of basis capituli, including cornua, to cornual length 4.75–6.67 (5.87; n = 4), triangular with narrowly rounded apex; transversally suboval porose areas large, width 0.18–0.20 (0.18; n = 4), ratio basis capituli width dorsally to porose area width 3.00–3.36 (3.19; n = 4), clearly distinct, slightly indented, separated by distance of 1/3–1/2 of their own width, openings discrete. Ventral basis capituli (Fig. 27C, D) pentagonal; auriculae long, length 0.06–0.07 (0.07; n = 4), ratio length of gnathosoma dorsally to length of auriculae 10.38–13.24 (11.33; n = 4), broad, nearly as long as wide, directed posteriorly, with broadly rounded apex. Lateral surface of basis capituli concave (Fig. 27C, D). Palpi (Fig. 27B, C, E) moderately long, length dorsally (segments II and III) 0.39–0.43 (0.41; n = 4), maximum width (in dorsolateral plane) 0.15–0.18 (0.17; n = 4), ratio 2.36–2.58 (2.46; n = 4), length of medial margin of palpal segment I ventrally 0.17–0.18 (0.18; n = 4); segment I with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 0.13–0.14 (0.13; n = 4), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 2.76–3.33 (3.08; n = 4); dorsally segment I with short mesodorsal spur and large, hooklike dorsoapical denticle; segments II and III fused with indistinct or barely discernible (mostly medially) suture between them, narrow proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 27C) length 0.39–0.48 (0.44; n = 4), width 0.16–0.18 (0.17; n = 4), ratio 2.24–2.95 (2.62; n = 4); base of hypostome nearly at same level as base of palpal segments II, club-shaped, widest close to mid-length; dental formula (Panamanian specimens) mostly 5/5, proximal rows 2/2 and then 3/3, distal rows 6/6; denticles sharply pointed; proximal part of hypostome without denticles very short. Legs moderately long, slender. Coxae (Fig. 27F): coxae I-III with internal and external spurs, coxa IV with external spur only; external spur on coxae I-IV moderately long, moderately broad, broadly rounded at apex, directed slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxa I slightly longer than those on other coxae; external spur on coxae II-IV subequal or spur on coxa IV slightly shorter; internal spur on coxae I-III short, subequal, narrow, spur on coxa I narrowly rounded at apex and directed posteromedially, spur on coxae II and III broadly rounded and directed posteriorly; external spur on coxa I at least twice as long as internal spur; no syncoxae. Distally trochanters I-IV (Fig. 27F) with moderate ventral spur with narrowly rounded apex. Tarsus I length 0.86–0.95 (0.91; n = 4); tarsus IV length 0.75–0.83 (0.80; n = 4). Remarks. This species was described as I. auritulus in Bermúdez et al. (2018). Possible nymphs of this species are known (Bermúdez et al. 2018) but not yet described. By having a distinct, anteriorly directed internal projection on palpal segment I, the female of I. moralesi n. sp. most closely resembles the following Ixodes (Multidentatus) spp.: I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. contrarius n. sp., I. cornuae, I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. insulae n. sp., I. kerguelenensis, I. paranaensis, I. percavatus, I. rio n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus. The female of I. moralesi n. sp. can be distinguished from the female of I. cornuae by having short cornua (vs very long cornua in that species); from the female of I. kerguelenensis by having slightly convex posterior margin of basis capituli dorsally (vs sinuously concave margin in that species); from the female of I. paranaensis by having longer auriculae (vs very short auriculae in that species); and from the female of I. percavatus by having longer internal and external spurs on coxae I-IV (vs shorter spurs in that species) (see Arthur 1960; Roberts 1970; Wilson 1970; Barros-Battesti et al. 2003). The female of I. moralesi n. sp. can be distinguished from females of other species described here by the moderate mesodorsal spur at base of palpal segment I dorsally (vs mesodorsal spur indistinct or weak in all other species) and large, hook-like dorsoapical spur on palpal segment I (vs moderate spur in I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. insulae n. sp. and I. zealandicus; indistinct or short blunt spur in all other species). Additionally the female of I. moralesi n. sp. can be distinguished from females of other species by the broad scutum: mean ratio length to width 1.25 (vs narrower scutum: mean ratio 1.44 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 1.45 in I. contrarius n. sp., 1.35 in I. insulae n. sp., 1.41 in I. rio n. sp. and 1.37 in I. zealandicus; broader scutum: mean ratio 1.11 in I. tinamou n. sp.); short setae in center of alloscutum and long setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves to length of setae in center of alloscutum 3.68 (vs shorter setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 1.58 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 2.65 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 2.73 in I. tinamou n. sp.; longer setae in both center and area medial to marginal grooves of alloscutum: mean ratio 1.09 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 2.00 in I. insulae n. sp. and 1.14 in I. zealandicus); moderately long setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of scutum to length of alloscutal setae medial to marginal grooves 20.89 (vs longer setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 12.88 in I. auritulus, 15.03 in I. contrarius n. sp., 15.16 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 17.20 in I. insulae n. sp., 15.18 in I. rio n. sp., 17.40 in I. tinamou n. sp., and 16.22 in I. zealandicus; shorter setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 45.62 in I. brevisetosus n. sp.); basis capituli slightly convex dorsolaterally (vs basis capituli with angular dorsolateral projections in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and I. rio n. sp.); lateral surface of basis capituli concave (vs lateral surface flat in I. brevisetosus n. sp.); posterior margin of basis capituli slightly convex (vs sinuously concave in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and straight to very slightly concave in I. zealandicus); long cornua: mean ratio length of basis capituli to cornual length 5.87 (vs shorter cornua: mean ratio 14.00 in I. contrarius n. sp., 10.00 in I. rio n. sp. and 9.92 in I. tinamou n. sp.); broad porose areas: mean ratio width of basis capituli to width of porose area 3.19 (vs narrower porose areas: mean ratio 3.61 in I. brevisetosus n. sp.); auriculae moderately long: mean ratio length of gnathosoma dorsally to length of auriculae 11.33, broad, directed posteriorly, with broadly rounded apex (vs longer auriculae: mean ratio 8.97 in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and I. insulae n. sp.; shorter auriculae: mean ratio 28.15 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 40.07 in I. tinamou n. sp. and 19.54 in I. zealandicus; auriculae distinctly narrower, with narrowly rounded apex in I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. contrarius n. sp., I. insulae n. sp. and I. rio n. sp.; auriculae directed posterolaterally in I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus); moderately long internal projection on palpal segment I: mean ratio length of palpal segments II and III to length of projection on palpal segment I 3.08 (vs longer projection: mean ratio 1.88 in I. contrarius n. sp.; shorter projection: mean ratio 4.94 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 3.55 in I. insulae n. sp. and 4.50 in I. zealandicus); moderately broad palpal segments II and III: mean ratio length to width 2.46 (vs narrow segments: mean ratio 2.82 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 2.64 in I. insulae n. sp. and 2.87 in I. rio n. sp.; broader segments: mean ratio 2.16 in I. guglielmonei n. sp.); external spur on coxae I-IV relatively long (vs shorter spur in I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus); generally larger species: see description for measurements (vs noticeably smaller species: I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. contrarius n. sp., I. rio n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus; noticeably larger species: I. guglielmonei n. sp. See descriptions for measurements). Collection data for I. moralesi n. sp. are listed in the material above. Collections of this species were made in Guatemala (San Marcos Department) and Panama (Chiriquí Province) (Fig. 10C). In Panama, collections were made at elevations 2,500 meters above sea level. Females of this species were collected from birds: the spotted wood-quail, O. guttatus (Galliformes: Odontophoridae), the horned guan, O. derbianus (Galliformes: Cracidae) and the American mountain thrush, T. plebejus (Passeriformes: Turdidae) during February, April and May., Published as part of Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., Apanaskevich, Maria A., Klimov, Pavel B., Edgy, Brett M., Bermúdez, Sergio E., Labruna, Marcelo B., Korzeev, Andrei I. & Barker, Stephen C., 2022, Description of eight new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. auritulus Neumann, 1904, parasites of birds in the Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 5173 (1) on pages 45-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5173.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966076, {"references":["Bermudez, S., Apanaskevich, D. A. & Dominguez, L. (2018) Garrapatas Ixodidae de Panama. Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion, Panama, 129 pp.","Arthur, D. R. (1960) A review of some ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of sea birds. Part II. The taxonomic problems associated with the Ixodes auritulus - percavatus group of species. Parasitology, 50, 199 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000025294","Roberts, F. H. S. (1970) Australian ticks. CSIRO, Melbourne, 267 pp.","Wilson, N. (1970) Acarina: Metastigmata: Ixodidae of South Georgia, Heard and Kerguelen. Pacific Insects Monograph, 23, 78 - 88.","Barros-Battesti, D. M., Arzua, M., Pichorim, M. & Keirans, J. E. (2003) Ixodes (Multidentatus) paranaensis n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) a parasite of Streptoprocne biscutata (Sclater, 1865) (Apodiformes: Apodidae) birds in Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 98, 93 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02762003000100013"]}

The South Asian ticks Hyalomma (Hyalommina) brevipunctata Sharif, 1928, Hyalomma (Hyalommina) hussaini Sharif, 1928 and Hyalomma (Hyalommina) kumari Sharif, 1928, are morphologically fairly similar. The males can be distinguished from each other by size, color and their punctation patterns. The females are easily distinguished by the shape of the genital aperture and its preatrial fold, and they also differ in size, color and punctation patterns. The immature stages can be distinguished by the measurements of various characteristics and the ratios of these, the shape of the scutum, gnathosoma and hypostome, number of denticles on the hypostome and size of the spurs on coxae. All parasitic stages of the three species are illustrated and redescribed here. Their distributions are restricted to South Asia, although there are some records from Central Asia. Large and medium-sized ungulates are the principal hosts of the adults, whereas the immature stages infest various species of small mammals. All are three-host species. Data on their disease relationships are also provided.

Kluge, Nikita J., Godunko, Roman J., Apanaskevich, Dmitry A. (2013): Mayflies of the Caucasus Mountains. II. Description of the first representative of the subgenus Helvetoraeticus Bauernfeind & Soldán, 2012 (Heptageniidae: Ecdyonurus). Zootaxa 3608 (1): 51-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3608.1.3

Ecdyonurus (Helvetoraeticus) adjaricus sp. nov. Figures 1���41 = Ecdyonurus /fg 2 sp. H 5: Kluge 2004: 176. Types. HOLOTYPE: male imago (dried pinned specimen; right fore and hind wings, forelegs, parts of middle and hind legs, and cerci on slide), GEORGIA, Autonomous Republic of Adjara, Kobuleti District, Kintrishi State Nature Reserve (KSNR), meadow near Zeraboseli farm, middle part of Kintrishi River, approximately 41 �� 43,592 ���N 41 �� 49,096 ���E, 480 m a.s.l., 28.vi. 1974, leg. A. Zaguliaev. PARATYPES: female imago (reared from larva, with larval and subimaginal skins preserved), same locality as holotype, 27���31.vii. 1997, leg. D. Apanaskevich; 3 mature larvae (1 female, 2 males), ibid, 27���31.vii. 1997, leg. D. Apanaskevich; 4 larvae, Autonomous Republic of Adjara, Kobuleti District, 3 km downstream of Zeraboseli farm, border of KSNR near bridge, 41 �� 45,739 ���N 41 �� 58,582 ���E, 325 m a.s.l., 18.viii. 2009, leg. R.J. Godunko, T. Sold��n and P. Sroka; 1 larva, Kobuleti District, Chakhati village (centre), Kintrishi River, 41 �� 48,120 ���N 41 �� 55,545 ���E, 140 m a.s.l., 18.viii. 2009, leg. R.J. Godunko, T. Sold��n and P. Sroka; 1 larva, Kobuleti District, Khala village, Kemerkobis stream (bridge 100 m upstream from mouth), 41 �� 42,226 ���N 41 �� 47,525 ���E, 67 m a.s.l., 18.viii. 2009, leg. P. Sroka; 3 larvae, Kobuleti District, Khala village, Chakvistskhali River (mouth of Kemerkobis stream), 41 �� 42,226 ���N 41 �� 47,455 ���E, 60 m a.s.l., 19.viii. 2009, leg. R.J. Godunko; 14 larvae (6 of them were mounted on slides), Kobuleti District, 3 km upstream at Chakhati village, Kintrishi River, 41 �� 46,266 ���N 41 �� 58,325 ���E, 275, m a.s.l., 31.vii. 2010, leg. R.J. Godunko and N.O. Godunko; 5 larvae, Autonomous Republic of Adjara, Khelvachauri District, Tskhemlara [Tamara���] bridge near Chikuneti village, Machakhlistskali River, 41 �� 30,424 ���N 41 �� 49,215 ���E, 195 m a.s.l., 20.viii. 2009, leg. P. Sroka; 11 larvae, Khelvachauri District, 200 m downstream at Tskhemlara [Tamara���] bridge near Chikuneti village, small stream (left side tributary of Machakhlistskali River), 41 �� 30,345 ��� N 41 49 ��02,42���E, 185 m a.s.l., 20.viii. 2009, leg. R.J. Godunko and P. Sroka. Male imago (dried pinned specimen). Size: body length: 15.5 mm; forewings length: 17.0 mm; cerci lost. General body color distinctly dark, reddish-brown; few whitish spots on lateral sides of mesonotum. Head dirty brown to reddish-brown. Antennae blackish-brown, slightly paler distally. Ocelli dirty yellow apically. Eyes grayish, contiguous dorsally, with relatively narrow dark band basally. Thorax dark brown to reddish-brown, slightly paler ventrally. Forewings hyaline with yellowish area in basal part of wing, in anal and cubital fields, and between C and RA; C and Sc dark brown, other veins brown; pterostigmatic area opaque, dirty yellow, with 6 simple and 7���8 branched veins. Hind wings entirely yellowish; venation brown, darker distally. Forelegs distinctly darker than middle and hind ones, brown to reddish-brown; forefemora only slightly darker than tibiae and tarsi. Middle and hind legs brown; tarsi slightly darker than femora and tibiae. No maculation on femora surface. Abdomen dark brown to reddish-brown, sterna slightly paler. Lateral sides of terga II ���VIII with roundish or triangular spots surrounded with an indistinct light L -shape marking typical for Helvetoraeticus species. Cerci dark brown. Penis lobes yellowish-brown to brown. In dorsal and ventral view outline of penis lobes broadly rounded, not expanded laterally; lobes contiguous nearly over entire length (Fig. 1). Apical sclerite relatively massive and short, slightly curved, only slightly expanded laterally and bluntly pointed at apex; lack of conspicuous denticulation at medio-internal portion; several small spines at external margin near tip of titillators; apex of sclerite not projecting above the lobes; only a slight projection at inner border. Lateral sclerite not broad, relatively straight, with subparallel anterior and posterior margins. Basal sclerite relatively massive, with 2���3 small spines only, without conspicuous teeth. Penis stem without a hump. Titillators brown. Styliger intensively brown, with two distinct, slightly curved protuberances near gonostyli bases; gonostyli slightly darker; segment II without any hump at inner margin basally (Fig. 2). Female imago. Size: body length: 15.0 mm; forewings length: 20.0 mm; cerci length: 13.0 mm. General color of body similar to that in male imago, slightly paler; thoraxal pleurae with whitish blotches. Eyes with relatively narrow dark band basally. Fore and hind wings hyaline and transparent, uncolored; venation brown, darker distally. Legs light brown to brown, forelegs slightly paler. Abdominal pleurae with an indistinct light L - shape pattern. Cerci brown. Subgenital plate relatively wide; posterior margin slightly rounded. Subanal plate bluntly pointed apically. Female subimago. Measurements and body color similar to those in female imago; thorax and abdomen slightly paler. Forewings relatively dark, with well visible pattern formed by transversal grayish bands (zigzag type). Male subimago. Unknown. Mature larva. Size: body length: 12.0���16.0 mm; cerci length: 9.0��� 12.5 mm. General body color yellowish-olive, brownish-olive to brown. Head yellowish-olive to yellowish-brown with apparent light pattern, consisting of three blotches near fore margin of ocelli, and pair of spots near antennal bases; two small blotches near anterior margin of head; further large diffuse light spots situated laterally along posterior margin of head (Figs. 3, 5, 6, 8). Head capsule rounded anteriorly. Antennae with brown scape and pedicel; flagellum yellowish-white. Eyes and ocelli black. Labrum relatively narrow with slightly curved and short lateral lobes; ratio of total labrum width to its width at base 2.3 / 1; 8���11 relatively slender bristles arranged in a single row on ventral side of labrum (Fig. 17), diverging laterally into two irregular rows. Maxillae (n = 12): number of comb-shaped bristles (N_CBS) = 24���27 (mainly 26���27); number of teeth on 5 th comb-shaped bristle (N_TCB 5) = 11���14 (mainly 11���12); number of setae on inner side of first segment of maxillary palps (N_PLP)> 10; number of setae on outer margin of first segment of maxillary palps (N_PLS) = 22���38; number of hairs on dorsal upper side of galea-lacinia (N_DOR)> 15. Glossae stretched laterally, relatively widely spaced; glossae and paraglossae massive (Fig. 16). Superlinguae with pilosity typical for Helvetoraeticus (only few setae at tip). Pronotum yellowish-olive to light brown with several light spots centrally and laterally; lateral projections yellow to yellowish-white (Figs. 5, 6). Pronotum slightly extended laterally. Lateral projection large and long, relatively straight, only slightly asymmetrical, oriented parallel to body axis (Figs. 3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 14), or slightly outwards (Fig. 32); apex of lateral projection bluntly pointed; width/length ratio of semipronotum to caudal portion of projection is 1.95���2.30; length of caudal portion of projection is approximately half of total projection length. Meso- and metanotum yellowish-olive to light brown; mesonotum with longitudinal light lines and spots laterally from median longitudinal suture, interrupted by pale areas near fore and hind margins. Legs yellowish-olive and light brown to brown. Trochanters with 2 (rarely 3) irregular rows of bluntly pointed and slender spatulate bristles (Figs. 24, 25). Femora long and relatively slender; length/width ratio of metafemora is 2.75���3.35 (mean 3.0, �� = 0.21; n = 8); widest part of metafemur at its midlength. Dorsally femora with large yellowish-olive to light brown spots on yellowish to yellowish-white background; uniformly yellowish-white to whitish ventrally (general color pattern of dorsal side of femora as illustrated by Godunko & Kłonowska-Olejnik 2004: 17, fig. 10; 2008: 812, fig. 33). Dense rows of sharply pointed bristles at inner margin of femora (Fig. 19); outer margin of femur with row of long whip-like setae and dense rows of sharply pointed bristles (Figs. 18, 26, 27); same type of sharply pointed bristles at dorsal surface of femora (centrally and distally), occasionally more blunt in proximal part (Figs. 20, 21, 26, 27); a row of short pointed bristles on ventral side of posterior border of femora (Fig. 27). Tibiae yellowish-brown, with well visible darker smudge in centrally; dorsal surface with row of spatulate bristles (Figs. 28, 29). Tarsi brownish, with paler smudge centrally, indistinctly darker apically; sparse row of slender spatulate bristles at dorsal surface (Fig. 30). Claw brown with 2 denticles (Fig. 31). Abdominal terga with pronounced yellowish-brown to dark brown pattern and yellowish background (Figs. 3, 4, 7, 8): tergum I relatively pale, with broad diffuse spot medially and a pair of spots laterally; terga II and III with a pair of spots medially, and a pair of spots laterally; terga IV and V with V- (or U-) shaped spot medially, and a pair of broad spots laterally (occasionally lateral spots fused with central spot at tergum V); tergum VI with U- (or V-) shaped spot medially (consisting of three more or less separated small spots); terga VII and VIII with broad Vshaped spot medially, turning into light strip stretching along posterior margin and lateral sides of segment; tergum IX with oval median spot, occasionally a pair of small spots laterally; tergum X generally unicolorous brown, occasionally with a pair of unclear longitudinal paler strokes medially. Abdominal sterna yellowish-white, distinct neural ganglion in segment VII (occasionally also in segments IV ���VI); brown pattern of sterna mainly absent at segments I ���V (occasionally VI); sterna VII ���IX with pair of triangular brown spots laterally (in male) and with transversal brown stripes (in female); larval protogonostyli darker than abdominal sterna, light brown (Figs. 9���12). Posterior margin of terga with dense row of stout spines pointed apically, alternating with smaller ones (Figs. 15, 22); surface of terga with numerous hairs. Posterolateral extensions of abdominal sterna well developed, distinctly long, sharpened apically and directed outwards at different angles to the body axis (except for expansions of sterna 7���8 directed parallely to the body axis) (Figs. 9���12). Tergalii whitish to yellowish-gray, with distinct dark tracheae; tergalius I tongue-shaped, relatively long, moderately tapered distally, with plate longer than filamentous part (Fig. 33); tergalius IV relatively slender, moderately asymmetrical, only with slightly conspicuously convex outer margin, distal margin not blunt, length/width ratio 2.25���2.60 (mean 2.41, �� = 0.19; n = 8) (Fig. 34); tergalius VII broad and asymmetrical (widest part in 2 / 3 of tergalius length), without a tuft of tracheal filaments (Fig. 35). Caudalii yellowish-brown, paler distally; each segment with sharply pointed bristles alternating with hairs (Fig. 23). Egg. Measurements: length 180���200 ��m; width 130���155 ��m. Egg oval, slightly elongated (Figs. 36, 37). Chorion covered with attachment structures ��� knob-terminated coiled threads (KCTs), numerous small rounded tubercles and delicate granules (granular ground matrix) (Figs. 39, 40). Significant concentration of KCTs attachment structures (diameter 3.6���4.2 ��m) at one egg pole, where distance between them is 0.3���2.4 ��m (Figs. 38, 39); other egg surface with rather sparsely KCTs attachment structures (distance between them 2.0��� 12.5 ��m) (Fig. 40). Small rounded tubercles (1.4 ���2.0 ��m in diameter) are regularly distributed over whole chorion (0.1 ���3.0 ��m distance between them) (Figs. 39, 40). Two to three micropyles (13.3 ���15.0 ��m in length; 8.5���10.2 ��m in width) are visible in subequatorial region; micropylar rim thin, with a few sparsely distributed tubercles (Fig. 41). Etymology. The species is named after Adjara (autonomous republic within Georgia). Affinities. Ecdyonurus adjaricus sp. nov. holds a clearly isolated position within Helvetoraeticus. The shape of the male imago penis lobes is typical for the subgenus; at the same time apical sclerites are expanded only slightly laterally (in contrast to other Helvetoraeticus species with markedly laterally stretched apical sclerites). The larva of E. adjaricus sp. nov. can be recognized within the subgenus by the presence a well developed, relatively long posterolateral expansions of abdominal sterna; such size and shape of expansions is characteristic only for a few species of Ecdyonurus s. str. (Haybach 1999, figs. 2, 11). Additionally, several other characters of the larval mouthparts should be noted, e.g.: the single row of bristles on ventral side of labrum; a relatively small number of setae on the inner side of the first segment of the maxillary palps and the number of comb-shaped bristles on the maxilla (see Haybach 1999: 121, 137, 139). The placement of E. adjaricus sp. nov. within the subgenus Helvetoraeticus can be confirmed by the absence of long and dense setae on the distal portions of the superlinguae of the hypopharynx of larva, and the general shape and structure of male imago genitalia. The new species is very similar to E. krueperi (Stein, 1863) in both the adult and larval stages. These two species can be easily separated from other representatives of Helvetoraeticus by conspicuous wing coloration, especially that of the hind wings: yellowish in E. adjaricus sp. nov.; golden-brown in E. krueperi. At the same time, the hind wings of the new species are colored only in male imago, while they are colored in both sexes of E. krueperi (Puthz 1980: 349; Hefti & Tomka 1988: 332; Bauernfeind & Sold��n 2012: 277). Other differences in male imagoes are the following: (1) penis lobes are broadly rounded and not expanded laterally, with apically touching lobes in E. adjaricus sp. nov. (outline of penis lobes are distinctly triangularly rounded, more or less separated apically in E. krueperi; cf. Puthz 1980: 350, fig. 2; Hefti & Tomka 1988: 331���332, fig. 3; Hefti et al. 1989: 334, 338, fig. 10 d; Bauernfeind & Sold��n 2012: 277, 589, fig. 163); (2) apical sclerite only slightly curved, without conspicuous denticulation at medio-internal portion in E. adjaricus sp. nov. (apical sclerite strongly curved, with conspicuous denticulation medio-internally in E. krueperi; cf. Puthz 1980: 350, figs. 4, 5; Bauernfeind & Sold��n 2012: 277); (3) lateral sclerite not broad, relatively straight, with subparallel anterior and posterior margins, evenly sclerotized throughout its length in E. adjaricus sp. nov. (lateral sclerite almost square distally, broad, visibly sclerotized only in its central and distal part in E. krueperi; cf. Bauernfeind & Sold��n 2012: 277; for this reason some inconsistencies in the descriptions and figure were published by Hefti & Tomka 1988: 331���332, fig. 3 and Hefti et al. 1989: 334). Larvae of E. adjaricus sp. nov. and E. krueperi possess a similar shape of the lateral projection of the pronotum (relatively straight, only slightly asymmetrical, bluntly pointed at the tip, oriented almost parallel to body axis), and similar shape of femoral bristles (sharply pointed in both species). Larva of E. adjaricus sp. nov. can be separated from E. krueperi by the following features: (i) row of bristles on ventral side of labrum medially singular (in contrast to double in E. krueperi); (ii) glossae stretched laterally and relatively widely spaced (in contrast to elongated-quadrangular glossae in E. krueperi; cf. Hefti & Tomka 1988: 330, fig. 1 b; Hefti et al. 1989: 333, 335 [Table 1], fig. 6 b); (iii) pointed bristles on ventral side of posterior border of femora (lack of this type of bristles in E. krueperi; cf. Hefti et al. 1989: 333, 335 [Table 1]); (iv) posterolateral extensions of abdominal sterna well developed and distinctly long (in contrast to relatively short sternal expansions of E. krueperi, typical for all other Helvetoraeticus representatives); (v) shape of tergalius I (tongue-shaped, moderately tapered distally) and tergalius IV (relatively slender, moderately asymmetrical) (in contrast to broadly-shaped tergalius I and distinctly asymmetrical tergalius IV in E. krueperi; cf. Jacob & Braasch 1984: 60, fig. 27; Hefti et al. 1989, 335 [Table 1]). Additional differences between E. adjaricus sp. nov. and E. krueperi are found in the color of thoracic and abdominal segments of adults and larvae, i.e. the new species is generally more darkly colored. Only a few species of Helvetoraeticus (together with E. adjaricus sp. nov.) are characterized by a significant concentration of KCTs attachment structures on one egg pole, namely E. epeorides Demoulin, 1955, E. krueperi, E. picteti (Meyer-D��r, 1864), E. silvaegabretae Sold��n & Godunko, 2006 and E. siveci Jacob & Braasch, 1984 (see summarized data in Bauernfeind & Sold��n 2012). We are confident that the male imago (holotype, not reared from larva) and larvae (as well as reared female imago) described here belong to the same species. This is strongly supported by the fact that all material was collected in the same region (distance between the outermost studied localities is 30���35 km; 2���5 km between localities where holotype and paratypes were collected) and during the same summer period. The male imago body color is similar to that of the female. However the hind wings are colored in male and colorless in female. Distribution and biology. The known distribution of E. adjaricus sp. nov. is restricted to several rivers of south-western spurs of Meskheti [Adjar-Imereti] Range and Shavsheti Range within Georgia. In Meskheti Range all investigated rivers are located on northern slopes; Kintrishi and Chakvistskhali rivers flow directly into the Black Sea. The localities within the Machakhlistskali river-basin (a part of Chorokh [��oruh] river-basin) are situated on south slopes near the Turkey border. All habitats are located in the lowest parts of this area within altitudes 60���480 m a.s.l. There is a high probability that the new species can be found in other tributaries of Chorokh [��oruh] river-basin within Turkey (at least in rivers of Turkish part of Shavsheti Range, as well as rivers within Ka��kar Mountains [Ka��kar Daġları]). Information about distribution of Helvetoraeticus in Turkey have been earlier published by Kazancı (2001: 29, 50) and Tanatmış (2004: 235), as records of Ecdyonurus helveticus Eaton, 1883 from, Published as part of Kluge, Nikita J., Godunko, Roman J. & Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., 2013, Mayflies of the Caucasus Mountains. II. Description of the first representative of the subgenus Helvetoraeticus Bauernfeind & Sold��n, 2012 (Heptageniidae: Ecdyonurus), pp. 51-66 in Zootaxa 3608 (1) on pages 52-65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3608.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/283261

Ixodidae We exclude the following names from our list of Ixodidae: (i) Amblyomma laticaudae Warburton, 1933 is considered valid in Camicas et al. (1998), Horak et al. (2002) and Barker and Murrell (2008); Guglielmone et al. (2009) do not include it in their list of controversial names, while Kolonin (2009) considers this name a synonym of Amblyomma nitidum Hirst and Hirst, 1910. In fact, Keirans, in Voltzit and Keirans (2002), determined that the types of these taxa are conspecific. Therefore, we agree with Kolonin (2009) that A. laticaudae is an invalid name. (ii) Bothriocroton decorosum (Koch, 1867) is included as a member of Aponomma by Kolonin (2009), but this name is a synonym of B. undatum, as explained in Santos Dias (1993). (iii) Haemaphysalis vietnamensis Hoogstraal and Wilson, 1966 is included as a valid name in Kolonin (2009), but it is a synonym of H. colasbelcouri (Guglielmone et al. 2009). (iv) Haemaphysalis xinjiangensis Teng, 1980 is not included as a valid species in Kolonin (2009). Teng and Jiang (1981) consider this name a synonym of H. danieli, and we accept their decision, since the senior author also described H. xinjiangensis. (v) Hyalomma erythraeum Tonelli-Rondelli, 1932 is included as a valid name in Kolonin (2009), but it was convincingly shown to be a synonym of H. impeltatum by Apanaskevich and Horak (2009). (vi) Rhipicephalus hoogstraali Kolonin, 2009 was described on the Internet, contrary to the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2009, Articles 8.6 and 9.8), and is therefore a nomen nudum. 1. Amblyomma albolimbatum Neumann, 1907 2. Amblyomma albopictum Neumann, 1899 3. Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus, 1758) 4. Amblyomma antillorum Kohls, 1969 5. Amblyomma arcanum Karsch, 1879 (Aponomma) 6. Amblyomma argentinae Neumann, 1905. Guglielmone et al. (2003) stated that the year of description for A. argentinae is 1904, but this is in error because Neumann recognized 1905 as the correct year. Previously, this species was incorrectly named A. testudinis (Guglielmone et al. 2009). 7. Amblyomma astrion Dönitz, 1909 8. Amblyomma aureolatum (Pallas, 1772) 9. Amblyomma auricularium (Conil, 1878) 10. Amblyomma australiense Neumann, 1905. See A. echidnae. 11. Amblyomma babirussae Schulze, 1933 12. Amblyomma beaurepairei Vogelsang and Santos Dias, 1953. This species is close to A. inornatum and A. auricularium but is provisionally considered valid in Guglielmone et al. (2009). However, Kolonin (2009) considers it a synonym of A. auricularium. 13. Amblyomma boeroi Nava, Mangold, Mastropaolo, Venzal, Oscherov and Guglielmone, 2009 14. Amblyomma boulengeri Hirst and Hirst, 1910 15. Amblyomma brasiliense Aragão, 1908 16. Amblyomma breviscutatum Neumann, 1899. Until recently, this species was known as A. cyprium Neumann, 1899 (Guglielmone et al. 2009), a name still considered valid in Kolonin (2009), who does not justify his position. However, Keirans, in Voltzit and Keirans (2002), determined, as had Santos Dias (1956) before him, that the types of A. cyprium and A. breviscutatum are conspecific and that the latter name has page priority. 17. Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787). This is the type species of the genus Amblyomma; it was originally named Acarus cajennensis. Beati, L. and Nava, S. (pers. comm.) believe that A. cajennense comprises a complex of sibling species. 18. Amblyomma calabyi Roberts, 1963 19. Amblyomma calcaratum Neumann, 1899 20. Amblyomma chabaudi Rageau, 1964 21. Amblyomma clypeolatum Neumann, 1899 22. Amblyomma coelebs Neumann, 1899 23. Amblyomma cohaerens Dönitz, 1909 24. Amblyomma compressum (Macalister, 1872) 25. Amblyomma cordiferum Neumann, 1899 26. Amblyomma crassipes (Neumann, 1901) (Aponomma). This species is similar to A. fuscolineatum but is provisionally considered valid because little material is available for examination and the types have not been compared (Guglielmone et al. 2009). Kolonin (2009), using the name Aponomma, considers A. crassipes invalid but does not include a comparison of types. 27. Amblyomma crassum Robinson, 1926 28. Amblyomma crenatum Neumann, 1899 29. Amblyomma cruciferum Neumann, 1901 30. Amblyomma darwini Hirst and Hirst, 1910 31. Amblyomma dissimile Koch, 1844. Guglielmone et al. (2009) argue in favor of this name instead of A. bibroni (Gervais, 1842) because of the confused history of the latter taxon. 32. Amblyomma dubitatum Neumann, 1899. Until recently, this species was known as A. cooperi Nuttall and Warburton, 1908 (Guglielmone et al. 2009). 33. Amblyomma eburneum Gerstäcker, 1873 34. Amblyomma echidnae Roberts, 1953. This species is very similar to A. australiense, but Guglielmone et al. (2009) consider A. echidnae provisionally valid until its status can be clarified. Kolonin (2009) does not include this species in his list of the Ixodidae of the world. 35. Amblyomma elaphense (Price, 1959) (Aponomma). See A. sphenodonti. 36. Amblyomma exornatum Koch, 1844 (Aponomma) 37. Amblyomma extraoculatum Neumann, 1899. See A. romitii. 38. Amblyomma falsomarmoreum Tonelli-Rondelli, 1935 39. Amblyomma fimbriatum Koch, 1844 (Aponomma) 40. Amblyomma flavomaculatum (Lucas, 1846) (Aponomma). See A. inopinatum. 41. Amblyomma fulvum Neumann, 1899 42. Amblyomma fuscolineatum (Lucas, 1847) (Aponomma). See A. crassipes and A. varanense. 43. Amblyomma fuscum Neumann, 1907. A valid taxon ignored in some lists of ticks (Guglielmone et al. 2009). 44. Amblyomma geayi Neumann, 1899. Guglielmone et al. (2009) discuss the lack of agreement concerning this name, because some authors regard A. geayi as a synonym of A. perpunctatum (Packard, 1869). However, the description of the latter taxon is inadequate, and we therefore consider the name A. geayi valid, pending type comparison. 45. Amblyomma gemma Dönitz, 1909 46. Amblyomma geochelone Durden, Keirans and Smith, 2002 47. Amblyomma geoemydae (Cantor, 1847) 48. Amblyomma gervaisi (Lucas, 1847) (Aponomma). This is the type species of the genus Aponomma; it was originally named Ixodes gervaisii. 49. Amblyomma glauerti Keirans, King and Sharrad, 1994 50. Amblyomma goeldii Neumann, 1899 51. Amblyomma hainanense Teng, 1981. Kolonin (2009) considers A. hainanense a synonym of A. helvolum, but no comparison of types has been attempted. Therefore, we treat A. hainanense as tentatively valid. 52. Amblyomma hebraeum Koch, 1844 53. Amblyomma helvolum Koch, 1844 54. Amblyomma hirtum Neumann, 1906 55. Amblyomma humerale Koch, 1844 56. Amblyomma imitator Kohls, 1958 57. Amblyomma incisum Neumann, 1906. See A. latepunctatum. 58. Amblyomma inopinatum (Santos Dias, 1989) (Aponomma). This species is not included in Kolonin (2009), who appears to consider it a synonym of A. flavomaculatum and places it in the genus Aponomma. 59. Amblyomma inornatum (Banks, 1909) 60. Amblyomma integrum Karsch, 1879 61. Amblyomma javanense (Supino, 1897) 62. Amblyomma komodoense (Oudemans, 1928) (Aponomma) 63. Amblyomma kraneveldi (Anastos, 1956) (Aponomma) 64. Amblyomma latepunctatum Tonelli-Rondelli, 1939. This species was previously confused with A. incisum and with A. scalpturatum (Guglielmone et al. 2009). 65. Amblyomma latum Koch, 1844 (Aponomma) 66. Amblyomma lepidum Dönitz, 1909 67. Amblyomma limbatum Neumann, 1899 68. Amblyomma loculosum Neumann, 1907 69. Amblyomma longirostre (Koch, 1844) 70. Amblyomma macfarlandi Keirans, Hoogstraal and Clifford, 1973 71. Amblyomma macropi Roberts, 1953 72. Amblyomma maculatum Koch, 1844 73. Amblyomma marmoreum Koch, 1844 74. Amblyomma moreliae (Koch, 1867) 75. Amblyomma moyi Roberts, 1953 76. Amblyomma multipunctum Neumann, 1899 77. Amblyomma naponense (Packard, 1869) 78. Amblyomma neumanni Ribaga, 1902. Nava et al. (2009 a) state that the description by Voltzit (2007) of A. neumanni actually applies to A. parvitarsum. 79. Amblyomma nitidum Hirst and Hirst, 1910. See paragraph “i” above our list of Ixodidae. 80. Amblyomma nodosum Neumann, 1899 81. Amblyomma nuttalli Dönitz, 1909 82. Amblyomma oblongoguttatum Koch, 1844 83. Amblyomma orlovi (Kolonin, 1992) (Aponomma). This species is considered tentatively valid in Guglielmone et al. (2009), who nonetheless strongly suggest that it is a synonym of A. transversale. Guglielmone et al. (2009) err in listing the date of description as 1995. 84. Amblyomma ovale Koch, 1844 85. Amblyomma pacae Aragão, 1911 86. Amblyomma papuanum Hirst, 1914 87. Amblyomma parkeri Fonseca and Aragão, 1952. Kolonin (2009) expresses doubt about the status of this species, but Labruna et al. (2009 a) present sound evidence for its validity. 88. Amblyomma parvitarsum Neumann, 1901. See A. neumanni. 89. Amblyomma parvum Aragão, 1908 90. Amblyomma pattoni (Neumann, 1910) (Aponomma) 91. Amblyomma paulopunctatum Neumann, 1899 92. Amblyomma pecarium Dunn, 1933 93. Amblyomma personatum Neumann, 1901 94. Amblyomma pictum Neumann, 1906 95. Amblyomma pilosum Neumann, 1899 96. Amblyomma pomposum Dönitz, 1909 97. Amblyomma postoculatum Neumann, 1899 98. Amblyomma pseudoconcolor Aragão, 1908 99. Amblyomma pseudoparvum Guglielmone, Mangold and Keirans, 1990 100. Amblyomma quadricavum (Schulze, 1941) 101. Amblyomma rhinocerotis (de Geer, 1778) 102. Amblyomma robinsoni Warburton, 1927 103. Amblyomma romitii Tonelli-Rondelli, 1939. This species was previously considered a synonym of A. extraoculatum (Guglielmone et al. 2009). 104. Amblyomma rotundatum Koch, 1844 105. Amblyomma sabanerae Stoll, 1894 106. Amblyomma scalpturatum Neumann, 1906. See A. latepunctatum. 107. Amblyomma scutatum Neumann, 1899 108. Amblyomma soembawense (Anastos, 1956) (Aponomma) 109. Amblyomma sparsum Neumann, 1899 110. Amblyomma sphenodonti (Dumbleton, 1943) (Aponomma). Miller et al. (2007) believe that this species, and possibly A. elaphense, should be classified in a genus other than Amblyomma. 111. Amblyomma splendidum Giebel, 1877 112. Amblyomma squamosum Kohls, 1953 113. Amblyomma supinoi Neumann, 1904 114. Amblyomma sylvaticum (de Geer, 1778) 115. Amblyomma tapirellum Dunn, 1933 116. Amblyomma testudinarium Koch, 1844 117. Amblyomma tholloni Neumann, 1899 118. Amblyomma tigrinum Koch, 1844 119. Amblyomma torrei Pérez Vigueras, 1934 120. Amblyomma transversale (Lucas, 1845) (Aponomma). Most authors consider 1844 the year of description of A. transversale, but the name Ixodes transversalis in Lucas (1844) lacks a description (i.e., it is a nomen nudum), and this situation was amended in Lucas (1845). See A. orlovi. 121. Amblyomma triguttatum Koch, 1844 122. Amblyomma trimaculatum (Lucas, 1878) (Aponomma) 123. Amblyomma triste Koch, 1844 124. Amblyomma tuberculatum Marx, 1894 125. Amblyomma usingeri Keirans, Hoogstraal and Clifford, 1973 126. Amblyomma varanense (Supino, 1897) (Aponomma). Kolonin (2009) considers A. varanense a synonym of A. fuscolineatum (both are treated as species of Aponomma) but without presenting evidence. We believe A. varanense to be valid. 127. Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricius, 1794) 128. Amblyomma varium Koch, 1844 129. Amblyomma vikirri Keirans, Bull and Duffield, 1996 130. Amblyomma williamsi Banks, 1924 1. Anomalohimalaya cricetuli Teng and Huang, 1981. Deng et al. (1999) consider this species a synonym of A. lotozkyi but without explanation. We therefore maintain the validity of A. cricetuli. 2. Anomalohimalaya lamai Hoogstraal, Kaiser and Mitchell, 1970. This is the type species of the genus Anomalohimalaya. 3. Anomalohimalaya lotozkyi Filippova and Panova, 1978. See A. cricetuli. 1. Bothriocroton auruginans (Schulze, 1936) (Aponomma) 2. Bothriocroton concolor (Neumann, 1899) (Aponomma). See B. oudemansi. 3. Bothriocroton glebopalma (Keirans, King and Sharrad, 1994) (Aponomma). This is the type species of the genus Bothriocroton, by original designation (Klompen et al. 2002); it was originally named Aponomma glebopalma. 4. Bothriocroton hydrosauri (Denny, 1843) (Aponomma). See B. tachyglossi. 5. Bothriocroton oudemansi (Neumann, 1910) (Aponomma). This species was considered a synonym of B. concolor, but there is now sound scientific evidence for its validity as a species (Guglielmone et al. 2009). 6. Bothriocroton tachyglossi (Roberts, 1953) (Aponomma). This species was considered a synonym of B. hydrosauri, but there is now convincing evidence for its validity (Guglielmone et al. 2009). 7. Bothriocroton undatum (Fabricius, 1775) (Aponomma). This name is considered invalid by Kolonin (2009). See B. decorosum, paragraph “ii” above our list of Ixodidae. 1. Compluriscutula vetulum Poinar and Buckley, 2008. This is the type species of the fossil genus Compluriscutula. It is not included in the list of Kolonin (2009). 1. Cornupalpatum burmanicum Poinar and Brown, 2003. This is the type species of the fossil genus Cornupalpatum. It is not included in the list of Kolonin (2009). 2. Cosmiomma hippopotamensis (Denny, 1843). This is the type species of the monotypic genus Cosmiomma. It was originally named Ixodes hippopotamensis. 1. Dermacentor abaensis Teng, 1963. This species is similar to D. everestianus but is provisionally considered valid in Guglielmone et al. (2009) because there has been no definitive study to support this synonymy. One of us (DAA) is currently comparing the types of D. abaensis, D. everestianus and D. birulai Olenev, 1927. Therefore, additional information on the specific status of these taxa should be forthcoming. 2. Dermacentor albipictus (Packard, 1869) 3. Dermacentor andersoni Stiles, 1908 4. Dermacentor asper Arthur, 1960. Kolonin (2009) considers D. asper a probable synonym of D. sinicus but presents no evidence for this statement. 5. Dermacentor atrosignatus Neumann, 1906 6. Dermacentor auratus Supino, 1897 7. Dermacentor circumguttatus Neumann, 1897 8. Dermacentor compactus Neumann, 1901 9. Dermacentor confragus (Schulze, 1933). Originally spelled confractus, the name was later corrected to confragus. The type specimens are currently being examined by one of us (TNP). We consider this name valid until studies of the type material permit a conclusive statement. Kolonin (2009) excludes this name from his list of ixodid ticks of the world. 10. Dermacentor dispar Cooley, 1937 11. Dermacentor dissimilis, Cooley 1947 12. Dermacentor everestianus Hirst, 1926. See D. abaensis. 13. Dermacentor halli McIntosh, 1931 14. Dermacentor hunteri Bishopp, 1912 15. Dermacentor imitans Warburton, 1933 16. Dermacentor latus Cooley, 1937 17. Dermacentor marginatus (Sulzer, 1776). See D. niveus and D. ushakovae. 18. Dermacentor montanus Filippova and Panova, 1974 19. Dermacentor nitens Neumann, 1897 (Anocentor). This is the type species of the genus Anocentor. 20. Dermacentor niveus Neumann, 1897. Kolonin (2009) lists this species as a synonym of D. daghestanicus Olenev, 1928, but, in fact, the latter name is a junior synonym of D. niveus (Guglielmone et al. 2009). Estrada-Peña and Estrada-Peña (1991) examined part of the syntype series of D. niveus (Cherestanek, Iran, ex Ovis aries, 1882, loaned by Prof. P.-C. Morel), concluding that this species is conspecific with D. marginatus, a view shared by Moshaverinia et al. (2009). A wider comparative study of D. marginatus, D. niveus and D. ushakovae appears to be needed to further demonstrate the validity of these taxa. We consider D. niveus provisionally valid while awaiting the results of this comparison. See also D. ushakovae. 21. Dermacentor nuttalli Olenev, 1928 22. Dermacentor occidentalis Marx, 1892 23. Dermacentor parumapertus Neumann, 1901 24. Dermacentor pavlovskyi Olenev, 1927 25. Dermacentor pomerantzevi Serdjukova, 1951 26. Dermacentor raskemensis Pomerantzev, 1946 27. Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabricius, 1794). This is the type species of the genus Dermacentor. It was originally named Acarus reticulatus. 28. Dermacentor rhinocerinus (Denny, 1843) 29. Dermacentor silvarum Olenev, 1931 30. Dermacentor sinicus Schulze, 1932. See D. asper. 31. Dermacentor

Argasidae 1. Antricola armasi de la Cruz and Estrada-Peña, 1995 (Carios) 2. Antricola centralis de la Cruz and Estrada-Peña, 1995 (Carios) 3. Antricola cernyi de la Cruz, 1978 (Carios) 4. Antricola coprophilus (McIntosh, 1935) (Carios). This is the type species of the genus Antricola; it was originally named Ornithodoros coprophilus. 5. Antricola delacruzi Estrada-Peña, Barros-Battesti and Venzal, 2004 (Carios) 6. Antricola granasi de la Cruz, 1973 (Carios) 7. Antricola guglielmonei Estrada-Peña, Barros-Battesti and Venzal, 2004 (Carios) 8. Antricola habanensis de la Cruz, 1976 (Carios) 9. Antricola hummelincki de la Cruz and Estrada-Peña, 1995 (Carios) 10. Antricola inexpectata Estrada-Peña, Barros-Battesti and Venzal, 2004 (Carios) 11. Antricola marginatus (Banks, 1910) (Carios, Parantricola). This is the type species of the genus Parantricola; it was originally named Ornithodoros marginatus. 12. Antricola martelorum de la Cruz, 1978 (Carios) 13. Antricola mexicanus Hoffmann, 1958 (Carios). Some authors have listed the year 1958 for the original description of Antricola mexicanus while others have used the year 1959. An inquiry to the U.S. Library of Congress has shown that Hoffmann (1958) was actually published in 1958. 14. Antricola naomiae de la Cruz, 1978 (Carios) 15. Antricola occidentalis de la Cruz, 1978 (Carios) 16. Antricola siboneyi de la Cruz and Estrada-Peña, 1995 (Carios) 17. Antricola silvai Č erný, 1967 (Carios) 1. Argas abdussalami Hoogstraal and McCarthy, 1965 2. Argas africolumbae Hoogstraal, Kaiser, Walker, Ledger, Converse and Rice, 1975 3. Argas arboreus Kaiser, Hoogstraal and Kohls, 1964 4. Argas assimilis Teng and Song, 1983 5. Argas australiensis Kohls and Hoogstraal, 1962 (Carios) 6. Argas beijingensis Teng, 1983 7. Argas beklemischevi Pospelova-Shtrom, Vasil´yeva and Semashko, 1963 8. Argas boueti Roubaud and Colas-Belcour, 1933 (Carios) 9. Argas brevipes Banks, 1908 10. Argas brumpti Neumann, 1907 (Ogadenus). This is the type species of the genus Ogadenus. 11. Argas bureschi Dryenski, 1957 12. Argas ceylonensis Hoogstraal and Kaiser, 1968 (Carios) 13. Argas confusus Hoogstraal, 1955 (Carios) 14. Argas cooleyi Kohls and Hoogstraal, 1960. If Ornithodoros cooleyi McIvor, 1941 belongs to Argas, it has priority here. 15. Argas cordiformis Hoogstraal and Kohls, 1967 (Carios) 16. Argas cucumerinus Neumann, 1901 17. Argas dalei Clifford, Keirans, Hoogstraal and Corwin, 1976 18. Argas daviesi Kaiser and Hoogstraal, 1973 (Carios) 19. Argas delicatus Neumann, 1910. This species is very close to A. vulgaris, as discussed in Guglielmone et al. (2009). We consider both names valid until the types can be compared. 20. Argas dewae Kaiser and Hoogstraal, 1974 (Carios) 21. Argas dulus Keirans, Clifford and Capriles, 1971 22. Argas echinops Hoogstraal, Uilenberg and Blanc, 1967 (Ogadenus) 23. Argas falco Kaiser and Hoogstraal, 1974 24. Argas giganteus Kohls and Clifford, 1968 25. Argas gilcolladoi Estrada-Peña, Lucientes and Sánchez, 1987 26. Argas hermanni Audouin, 1826 27. Argas himalayensis Hoogstraal and Kaiser, 1973 28. Argas hoogstraali Morel and Vassiliades, 1965 (Ogadenus) 29. Argas japonicus Yamaguti, Clifford and Tipton, 1968 30. Argas keiransi Estrada-Peña, Venzal and González-Acuña, 2003 31. Argas lagenoplastis Froggatt, 1906 32. Argas latus Filippova, 1961 33. Argas lowryae Kaiser and Hoogstraal, 1975 34. Argas macrodermae Hoogstraal, Moorhouse, Wolf and Wassef, 1977 (Carios) 35. Argas macrostigmatus Filippova, 1961 36. Argas magnus Neumann, 1896 37. Argas miniatus Koch, 1844 38. Argas monachus Keirans, Radovsky and Clifford, 1973 39. Argas monolakensis Schwan, Corwin and Brown, 1992 40. Argas moreli Keirans, Hoogstraal and Clifford, 1979 41. Argas neghmei Kohls and Hoogstraal, 1961 42. Argas nullarborensis Hoogstraal and Kaiser, 1973 43. Argas persicus (Oken, 1818) 44. Argas polonicus Siuda, Hoogstraal, Clifford and Wassef, 1979 45. Argas pusillus Kohls, 1950 (Carios) 46. Argas radiatus Railliet, 1893 47. Argas reflexus (Fabricius, 1794). This is the type species of the genus Argas; it was originally named Acarus reflexus. 48. Argas ricei Hoogstraal, Kaiser, Clifford and Keirans, 1975 49. Argas robertsi Hoogstraal, Kaiser and Kohls, 1968 50. Argas sanchezi Dugès, 1887 51. Argas sinensis Jeu and Zhu, 1982 (Carios) 52. Argas streptopelia Kaiser, Hoogstraal and Horner, 1970 53. Argas striatus Bedford, 1932 54. Argas theilerae Hoogstraal and Kaiser, 1970 55. Argas transgariepinus White, 1846 (Ogadenus) 56. Argas transversus Banks, 1902 (Microargas, Ornithodoros). This is the type species of the genus Microargas; it was originally named Argas transversa. 57. Argas tridentatus Filippova, 1961 58. Argas vespertilionis (Latreille, 1796) (Carios). This is the type species of the genus Carios; it was originally named Carios vespertilionis. Camicas et al. (1998) and Barker and Murrell (2008) consider Argas / Carios fischeri Audouin, 1826 a valid name, while Guglielmone et al. (2009) follow Hoogstraal (1958) and Filippova (1964) in considering this name a provisional synonym of A. vespertilionis. 59. Argas vulgaris Filippova, 1961. See A. delicatus. 60. Argas walkerae Kaiser and Hoogstraal, 1969 61. Argas zumpti Hoogstraal, Kaiser and Kohls, 1968 1. Nothoaspis reddelli Keirans and Clifford, 1975 (Carios). This is the type species of the genus Nothoaspis. 1. Ornithodoros acinus Whittick, 1938 (Alveonasus, Argas) 2. Ornithodoros alactagalis Issaakjan, 1936 (Alectorobius) 3. Ornithodoros amblus Chamberlin, 1920 (Alectorobius, Carios) 4. Ornithodoros antiquus Poinar, 1995. Fossil. 5. Ornithodoros apertus Walton, 1962 6. Ornithodoros aragaoi Fonseca, 1960 (Alectorobius, Carios). We consider this name to be provisionally valid, pending type comparison with O. rudis (Guglielmone et al. 2009). 7. Ornithodoros arenicolous Hoogstraal, 1953 (Alectorobius) 8. Ornithodoros asperus Warburton, 1918 (Alectorobius). See O. verrucosus. 9. Ornithodoros azteci Matheson, 1935 (Alectorobius, Carios) 10. Ornithodoros batuensis Hirst, 1929 (Alectorobius, Carios) 11. Ornithodoros brasiliensis Aragão, 1923 (Alectorobius) 12. Ornithodoros brodyi Matheson, 1935 (Alectorobius, Carios) 13. Ornithodoros camicasi (Sylla, Cornet and Marchand, 1997) (Alectorobius, Carios) 14. Ornithodoros canestrinii (Birula, 1895) (Argas, Alveonasus) 15. Ornithodoros capensis Neumann, 1901 (Alectorobius, Carios) 16. Ornithodoros casebeeri Jones and Clifford, 1972 (Alectorobius, Carios) 17. Ornithodoros cheikhi Vermeil, Marjolet and Vermeil, 1997 (Alectorobius, Carios) 18. Ornithodoros chironectes Jones and Clifford, 1972 (Alectorobius, Carios) 19. Ornithodoros chiropterphila Dhanda and Rajagopalan, 1971 (Alectorobius, Carios) 20. Ornithodoros cholodkovskyi Pavlovsky, 1930 (Alectorobius) 21. Ornithodoros clarki Jones and Clifford, 1972 (Carios) 22. Ornithodoros collocaliae Hoogstraal, Kadarsan, Kaiser and Van Peenen, 1974 (Alectorobius, Carios) 23. Ornithodoros compactus Walton, 1962 24. Ornithodoros concanensis Cooley and Kohls, 1941 (Alectorobius, Carios) 25. Ornithodoros coniceps (Canestrini, 1890) (Alectorobius, Carios) 26. Ornithodoros cooleyi McIvor, 1941 (Alveonasus, Argas). If this species belongs to Argas, it has priority over A. cooleyi Kohls and Hoogstraal, 1960. 27. Ornithodoros coriaceus Koch, 1844 28. Ornithodoros cyclurae de la Cruz, 1984 (Alectorobius, Carios) 29. Ornithodoros darwini Kohls, Clifford and Hoogstraal, 1969 (Alectorobius, Carios) 30. Ornithodoros delanoei Roubaud and Colas-Belcour, 1931 (Alveonasus, Argas) 31. Ornithodoros denmarki Kohls, Sonenshine and Clifford, 1965 (Alectorobius, Carios) 32. Ornithodoros dugesi Mazzotti, 1943 (Alectorobius, Carios). We consider this name to be provisionally valid (Guglielmone et al. 2009), although it is generally regarded as a synonym of O. talaje. 33. Ornithodoros dusbabeki Č erný, 1967 (Alectorobius, Carios) 34. Ornithodoros dyeri Cooley and Kohls, 1940 (Alectorobius, Carios) 35. Ornithodoros eboris Theiler, 1959 (Alveonasus, Argas) 36. Ornithodoros echimys Kohls, Clifford and Jones, 1969 (Alectorobius, Carios) 37. Ornithodoros elongatus Kohls, Sonenshine and Clifford, 1965 (Alectorobius, Carios) 38. Ornithodoros eptesicus Kohls, Clifford and Jones, 1969 (Alectorobius, Carios) 39. Ornithodoros eremicus Cooley and Kohls, 1941 40. Ornithodoros erraticus (Lucas, 1849) (Alectorobius) 41. Ornithodoros faini Hoogstraal, 1960 (Alectorobius, Carios) 42. Ornithodoros foleyi Parrot, 1928 (Alveonasus, Argas) 43. Ornithodoros fonsecai (Labruna and Venzal, 2009) (n. syn.) (Alectorobius, Carios). This species was recently described by Labruna and Venzal (2009), who placed it in the genus Carios. However, its morphology indicates that it should be included as a member of Ornithodoros (as in this classification) or Alectorobius. 44. Ornithodoros furcosus Neumann, 1908 (Alectorobius) 45. Ornithodoros galapagensis Kohls, Clifford and Hoogstraal, 1969 (Alectorobius, Carios) 46. Ornithodoros graingeri Heisch and Guggisberg, 1953 (Alectorobius) 47. Ornithodoros grenieri Klein, 1965 (Alectorobius) 48. Ornithodoros gurneyi Warburton, 1926 49. Ornithodoros hadiae (Klompen, Keirans and Durden, 1995) (Alectorobius, Carios) 50. Ornithodoros hasei (Schulze, 1935) (Alectorobius, Carios) 51. Ornithodoros hermsi Wheeler, Herms and Meyer, 1935 (Alectorobius) 52. Ornithodoros indica Rau and Rao, 1971 53. Ornithodoros jerseyi (Klompen and Grimaldi, 2001) (Carios). Fossil. 54. Ornithodoros jul Schulze, 1940 (Alectorobius, Carios) 55. Ornithodoros kelleyi Cooley and Kohls, 1941 (Alectorobius, Carios) 56. Ornithodoros knoxjonesi Jones and Clifford, 1972 (Alectorobius, Carios). We consider this name provisionally valid, pending comparison with O. dyeri (Guglielmone et al. 2009). 57. Ornithodoros kohlsi Guglielmone and Keirans, 2002 (Alectorobius, Carios). Originally named O. boliviensis Kohls and Clifford, 1964, which is preoccupied (Guglielmone et al. 2009). 58. Ornithodoros lahorensis Neumann, 1908 (Alveonasus, Argas). This is the type species of the genus Alveonasus. 59. Ornithodoros macmillani Hoogstraal and Kohls, 1966 (Alectorobius) 60. Ornithodoros madagascariensis Hoogstraal, 1962 (Alectorobius, Carios) 61. Ornithodoros marinkellei Kohls, Clifford and Jones, 1969 (Alectorobius, Carios) 62. Ornithodoros maritimus Vermeil and Marguet, 1967 (Alectorobius, Carios) 63. Ornithodoros marmosae Jones and Clifford, 1972 (Alectorobius, Carios) 64. Ornithodoros marocanus Velu, 1919. We consider this name provisionally valid, pending type comparison with O. erraticus (Guglielmone et al. 2009). 65. Ornithodoros mimon Kohls, Clifford and Jones, 1969 (Alectorobius, Carios) 66. Ornithodoros mormoops Kohls, Clifford and Jones, 1969 (Alectorobius, Carios) 67. Ornithodoros moubata (Murray, 1877) 68. Ornithodoros muesebecki Hoogstraal, 1969 (Alectorobius, Carios) 69. Ornithodoros multisetosus (Klompen, Keirans and Durden, 1995) (Alectorobius, Carios) 70. Ornithodoros natalinus Č erný and Dusbábek, 1967 (Alectorobius, Carios) 71. Ornithodoros nattereri Warburton, 1927. We consider this name provisionally valid, pending comparison with O. rostratus (Guglielmone et al. 2009). 72. Ornithodoros nicollei Mooser, 1932 73. Ornithodoros normandi Larrousse, 1923 (Alectorobius) 74. Ornithodoros papuensis (Klompen, Keirans and Durden, 1995) (Alectorobius, Carios) 75. Ornithodoros papillipes (Birula, 1895) (Alectorobius). This species is considered a synonym of O. tholozani by many Western scientists (Hoogstraal, 1985), but East European workers strongly defend the validity of this name with arguments that are scientifically sound (Filippova, 1966). The uncertain status of these taxa has led us to treat them both as provisionally valid. 76. Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley, 1936 (Alectorobius) 77. Ornithodoros peringueyi Bedford and Hewitt, 1925 (Argas, Ogadenus) 78. Ornithodoros peropteryx Kohls, Clifford and Jones, 1969 (Alectorobius, Carios) 79. Ornithodoros peruvianus Kohls, Clifford and Jones, 1969 (Alectorobius, Carios) 80. Ornithodoros peusi (Schulze, 1943) (Argas, Ogadenus) 81. Ornithodoros piriformis Warburton, 1918 (Alectorobius, Carios) 82. Ornithodoros porcinus Walton, 1962 83. Ornithodoros procaviae Theodor and Costa, 1960 (Alectorobius) 84. Ornithodoros puertoricensis Fox, 1947 (Alectorobius, Carios) 85. Ornithodoros rennellensis Clifford and Sonenshine, 1962 (Alectorobius, Carios) 86. Ornithodoros rioplatensis Venzal, Estrada-Peña and Mangold, 2008 (Alectorobius, Carios) 87. Ornithodoros rondoniensis (Labruna, Terassini, Camargo, Brandão, Ribeiro and Estrada-Peña, 2008) (Alectorobius, Carios). 88. Ornithodoros rossi Kohls, Sonenshine and Clifford, 1965 (Alectorobius, Carios) 89. Ornithodoros rostratus Aragão, 1911 90. Ornithodoros rudis Karsch, 1880 (Alectorobius, Carios) 91. Ornithodoros salahi Hoogstraal, 1953 (Alectorobius, Carios) 92. Ornithodoros savignyi (Audouin, 1826). This is the type species of the genus Ornithodoros; it was originally named Argas savignyi. There is discrepancy concerning the year of description, which some authors consider to be 1827; this discrepancy also includes the reference for the description. 93. Ornithodoros sawaii Kitaoka and Suzuki, 1973 (Alectorobius, Carios) 94. Ornithodoros setosus Kohls, Clifford and Jones, 1969 (Alectorobius, Carios) 95. Ornithodoros solomonis Dumbleton, 1959 (Alectorobius, Carios) 96. Ornithodoros sonrai Sautet and Witkowski, 1943 (Alectorobius) 97. Ornithodoros sparnus Kohls and Clifford, 1963 (Alectorobius, Otobius) 98. Ornithodoros spheniscus Hoogstraal, Wassef, Hays and Keirans, 1985 (Alectorobius, Carios) 99. Ornithodoros stageri Cooley and Kohls, 1941 (Alectorobius, Carios) 100. Ornithodoros tadaridae Č erný and Dusbábek, 1967 (Alectorobius, Carios) 101. Ornithodoros talaje (Guérin-Méneville, 1849) (Alectorobius, Carios). This is the type species of the genus Alectorobius; it was originally named Argas talaje. See also O. dugesi. 102. Ornithodoros tartakovskyi Olenev, 1931 (Alectorobius) 103. Ornithodoros tholozani (Laboulbène and Mégnin, 1882) (Alectorobius). See also O. papillipes. 104. Ornithodoros tiptoni Jones and Clifford, 1972 (Alectorobius, Carios) 105. Ornithodoros turicata (Dugès, 1876) (Alectorobius) 106. Ornithodoros tuttlei Jones and Clifford, 1972 (Alectorobius, Carios) 107. Ornithodoros vansomereni Keirans, Hoogstraal and Clifford, 1977 (Argas, Ogadenus) 108. Ornithodoros verrucosus Olenev, Zasukhin and Fenyuk, 1934 (Alectorobius) is considered a synonym of O. asperus by Western workers (Hoogstraal, 1985), but Russian scientists present sound evidence for its validity (Filippova, 1966). We tentatively accept both taxa, pending further studies. 109. Ornithodoros viguerasi Cooley and Kohls, 1941 (Alectorobius, Carios) 110. Ornithodoros yumatensis Cooley and Kohls, 1941 (Alectorobius, Carios) 111. Ornithodoros yunkeri Keirans, Clifford and Hoogstraal, 1984 (Alectorobius, Carios) 112. Ornithodoros zump

Nuttalliellidae 1. Nuttalliella namaqua Bedford, 1931. This is the type species of the genus Nuttalliella.

Hyalomma (Hyalommina) kumari Sharif, 1928 (Figs. 13���18) Type specimens. Syntypes (male and female; not quantified) ex tahr, Hemitragus hylocrius (Ogilby) from Parambikulam, Cochin State [now Kerala State, India]; deposited in the Indian Museum, reg. № 2173 / 17 (Kolkata, India) (p. 320, Sharif 1928). Some of syntypes (2 males, 2 females; Nuttall 3659) are housed in the Natural History Museum (London) (Keirans & Hillyard 2001). Later authors have added the following data for the syntypes: the date of the collection (16-24 Sept 1924) and the collector (F.A. Gravely). Material studied. A total of 40 males, 30 females, 17 nymphs and 30 larvae that originated from Afghanistan, India, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan and Tajikistan were examined in the present study. Description. Male (Figs. 13, 14) Conscutum (Fig. 13): narrow, length 2.28���3.22 (2.68 �� 0.25, n = 19), width 1.34���1.78 (1.52 �� 0.12, n = 19), ratio length:width 1.62���1.87 (1.76 �� 0.07, n = 19); usually yellow-brown; fairly sparse large, mediumsized and small punctations mainly on anterior part of conscutum, caudal and lateral fields. Spiracular plate (Fig. 14 C): perforated portion of prolongation very broad. Female (Figs. 15, 16) Scutum (Fig. 15): length 1.42���2.05 (1.74 �� 0.16, n = 10), width 1.29���1.85 (1.55 �� 0.16, n = 10), ratio length:width 1.09���1.20 (1.13 �� 0.03, n = 10); usually yellow-brown; large and medium-sized punctations moderately dense on lateral fields and anterior part of central fields; punctations sparse on cervical fields and on central and posterior parts of central field. Genital structures (Fig. 16 A): genital aperture narrow, arcuate (U-shaped); vestibular portion of vagina markedly bulging; preatrial fold of genital aperture bulging throughout its length (Fig. 16 B). Nymph (Fig. 17) Scutum (Fig. 17 A): length 461���556 (510 �� 22.94, n= 16), width 421���485 (463 �� 18.47, n= 16), ratio length:width 1.03���1.15 (1.10 �� 0.03, n= 16), distance between posterior margin of eyes and posterior margin of scutum 143���187 (165 �� 11.52, n= 16), width:length of posterior portion of scutum 2.55 ���3.00 (2.81 �� 0.13, n= 16); slight posterolateral depressions on either side of scutal extremity. Basis capituli (Figs. 17 D, E): length 340���400 (365 �� 17.37, n= 16); width 290���348 (316 �� 17.48, n= 16), ratio length:width 1.11���1.20 (1.16 �� 0.03, n= 16); ventrally lateral saliences slightly convex without spur. Palpi (segment II) (Figs. 17 D, E): length 146���180 (158 �� 9.03, n= 16), width 44���48 (46 �� 1.57, n= 16), ratio length:width 3.11���3.83 (3.42 �� 0.20, n= 16). Hypostome (Fig. 17 E): length 154���190 (170 �� 9.86, n= 16), width 38���50 (44 �� 3.39, n= 16), ratio length:width 3.24���4.10 (3.87 �� 0.20, n= 16); rounded at apex; 8 or 9 large denticles in median file. Coxae (Fig. 17 F): coxae II with moderate spur. Larva (Fig. 18) Scutum (Fig. 18 A): length 216���232 (225 �� 3.92, n= 30), width 314���332 (323 �� 4.54, n= 30), ratio length:width 0.67���0.72 (0.69 �� 0.01, n= 30), distance from posterior margin of eyes to posterior margin of scutum 48���56 (52 �� 2.22, n= 30), ratio width:length of posterior portion 5.71���6.92 (6.25 �� 0.29, n= 30). Portion of scutum posterior to eyes slightly less than 1 / 4 of scutal length. Basis capituli (Figs. 18 B, C): length 148���166 (159 �� 3.53, n= 30), width 152���162 (158 �� 2.19, n= 30), ratio length:width 0.95���1.06 (1.01 �� 0.02, n= 30). Palpi (segments II and III) (Figs. 18 B, C): length 108���114 (111 �� 1.58, n= 30), width 31���36 (32 �� 0.97, n= 30), ratio length:width 3.08���3.56 (3.42 �� 0.11, n= 30). Hypostome (Fig. 18 C): length 86���92 (90 �� 1.67, n= 30), width 21���22 (21 �� 0.51, n= 30), ratio length:width 4.00��� 4.38 (4.17 �� 0.11, n= 30); 7 or 8 large denticles in median file. Genu I: length 118���126 (121 �� 1.98, n= 30), width 42���44 (43 �� 0.92, n= 8), ratio length:width 2.73 ���3.00 (2.83 �� 0.08, n= 8). Hosts. The principal hosts of the adults are large and medium-sized domestic and wild ungulates: cattle, goats, buffaloes, sheep, pigs, camels, horses, donkeys, Indian muntjac, Muntiacus muntjak (Zimmermann), tahr, Hemitragus hylocrius (Ogilby), markhor, Capra falconeri (Wagner) and wild goat, Capra hircus Linnaeus. Adults have also been recorded from domestic dogs and tiger, P. tigris (our data; Sharif 1928; Starkov 1972; Miranpuri & Naithani 1978; Hoogstraal & Valdez 1980; Geevarghese & Dhanda 1987). The main hosts of the immature stages of H. kumari are various rodents and other small mammals. The immature stages have been recorded from Asian house shrew, S. murinus, Blanford���s rat, C. blanfordi, Cutch rat, C. cutchicus, house rat, R. rattus, soft-furred rat, M. meltada, Indian bush rat, G. ellioti, rock-loving mouse, M. saxicola, flat-haired mouse, M. platythrix, little Indian field mouse, M. booduga and Indian gerbil, T. indica (Singh & Dhanda 1965; Kaul et al. 1978, 1979; Geevarghese & Dhanda 1987). One larva has been recorded from a bird: munia, Lonchura sp. (Kaul et al. 1978). It is most probable that the records of the immature stages from larger domestic animals such as goats, buffaloes and dogs (Chaudhuri 1970; Gill & Gill 1977) are the result of confusing their identification with those of H. anatolicum or H. dromedarii Koch, 1844. These records and the identification of the immature stages need to be rechecked. Geographic distribution. Asia: Afghanistan, India, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan and Tajikistan (our data; Sharif 1928; Kaiser & Hoogstraal 1963, 1964; Starkov 1972; Hoogstraal & Valdez 1980; Geevarghese & Dhanda 1987). Upon revising the Hyalomma collection of the USNTC we found a collection lot containing H. kumari from Iran: RML 98817 (HH 54068), 2 females, Iran, Fars, 3.4 miles North of Bastak, ex Capra hircus aegagrus, 20 November 1968, R.W. Rust leg. Previously both females had been incorrectly identified as Hyalomma asiaticum Schulze & Schlottke, 1930; this is now the second record of H. kumari from Iran. Identification. The differential characters for identification of all stages of the life cycles of H. brevipunctata, H. hussaini and H. kumari are summarized in Table 1. Character Tick species and stage of development H. brevipunctata H. hussaini H. kumari Male 1. Conscutum ��� avg. length �� width (their ratio) 2.52 �� 1.48 (1.70) 2.65 �� 1.65 (1.61) 2.68 �� 1.52 (1.76) 2. Conscutum ��� width Relatively broad Relatively broad Narrow 3. Conscutum ��� color Red-brown Red-brown Yellow-brown 4. Punctations on conscutum Dense Sparse Moderately sparse Female 1. Scutum ��� avg. length �� width (their ratio) 1.78 �� 1.64 (1.08) 1.75 �� 1.69 (1.03) 1.74 �� 1.55 (1.13) 2. Conscutum ��� color Red-brown Red-brown Yellow-brown 3. Punctations of scutum Dense Sparse Moderately sparse 4. Genital operculum Narrow U-shaped Broad U-shaped Narrow U-shaped 5. Pre-atrial fold of genital operculum Humped anteriorly and Humped anteriorly and Humped throughout sloping posteriorly sloping posteriorly its length Nymph 1. Scutum ��� avg. length �� width (their ratio) 609 �� 512 (1.19) 487 �� 494 (0.99) 510 �� 463 (1.10) 2. Scutum ��� avg. length of posterior part 230 156 165 3. Scutum ��� avg. ratio width to length of posterior part 2.23 3.16 2.81 4. Gnathosoma ��� avg. length �� width (their ratio) 402 �� 346 (1.16) 351 �� 313 (1.12) 365 �� 316 (1.16) 5. Palpi ��� avg. length �� width (their ratio) 168 �� 47 (3.57) 158 �� 47 (3.37) 146 �� 46 (3.42) 6. Hypostome ��� avg. length �� width (their ratio) 182 �� 44 (4.14) 165 �� 52 (3.18) 170 �� 44 (3.87) 7. Scutum posteriolateral margin Without depressions With depressions With depressions 8. Lateral saliences of basis capituli ventrally Without spur With spur Without spur 9. Hypostome Tapering at apex Blunt at apex Blunt at apex 10. Number of denticles in median file of hypostome 7 7 or 8 8 or 9 11. Spur of coxae II Moderate Large Moderate Larva 1. Scutum ��� avg. length �� width (their ratio) 233 �� 317 (0.74) 223 �� 325 (0.69) 225 �� 323 (0.69) 2. Scutum ��� avg. length of posterior part 57 53 52 3. Scutum ��� avg. ratio width to length of posterior part 5.52 6.15 6.25 4. Gnathosoma ��� avg. length �� width (their ratio) 153 �� 157 (0.98) 147 �� 158 (0.93) 159 �� 158 (1.01) 5. Palpi ��� avg. length �� width (their ratio) 112 �� 36 (3.12) 109 �� 33 (3.26) 111 �� 32 (3.42) 6. Hypostome ��� avg. length �� width (their ratio) 86 �� 21 (4.12) 86 �� 22 (3.80) 90 �� 21 (4.17) 7. Genu ��� avg. length �� width (their ratio) 128 �� 44 (2.95) 120 �� 44 (2.69) 121 �� 43 (2.83) 8. Number of denticles in median file of hypostome 6 6 7 or 8, Published as part of Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., Horak, Ivan G. & Geevarghese, Geevarghese, 2009, The genus Hyalomma Koch, 1844. VIII. Redescription of three Hyalommina Schulze, 1919 species (Acari: Ixodidae) from South Asia with notes on their biology, pp. 31-55 in Zootaxa 2050 on pages 47-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.186557, {"references":["Sharif, M. (1928) A revision of the Indian Ixodidae with special reference to the collection in the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 30, 217 - 344.","Keirans, J. E. & Hillyard, P. D. (2001) A catalogue of the type specimens of Ixodida (Acari: Argasidae, Ixodidae) deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology, 13, 1 - 74.","Starkov, O. A. (1972) Hyalomma (Hyalommina) kumari Sharif, 1928 (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) - a new species of bloodsucking tick for fauna of the USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Tadzhikskoi SSR, Otdelenie Biologicheskikh Nauk, 1, 73 - 75. (in Russian)","Miranpuri, G. S. & Naithani R. C. (1978) A check list of Indian ticks (Ixodoidea: Acarina). Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India, 50 pp.","Hoogstraal, H. & Valdez, R. (1980) Ticks (Ixodoidea) from wild sheep and goats in Iran and medical and veterinary implications. Fieldiana Zoology, 6, 1 - 16.","Geevarghese, G. & Dhanda, V. (1987) The Indian Hyalomma ticks (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India, 119 pp.","Singh, K. R. P. & Dhanda, V. (1965) Description and keys of immature stages of some species of Indian Hyalomma Koch, 1844 (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Acarologia, 7, 636 - 651.","Kaul, H. N., Mishra, A. C., Dhanda, V., Kulkarni, S. M. & Guttikar, S. N. (1978) Ectoparasitic arthropods of birds and mammals from Rajasthan State, India. Indian Journal of Parasitology, 2, 19 - 25.","Kaul, H. N., Dhanda, V. & Mishra, A. C. (1979) A survey of ixodid ticks in Orissa State, India. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 49, 707 - 712.","Gill, H. S. & Gill, B. S. (1977) Ixodid ticks of domestic animals in the Punjab State. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India, 69 pp.","Kaiser, M. N. and Hoogstraal, H. (1963) The Hyalomma ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) of Afghanistan. Journal of Parasitology, 49, 130 - 139.","Kaiser, M. N. and Hoogstraal, H. (1964) The Hyalomma ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) of Pakistan, India, and Ceylon, with keys to subgenera and species. Acarologia, 6, 257 - 286."]}

Hyalomma (Hyalommina) hussaini Sharif, 1928 (Figs. 7���12) Type specimens. Syntypes (sex not indicated; not quantified) ex cattle from Akola Town in the Central Provinces [now Maharashtra State, India]; deposited in the Indian Museum, reg. № 57 / 18 (Kolkata, India) (p. 317, Sharif 1928). Material studied. A total of 31 males, 26 females, 7 nymphs and 32 larvae that originated from India, Myanmar and Pakistan were examined in the current study. Synonym. Hyalomma hussaini forma typica Sharif, 1928 Description. Male (Figs. 7, 8) Conscutum (Fig. 7): length 2.21���2.93 (2.65 �� 0.17, n = 25), width 1.34���1.82 (1.65 �� 0.12, n = 25), ratio length:width 1.51���1.76 (1.61 �� 0.06, n = 25); dark red-brown; sparse large punctations mainly on anterior part of conscutum, lateral and caudal fields. Spiracular plate (Fig. 8 C): perforated portion of prolongation very broad. Female (Figs. 9, 10) Scutum (Fig. 9): length 1.62���1.88 (1.75 �� 0.08, n = 19), width 1.52���1.85 (1.69 �� 0.09, n = 19), ratio length:width 1.00��� 1.06 (1.03 �� 0.02, n = 19); usually dark red-brown; large, deep punctations sparse, evenly distributed over scutum. Genital structures (Fig. 10 A): genital aperture very wide, arcuate (U-shaped); vestibular portion of vagina markedly bulging; preatrial fold of genital aperture bulging anteriorly and sloping sharply posteriorly (Fig. 10 B). Nymph (Fig. 11) Scutum (Fig. 11 A): length 449���525 (487 �� 27.51, n= 6), width 453���533 (494 �� 27.59, n= 6), ratio length:width 0.88���1.06 (0.99 �� 0.07, n= 6), distance between posterior margin of eyes and posterior margin of scutum 151���175 (156 �� 9.63, n= 6), width:length of posterior portion of scutum 2.82���3.39 (3.16 �� 0.22, n= 6); slight posterolateral depressions on either side of scutal extremity. Basis capituli (Figs. 11 D, E): length 312���376 (351 �� 21.97, n= 6); width 292���332 (313 �� 16.33, n= 6), ratio length:width 1.07���1.15 (1.12 �� 0.03, n= 6); ventrally lateral saliences with moderate spur directed posteriorly. Palpi (segment II) (Figs. 11 D, E): length 140���176 (158 �� 11.48, n= 6), width 45���48 (47 �� 1.09, n= 6), ratio length:width 3.04���3.83 (3.37 �� 0.26, n= 6). Hypostome (Fig. 11 E): length 144���178 (165 �� 11.64, n= 6), width 50���54 (52 �� 1.26, n= 6), ratio length:width 2.77���3.42 (3.18 �� 0.23, n= 6); rounded at apex; 7 or 8 large denticles in median file. Coxae (Fig. 11 F): coxae II with large triangular spur. Larva (Fig. 12) Scutum (Fig. 12 A): length 208���232 (223 �� 5.69, n= 32), width 300���344 (325 �� 9.21, n= 32), ratio length:width 0.66���0.72 (0.69 �� 0.01, n= 32), distance from posterior margin of eyes to posterior margin of scutum 48���58 (53 �� 2.32, n= 32), ratio width:length of posterior portion 5.57���6.92 (6.15 �� 0.31, n= 32). Portion of scutum posterior to eyes nearly equal to 1 / 4 of scutal length. Basis capituli (Figs. 12 B, C): length 136���160 (147 �� 5.60, n= 32), width 150���164 (158 �� 3.42, n= 32), ratio length:width 0.89 ���1.00 (0.93 �� 0.03, n= 32). Palpi (segments II and III) (Figs. 12 B, C): length 104���114 (109 �� 2.18, n= 32), width 32���34 (33 �� 0.83, n= 32), ratio length:width 3.12���3.44 (3.26 �� 0.08, n= 32). Hypostome (Fig. 12 C): length 80���90 (86 �� 2.33, n= 32), width 22���24 (22 �� 0.62, n= 32), ratio length:width 3.58 ���4.00 (3.80 �� 0.10, n= 32); 6 large denticles in median file. Genu I: length 114���128 (120 �� 2.44, n= 32), width 42���46 (44 �� 1.40, n= 7), ratio length:width 2.56���2.86 (2.69 �� 0.10, n= 7). Hosts. The main hosts of the adults are large and medium-sized domestic and wild ungulates: cattle, buffaloes, camels, goats, sheep, pigs, horses and nilgai, B. tragocamelus. The adults have also been recorded from domestic dogs, a bear and humans (our data; Sharif 1928; Kaiser & Hoogstraal 1964; Miranpuri & Naithani 1978; Geevarghese & Dhanda 1987; Robbins et al. 2002). The chief hosts of the immature stages are small mammals such as rodents and shrews. Larvae and nymphs have been recorded from: Asian house shrew, S. murinus, house rat, R. rattus, Indian bush rat, Golunda ellioti Gray, Indian desert jird, Meriones hurrianae Jordon and rock-loving mouse, M. saxicola (Singh & Dhanda 1965; Wattal & Srivastva 1967; Geevarghese & Dhanda 1987). Geographic distribution. Asia: India, Myanmar and Pakistan (our data; Sharif 1928; Kaiser & Hoogstraal 1964; Geevarghese & Dhanda 1987; Robbins et al. 2002)., Published as part of Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., Horak, Ivan G. & Geevarghese, Geevarghese, 2009, The genus Hyalomma Koch, 1844. VIII. Redescription of three Hyalommina Schulze, 1919 species (Acari: Ixodidae) from South Asia with notes on their biology, pp. 31-55 in Zootaxa 2050 on pages 39-47, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.186557, {"references":["Sharif, M. (1928) A revision of the Indian Ixodidae with special reference to the collection in the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 30, 217 - 344.","Kaiser, M. N. and Hoogstraal, H. (1964) The Hyalomma ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) of Pakistan, India, and Ceylon, with keys to subgenera and species. Acarologia, 6, 257 - 286.","Miranpuri, G. S. & Naithani R. C. (1978) A check list of Indian ticks (Ixodoidea: Acarina). Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India, 50 pp.","Geevarghese, G. & Dhanda, V. (1987) The Indian Hyalomma ticks (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India, 119 pp.","Robbins, R. G., Platt, S. G. & Keirans, J. E. (2002) First report of Hyalomma marginatum isaaci Sharif (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) from the Union of Myanmar, with a concurrent collection of H. hussaini Sharif. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 104, 1061 - 1063.","Singh, K. R. P. & Dhanda, V. (1965) Description and keys of immature stages of some species of Indian Hyalomma Koch, 1844 (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Acarologia, 7, 636 - 651.","Wattal, B. L. & Srivastva, S. P. (1967) Ectoparasite fauna of small mammals and domestic animals in the neighbourhood of Alwar city (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Indian Society for Malaria and other Communicable Diseases, 4, 191 - 202."]}

Hyalomma (Hyalommina) kumari group (Figs. 1���18) Species composition. Hyalomma brevipunctata Sharif, 1928, H. hussaini Sharif, 1928 and H. kumari Sharif, 1928. Description. Male (Figs. 1, 2, 7, 8, 13, 14) Conscutum (Figs. 1, 7, 13): pale marbling absent; narrowly oval in shape; broadest posterior to midlength; slight narrowing in region of spiracular plates; cervical and lateral grooves shallow, up to 1 / 4 - 1 / 3 length of conscutum; marginal grooves long, almost reaching eyes; posteromedian groove does not reach median festoon (or may reach it in H. hussaini); paramedian grooves well defined, pit-like; caudal field inconspicuous; parma always absent; 11 distinct festoons. Genital structures (Figs. 2 A, 8 A, 14 A) as illustrated. Anal shields (Figs. 2 B, 8 B, 14 B): 2 pairs, subanal plates absent; adanal plates short, broad, lateral margin slightly convex or straight, anteromedian margin concave, median projection absent, posteromedian margin straight, posterior margin straight. Sclerotized plaques present ventrally on median and paramedian festoons. Spiracular plate (Figs. 2 C, 8 C, 14 C): dorsal prolongation long and not clearly separable from body of plate; perforated portion of prolongation straight, curving at its apex. Circumspiracular setae sparse. Basis capituli (Figs. 2 D, E, 8 D, E, 14 D, E): with prominent lateral projections dorsally and ventrally; dorsal posterior margin straight or slightly concave; cornua modest. Palpi (Figs. 2 F, 8 F, 14 F): segment I with 2 or 3 ventromedian setae. Hypostome (Figs. 2 G, 8 G, 14 G): club-shaped; denticulate portion nearly twice as long as denticle-free portion (small scale-like projections posterior to last large denticle are not considered denticles). Coxae (Figs. 2 H, 8 H, 14 H): posteromedian and posterolateral spurs of coxae I long, posterolateral spur slightly longer than posteromedian spur, juxtaposed, tapering to apices; median margin of coxae I without triangular projection; coxae II���IV each with distinct, subtriangular posterolateral spur, and with slight, broadly arcuate, posteromedian spur. Segments of legs uniformly yellow- or red-brown. Female (Figs. 3, 4, 9, 10, 15, 16) Scutum (Figs. 3, 9, 15): pale marbling absent; slightly longer than broad; posterolateral angles moderate; cervical and lateral grooves shallow, extending medially to posterior margin of scutum. Spiracular plates (Figs. 4 C, 10 C, 16 C): perforated portion of dorsal projection curved, broad. Circumspiracular setae sparse. Basis capituli (Figs. 4 D, E, 10 D, E, 16 D, E): with prominent dorsal and ventral lateral projections; dorsal posterior margin very slightly concave or straight; dorsal cornua inconspicuous. Palpi (Figs. 4 F, 10 F, 16 F): segment I with 3 or 4 ventromedian setae. Hypostome (Figs. 4 G, 10 G, 16 G): club-shaped; denticulate portion nearly twice as long as denticle-free portion. Coxae (Figs. 4 H, 10 H, 16 H): posteromedian and posterolateral spurs of coxa I long, posterolateral spur slightly longer than posteromedian spur, juxtaposed, tapering to apices; median margin of coxae I without triangular projection; coxae II���IV each with distinct, broadly triangular posterolateral spur, with rounded apex; and each with slight, broadly arcuate, posteromedian spur. Segments of legs uniformly yellow- or redbrown. Nymph (Figs. 5, 11, 17) Scutum (Figs. 5 A, 11 A, 17 A): posterior margin of scutum broadly rounded. Setae of alloscutum (Figs. 5 B, 11 B, 17 B): narrowing to denticulate apex. Spiracular plates (Figs. 5 C, 11 C, 17 C): oval; dorsal prolongation indistinct, short, broad, blunt at apex; submarginal row of perforations incomplete. Basis capituli (Figs. 5 D, E, 11 D, E, 17 D, E): subtriangular dorsally with long and acute lateral saliences. Palpi (segment II) (Figs. 5 D, E, 11 D, E, 17 D, E): palpal segment II proximally narrow, gradually expanding distally. Hypostome (Figs. 5 E, 11 E, 17 E): transition of denticulate portion to denticle-free portion abrupt; denticulate portion approximately 2 / 3 of hypostome length. Coxae (Figs. 5 F, 11 F, 17 F): coxa I with long, very broad, juxtaposed, subtriangular spurs nearly equal in length; coxae III and IV each with moderate spur, spurs conspicuously decrease in size from coxae II to IV; coxal pore present (at least on coxae I). Larva (Figs. 6, 12, 18) Scutum (Figs. 6 A, 12 A, 18 A): posterior margin of scutum broadly rounded; posterolateral depressions absent. Basis capituli (Figs. 6 B, C, 12 B, C, 18 B, C): subtriangular dorsally; apex of dorsolateral projections directed laterally; dorsolateral projections distinct and acute from ventral aspect. Hypostome (Figs. 6 C, 12 C, 18 C): transition of denticulate portion to denticle-free portion abrupt; denticulate portion approximately 2 / 3 of hypostome length. Coxae (Figs. 6 D, 12 D, 18 D): coxa I with large, long triangular spur tapering at apex directed posteriorly or medially; coxae II and III each with slight spur ��� arcuate on coxae II and triangular on coxae III. Hosts. All species of the H. kumari group are three-host ticks (Geevarghese & Dhanda 1987). The principal hosts of the adults are various wild and domestic ungulates. Carnivores are apparently secondary or occasional hosts. Larvae and nymphs are specific to various groups of small mammals (Geevarghese & Dhanda 1987; Kaiser & Hoogstraal 1963, 1964; Sharif 1928; Singh & Dhanda 1965). Geographic distribution. South Asia and neighboring regions of Central Asia. Disease relationships. Little is known about the vector status of the South Asian Hyalommina species, except that the organism causing Q-fever, Coxiella burnetti, has been isolated from H. hussaini in India (Geevarghese & Dhanda 1987)., Published as part of Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., Horak, Ivan G. & Geevarghese, Geevarghese, 2009, The genus Hyalomma Koch, 1844. VIII. Redescription of three Hyalommina Schulze, 1919 species (Acari: Ixodidae) from South Asia with notes on their biology, pp. 31-55 in Zootaxa 2050 on pages 32-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.186557, {"references":["Sharif, M. (1928) A revision of the Indian Ixodidae with special reference to the collection in the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 30, 217 - 344.","Geevarghese, G. & Dhanda, V. (1987) The Indian Hyalomma ticks (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India, 119 pp.","Kaiser, M. N. and Hoogstraal, H. (1963) The Hyalomma ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) of Afghanistan. Journal of Parasitology, 49, 130 - 139.","Kaiser, M. N. and Hoogstraal, H. (1964) The Hyalomma ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) of Pakistan, India, and Ceylon, with keys to subgenera and species. Acarologia, 6, 257 - 286.","Singh, K. R. P. & Dhanda, V. (1965) Description and keys of immature stages of some species of Indian Hyalomma Koch, 1844 (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Acarologia, 7, 636 - 651."]}

Hyalomma (Hyalommina) brevipunctata Sharif, 1928 (Figs. 1���6) Type specimens. Syntypes (male and female; not quantified) ex dog from Anantapur in the Madras Presidency [now Andhra Pradesh State, India]; deposited in the Indian Museum, reg. № 56 / 18 (Kolkata, India) (p. 318, Sharif 1928). Material studied. A total of 77 males, 46 females, 6 nymphs and 24 larvae that were collected in India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka were examined in the present study. Synonym. Hyalomma hussaini var. brevipunctata Sharif, 1928 Description. Male (Figs. 1, 2) Conscutum (Fig. 1): length 2.16���2.98 (2.52 �� 0.24, n = 34), width 1.20���1.73 (1.48 �� 0.14, n = 34), ratio length:width 1.51���1.87 (1.70 �� 0.08, n = 34); red-brown; fairly dense large and medium-sized punctations mainly on anterior part of conscutum, and on caudal and lateral fields, sparse, fine punctations on central part of conscutum. Spiracular plate (Fig. 2 C): perforated portion of prolongation moderately broad. Female (Figs. 3, 4) Scutum (Fig. 3): length 1.45���2.05 (1.78 �� 0.14, n = 30), width 1.42���1.91 (1.64 �� 0.13, n = 30), ratio length:width 1.00��� 1.17 (1.08 �� 0.04, n = 30); red-brown; moderately dense large punctations mainly on cervical and anterior part of central fields; moderately dense medium-sized and small punctations evenly distributed on lateral and central fields. Genital structures (Fig. 4 A): genital aperture narrow, arcuate (Ushaped) with arcuate or straight posterior margin; vestibular portion of vagina markedly bulging; preatrial fold of genital aperture bulging anteriorly and sharply sloping posteriorly (Fig. 4 B). Nymph (Fig. 5) Scutum (Fig. 5 A): length 548���644 (609 �� 42.29, n= 5), width 477���533 (512 �� 21.48, n= 5), ratio length:width 1.14���1.23 (1.19 �� 0.04, n= 5), distance between posterior margin of eyes and posterior margin of scutum 215���238 (230 �� 10.67, n= 5), width:length of posterior portion of scutum 2.14���2.37 (2.23 �� 0.09, n= 5); posterolateral depressions on either side of scutal extremity absent. Basis capituli (Figs. 5 D, E): length 372���432 (402 �� 26.32, n= 5); width 328���362 (346 �� 14.79, n= 5), ratio length:width 1.13���1.19 (1.16 �� 0.03, n= 5); ventrally lateral saliences slightly convex without spur. Palpi (segment II) (Figs. 5 D, E): length 154���178 (168 �� 9.32, n= 5), width 45���48 (47 �� 1.41, n= 5), ratio length:width 3.21���3.87 (3.57 �� 0.29, n= 5). Hypostome (Fig. 5 E): length 168���196 (182 �� 13.04, n= 5), width 40���48 (44 �� 3.16, n= 5), ratio length:width 4.04���4.26 (4.14 �� 0.09, n= 5); tapering at apex; 7 large denticles in median file. Coxae (Fig. 5 F): coxae II with moderate spur. Larva (Fig. 6) Scutum (Fig. 6 A): length 220���240 (233 �� 4.81, n= 24), width 308���328 (317 �� 5.44, n= 24), ratio length:width 0.70���0.77 (0.74 �� 0.02, n= 24), distance from posterior margin of eyes to posterior margin of scutum 52���60 (57 �� 2.23, n= 24), ratio width:length of posterior portion 5.13���6.08 (5.52 �� 0.22, n= 24). Portion of scutum posterior to eyes nearly equal to 1 / 4 of scutal length. Basis capituli (Figs. 6 B, C): length 144���160 (153 �� 3.39, n= 24), width 152���162 (157 �� 2.91, n= 23), ratio length:width 0.94���1.01 (0.98 �� 0.02, n= 23). Palpi (segments II and III) (Figs. 6 B, C): length 109���114 (112 �� 1.57, n= 24), width 34���38 (36 �� 0.78, n= 24), ratio length:width 2.89���3.26 (3.12 �� 0.08, n= 24). Hypostome (Fig. 6 C): length 84���90 (86 �� 1.55, n= 24), width 20���22 (21 �� 0.93, n= 24), ratio length:width 3.82���4.40 (4.12 �� 0.18, n= 24); 6 large denticles in median file. Genu I: length 118���134 (128 �� 3.92, n= 24), width 42���48 (44 �� 1.68, n= 15), ratio length:width 2.50���3.19 (2.95 �� 0.17, n= 15). Hosts. The main hosts of the adults are large and medium-sized domestic and wild ungulates: cattle, buffaloes, goats, camels, sheep, horses, chital, Axis axis (Erxleben), nilgai, Boselaphus tragocamelus (Pallas), sambar, Cervus unicolor Kerr and an antelope. The adults have also been recorded from domestic dogs, tiger, Panthera tigris (Linnaeus) and humans (our data; Sharif 1928; Kaiser & Hoogstraal 1964; Miranpuri & Naithani 1978; Mitchell 1979; Geevarghese & Dhanda 1987). The main hosts of the immature stages of H. brevipunctata are various rodents and other small mammals. They have been recorded from Asian house shrew, Suncus murinus (Linnaeus), Blanford���s rat, Cremnomys blanfordi (Thomas), Cutch rat, Cremnomys cutchicus Wroughton, house rat, Rattus rattus (Linnaeus), Tanezumi rat, Rattus tanezumi Temminck, soft-furred rat, Millardia meltada (Gray), greater bandicoot rat, Bandicota indica (Bechstein), Asiatic long-tailed climbing mouse, Vandeleuria oleracea (Bennett), flat-haired mouse, Mus platythrix Bennett, little Indian field mouse, Mus booduga (Gray), rock-loving mouse, Mus saxicola Elliot, Indian gerbil, Tatera indica (Hardwicke) and jungle palm squirrel, Funambulus tristriatus (Waterhouse) (Singh & Dhanda 1965; Rebello & Reuben 1967; Kaul et al. 1979; Geevarghese & Dhanda 1987). Geographic distribution. Asia: India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka (our data; Sharif 1928; Kaiser & Hoogstraal 1964; Mitchell 1979; Geevarghese & Dhanda 1987; Dilrukshi 2006). Collection lot of the USNTC [RML 98964 (HH 58217), consisting of 2 males and 3 females, Burma, Pegu, Rangoon abattoir, ex domestic goat, December 1975, San-San Lin leg.] previously identified as H. hussaini, but we have reidentified them as H. brevipunctata. This is the first record of this species from Myanmar., Published as part of Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., Horak, Ivan G. & Geevarghese, Geevarghese, 2009, The genus Hyalomma Koch, 1844. VIII. Redescription of three Hyalommina Schulze, 1919 species (Acari: Ixodidae) from South Asia with notes on their biology, pp. 31-55 in Zootaxa 2050 on pages 34-37, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.186557, {"references":["Sharif, M. (1928) A revision of the Indian Ixodidae with special reference to the collection in the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 30, 217 - 344.","Kaiser, M. N. and Hoogstraal, H. (1964) The Hyalomma ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) of Pakistan, India, and Ceylon, with keys to subgenera and species. Acarologia, 6, 257 - 286.","Miranpuri, G. S. & Naithani R. C. (1978) A check list of Indian ticks (Ixodoidea: Acarina). Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India, 50 pp.","Mitchell, R. M. (1979) A list of ectoparasites from Nepalese mammals, collected during the Nepal ectoparasite program. Journal of Medical Entomology, 16, 227 - 233.","Geevarghese, G. & Dhanda, V. (1987) The Indian Hyalomma ticks (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India, 119 pp.","Singh, K. R. P. & Dhanda, V. (1965) Description and keys of immature stages of some species of Indian Hyalomma Koch, 1844 (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Acarologia, 7, 636 - 651.","Rebello, M. J. & Reuben, R. (1967) A report on ticks collected from birds and small mammals in North Arcot and Chittoor districts, South India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 63, 283 - 289.","Kaul, H. N., Dhanda, V. & Mishra, A. C. (1979) A survey of ixodid ticks in Orissa State, India. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 49, 707 - 712.","Dilrukshi, P. R. M. P. (2006) Taxonomic status of ticks in Sri Lanka. In: Bambaradeniya C. N. B. (Ed.), The Fauna of Sri Lanka: Status of Taxonomy, Research and Conservation. The World Conservation Union, Colombo, Sri Lanka, pp. 65 - 69."]}