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Family ASPICULIDAE Won, Iams & Reed, 2005 Aspiculidae Won, Iams & Reed, 2005: 440, 441. Aspiculumidae – Won, Iams & Reed, 2005: 438 (nom. correct. Maletz [2011a: 130]). Neoaspiculumidae Won & Iams, 2011: 164., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 485, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["WON M. Z., IAMS W. J & REED K. 2005. - Earliest Ordovician (Early to MiddleTremadocian) radiolarian faunas of the Cow Head Group, Western Newfoundland. Journal of Paleontology 79 (3): 433 - 459. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 0022 - 3360 (2005) 079 2.0. CO; 2","MALETZ J. 2011 a. - Radiolarian skeletal structures and biostratigraphy in the early Palaeozoic (Cambrian-Ordovician). Palaeoworld 20: 116 - 133. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palwor. 2010.12.007","WON M. Z. & IAMS W. J. 2011. - Earliest Arenig Radiolarians from the Cow Head Group, Western Newfoundland. Journal of Paleontology 85 (1): 156 - 177. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 10 - 102.1"]}

Nazarovella De Wever & Caridroit, 1984 Nazarovella De Wever & Caridroit, 1984: 101. TYPE SPECIES. — Nazarovella gracilis De Wever & Caridroit, 1984 (De Wever & Caridroit 1984: 101, pl. 1, fig. 14-15, 17). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Upper Permian, Kamigori Belt, SW Japan. TAXON CODE. — 192. STATUS. — Homonym of the Triassic radiolarian Nazarovella Kozur & Mostler, 1979 (replacement name Raciditor by Sugiyama [2000]); and Junior synonym of Quadricaulis Caridroit & De Wever, 1986 (herein). DIAGNOSIS. — “Formes à 4 appendices inégaux disposés selon un modèle tétraédrique; 3 sont bien développés, le quatrième est petit. La partie centrale a une forme de tétraèdre globuleux.” (De Wever & Caridroit 1984: 101). DIAGNOSIS (ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY J. P. Caulet – RadWorld database). — “Shells with 4 unequal appendices distributed following a tetrahedral pattern; 3 of them are well-developed, the fourth being small. Central part displays a globular tetrahedral shape”. REMARKS We treat this genus as a junior synonym of Quadricaulus because the holotype appears to be a broken specimen of Quadricaulus, and the unequal size of the 4 th arm a result of that breakage., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 465, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["CARIDROIT M. & DE WEVER P. 1984. - Description de quelques nouvelles especes de Follicucullidae et d'Entactinidae (Radiolaires polycystines) du Permien du Japon. Geobios 17 (5): 639 - 644. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (84) 80035 - 2","KOZUR H. W. & MOSTLER H. 1979. - Beitrage zur Erforschung der mesozoischen Radiolarien. Teil III: Die Oberfamilien Actinommacea HAECKEL 1862 emend., Artiscacea HAECKEL 1882, Multiarcusellacea nov. der Spumellaria und triassische Nassellaria. Geologisch Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck 9 (1 / 2): 1 - 132.","SUGIYAMA K. 2000. - Replacement names for Permian stauraxon radiolarians. Paleontological Research 4 (3): 227, 228. https: // doi. org / 10.2517 / prpsj. 4.227","CARIDROIT M. & DE WEVER P. 1986. - Some late Permian radiolarians from pelitic rocks of the Tatsuno formation (Hyogo Prefecture), southwest Japan. Marine Micropaleontology 11: 55 - 90. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0377 - 8398 (86) 90005 - 8"]}

Nazarovella De Wever & Caridroit, 1984 Nazarovella De Wever & Caridroit, 1984: 101. TYPE SPECIES. — Nazarovella gracilis De Wever & Caridroit, 1984 (De Wever & Caridroit 1984: 101, pl. 1, fig. 14-15, 17). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Upper Permian, Kamigori Belt, SW Japan. TAXON CODE. — 192. STATUS. — Homonym of the Triassic radiolarian Nazarovella Kozur & Mostler, 1979 (replacement name Raciditor by Sugiyama [2000]); and Junior synonym of Quadricaulis Caridroit & De Wever, 1986 (herein). DIAGNOSIS. — “Formes à 4 appendices inégaux disposés selon un modèle tétraédrique; 3 sont bien développés, le quatrième est petit. La partie centrale a une forme de tétraèdre globuleux.” (De Wever & Caridroit 1984: 101). DIAGNOSIS (ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY J. P. Caulet – RadWorld database). — “Shells with 4 unequal appendices distributed following a tetrahedral pattern; 3 of them are well-developed, the fourth being small. Central part displays a globular tetrahedral shape”. REMARKS We treat this genus as a junior synonym of Quadricaulus because the holotype appears to be a broken specimen of Quadricaulus, and the unequal size of the 4 th arm a result of that breakage.

Aspiculum Won, Iams & Reed, 2005 Aspiculum Won, Iams & Reed, 2005: 441. TYPE SPECIES. — Aspiculum eccentricum Won, Iams & Reed, 2005 (Won et al. 2005: 441, fig. 5.5-5.10a, 5.10b). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Lower-middle Tremadocian (Lower Ordovician), Cow Head Group, western Newfoundland, Canada. TAXON CODE. — 284. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — A spherical to subspherical or oval skeleton with or without pylome and no spicule system. Where the shell wall is spherical, the central (basal layer or innermost layer) part of the shell wall eccentrically developed and the thickness of the shell wall, therefore, varied within a single specimen. A basal layer developed or not, and its meshwork two- or three-dimensionally interwoven. (Won et al. 2005: 441)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on pages 485-486, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["WON M. Z., IAMS W. J & REED K. 2005. - Earliest Ordovician (Early to MiddleTremadocian) radiolarian faunas of the Cow Head Group, Western Newfoundland. Journal of Paleontology 79 (3): 433 - 459. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 0022 - 3360 (2005) 079 2.0. CO; 2"]}

Labyrinthia Maletz & Bruton, 2007 Labyrinthia Maletz & Bruton, 2007: 281. TYPE SPECIES. — Labyrinthia inexpectata Maletz & Bruton, 2007 (Maletz & Bruton 2007: 281, fig. 27A-O). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Isograptus lunatus graptolite zone, Chewtonian-Castlemainian (Lower Ordovician), Valhallfonna Formation, Spitsbergen. TAXON CODE. — 236. STATUS. — Junior synonym of Beothuka Won & Iams, 2011. Won & Iams (2011). DIAGNOSIS. — “Labyrinthine spherical radiolarian with an indistinct microsphere and a variable number of external spines; labyrinthine mesh made of thin, anastomosing bandages.”(Maletz & Bruton 2007: 281)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 476, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["MALETZ J. & BRUTON D. L. 2007. - Lower Ordovician (Chewtonian to Castlemainian) radiolarians of Spitsbergen. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 5: 245 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1477201907002039","WON M. Z. & IAMS W. J. 2011. - Earliest Arenig Radiolarians from the Cow Head Group, Western Newfoundland. Journal of Paleontology 85 (1): 156 - 177. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 10 - 102.1"]}

Archaeocenosphaera Obut & Iwata, 2000 Archaeocenosphaera Obut & Iwata, 2000: 33. TYPE SPECIES. — Archaeocenosphaera muricata Obut & Iwata, 2000 (Obut & Iwata 2000: 34, pl. 1, figs 1-3, 6-7). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Lower Cambrian, Gorny Altai, Southern West Siberia. TAXON CODE. — 050. STATUS. — Junior synonym of Altaiesphaera Obut & Iwata, 2000 (herein). DIAGNOSIS. — “Spheroidal oval radiolarians with one porous cortical shell, 80-100 µm diameter. Internal suture or spicules remain uncertain.” (Obut & Iwata 2000: 33). REMARKS In addition to being a junior synonym of Altaiesphaera, it is also a homonym of a Mesozoic radiolarian genus (type species Archaeocenosphaera ruesti Pessagno & Yang in Pessagno, Six & Yang, 1989)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 433, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["OBUT O. T. & IWATA K. 2000. - Lower Cambrian Radiolaria from the Gorny Altai (southern West Siberia). Novosti Paleontologii i Stratigrafii 2 - 3: 33 - 37.","PESSAGNO E. A., JR., SIX W. M. & YANG Q. 1989. - The Xiphostylidae Haeckel and Parvivaccidae, n. fam, (Radiolaria) from the North American Jurassic. Micropaleontology 35 (3): 193 - 255. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1485682"]}

Aspiculum Won, Iams & Reed, 2005 Aspiculum Won, Iams & Reed, 2005: 441. TYPE SPECIES. — Aspiculum eccentricum Won, Iams & Reed, 2005 (Won et al. 2005: 441, fig. 5.5-5.10a, 5.10b). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Lower-middle Tremadocian (Lower Ordovician), Cow Head Group, western Newfoundland, Canada. TAXON CODE. — 284. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — A spherical to subspherical or oval skeleton with or without pylome and no spicule system. Where the shell wall is spherical, the central (basal layer or innermost layer) part of the shell wall eccentrically developed and the thickness of the shell wall, therefore, varied within a single specimen. A basal layer developed or not, and its meshwork two- or three-dimensionally interwoven. (Won et al. 2005: 441).

Neoaspiculum Won & Iams, 2011 Neoaspiculum Won & Iams, 2011: 165. TYPE SPECIES. — Neoaspiculum headense Won & Iams, 2011 (Won & Iams 2011: 165, fig. 6.1-6.10, 6.12-6.17). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Floian (Lower Ordovician), Cow Head Group, western Newfoundland, Canada. TAXON CODE. — 286. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Spherical pylomate or non-pylomate skeleton consisting of multiple layers, each of which is indistinctly or distinctly separated from the neighboring layer.Meshwork commonly composed of bars, bandages, rarely displaying wide interpore areas, all of these types rarely co-occurring within a specimen. Shape and degree of development of a proloculus variable.” (Won & Iams 2011: 165)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 486, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["WON M. Z. & IAMS W. J. 2011. - Earliest Arenig Radiolarians from the Cow Head Group, Western Newfoundland. Journal of Paleontology 85 (1): 156 - 177. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 10 - 102.1"]}

Diploplegma Hinde, 1890 Diploplegma Hinde, 1890: 48. TYPE SPECIES. — Diploplegma cinctum Hinde, 1890 (Hinde 1890: 48, pl. 3, fig. 10). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. —Upper Dapingian-Sandbian, Middle Ordovician from cherts in the Southern Uplands, Scotland. TAXON CODE. — 308. STATUS. — Nomen dubium. DIAGNOSIS. — “Liosphaerida with a relatively large inner (cortical?) test of irregularly reticulate or spongy framework and an outer shell of the same structure, the two connected by radial bars. In this genus the inner test is sufficiently large to be regarded as an inner cortical shell, and in this respect it resembles Liosphaera, Haeckel (‘Challenger’ Report, pt. i. p. 76), which has two cortical shells. It differs from Liosphaera, however, in the irregularly reticulate or spongy nature of tests.” (Hinde 1890: 48). REMARK It is not possible to determine the nature of this radiolarian from the figured specimen., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 490, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["HINDE G. J. 1890. - Notes on Radiolaria from the Lower Palaeozoic rocks (Llandeilo-Caradoc) of the south of Scotland. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 6 (31): 40 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939008693993"]}

Tamonella Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980 Tamonella Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980: 7. TYPE SPECIES. — Tamonella multispinosa Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980 (Dumitrica et al. 1980: 7, pl. 10, fig. 1, 3, 8). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Upper Anisian – lower Ladinian, Southern Alps, area of Recoaro and Tretto, Italy. TAXON CODE. — 248. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. —“Elongated-ellipsoidal spongy shell.Spongy network arrangedinmanylayers.Microsphereminute.Thenumerous (mostlymore than 10) spines are rather short, needle-like and situated only in the pole areas. They all have nearly the same length” (Dumitrica et al. 1980: 7)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 478, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["DUMITRICA P., KOZUR H. & MOSTLER H. 1980. - Contribution to the radiolarian fauna of the Middle Triassic of the Southern Alps. Geologisch Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck 10: 1 - 46."]}

Neoaspiculum Won & Iams, 2011 Neoaspiculum Won & Iams, 2011: 165. TYPE SPECIES. — Neoaspiculum headense Won & Iams, 2011 (Won & Iams 2011: 165, fig. 6.1-6.10, 6.12-6.17). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Floian (Lower Ordovician), Cow Head Group, western Newfoundland, Canada. TAXON CODE. — 286. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Spherical pylomate or non-pylomate skeleton consisting of multiple layers, each of which is indistinctly or distinctly separated from the neighboring layer.Meshwork commonly composed of bars, bandages, rarely displaying wide interpore areas, all of these types rarely co-occurring within a specimen. Shape and degree of development of a proloculus variable.” (Won & Iams 2011: 165).

Paurinella Kozur & Mostler, 1981 Paurinella Kozur & Mostler, 1981: 49. TYPE SPECIES. — Paurinella curvata Kozur & Mostler, 1981 (Kozur & Mostler 1981: 49, pl. 4, fig. 3, 6). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Anisian-Ladinian, Recoaro, Passo della Gabiola, Italy Taxon code: 246. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Schale spongiös, sphärisch bis subsphärisch, stets mit mehr als 10 konzentrisch angeordneten Schichten um eine winzige Mikrosphäre. Die drei Hauptstacheln sind rund und liegen in einer Ebene, z.T. sind sie gebogen.” (Kozur & Mostler 1981: 49). DIAGNOSIS (English translation J. P. Caulet – RadWorld database). — “Spongy shell, spherical to sub-spherical, invariably with more than ten concentrically arranged spheres around a tiny microsphere. The three main spines are round and are located in a plane, and are sometimes bent.”, Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 478, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["KOZUR H. W. & MOSTLER H. 1981. - Beitrage zur Erforschung der mesozoischen Radiolarien. Teil IV: Thalassosphaeracea HAECKEL 1862, Hexastylacea HAECKEL 1862 emend. PETRUSEVSKAJA 1979, Sponguracea HAECKEL 1862 emend. und weitere triassische Lithocycliacea, Trematodiscacea, Actinommacea und Nassellaria. Geologisch Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, Sonderband 1: 1 - 208."]}

Copiconulus Feng in Feng, He, Gu, Jin & Meng, 2006 Copiconulus Feng in Feng, He, Gu, Jin & Meng, 2006a: 31. TYPE SPECIES. — Copiconulus solidus Feng in Feng, He, Gu, Jin & Meng, 2006 (Feng et al. 2006a: 31, pl. 4, fig. 1-8). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Upper Permian, Dongpan section, southwest Guangxi, South China. TAXON CODE. — 293. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Test coniform, its height nearly equal to or slightly larger than maximum width. Outer shell spongy, with poorly or welldeveloped conical mammae, with or without spines. Pores small and subcircular. Spines short, three-bladed or rod-like. Inner shell small, spherical, spongy, and unclear in structure because of recrystallization. Shells between outer and inner shells thin, close to each other, coniform and connected by fine radial beams.” (Feng in Feng et al. 2006a: 31)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 487, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["FENG Q. L., HE W., GU S., JIN Y. & MENG Y. 2006 a. - Latest Permian Spumellaria and Entactinaria (Radiolaria) from South China. Revue de Micropaleontologie 49: 21 - 43. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. revmic. 2005.11.003"]}

Ellipsocopicyntra Kozur & Mostler, 1989 Ellipsocopicyntra Kozur & Mostler, 1989: 218. TYPE SPECIES. — Ellipsocopicyntra oviformis Kozur & Mostler, 1989 (Kozur & Mostler 1989: 218, pl. 15, fig. 1). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Kungurian, Koshelev Formation, Cis-Urals, Russia. TAXON CODE. — 243. STATUS. — Junior synonym of Copiellintra (by Noble & Jin 2010: 134). DIAGNOSIS. — “Mit den Familienmerkmalen. Gehäuse ellipsoidal. An den Polarregionen (lange Achse) treten 1-2 mehr Schalen auf als äquatorial (kurze Achse). Stacheln zahlreich, dreikantig, über die ganze Schale verteilt. Ausbildung der Mikrosphäre und ihrer unmittelbaren Umgebung nicht bekannt.” (Kozur & Mostler 1989: 218). DIAGNOSIS (English translation by Jörg Maletz). — “As with family, ellipsoidal body. At the polar regions (long axis) occur 1-2 more shells than equatorial (short axis). Spines numerous, triangular, spread over the entire shell. Structure of the microsphere and its immediate surroundings is not known.”, Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 477, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["KOZUR H. W. & MOSTLER H. 1989. - Radiolarien und schwammskleren aus dem Unterperm des Vorurals. Geologisch Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, Sonderband 2: 147 - 275.","NOBLE P. J. & JIN Y. 2010. - Radiolarians from the Lamar Limestone, Guadalupe Mountains, West Texas. Micropaleontology 56 (1 - 2): 117 - 147. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 40607078"]}

Gyrosphaera Noble & Maletz, 2000 Gyrosphaera Noble & Maletz, 2000: 267. TYPE SPECIES. — Gyrosphaera raneatela Noble & Maletz, 2000 (Noble & Maletz 2000: 267, pl. 2, fig. 1-3). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Telychian (Llandovery, Lower Silurian), Dalarna, Sweden. TAXON CODE. — 250. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Large spherical to subspherical shell composed of loose labyrinthine mesh forming three or more spiral layers. Primary spines rod-shaped. Species vary in relative spine length, number of spines, and robustness of spines.” (Noble & Maletz 2000: 267)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 478, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["NOBLE P. J. & MALETZ J. 2000. - Radiolaria from the Telychian (Llandovery, Early Silurian) of Dalarna, Sweden. Micropaleontology 46: 265 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.2113 / 46.3.265"]}

Trigonosphaera Feng in Feng, Gu, Jiang & Jin, 2004 Trigonosphaera Feng in Feng, Gu, Jiang & Jin, 2004: 137. TYPE SPECIES. — Trigonosphaera calvata Feng in Feng, Gu, Jiang & Jin, 2004 (Feng et al. 2004: 142, pl. 3, fig. 1-7, pl. 4, fig. 1). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Upper Changhsingian (uppermost Permian), Dongpan section, Dalong Formation, Southern China. TAXON CODE. — 306. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Test consists of a single round-triangular cortical shell, without medullary shell and internal spicule. The shell is composed of two spongy layers. The two layers are similar in thickness, but different in structure: the inner layer is comprised of large, irregular pore frames and the outer layer, of small, irregular pore frames. Numerous beams connect the two layers.” (Feng in Feng et al. 2004: 137). REMARK Some centrally directed remains of the inner layer seem to suggest that there existed a central structure that was later dissolved by fossilization., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on pages 489-490, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["FENG Q. L., GU S., JIANG M. & JIN Y. 2004. - Two new radiolarian genera from the uppermost Permian of southern China. Revue de Micropaleontologie 47 (3): 135 - 143. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0035 - 1598 (04) 00033 - 9"]}

Archaeocenosphaera Obut & Iwata, 2000 Archaeocenosphaera Obut & Iwata, 2000: 33. TYPE SPECIES. — Archaeocenosphaera muricata Obut & Iwata, 2000 (Obut & Iwata 2000: 34, pl. 1, figs 1-3, 6-7). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Lower Cambrian, Gorny Altai, Southern West Siberia. TAXON CODE. — 050. STATUS. — Junior synonym of Altaiesphaera Obut & Iwata, 2000 (herein). DIAGNOSIS. — “Spheroidal oval radiolarians with one porous cortical shell, 80-100 µm diameter. Internal suture or spicules remain uncertain.” (Obut & Iwata 2000: 33). REMARKS In addition to being a junior synonym of Altaiesphaera, it is also a homonym of a Mesozoic radiolarian genus (type species Archaeocenosphaera ruesti Pessagno & Yang in Pessagno, Six & Yang, 1989).

Spongosphaera Won, 1997 Spongosphaera Won, 1997b: 410. TYPE SPECIES. — Spongosphaera grandispongiosa Won, 1997 (Won 1997b: 410, pl. 9, fig. 15-20). TAXON CODE. — 122. STATUS. — Homonym. DIAGNOSIS. — “The skeleton consists of two shells, the outer spongy, the inner a latticed shell, and a six- to eight-rayed internal spicule with a median bar. No inner apophyses are present, but outer apophyses are clearly to faintly developed.” (Won 1997b: 410). REMARKS This is a homonym for the Holocene radiolarian Spongosphaera Ehrenberg, 1847. Plenosphaera Park & Won, 2012 is the replacement name.

Spongosphaera Won, 1997 Spongosphaera Won, 1997b: 410. TYPE SPECIES. — Spongosphaera grandispongiosa Won, 1997 (Won 1997b: 410, pl. 9, fig. 15-20). TAXON CODE. — 122. STATUS. — Homonym. DIAGNOSIS. — “The skeleton consists of two shells, the outer spongy, the inner a latticed shell, and a six- to eight-rayed internal spicule with a median bar. No inner apophyses are present, but outer apophyses are clearly to faintly developed.” (Won 1997b: 410). REMARKS This is a homonym for the Holocene radiolarian Spongosphaera Ehrenberg, 1847. Plenosphaera Park & Won, 2012 is the replacement name., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 447, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["WON M. Z. 1997 b. - The proposed new radiolarian subfamily Retentactiniinae (Entactiniidae) from the late Devonian (Frasnian) Gogo Formation, Australia. Micropaleontology 43 (4): 371 - 418. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1485931","EHRENBERG C. G. 1847. - Uber die mikroskopischen kieselschaligen Polycystinen als machtige Gebirgsmasse von Barbados und uber das Verhaltniss deraus mehr als 300 neuen Arten bestehenden ganz eigenthumlichen Formengruppe jener Felsmasse zu den jetzt lebenden Thieren und zur Kreidebildung. Eine neue Anregung zur Erforschung des Erdlebens. Bericht uber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Konigliche Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1847: 40 - 60. http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 11226274","PARK I. - Y. & WON M. - Z. 2012. - Tropical radiolarian assemblages from the Lower Carboniferous Delle Phosphatic Member of the Woodman Formation of Utah, USA. Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea 28 (1 - 2): 29 - 101."]}

Sinosphaera Feng in Feng, Gu, Jiang & Jin, 2004 Sinosphaera Feng in Feng, Gu, Jiang & Jin, 2004: 137. TYPE SPECIES. — Sinosphaera spinosa Feng in Feng, Gu, Jiang & Jin, 2004 (Feng et al. 2004: 137, pl. 1, fig. 1-10, pl. 2, fig. 1-7, pl. 3, fig. 9-12). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. —Upper Changxingian (uppermost Permian), Dongpan section, Dalong Formation, Southern China. TAXON CODE. — 120. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Test consists of a spherical to subspherical, doublelayered cortical shell. Both layers are spongy and connected by numerous beams. The outer layer is thicker than the inner one. Pores on both layers are irregularly arranged. Medullary shell and internal spicule are absent.” (Feng in Feng et al. 2004: 137)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 447, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["FENG Q. L., GU S., JIANG M. & JIN Y. 2004. - Two new radiolarian genera from the uppermost Permian of southern China. Revue de Micropaleontologie 47 (3): 135 - 143. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0035 - 1598 (04) 00033 - 9"]}