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In this stochastic rainfall scenario, we can exchange the long-term average in Equation 3 with the ensemble average so that the long-term mean net carbon gain rate defined with Equation 3 becomes (Lu et al., 2016) 10 HT ht Implementation In the single dry-down scenario (but not in the stochastic rainfall scenario), the simulations were run in discrete time with all the state variables updated daily. Stomatal regulation is a cornerstone process that links the exchange of carbon and water between vegetation and atmosphere, and how it is affected by plant water stress. [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: drought; embolism; functional traits; hydraulic conductance; stomata; xylem EN drought embolism functional traits hydraulic conductance stomata xylem 1025 1027 3 07/16/20 20200815 NES 200815 Fourth Xylem International Meeting, Padua, Italy, 25-27 September 2019 The Fourth Xylem International Meeting (XIM4) brought together over 100 plant scientists to discuss a wide range of topics related to embolism resistance and efficiency of long-distance water transport through plants, and their implications for cultivated and natural systems. Resolving conduit network characteristics, such as conduit grouping and intra-organ anatomical trait correlations like those between pit membrane porosity and conduit diameter, was also shown to be important in upscaling xylem anatomy to drought-induced embolism resistance (Mrad I et al i ., 2018). Extended frontiers of xylem hydraulics to better understand plant responses to climate change Hydraulic failure due to xylem embolism is recognized as a major trigger of tree mortality under drought (Choat I et al i ., 2018). Drought-induced lacuna formation in the stem causes hydraulic conductance to decline before xylem embolism in Selaginella. [Extracted from the article]