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This paper demonstrates the learning of software engineering through modeling using Object-Oriented Analysis and Design approach with Unified Modeling Language. An online interview management system case project to the whole class was used to develop the software requirement specification. Through modelling, the processes to be considered in software development were also elaborated, where it starts with the identification of major or basic processes of the domain of application, followed by the identification of activities to be performed under each basic process and, finally, transforming the activities highlighted in the functional requirements presentation. Modeling was practised by students through group case projects, and students were active, engaging and focusing on the learning process in such a way that more than 85.9% of students had the courage to attempt design questions during university examinations.

One of the activities at Ma'soem University is the Registration of Final Projects for Diploma Three (D3) students and Thesis for Undergraduate students (S1). Currently, the registration process for the Final Project and Thesis is still done manually, where students must come directly to the campus to register, pay and fill out the title submission form. Meanwhile, for the preparation of seminar schedules, honoraria and final and thesis report, data processing is still using Ms. Excel. From these activities, several obstacles were found regarding information on Final Projects and Thesis, including: 1. Limited payment and registration services for Final Projects and Thesis, which can only be served on campus during working hours and days from Monday to Saturday 07.30 to 21.30 WIB. 2. Filling in the Final Project and Thesis forms manually, there is a risk of damage and loss of data. 3. Do not have a database yet, so that it is difficult to validate data on the same Final Project Title and Thesis submitted by students. 4. The process of making seminar and final project honorarium reports and thesis sessions takes a long time, and cannot be generated automatically. In this study, the system development method used is the OOAD (Object Oriented Analysis and Design) method with the RUP (Rational Unified Process) model, which consists of several stages, namely: Business Modeling, Requirments, Analysis and Design, Implementation, Test, Deployment. As for the system development tools using UML (Unified Modeling Language) which consists of: Use Case Diagrams, Activity Diagrams and Class Diagrams. With the design of the information system architecture of this Final Project and Thesis, it produces a blueprint that can: Provide payment and registration services for Final Projects and Theses that are not limited by space and time, minimize the occurrence of damage and data loss, make it easier to validate submissions for the title of Final Project the same and can facilitate the process of making seminar and final project honorarium reports and thesis reports so that they can be generated automatically.

This Repository Information System is an idea that appears to help agencies manage thesis archiving that was previously still done conventionally by collecting the results of thesis binding (hardcopy) and CD containing thesis files along with the source code of the program that was made (softcopy) into a digital system new and modern. Repository Information System is a system that is expected to help the School of Information and Computer Management (STMIK) Shaykh Zainuddin NW Anjani to organize the archiving of thesis data that has been done by students to be neater, safer and easier to manage. The repository information system was developed using the waterfall software development process model and object oriented analysis modeling, then implemented using the Codeigniter programming language, one of the PHP frameworks. The result of this study is a website-based thesis repository system that can archive student thesis data and can also be used to search and display existing thesis data through the admin or user interface in this case students.

The rapidly developing internet infrastructure together with the advances in software technology has enabled the development of cloud-based modern web applications that are much more responsive, flexible, and reliable compared to traditional monolithic applications. Such modern applications require new software design paradigms and architectures. Microservice-based architecture (MSbA), which aims to create small, isolated, loosely-coupled applications that work in cohesion, becoming widespread as one of these approaches. MSbA allows the developed applications to be deployed and maintained separately, as well as scaled on demand. However, there is no de facto method for the analysis and design of systems for these architectures. In this paper, we compared the usefulness of the object-oriented (OO) and event-oriented (EO) approaches for analyzing and designing MS-based systems. More specifically, we performed an exploratory case study to analyze, design, and implement a software application dealing with the ‘application and evaluation process of graduate students at IzTech’. This paper discusses the results of this case study. We observe that the EO approaches have significant advantages with respect to the OO approaches.

Object-oriented analysis is a significant step that plays a vital role in the success of software development. The planning and management stages, in particular, profoundly rely on the deliverance of an accurate estimate that takes the software's complexity and size into consideration. Today, several software industries are transforming their development methodologies to Agile due to its ability to deliver value in a short time and its cost efficiency. However, Agile methods prevent heavyweight modeling analysis and depend on user stories to drive the estimation process. Because user stories are descriptive language, they may not provide a clear picture for the implementation. Also, they may not help Agile developers give an accurate estimation due to their difficulty in measuring the complexity and size of a feature. Thus, this paper presents a new Agile artifact called developer story that allows the Agile developer to not only analyze and design software products but also predict the size of each feature, including its complexity. In this paper, a case study is presented that shows how the utilization of developer story is a practical approach in predicting the source code size of a feature and its complexity.

Component-based development (CBD) relies on the use of pre-fabricated business components to develop new application systems, rather than developing them from scratch. It provides an attractive alternative to more established development methods such as object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD). Given the growing demands for using agile methods for software development, we examine if systems analysts are more effective at modeling business systems by reusing business components than by reusing objects. We also examine whether the influence of component or object reuse on modeling performance is moderated by prior experience in systems analysis and design. We evaluate the representational constructs of the two based on a set of decomposition characteristics, and postulate hypotheses comparing the two based on theories in cognitive psychology and human factors. We find that models generated by reusing business components are of higher accuracy than those developed by reusing objects. An interesting finding of our study is that IT professionals who are less experienced in systems analysis and design perform on par with experienced professionals, when modeling business systems by reusing components. We argue that the decomposition characteristics of components—with respect to granularity, quality, and focus—enable less experienced analysts to perform on par with more experienced analysts.

Problem of software projects risks evaluation is identified. Review of modern approaches to risks evaluation is carried out. Analysis of software projects risks evaluation methods is performed. Analysis of sensitivity, scenarios method, simulation modeling, expert assessment are reviewed. Conclusions on importance of risks evaluation for "Software as a Service" software application systems at design stage are performed. It's proposed to perform software projects risks evaluation with expert assessment using by realization of corresponding information technology. Mathematically risks evaluation technology is realized by Delphi method and ranking. Term of confidence interval is used as stopover criterion in computational procedure of Delphi method with the goal of coherent expert opinion obtaining. Calculating procedure envisages initial expert data correction by expert opinions revision and correction of expert group personnel. Consistency of expert opinions in mathematical technology on ranking method is checking with using of Kendall concordance coefficient, and its significance is evaluating on the basis of Pearson criterion. Presented mathematical apparatus formalizes solution of risks evaluation problem. Methods of software projects risks evaluation and theirs mathematical technologies requires a big amount of calculating operations. Information support increases the rate and precision of such operations, ensures initial data and obtained results accumulation. Information support of software projects risks evaluation is realized as software application system. At development of software application system functional and nonfunctional requirements, database model and its structure were defined. Principles of object oriented analysis, data modeling, modern design patterns, CASE software tools were used. It's proposed to realize software application system of information technology in accordance with client-server architecture, dedicated application server with distributed access rights with using of IDE NetBeans by PHP means under MySQL control. Conclusions on possibility of software application system using by performed validation and verification with expertise and PHP Unit using are made. Results of this work may be used for development of software projects risks evaluation information technology.

Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) courses enable students to establish a requirements model of an application, successively transform those requirements into logical design models, and then transform the logical models into physical design models. However, students attending OOAD courses typically encounter difficulties in the transition. Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) provides a model transformation framework for transitioning between OOAD phases. Considering the advantages of MDA in phase transitions, this study proposes that integrating conventional OOAD instruction with the MDA framework and describing transition relations in diagrammatic representations might improve students’ understanding of the transitions. This study used an empirical design that involved using two treatments (MDA-based and conventional instruction) to examine the relevance of MDA-based instruction in the effective understanding of the transitions on the basis of cognitive load theory, the split-attention principle, and theories of representation format. The results indicate that, compared with conventional instruction, MDA-based instruction is more efficient because it improves mental efficiency by reducing extraneous cognitive load. This study can assist educators in understanding the difficulties in learning phase transitions and motivate researchers to develop more effective learning instructions for transitioning between OOAD phases.

This paper proposes that basic ideas from the work system theory (WST) and the work system method (WSM) might serve as a front end to object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD), thereby providing a path from business-oriented descriptions to formal, technical specifications. After describing the background motivation and summarizing work system concepts, the paper uses a hiring system example to show how two tools from WSM can be used as a front end for OOAD, in effect, a step before creating use case diagrams and other types of Unified Modeling Language (UML) artifacts. Potential benefits of this approach stem from a business-oriented question, “how can we improve this work system's performance,” rather than an IT-oriented question, “how can we create a technical artifact that will be used?”

Conceptual modeling using the UML class diagram notation is one of the essential tasks in object-oriented analysis. In collaborative learning, it is difficult for learners to properly share the task of conceptual modeling in their group because a few members who are more skilled out of their group are apt to refine and maintain their single conceptual model. Consequently, as a result of iterative refinement, the others easily become unable to recognize links between their single conceptual model and other documents such as use case descriptions. To improve this problem, this paper proposes a support tool for refining a conceptual model in collaborative learning. This tool enables to automatically merge multiple partial conceptual models, to semi-automatically refine elements of the merged model, and to automatically reflect the refined elements in each partial conceptual model. The effectiveness of this tool was evaluated by applying it to a course of object-oriented development.

The current popular method in analysis and design phase is object-oriented analysis design (OOAD). The OOAD method aims to identify the objects which are responsible for their own. Mostly, the measurements of OOAD results are using verification and validation technique. A more demanding approach is expected from the OOAD method to improve software development process. To address this issue, this paper use Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) as integrated software process improvement standard and approach. The purpose of CMMI is to improve process in creating product or services within organization. Therefore, the idea of improving process using CMMI will be applied for optimizing OOAD. The proposed method in this study is by constructing checklist criteria which already comply with requirement development process area in CMMI. Each criterion will be given certain score, then the score will summarize into total number from the assessment towards the Unified Modeling Languange (UML) Diagrams. The result obtained score of 185 for all criteria in the checklist and achieved 77,08% of CMMI level implementation, which categorized into Large Implementation (LI). The score also means that the UML diagrams are quite good and could be delivered through the next steps of software development life cycle.

When defining object-oriented analysis and design, it’s best to keep in mind your objectives. In both of these process phases we’re producing a work product that is closer to the code that is your end goal. In analysis, you’re refining the feature list you’ve created and producing a model of what the customer wants. In design you’re taking that model and creating the classes that will end up being code.

The purpose of this study was to Designing Applications Income Statement CV. PAHLAWAN TOURS in support of the activities of the processing of financial transactions in the Finance section. With less well in the management and storage of data, resulting in the process of recording transactions that are not done correctly in the accounting. As a means to overcome the above problems, the authors create application programs using the income statement analysis and system development with object oriented methodology models Unified Approach (UA) raised by Ali Bahrami (1999), comprising the steps of Object Oriented Analysis (OOA) and Object Oriented Design (OOD) using Unified Modeling Language (UML) for modeling system requirements. Based on the analysis and design on the application income statement, can produce applications that aim to maximize every working processes and to support the activities of the particular financial transaction.

By the development of the software industry and the advances of the software engineering sciences, the use of Object Oriented Software Engineering (OOSE) has increased in the software complex world. The origin of the OOSE in evaluation and design of the software has expanded much and is now considered as one of the software integration processes. The OOSE is a set of the Object Oriented Analysis (OOA) models, Object Oriented Design (OOD) and the Object Oriented Programming (OOP) which provide a powerful framework for development of the software. The OOSE provides the possibility of OOP on the development and production of the software after the analysis and designing the software. In the paper, we study the OOSE models which is a progressing technology in software industry.

Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) are challenging activitiesand crucial to project success. The software engineer needs tounderstand the application, elicit requirements, and producea design that fulfills the requirements. These are called thethinking process. Unfortunately, only a fraction of CS/SE curriculateach such a thinking process. Moreover, existing tools only supportdiagram drawing and diagram management, not the thinking process. Asa consequence, few diagrams produced are useful for communication andconstruction of the working software. This paper presents an integrateddevelopment environment (IDE) supporting OOAD thinking process withmanual, semi-automatic, and automatic modes. It guides students andsoftware engineers HOW-TO perform OOAD, and lets them learn OOAD andrelated UML diagrams from usingthe IDE. Experiments and real-world projectsshow promising improvement of OOAD performances of students andsoftware engineers.

Regardless of the large number of Object-Oriented (OO) modeling languages currently being used in the Information Systems (IS) modeling process, unavailability of an OO modeling language that can be used in both the analysis and design phases disintegrates the two phases. The problem is, such disintegration can lead to a high level of missing information in the real world system from the analysis phase to the design phase. The approach of this study is to propose a framework to produce design phase models from analysis phase models using ontology based Unified Modeling Language (UML), thereby integrating the two phases. The results obtained from the porposed framework involve: a consructed language which can be used in generating the analysis phase scripts; and the development of script files based on the UML constructs at the analysis and design phases to automatically generate the UML scripts for those two phases. Since this study is a part of an ongoing research study, it can be concluded that, at the end of this study (1) both analysis and design phases would be able to integrate using a common OO modeling language (2) the manual work involved in the current analysis and design modeling would be reduced (3) the complexities and difficulties faced by the modelers (By modelers we mean the analysts and designers who are doing the analysis and design phase modeling) in using UML modeling tools would be reduced.

Soft computing approach like swarm optimization can be used in the software development environment also for developing effective software. Software development and testing cost must be reduced and optimized so that companies can survive and sustain in the market. Object oriented analysis and design is used for developing complex real time software systems. In object oriented software methods, class plays very crucial role and all the systems responsibility and functional and nonfunctional requirements are implemented through class. Assigning responsibility of the class with optimization is an issue which should be dealt carefully. An attempt is made to study Class Responsibility Assignment in the context of object oriented analysis and design. It is a crucial issue encountered in the software design phase in the software development life cycle. Class Responsibility Approach (CRA) depends on human judgment and decision making skills to a great extent. In this paper we have presented an algorithm using Particle Swarm Optimization to provide decisionmaking support for class responsibility assignment, to reassign methods and attributes to classes in a class diagram. This will help the designers and developers of the object oriented software.

Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) is not an easy subject to learn. There are many challenges confronting students when studying OOAD. Students have particular difficulty abstracting real-world problems within the context of OOAD. They are unable to effectively build object-oriented (OO) models from the problem domain because they essentially do not know “what” to model. This article investigates the difficulties and misconceptions undergraduate students have with analysing systems using unified modelling language analysis class and sequence diagrams. These models were chosen because they represent important static and dynamic aspects of the software system under development. The results of this study will help students produce effective OO models, and facilitate software engineering lecturers design learning materials and approaches for introductory OOAD courses.

In this paper we present an integrated design methodology for relational database based on object-oriented analysis and design. The integrated design methodology is based on business profile and has six phases. In the first phase, business use cases are identified and described by macroactivity diagrams and then the macroactivity diagrams are transformed to detailed business activity diagrams by using objects, object flows and business worker`s responsibilities. In the third phase, the detailed business activity diagrams are transformed to business class diagrams that describe the static structure of the entire business system based on detailed business activity diagrams. In the four phase, the business class diagrams are transformed to class diagrams that represent the initial conceptual model of the target relational database. In the five phase, we add additional transformations on the class diagrams with generalization and specialization of associations, roles, activities, additional classes and redundant associations. Eventually, the final class diagrams are transformed to relational database schema. The methodology presented in this paper by applying that proposal for organic connection between object-oriented analysis and design methodology and relational database design methodology. And it will be able to deal with integration management. By the integrated design methodology, we can make more easily software systems based on relational database. In the case study, proposal integrated design methodology applied for a visa issuing system.

Software Metrics have been proposed for procedural and object oriented paradigms to measure various attributes like complexity, cohesion, software quality, and productivity. Among all of these, “Complexity” and “Cohesion” are considered to be the most important attributes. As object oriented analysis and design appears to be at the forefront of software engineering technologies, many different object-oriented complexity and cohesion metrics have been developed. The aim of the paper is to compare some of the complexity and cohesion metrics and to analyze these metrics and expose their inconsistencies. The paper provides a brief introduction of CK and Morris’s metrics for calculating the complexity and cohesion of a software. The inconsistencies in these methods are exposed by providing various examples. The paper concludes by proving inconsistencies in CK’s cohesion matrices and Morris’s complexity matrices.

Sometimes documentation only available for the post delivery maintenance is the source code itself. This happens all too frequently when maintaining legacy systems, i.e. software in current use but developed not earlier than 15 or 20 years .Under these circumstances, maintaining the code can be extremely difficult. One way of handling this problem is to start with source code and attempt to recreate the design documents or even the specifications. This process is called Reverse Engineering. CASE tools can assist with this process. One of the simplest is a pretty printer, which may help display the code more clearly. Other tools construct diagrams such as flow charts or UML diagrams, directly from the source code, these visual aids can help in the process of design recovery. Once the maintenance team has reconstructed the design, there are two possibilities, one alternative is to attempt to reconstruct the specifications, modify the reconstructed specifications to reflect the necessary changes, and reimplement the product the usual way, and with in the context of reverse engineering, the usual development process that proceeds from analysis through design to implementation is called forward engineering. The process of forward engineering and reverse engineering combinely called as roundtrip engineering. This paper explains about how it can be achieved using UML with Rational Rose and JAVA

The online computer-assisted instruction system has changed the way of knowledge acquisition, and makes knowledge transmission faster, and more con-venient and efficient. This study discusses the key technologies of online com-puter-assisted instruction system with such methods as literature research, system analysis and empirical research, analyzes the requirement of online computer-assisted instruction system with object-oriented analysis method, determines the main functions of online computer-assisted instruction system, and designs the model of online computer-assisted instruction system in detail with the aid of UML technology. The practicality and validity of the model are verified by the re-alization of some interfaces and processes of the system model.

Context: Object-oriented (OO) development method is a popular paradigm in developing target systems. However, the current practices of OO analysis and design (OOAD) and implementation largely rely on human developers' experience and expertise, making it possible less efficient and more error-prone. Hence, there is room for improving the development efficiency while preserving high quality of programs. Objective: Model-driven development (MDD) is a promising approach to developing programs by machine-assisted model transformation, saving human efforts and reducing the possibility of introducing program faults. Hence, it is appealing to apply key disciplines of MDD in developing OO programs. Method: In this paper, we propose a comprehensive framework for applying MDD on OO program engineering in a rigorous and formal fashion. The framework consists of: (1) a hybrid engineering model of human and machine, (2) meta-models of OOAD artifacts, (3) traceability map with trace links, and (4) transformation rules. Results: We identified five platform independent models and two platform specific models, and defined formal representations for them. We identified 16 traceability links and accordingly 16 transformation rules among the eight artifacts. Through the case study, we showed that our work is feasible and applicable. We assessed our work and concluded that our work is sound, complete, and extendable. Our work established the foundation toward automatic generation of OO programs based on the traceability framework. Conclusion: It is concluded that it is essential to identify the OOAD artifacts, traceability links, and transformation rules for automatic generation of OO programs. It is also important to understand the human involvement nature in MDD and to explicitly treat them in the model transformation.

Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs) are rarely treated as ''first-class'' elements in software development as Functional Requirements (FRs) are. Often NFRs are stated informally and incorporated in the final software as an after-thought. We leverage existing research work for the treatment of NFRs to propose an approach that enables to systematically analyze and design NFRs in parallel with FRs. Our approach premises on the importance of focusing on tactics (the specific mechanisms used to fulfill NFRs) as opposed to focusing on NFRs themselves. The advantages of our approach include filling the gap between NFRs elicitation and NFRs implementation, systematically treating NFRs through grouping of tactics so that tactics in the same group can be addressed uniformly, remedying some shortcomings in existing work (by prioritizing NFRs and analyzing tradeoff among NFRs), and integration of FRs and NFRs by treating them as first-class entities.

The goal of this paper is to present a case study focusing on object technology assessment in a computer service industry. We develop decision models to give proper recommendations for object-oriented software projects. The assessment uses a quantitative approach, in which a mixed-integer linear programming model and a multi-objective model were formulated and applied. By reducing the element of subjectivity, these formal models led to consistent tool selection. By separating the data and models, the models can be reused in subsequent software development projects. Finally, by allowing users to specify their objectives and requirements and by providing a sensitivity analysis of the results, this approach also increases customer orientation.

Object-oriented programming is a major trend in computer software because it increases flexibility of large-scale software systems. This paper presents an intuitive visual framework for power syste...

The choice of methodology for the development of the architecture for software systems has a direct effect on the suitability of that architecture. If the development process is driven by the user's functional requirements, we would expect the architecture to appropriately reflect those requirements. We would also expect other aspects not captured in the functional specification to be absent from the architecture. The same phenomenon is true in development approaches that stress the importance of systemic quality attributes or other non-functional requirements; those requirements are prominent in the resulting architecture, while other requirement types not stressed by the approach are absent. In other words, the final architecture reflects the focus of the development approach. An ideal approach, therefore, is one that incorporates all goals, expectations, and requirements: both business and technical. To accomplish this we have incorporated, into a single architectural development process, generalized Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) methodologies with the software architecture-centric method, the Quality Attribute Workshop (QAW) and Attribute Driven Design (ADD). OOAD, while relatively intuitive, focuses heavily on functional requirements and has the benefit of semantic closeness to the problem domain making it an intuitive process with comprehendible results. Architecture-centric approaches, on the other hand, provide explicit and methodical guidance to an architect in creating systems with desirable qualities and goals. They provide minimal guidance in determining fine-grained architecture, however. The integrated approach described in this paper maximizes the benefits of the respective processes while eliminating their flaws and was applied in a eight university, global development research project with great success. A case study from that experiment is included here to demonstrate the method.

Most software projects fail due to incomplete, ambiguous and inconsistent requirements. The aim of the paper is to develop a practical approach for performing object oriented requirements analysis. The specific goal is to increase the accuracy, consistency, and completeness of software requirements by using a methodical step-by-step process that has a definite end point. Our proposed approach is followed by a case study to prove the applicability and the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Essential Unified Process (EssUP) is a new software development process invented by Ivar Jacobson around 2006. It is based on Rational Unified Process (RUP) and takes Agile development philosophy into account. RUP was proposed by IBM Rational and now it is implemented as part of the IBM Rational tools. It is well known that EssUP is practice separation and lightweight and UP is an integrated and heavyweight process. In this paper, we introduce and characterize EssUP by systematically comparing it with traditional RUP from different aspects such as separation of concerns, flexibility, presentation, and tailorable. Comparison results show that EssUP is very flexible to be adopted, adapted, and configured. In other words, there is no actual process for EssUP and EssUP is just composed of a set of selected practices. Moreover, to successfully apply EssUP requires experiences and expertise. The contribution of the paper is that we provide readers a comprehensive and insight view of EssUP by thoroughly comparing it with commonly-used RUP.

Object oriented design is more powerful than function oriented design. Previously the software was developed by using functional or structural approach but due to high quality demand, traditional metrics (i.e. Cyclomatic complexity, lines of code, comment percentage) cannot be applied. Object oriented metric assures to reduce cost and maintenance effort by serving earlier predictors to estimate software faults. The Object Oriented Analysis and Design of software gives the many benefits like reusability, decomposition of problems in to easily understandable objects. This paper presents the different object oriented metrics qualities in different dimensions (i.e. size, complexity, quality, reliability, etc). Object oriented metrics are used to analyze the complexity of any object oriented language (i.e. java, c++, C Sharp).In this paper we have taken the different sets of programs using C++ and Java. It concludes that Java dominants the C++ .The popularity is only due to measuring the software complexity, quality and estimation size of the projects.

The object-oriented system analysis and design (OOA and OOD) is an effective technology widely used by the modern software enterprise, the OOAD method requires specified in the design to map the real world problem domain objects and entities. The object-oriented analysis is found in problem areas and describes objects (or concept). The object-oriented design emphasis is to define the software objects and how they collaborate to achieve requirements. The paper is after learning the object-oriented analysis and design, and according to own understanding to summarize this course. First of all this course is summarized; Then, in relation to the instructions of the object-oriented analysis and design, respectively. The summary is given.

This paper firstly introduces the main content of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Secondly, a library management system design is carried out based on the UML Modeling mechanism in analyzing a simple library management system. Thirdly, a demand analysis mode of management system is built by the use case diagram and analysis diagram after the analysis for a simple library management system using the UML modeling mechanism. At last, the book lending management subsystem in the library management system has been designed by the design class diagram and sequence diagram.

Research has been actively proposed into how to specify requirements in the upper stream of software development. For example, the main research issues regarding Structured Analysis and Object Oriented Analysis methodologies include requirements elicitation, modeling, and validation of specifications to give a starting point for software development. At the same time, another area of research has emerged that recognizes the importance of guaranteeing requirements quality by goals. As the impact of IT penetrates to mobile devices, information appliances and automobiles, goal oriented requirements engineering (GORE) approaches for performance and safety in embedded systems have been proposed. Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs) such as business strategy, security and privacy, are now being formalized by Requirements Engineering (RE) technologies, because enterprise business is now heavily influenced by IT, for example in e-Business. As IT is fast becoming ubiquitous in society, the importance of Goal Orientation will increase as socio-technology enables visualization of the role of software in social systems. In this paper, we discuss the current states and trends of GORE from the viewpoints of both academia and industry.

Considering an absence of formalization in educational content notation analysis and design on the contrary of other fields, where modeling plays irreplaceable role we have performed certain experiments. We have abstracted certain equivalence between graduate profile and a profession profile. Subsequently we have substituted this profiles as a system of a knowledge, ability, skills etc. Applied substitution between profiles and a system allows us to treat it in analogy with software engineering process — Unified Process which describes how requirements are turned into educational content. Such approach leads to models with zero redundancy which is very important for educational content even for computer aided education or distance learning. The results of our experiment experiment we have examined also by short short questionnaire.

FOOM-Functional and Object Oriented Methodology-combines two essential software-engineering paradigms: the functional (or process-oriented) approach and the object-oriented (OO) approach. The two main products of the analysis phase of FOOM are an initial class diagram and OO-DFDs (dataflow diagrams including data classes rather than traditional data-stores). We evaluated these analysis products by comparing them with the analysis products of OPM-Object-Process Methodology-which also combines the functional and object-oriented approaches, using a unified diagrammatic notation. FOOM and OPM were compared in two controlled experiments from two main points of view: users and analysts. From the point of view of users we compared mainly comprehension of analysis specifications in each methodology. From the point of view of analysts we compared mainly quality, namely correctness of specifications created by analysts who utilized the two methodologies. The main results of the experiments are that FOOM specifications are more comprehensible and preferred by users, and that analysts create more correct specifications when using FOOM methodology.

In this paper we present the original method of intensive hands-on training in Object-oriented Analysis and Design (OOA/OOD) with the Unified Modeling Language (UML). The method has been successfully used by the authors for three years. During the training, the students: go through the communication problems that are typical for large software development projects obtain the successful experience of applying UML to overcome these problems. The essence of the method is that a team of students is supposed to design a software system. They have several hours to complete the task. During this timeframe verbal and written communication is forbidden, and the UML is the only allowed language. This training is a kind of experiment for students -- they are to discover whether UML is "a real language" that is suitable and beneficial for a project team.The training was successfully delivered more than ten times in both academic and corporate environments and generated positive feedback from students and customers.

The majority of research regarding the effectiveness of object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) is focused on a comparison of object-oriented to traditional approaches that highlights their relative strengths and weaknesses. There has been less focus on improving OOAD on its own. The standardization of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) creates an opportunity to focus on improving the methods of developing UML diagrams. Design quality can be a litmus test for overall system quality. Practice has shown that designing user interfaces before domain modeling can be used on a systematic basis to derive other UML diagrams for a large class of interactive information systems. This empirical study analyzed 43 OOAD projects to determine the effectiveness of the user interface driven system design (UIDD) by calculating defect densities for four UML diagrams. The study was performed on three levels: individual type of defect, type of diagram and entire project. Empirical results show that the UIDD consistently produced very low defect densities on all three levels for projects that varied widely with respect to application area, information system type, team experience and size.

A number of activities involved in testing software are known to be difficult and time consuming. Among them is the definition and coding of test oracles and the isolation of faults once failures have been detected. Through a thorough and rigorous empirical study, we investigate how the instrumentation of contracts could address both issues. Contracts are known to be a useful technique in specifying the precondition and postcondition of operations and class invariants, thus making the definition of object-oriented analysis or design elements more precise. It is one of the reasons the Object Constraint Language (OCL) was made part of the Unified Modeling Language. Our aim in this paper is to reuse and instrument contracts to ease testing. A thorough case study is run where we define OCL contracts, instrument them using a commercial tool and assess the benefits and limitations of doing so to support the automated detection of failures and the isolation of faults. As contracts can be defined at various levels of detail, we also investigate the cost and benefit of using contracts at different levels of precision. We then draw practical conclusions regarding the applicability of the approach and its limitations.

Graphical CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering) tools provide considerable help in documenting the output of the Analysis and Design stages of software development and can assist in detecting incompleteness and inconsistency in an analysis. However, these tools do not contribute to the initial, difficult stage of the analysis process, that of identifying the object classes, attributes and relationships used to model the problem domain. This paper describes an NL-Based CASE tool called Class Model Builder (CM-Builder) which aims at supporting this aspect of the Analysis stage of software development in an Object-Oriented framework. CM-Builder uses robust Natural Language Processing techniques to analyse software requirements texts written in English and constructs, either automatically or interactively with an analyst, an initial UML Class Model representing the object classes mentioned in the text and the relationships among them. The initial model can be directly input to a graphical CASE tool for further refinement by a human analyst. CM-Builder has been quantitatively evaluated in blind trials against a collection of unseen software requirements texts and we present the results of this evaluation, together with the evaluation method. The results are very encouraging and demonstrate that tools such as CM-Builder have the potential to play an important role in the software development process.

Software reusethe application of existing software artifacts in the development of a new systemhas been claimed to dramatically improve systems development productivity and quality. These claims have been particularly pronounced with respect to the reuse of object-oriented (OO) software artifacts. However, the empirical evaluations of these claims are relatively sparse and often inconsistent. This paper begins to address the gap in the literature. A verbal-protocol study was conducted in which analysts created a model for a problem (the target) and were given an example problem and solution (the source) to reuse. The results show little support for reuse in OO analysis. First, reuse had no effect on the quality of the OO analysis models. Subjects given a highly reusable example produced solutions that were no better than those of subjects in the control group. Second, the degree of similarity between the source and target problems did have an effect on the reuse process, although it did not impact the reuse outcome. Subjects given the example with the most similarity to the target problem quickly recognized the reuse potential, attempted a fair amount of reuse, but made several errors stemming from lazy copying. Subjects given an example with a lesser (but still significant) degree of similarity were often unable to recognize the reuse potential, and thus engaged in less reuse activity. Thus, the characteristics of the source-target comparison that facilitate noticing the reuse potential of the source do not necessarily help in applying the source solution to the target problem. These results suggest that the claims associated with reuse should be treated with a healthy dose of skepticism.

This paper presents an overview of the Rational Unified Process. The Rational unified Process is a software engineering process, delivered through a web-enabled, searchable knowledge base. The process enhances team productivity and delivers software best practices via guidelines, templates and tool mentors for all critical software lifecycle activities. The knowledge base allows development teams to gain the full benefits of the industry-standard Unified Modeling Language(UML). The rational Unified Process is a software Engineering Process. It provides a disciplined approach to assigning tasks and responsibilities within development organization. Its goal is to ensure the production of high-quality software that meets the needs of its end-users, within a predictable schedule and budget.[11,13] The rational Unified Process is a process product , developed and maintained by Rational Software. The development team for the Rational Unified Process are working closely with customers, partners, Rational's that the process is continuously updated and improved upon to reflect recent experiences and evolving and proven best practices. The Rational Unified Process is a guide for how to effectively use the Unified modeling Language(UML). The UML is a industry-standard language that allows us to clearly communicate requirements, architectures and designs. The UML is a industry-standard language that allows us to clearly communicate requirements architectures and designs. the UML originally created by Rational Software, and is now maintained by the standards organization Object Management Group(OMG).[4] the Rational Unified Process captures many of the best practices in modern software development in a form that is suitable for a wide range of projects and organizations. Deploying these best practices 3/4 using the Rational Unified Process as your guide 3/4 offers development teams a number of key advantages. In next section, we describe the six fundamental best practices of the Rational Unified Process. The Rational Unified Process describes how to effectively deploy commercially proven approaches to software development for software development teams. These are called "best practices" not so much because you can precisely quantify their value, but rather, because they are observed to be commonly used in industry by successful organizations.

This paper concerns itself with the beneficial effects of the Unified Modeling Language (UML), a nonproprietary object modeling standard, in specifying, visualizing, constructing, documenting, and communicating the model of a healthcare information system from the user's perspective. The author outlines the process of object-oriented analysis (OOA) using the UML and illustrates this with healthcare examples to demonstrate the practicality of application of the UML by healthcare personnel to real-world information system problems. The UML will accelerate advanced uses of object-orientation such as reuse technology, resulting in significantly higher software productivity. The UML is also applicable in the context of a component paradigm that promises to enhance the capabilities of healthcare information systems and simplify their management and maintenance.