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In modern mobile telecommunications, shadow fading has to be modeled by a two-dimensional (2D) correlated random variable since shadow fading may present both cross-correlation and spatial correlation due to the presence of similar obstacles during the propagation. In this paper, 2D correlated random shadowing is generated based on the multi-resolution frequency domain ParFlow (MR-FDPF) model. The MR-FDPF model is a 2D deterministic radio propagation model, so a 2D deterministic shadowing can be firstly extracted from it. Then, a 2D correlated random shadowing can be generated by considering the extracted 2D deterministic shadowing to be a realization of it. Moreover, based on the generated 2D correlated random shadowing, a complete 2D semi-deterministic path loss model can be proposed. The proposed methodology of this paper can be implemented into system-level simulators where it will be very useful due to its ability to generate realistic shadow fading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that a length scale ξ, can be extracted from the spatial correlations of the "steep cliffs" that appear on a fracture surface. Above ξ, the slope amplitudes are uncorrelated and the fracture surface is monoaffine. Below ξ, long-range spatial correlations lead to a multifractal behavior of the surface, reminiscent of turbulent flows. Our results support a unifying conjecture for the geometry of fracture surfaces: for scales larger than ξ, the surface is the trace left by an elastic line propagating in a random medium, while for scales smaller than ξ, the highly correlated patterns on the surface result from the merging of interacting damage cavities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of communication systems with low-height terminals requires path loss models that are applicable to low-height links. For the terminology low-height, the range 0.5 (mobile-) to 3 m (fixed-node) above ground is considered. Herein, empirical non-time-dispersive propagation models for relaying systems with low-height terminals are proposed. The models consist of line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight branches. Single- and two-slope modelling approaches were examined. The models take into account the effect of frequency, transmitter and receiver height and environment. They are complemented by shadowing and fast-fading distribution and correlation statistics. The performance of the models in producing accurate estimations is evaluated by comparison with sets of independent data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the various approaches recently proposed for blind estimation of wideband multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) wireless channels, subspace-based algorithms are particularly attractive due to their good performance and simple structure. These algorithms primarily exploit the orthogonality of the noise and signal subspaces of the correlation matrix of the received signals to estimate the unknown channel coefficients. In practice, the correlation matrix is unknown and must be estimated through time averaging over multiple received samples. To this end, the unknown channel must remain time invariant through the averaging process, which may pose a serious problem in practical applications. In this paper, to relax this requirement, we propose a novel subspace-based blind channel-estimation algorithm with reduced time averaging, as obtained by exploiting the frequency correlation among adjacent subcarriers in MIMO orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Simulation results show that the proposed approach outperforms other previously proposed methods within a reasonable averaging time over a Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) spatial channel model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of time delay on the decline and propagation processes of population in the Malthus-Verhulst model with cross-correlated noises are investigated separately. Through numerically computing and stochastically simulating, we find that: (i) inclusion of time delay in the decline process, increasing the delay time τ weakens the stability of population with short delay and strengthens it with long delay. The stability of population reduces monotonically as the cross-correlated intensity λ increasing. The population of a species goes to extinction with increasing τ and increasing λ; (ii) inclusion of time delay in the propagation process, the increasing τ strengthens the stability of population and the increasing λ weakens it. The increasing τ slows down the growth process of a species while the increasing λ speeds it up. That is, the increasing delay time does not affect roughly the stability of population with short delay but strengthens it with long delay, and the population of species is restricted in the lower level by the larger delay time. The stability of population is weakened and the replacement of old individuals with young ones is accelerated by the increasing cross-correlation intensity between two noises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a 4 × 4 indoor multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) measurement campaign at a frequency of 2.45 GHz is presented. The main contribution of this work is the analysis of the impact of radio-wave polarization in MIMO systems operating at a typical indoor scenario through the calculation—from the measurements carried out-of a great deal of parameters such as the mean path loss, the cross polarization discrimination (XPD), and the RMS delay spread, which are all essential to estimate the performance of real MIMO systems. In this sense, some path loss models—which have been adjusted according to the measurements-are given, taking into account polarization, attenuation through walls, and the effect of T-junctions existing in the considered indoor scenario. Moreover, additional parameters such as the K-factor and statistical distribution, as well as spatial parameters, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes wave propagation in a one-dimensional random medium with long-range correlations. The asymptotic regime where the fluctuations of the medium parameters are small and the propagation distance is large is studied. In this regime pulse propagation is characterized by a random time shift described in terms of a fractional Brownian motion and a deterministic spreading described by a pseudodifferential operator. This operator is characterized by a frequency-dependent attenuation that obeys a power law with an exponent ranging from 1 to 2 that is related to the power decay rate of the autocorrelation function of the fluctuations of the medium parameters. This frequency-dependent attenuation is associated with a frequency-dependent phase, which ensures causality of the filter that realizes the approximation. A discussion is provided showing that the mean-field theory cannot capture the correct attenuation rate; this is because it also averages the random time delay. Numerical results are given to illustrate the accuracy of the asymptotic theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In dispersive propagation, waves from the same source will generally differ depending on how far they have traveled. Accordingly, it is desirable for classification in such environments to either account for propagation effects, or to obtain features that are invariant to such effects. The latter approach is taken in this paper, and features are derived that are unaffected by channel dispersion, per mode. A “local” view of pulse propagation in time-frequency phase space is considered. It is shown that the local duration of a wave, obtained from its time-frequency Wigner distribution, is invariant to dispersion. While higher moments of the Wigner distribution are not invariant to dispersion, the phase space considerations suggest an approach for defining “dispersion-invariant moments” (DIMs) of any order. This approach is also used to define a dispersion-invariant correlation coefficient that can be used for classification. The classification utility of the DIMs, and of the dispersion-invariant correlation coefficient, is evaluated via simulations of acoustic scattering from steel shells in a dispersive channel model (Pekeris waveguide). Receiver operating characteristic curves quantify the improved discriminability of the DIMs versus ordinary temporal moments, and of the dispersion-invariant correlation coefficient versus the ordinary correlation coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the intensity fluctuations arising when a point source of radiation moves in a randomly inhomogeneous scattering medium. The medium itself can also move with a velocity whose component normal to the direction of propagation can have an arbitrary distribution. We derive an expression for the space–time autocorrelation function of the intensity fluctuations transverse to the direction of propagation. The result is analysed for some particular cases and it is shown how the resulting information can be useful in examining the behaviour of random media in situations of practical interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a typical mobile communication environment is assumed and the eigenvalue distributions of the correlation matrix of a MIMO channel with the spatial correlation of the multipath taken into account are studied by simulation. Based on this study, a simple method is proposed for accurately deriving the probability distribu- tion of the largest eigenvalue of the correlation matrix. The proposed approximation equation is compared with simu- lation results and good agreement is obtained. In order to understand the information transmission capability of MIMO in a multipath fading environment with spatial correlation, the proposed equation is used for studying the effect of the spatial correlation on channel capacity. Finally, the digital transmission characteristics (relationship be- tween the BER and the CNR) with correlation taken into account are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurements of radio signal leakage from a building at 821 MHz and 2.193 GHz are presented. It is shown that the COST231 outdoor-to-indoor building penetration model is suitable for predicting this leakage. Indoor locations that give the best indication of leaked power are also identified. These are important if indoor cognitive radio transmitter powers are to be controlled dynamically by an indoor sensor network. Signal strength at indoor locations near the building walls exhibits high correlation with the leaked power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the open literature on the geometric modelling of wireless radiowave landmobile propagation channels, this reported work is the first to attempt to account for the propagation power loss of the multipaths, in deriving closed-form expressions for an uplink received-signal's spatial-correlation-coefficient function across the aperture of a base-station antenna-array. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article proposes a novel ray-launching propagation loss model that is able to use an environment model that contains the real geometry. This environment model is made by applying a Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithm. As a solution to the rising demands of Internet of Things applications for indoor environments, this deterministic radio propagation loss model is able to simulate an accurate coverage map that can be used for localization applications or network optimizations. Since this propagation loss model uses a 2D environment model that was captured by a moving robot, an automated validation model is developed so that a wireless sensor network can be used for validating the propagation loss model. We validated the propagation loss model by evaluated two environment models towards the lowest Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), the Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and the Mean Error (ME). Furthermore, the correlation between the number of rays and the RMSE is analyzed and the correlation between the number of reflections versus the RMSE is also analyzed. Finally, the performance of the radio propagation loss model is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]