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The coexistence of Bahasa Indonesia and Javanese has become an issue in the Javanese language preservation. Such strong contact is finally resulting in bilingual individuals in which language interference often occur. In this study, however, is aiming at describing how and why Bahasa Indonesia is interfering Javanese in Javanese children speech. By using task-based approach by Grosjean, this study manipulated language production in Javanese children using wordless narrative book Frog, Where Are You? created by Mercer Mayer. The results show that Bahasa Indonesia is interfering Javanese in phonic, morphological, syntactic, lexical, and even semantic aspects. Nevertheless, lexical level interference is the most noticeable interference since both language share quite similar structure. It is believed that, in sociolinguistics perspective, Bahasa Indonesia has gradually shift Javanese gradually. It is also seen that Javanese children with strong exposure of Bahasa Indonesia are eventually perceive more Bahasa Indonesia structure than Javanese.

The research aimed to see a relevance of the preservation of the Javanese language in Javanese conversations that Ganjar Pranowo carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic. The resulting data was about the level in the language that included word level, phrase level, and sentence level. Also, several manners, unggah ungguh, and ethics were produced that could become examples or role models for the people of Central Java. The research applied a qualitative method. The data source was the utterances contained in the uploads of Ganjar Pranowo in the form of video recordings that included primary data in the form of utterances or parts of spoken speech from various speeches and communications from the people of Central Java with Ganjar Pranowo. The results show that preservation of the Javanese language through conversations between leaders and the community has positive implications. This means that the preservation of the Javanese language is carried out optimally in the social sphere. This activity is well recorded and uploaded on social media, Ganjar Pranowo, a figure who has high credibility. The social sphere is an important component used to preserve Javanese language, culture, and traditions.

The focus of the problem in this study is motivated by the phenomenon of the development of the times and the rapid flow of globalization making the Dayak ethnic in Samarinda City specifically, becoming an ethnic minority so language retention needs to be made in multilingual minority language communities. The language that is the focus of research is Dayak Kenyah Language. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors of preservation of Dayak Kenyah Language in Samarinda City. This research uses descriptive qualitative method with a sociolinguistic approach. The research data were written text (conversational transcripts) from the data source of the Dayak Kenyah ethnic community in Samarinda City. Data collection techniques using the stages of observation, Simak Free Engage Involved (SBLC) techniques, and interviews. Research instruments in the form of devices, stationery, notebooks, and indicators of language maintenance. The results of the study found that there were efforts made by the Dayak Kenyah community in Samarinda City as a manifestation of the language of the Dayak Kenyah region. The research findings are: (1) family factors, (2) social factors, (3) communication intensity factors, (4) activity factors, and (5) desire factors in language retention. The conclusion in this study focuses more on the care and contribution of various layers of ethnic Dayak Kenyah communities, especially in Samarinda, towards the regional languages ​​they have.

The paper presents the first part of the study within the research project Opportunities and possibilities of preservation and revitalization of the Slovene language among the Slovene minority community in the neighbouring states, which aims to analyse the situation in Benečija. In the era of global processes, European integrational processes, more favourable and sound legal bases (protection laws) and especially because of bilingual schooling, we assume that in the province of Udine there are the premises for linguistic revitalisation and de-assimilation of younger generations, including the intergenerational transmission of language and/or study of Slovene among the generations where this transmission has been interrupted. The paper introduces the first results of the study which aims to analyse the intergenerational transmission of the Slovene language, the reasons why parents have chosen bilingual schools and their expectations about bilingual schooling. A combination of qualitative and quantitative data has been analysed. Available data concerning Slovenes in Italy has been reviewed. Special stress has been put on data regarding the areas of Udine/Videm and Benečija. In the empirical part, qualitative data has been collected with interviews among parents of children attending the bilingual school in the school year 2016/17. On the basis of the answers, it can be presumed that in the previous generation the intergenerational transmission of Slovene language was often interrupted as schooling started, more exactly nursery school, which marked the transition to Italian. Consequently, bilingual schooling represents an important achievement for the Slovene population of the province of Udine. However, bilingual schooling itself cannot guarantee language preservation and revitalisation. There is the need of more support by means of language planning and policies. It has to be highlighted that all these processes are going on in an environment that is increasingly open and favourable for the Slovene language and bilingualism. Članek predstavlja prvi izsek raziskovalnega dela pri ciljnem raziskovalnem projektu Priložnosti in možnosti za ohranjanje oziroma revitalizacijo slovenščine med slovensko manjšinsko skupnostjo v sosednjih državah, namenjenem preučevanju stanja slovenskega jezika v Beneški Sloveniji. V kontekstu globalizacijskih procesov, evropskih integracijskih procesov, ugodnejših in trdnejših zakonskih podlag (t. i. zaščitnega zakona) ter predvsem zaradi prisotnosti dvojezične šole lahko oblikujemo hipotezo, da v Beneški Sloveniji obstajajo ugodne okoliščine za jezikovno revitalizacijo in deasimilacijo mlajših generacij, kar vključuje tudi ponovno učenje slovenščine med generacijami, pri katerih je medgeneracijski prenos jezika zastal. Iz zbranih podatkov je mogoče izluščiti, da je v prejšnji generaciji medgeneracijski prenos jezika pogosto zastal z začetkom šolanja oz. vstopom v vrtec, ki je zaznamoval prehod na italijanski jezik. Tudi zato je dvojezično šolanje za Beneško Slovenijo pomemben dosežek, vendar samo po sebi še ni zadosten pogoj za ohranjanje ali oživitev medgeneracijskega prenosa jezika. Potrebni so še drugi ukrepi jezikovnega načrtovanja in jezikovne politike. Ob tem gre poudariti, da se ti procesi razvijajo v okolju, ki je bolj naklonjeno slovenščini in dvojezičnosti, kot je bilo v preteklosti.

This article questions notions of belonging in the case of displaced communities’ descendants and discusses such groups’ efforts to preserve their heritage. It examines the instrumental use of nostalgia in heritage discourses that drive preservation efforts. The case study presented is focused on the Russian Old Believers in Romania. Their creativity in reforming heritage practices is considered in relation to heritage discourses that emphasise continuity. The ethnographic data presented in this article, derived from my doctoral research project, is focused on three major themes: language preservation, the singing tradition and the use of heritage for touristic purposes.

Indigenous language endangerment is critical in Australia, with only 120 of 250 known languages remaining, and only 13 considered strong. A related issue is the gap in formal education outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people compared with other Australians, with the gap wider in remote regions. Little empirical research exists in Australia to explore the role of developing Aboriginal literacy through bilingual education to address these combined issues. As a ‘shared space’ collaboration between remote communities, government, and scientists, the Interplay Wellbeing Framework and associated Survey were designed to represent community values and priorities in a quantifiable system to inform policy and practice. A cohort of 842 Aboriginal people aged 15–34 years from four remote communities completed individual surveys designed and administered by Aboriginal community researchers. We applied structural equation modelling to this data to understand the role of cultural indicators on education outcomes. Results confirmed the importance of strong relationships between community and schools. Furthermore, learning about culture and learning literacy in ones first language in schools to develop Aboriginal literacy, is established as a necessary step to improve English literacy in remote schools. This suggests bilingual education and strengthening culture and community involvement in schools are necessary to improve both education outcomes and language preservation.

This article examines the consequences of neoliberalism in two separate domains of multilingual language use in the context of Nepal: language education and tourism. We show that institutions and individuals have appropriated and reproduced this ideology with their creative tactics, agency, and practices that both help them promote and commodify their ethnolinguistic identity and language skills while also allowing them to acquire multilingual repertoires in global languages such as English, German, Chinese, Japanese, and the indigenous local language Newari. We show that English as a global language does not always accord more cultural capital and economic value, nor is the teaching and learning of local indigenous languages always confined to the ideologies of identity politics and language preservation. We argue that while the ideologies of English as a global language and of indigenous languages as tools for ethnolinguistic identity do not disappear from the scene, new forces of globalization and neoliberalism bestow new meanings to multilingual repertoires and practices. (Neoliberalism, multilingualism, commodification, ethnolinguistic identity, Nepal)*

There have been five congresses on Javanese language from 1991 to 2011. This indicates that there has been an effort to strengthen the Javanese identity through language engineering programs. There is an assumption that the Javanese people, especially the younger generation, nowadays tend to be monolingual than bilingual (Cohn & Ravindranath, 2014). Is Javanese language internally unable to face globalization challenges, and as a result it suffers from “impotence” and “complication”? (Djatmika, 2010). This article attempts to address the following question: What are the obstacles faced by Javanese language during its process of development? This article is based on the argument that the Javanese language planning through the language engineering program does not incorporate the ‘collective dream’ of its native speakers. The sources of data for this article come from the documents of Javanese congresses I-V and language policy documents pertaining to Javanese language preservation.

Description The rapid development of technology has led to a borderless community which may affect social life, including language. Through the disruptive technology of the era, the issue of language use and how technology affects language has arisen as a critical aspect of human communication. The current ISOL-4 tries to bring the issues of Language and Disruptive Technology to academic discussion. Aims and Scope LANGUAGE AND TECHNOLOGY Language and media, Natural Language Processing, Language and Artificial Intelligence, Corpus Linguistics, Language Education and Technology, Speech and Language Therapy, Language and Cyber Threat, and Related Issues. LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL CHANGE Language and Global Development, Language and Politics, Language and Gender, Language and Conflict, Language and Disaster Management LANGUAGE AND CULTURE Language and Identity, Cross Cultural Communication, Language Preservation RELATED STUDIES Reasearch related to language and technology from various fields Instructions for Authors As an author, it is crucial to follow the guidelines and formatting instructions to prepare and submit your paper in order to have it published in proceedings. Before submitting the paper, please use the conference template which can be found in the the website: http://isol.fib.unand.ac.id/ Each individual is limited to one personal appearance on the programme as a presenting author. This policy precludes acceptance of papers for more than one presentation. In other words, an author can submit and present only one paper. However, a presenter can always be a non-presenting co-author on additional papers. Please read the instructions carefully prior to submitting: Each paper can only be submitted to ONE track. Submitted pap

The article aims at identifying the attributes of ethnic identity and ethnic concepts of minority groups living in the territory of the Russian Federation, in particular, the Russian Germans living in the city of Glazov and the Vyatka-Kama region. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to understand and to study the shared characteristics of the ethnic identity of the German ethnic group: national self-awareness, preservation and revival of the ethnic culture and traditions, language preservation. The materials of the research are the tape recordings of unprepared German and Russian speech which were made during dialectological and ethnographic expeditions to Glazov. The speech of three informants is analyzed in the study. Nine main parameters of the ethnic identity are examined in relation to the Russian Germans of Glazov: common history, common territory, religion, living environment, family background, folklore, behavior standards, mentality of the ethnic group, and the common language. The language is described in more detail in the study. The results of the study suggest that the ethnic identity of the Russian Germans in question is a changing dynamic category. In our opinion, the language is the most important consolidating factor of the cultural integrity of an ethnic group, an instrument for sharing culturally important information and experience; so it is one of the core parameters of ethnic identity of the Russian Germans living in Glazov. This article will be of interest to researchers in the field of German dialectology and German speech islands.

Languages evolve as an effect of communal competition while environmental and social dynamics characterize a language. There are thousands of languages spoken around the world but many of them are in danger of going extinct because of language competition and shifts. Modeling language preservation is important because the rise and fall of a language directly impacts the culture attached to it. We present a study of language competition and preservation between a bilingual population and two monolingual populations using a mathematical model involving nonlinear systems of differential equations. Building upon the ideas of previous models in the literature, the model utilizes population proportions with a simple structure that yields noteworthy behavior including a stable spiral with all three language groups preserved. We investigate how bilinguals and monolinguals can coexist as well as how they can affect one another. Los idiomas evolucionan como efecto de la competencia comunitaria, mientras que las dinámicas ambientales y sociales caracterizan a un idioma. Se hablan miles de idiomas en todo el mundo, pero muchos de ellos están en peligro de extinción debido a la competencia lingüística y los cambios. Modelar la preservación del lenguaje es importante porque el auge y la caída de un idioma impacta directamente en la cultura que se le atribuye. Presentamos un estudio de la competencia y preservación del lenguaje entre una población bilingüe y dos poblaciones monolingües utilizando un modelo matemático que involucra sistemas no lineales de ecuaciones diferenciales. Sobre la base de las ideas de modelos anteriores en la literatura, el modelo utiliza proporciones de población con una estructura simple que produce un comportamiento notable que incluye una espiral estable con los tres grupos lingüísticos preservados. Investigamos cómo los bilingües y los monolingües pueden coexistir y cómo pueden afectarse unos a otros., Language preservation; Bilingual; Mathematical model; Language competition; Ordinary differential equations

News accounts of the recent discovery of Hawai’i Sign Language tell of the identification of a new language—one nearing extinction—and, ultimately, the happy ending of language preservation. By applying postcolonial and disability studies scholarship to the news coverage, we reframe marginalized languages through an alternative logic. We examine the narratives of extinction, genealogy, and institutionalization that underlie both colonial and ableist discourses in the articles. We argue that popular conceptions of endangered language and language purity obscure how normative values are applied to language communities and institutionalization, often at the expense of those very communities.

The above group of ethnically diverse, third-year community development students from Massey University, Aotearoa New Zealand connected through a shared interest in the wellbeing of Maori and Pasifika peoples in Oceania. They identified the critical importance of preserving indigenous languages as a vehicle for maintaining cultural heritage and linguistic rights. Diasporic Pacific populations experience vulnerability in maintaining cultural heri- tage. One of the fundamental elements in retaining cultural heritage is the preservation of indigenous languages. This paper was presented at the Social Policy, Social Welfare Systems and Human Security in the Pacific Conference held at the University of South Pacific, 5th- 7th October 2010. It explores a structural analysis and ‘development from below’ process which identified a unifying metaphor as a powerful tool to assist social change around the preservation of indigenous languages. Rather than employing a hegemonic view on the sta- tus of indigenous languages, this paper offers solutions from a Pasifika perspective formed within a post-modern New Zealand context. This framework and the process that the students undertook offer a valuable contribution to social and cultural protection and human security policy development as it pertains to language preservation within Oceania. Other social change groups may find this process and the tool/metaphor useful for their work. Ko toku reo, toku ohooho Ko toku reo, toku mapihi maurea. My language is my awakening My language is the window to my soul.

This paper introduces the concept of endangered languages and the corresponding solution of language revitalization. It first illustrates the importance of language preservation and the process of language endangerment and death. The two principal strategies of thwarting language death are discussed, with an emphasis on the language revitalization as the more effective option due to the difficulties that language revival faces. The most commonly successful approaches to language preservation are discussed such as establishing cultural pride and identity, education, and utilizing modern technology. These strategies are discussed in detail through the presentation of a case study: the Khoisan language family.

In this paper, I show how a novel treatment of speech acts can be combined with a well-known liberal argument for multiculturalism in a way that will justify claims about the preservation, protection, or accommodation of minority languages. The key to the paper is the claim that every language makes a distinctive range of speech acts possible, acts that cannot be realized by means of any other language. As a result, when a language disappears, so does a class of speech acts. If we accept that our social identities are in large part constituted by the decisions we make about how to speak, then language loss will amount to a substantial infringement on our autonomy in a particularly important domain.

Calls for more holistic research, especially ones that deal with law and its implications for local languages, have increased in recent years. The present study used narrative research design to investigate the beliefs and experiences of one participant about his role in preserving a local language in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In other words, the purpose of this study was to describe the life of the participant, collect and tell stories about the participant’s life, and then write narratives of his experiences by proposing two research questions: (1) how can the possible impacts of Law No.24 / 2009 on Javanese language be managed? and (2) what specific strategies have the potential to result in more effective Javanese language preservation and promotion in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia? The findings revealed that revitalization and development of Javanese language and literature and also provincial government responses to Javanese language and script crisis could be considered as solutions. More specifically, fostering cultural activities with stakeholders in both academic and non-academic domains was the way to prevent the possible negative effects of Law No. 24 / 2009 on Javanese language. It was also observed that initiating an Act could be the best strategy to revitalize Javanese language and script. These findings suggest that Center for Language and the provincial government have an important concern to respect Javanese language and culture.

The aim of this study is to explain the shift in Buginese of the students in Bandung.This is related to the students' language attitude towards Buginese. The use and attitude of language in minority languages in the majority language area is one aspect that influences shifting a language. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. Research subjects are students from South Sulawesi who are studying in Bandung who are Bugis speakers. The results of this research show that the pattern of language use is dominated by Indonesian when communicating with friends in their area. Although dominated by Indonesian, the use of the Buginese is still used, though not as much as the use of Indonesian. Their language attitude is very positive towards Buginese, but the facts in the field are different from the language attitude, because they are more dominant in using Indonesian than Buginese. This study concluded that the positive attitude of students towards Buginese had no effect on the use of their Buginese. Language preservation depends on the quality of language use in everyday life. The use of Buginese in students in Bandung is relatively low. Students do not maintain their identity as speakers of the Buginese when communicating with each other, thus causing the Buginese to be displaced by Indonesian.

This study was conducted to assess various languages trader deals in Bocor Beach Kebumen in terms of perspektik sociolinguistics. The aim of research to find out the deals utterances used by hawkers at Bocor Beach Kebumen, knowing offers a variety of language used by hawkers at Bocor Beach Kebumen, and knowing use of vocabulary that deals used by hawkers at Bocor Beach Kebumen. This study used a qualitative approach. The method used in this research is descriptive and analytical. The data used in this research is data in the form of a variety of language associated with language diversity offers Bocor beach hawkers. The results of the study deals buying and selling a variety of language, which is rarely done because of language preservation demands an understanding of the other person. Keywords: language diversity, merchant, sociolinguistic

This paper discusses the relationship of northernness and performances of contemporary ethnic popular music, within the context of critical geography and postcolonial theory. The focus is on the Sami ethnic minorities of northern Finland. The North of Finland, ‘nature-Finland’, is understood here as an imaginative region which over the course of several centuries has been constituted through various forms of stereotyping, mystifying, exoticising and othering of Sami minorities in accordance with the nationalist endeavours of Southern Finland. While these stereotypes and preconceptions of northernness have delimited northern cultural activity, contemporary ethnic music is conceived here as a strategic tool with which stereotypes of northernness can be contested and the work of the preservation of ethnic heritage put into action. The focus is on the works of Inari Sami-singing rap musician Amoc, Skolt Sami-singing heavy rock girl Tiina Sanila and the North Sami-singing hard rock band SomBy. Their music is a...

The relationship between additional language use and identity has long been of interest to scholars studying immigration and multilingualism. While oral language is frequently examined as a site for the negotiation of identity, written texts can also be studied for information about how language learners position themselves within their receiving culture. This study looks at the relationship between pronoun choice and identity in additional language academic writing by first generation immigrants in Norway, arguing that language learners signal solidarity with certain subject positions through their use of pronouns. Examining English-language texts discussing themes related to language preservation and immigration, one finds that the immigrant students in this sample are more likely to align their identifications with the receiving country, Norway, than they are to distance themselves from it. However, the texts also reveal a tendency for the students to identify with immigrants as a pan-national group, n...

I examine processes of cultural accommodation and maintenance of the Sephardic tradition as reflected in anecdotes of the generation who immigrated to Israel. The anecdotes reflect traditions and beliefs of Ladino speakers; I study their folkloric and linguistic aspects, while exposing the elements that create humor and reflect dominant social norms. The anecdotes present the obvious and the concealed tensions in Israeli society, yet they have a universal dimension: social conflicts in contacts between cultures, between ethnic groups, between the generation of the parents and that of the children and grandchildren, between next-door neighbors and between diasporas which converge in one social habitat. The article examines elements of performance, including the place of the storyteller in the storytelling situation and the techniques that generate laughter and identification with a marginal group: the group of Ladino speakers in Israel, as they clash with the hegemonic power in the Israeli society.

The paper aims at presenting the linguistic attitudes and the underlying ideologies of the students of the Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania towards their mother tongue and the Romanian language. It provides a brief summary of the most important theoretical aspects entailed (definitions and an overview of the Hungarian sociolinguistic research on linguistic attitudes and ideologies) with special regard to István Lanstyák’s classification of linguistic ideologies. The paper continues with the presentation of the University, of the population and the sample used in the research, and the distribution of the respondents by faculty, sex, age, place of origin, nationality and mother tongue. In the following chapter, the perceived Romanian competence and the attitudes of the students towards the Romanian language is discussed. The last part of the paper gives a qualitative analysis of the responses to the question Where do you think is the most beautiful Hungarian spoken?, focusing on the issues of linguistic attitudes of the students and the ideologies behind them regarding their opinions on the most beautiful variety of the Hungarian language.

As increasing numbers of indigenous languages are rapidly disappearing in the new millennium, language preservation efforts through education and intergenerational language use have become crucial. This article examines the importance of bilingual children's literature from Australia, Canada, and New Zealand as a powerful tool for reviving and creating awareness about indigenous languages. The discussions around oral storytelling practices, interlingual texts, and translation issues raise valid concerns about indigenous language preservation and their integration with majority languages.

Endangered language issue recently becomes serious problem when government reports that there are 11 extinct local language in 15 days. Beside, The Language Development and Cultivation Agency has tried optimally to conserve local languages but it is not totally success. This study would take a critic againts goverment for language preservation and recommend to government for implementing new method for language preservation by using dangdut with local language usage in the lyrics. The method used in this study employs qualitatif and it thus applies language planning approach to find out the effectiveness of dangdut as for language preservation in industrial revolustion. The result shows recommendation to government to implies popular way for local language preservation through using dangdut songs with local language usage for the lyrics in order to enhance local language usage awarness among Indonesian.

This study was a preliminary investigation into the preservation of Indigenous language and culture through educational technology. Using the research methods of an online questionnaire, on-site visits, semi-structured interviews and reflective journals, I examined current methods adopted by Aboriginal Language and Culture (ALC) teachers in British Columbia. This article provides the summary of the online questionnaire. The results indicate that teachers are using a mix of outdated non-technological second-language methods such as flashcards and worksheets with more-recent methods such as Elders and experiential learning. The results also indicate that there is a mismatch between what teachers report as the methods they use and the effectiveness of those methods. The teachers are using technological tools such as interactive whiteboards, digital video cameras and the Internet, but they do not appear to be accessing online resources that are either targeted for Indigenous language use or could be easily adapted for language preservation. The extant literature on Indigenous learning styles and on the use of technology in Indigenous language and culture classrooms supports my findings.

This article is about the history of Radio Ndebele, the last of the South African Broadcasting Corporation's (SABC) African language stations that was established in the dying days of apartheid in the early 1980s. The article explores the role of the state and radio broadcasting in the crystallisation of Ndebele ethnic consciousness and probes more deeply the agency of the Ndebele-speaking broadcasters in aiding or hindering ethnic separatism. Using both archival (written and audio) sources and oral interviews, I argue that though this modern technology of communication played a major role as a channel of apartheid propaganda, Radio Ndebele flourished because firstly, it met its listeners’ desire for broadcasting in their own language, using native speakers; and secondly, the channel came to serve as a medium for ethnic mobilisation as well as for the reinvention of Ndebele traditions, culture and identity. The station played a major role in turning the spoken language into a written form. Indeed...

The self-empowerment of indigenous populations speaking endangered languages continuously changes linguists' relationships with them. Some major influences on this relationship include the disappearance of indigenous languages, the perceived and real power of fluency in English, and the limited economic relevance of indigenous language knowledge. Even so, linguists may be able to contribute to successful language revitalization in respectful ways that appeal to indigenous communities by appropriately encouraging (1) the preservation of indigenous languages, (2) the promotion of literacy, (3) the development of new speakers, (4) the actual use of the indigenous language, and (5) community control of the language.

This article discusses how rap music operates as an emancipatory ‘tool’ in the processes of language preservation and the deconstruction of ethnic stereotypes. It focuses on Amoc, the first ever rap musician to use the Inari Sami language, a minority language spoken in Northern Finland with only approximately 350 remaining speakers. The case as a whole is understood as a confrontation between two opposite discursive worlds. Rap music is perceived as a representation of urbanity, whereas the ethnic Sami culture is understood as a nationally ‘othered’ discourse based on old subordinating stereotypes of primitive people living in nature, beyond civilisation. In this context Amoc represents a bridge-builder between these two contrary worlds. This article discusses how Sami rap, as a modernised artistic practice, functions as an emancipatory ‘tool’ deconstructing the stereotypical ways of approaching ethnic heritages and thereby helping to sustain and revitalise the minority language of the Inari Sami group.

Just as today’s major European languages gradually conquered domains in the early modern period that had previously been the preserve of Latin, it is now important for lesser used languages to es­tablish themselves as – or to remain – instruments of communication in as many fields as possible. To do so, these languages must be subjected to a continuous process of modernisation at a variety of levels. Out of concern for the special character of their mother tongues, however, representatives of language preservation institutions often have fundamental objections to loan processes of all kinds, preferring instead to create new words out of native language material even though the native spea­kers themselves are reluctant to use them.The approach proposed in this article combines respect for the justified scepticism shown by speakers of lesser used languages towards the uncritical incorporation of elements from dominant neighbour languages and from today’s ubiquitous English on the one hand with a warning against the creation of insuperable barriers to the adoption of words and phrases (collocations, etc.) now in international use on the other. Especially “neutral” confixes of Greek or Latin origin (bio-, hydro-, agro-; -scope, -drome, -fer), for example, are well suited to the so-called process of modernisation, in the Indo-European languages at least. Similarly, phrases to be found in various languages that have been adopted as loan translations should not be automatically rejected as foreign bodies.For the necessary decisions to be taken on a rational basis, however, there is a need for much more intensive research into internationalisms than is currently available.

Language preservation aspires to conserve knowledge of a language by recording and documenting, while language revitalization aims to promote use of a language in present-day society. Ainu language preservation and revitalization would thus seem fully compatible with each other in that both strive to maintain the language. However, they are liable to come into conflict for two chief reasons. First, they are likely to be based on diverse conceptions of what “endangered language” means and to shape competing ideologies. Second, they often differ in their notions of correct and/or good Ainu language. In order to maintain Ainu as a “living language,” it is necessary to reconcile language preservation and revitalization. The present study explores the concepts of correct and good Ainu language that are compatible with both language preservation and revitalization. It finally emphasizes that linguists and grammarians have a responsibility to provide guidelines for correct and good Ainu by publishing dictionaries and reference grammars with sufficient dialectal and stylistic instructions.

The quantitative analyses of language choice practices in Chap. 4 were based on the premise that languages are clearly separable and, therefore, countable codes. Such a procedure builds on traditional and still dominant discourses that construct “languages” as self-evident and clearly delineable linguistic systems, often associated with particular nations. This conceptualisation has for a long time affected not just linguistics but also language policies , foreign language education, discussions of linguistic human rights and language preservation, as well as popular notions of linguistic diversity . However, as has been pointed out by Pennycook (2007: 136), such a conceptualisation of languages as countable is the result of a highly entrenched, monolingually biased metadiscursive regime (see also Makoni and Pennycook 2007).

This article explains the creation of the Growing and Learning with Young Native Children curriculum toolkit. The curriculum toolkit was designed to give American Indian and Alaska Native early childhood educators who work in a variety of settings the framework for developing a research-based, developmentally appropriate, tribally specific curriculum to use with Native children aged 0–3. The curriculum toolkit should assist Native people in preserving and maintaining their unique culture and language. Challenges specific to the implementation of an early childhood program in Indian Country have been explained. A brief historical overview of Indian education has been included.

This article outlines the sociolinguistic environment in Cuetzalan, Puebla, Mexico, and how the evolution of tourism influenced, in what appears to be a positive way, the preservation and maintenance of Nahuat, the language spoken by the Nahua Indians of this area. There are many remarkable consequences to this story, however, this article will concentrate on the principal movers, indigenous women, and how their proactive solution to economic hardship led to language preservation. With the focus on language usage, much of the community culture and traditions are recovered and revivified. This study focuses on the situation of a particular group of Nahua women who joined together and formed an economic cooperative to improve their very limited existence. Through diligent work with an implicit policy of self-determination, they succeeded in organizing themselves into different work areas as well as investing time to educate themselves. A majority of the women began promoting tourism and in return tourism appears to have been a very important factor that motivated them to revive and maintain their language, culture, and traditions.

This paper presents some of the findings of a study on first language attrition of German in an anglophone context. It is based on a corpus of narrative autobiographical interviews with 35 German Jews who emigrated from Germany under the Nazi regime. In recent years, issues of identity theory have figured largely within research on both bilingualism at largeand language attrition specifically. Within this context, the situation of German Jews is a unique one: it is very rare that a minority is persecuted by a majority with the same native language. It is to be hypothesized that this situation of forced emigration and brutal persecution led to identity conflicts which, for some of the informants, resulted in a wish to distance themselves from Germany, the Germans and consequently also the German language. The results of this study suggest that for some interviewees the breaks their identity had suffered were too deep to make reconciliation with any part thereof (whether Jewish or German) possible, to the extent that they adopted the language and identity of their country of emigration as their own. In turn, others were able to keep a fairly native-like command of German. This paper will take a closer look at some aspects of persecution, and attempt to link these to individual language attitudes. Qualitative and quantitative aspects of language loss and language preservation will be presented. It will be shown that the breakdown of a language system after sixty years of non-use or restricted use is to a large degree determined by personal attitudes. Este artigo presenta algúns dos resultados dun estudo realizado sobre a perda do alemán como primeira lingua nun contexto anglófono. Está baseado nun corpus de narracións autobiográficas procedentes de entrevistas con trinta e cinco xudeus alemáns que emigraron de Alemaña baixo o réxime nazi. Nos últimos anos, os temas de teoría da identidade preséntanse moi relacionados tanto co bilingüismo en xeral como coa perda lingüística en particular. Neste contexto, a situación dos xudeus alemáns é única: é moi raro que unha minoría sexa perseguida por unha maioría que teña a mesma lingua nativa. A hipótese manexada é que esta situación de emigración forzada e de persecución brutal levou a conflitos de identidade que, para algúns dos informantes, se traduciron nunha arela de distanciamento de Alemaña, dos alemáns e, en consecuencia tamén da lingua alemana. Os resultados deste estudo suxiren que para unha parte dos entrevistados as brechas que sufriron as súas identidades foron demasiado fondas como para que calquera reconciliación con elas fose posíbel (tanto coa identidade xudea coma coa alemá), ata o punto de que porfillaron como propias a lingua e a identidade do país de adopción. Pola contra, outros foron quen de manter unha aceptábel competencia nativa en alemán. Este traballo vaise achegar a algúns dos aspectos da persecución, e tentará relacionalos coas actitudes lingüísticas individuais. Así mesmo, presentaranse distintos aspectos cualitativos e cuantitativos da perda e o mantemento lingüísticos. Mostraremos que o fracaso dun sistema lingüístico despois de sesenta anos de non-uso, ou de uso restrinxido, está determinado en gran medida polas actitudes persoais.

The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s Native American Access to Technology Program (NAATP) was designed to provide computer and Internet access to Native peoples in the Four Corners area of the USA. Through this multi‐year effort, complex packages of hardware, software, installation and training have been made available to 43 tribes in 161 settings. An intensive, collaborative process resulted in a package carefully designed to fit tribal interests, circumstances and political arrangements, including multimedia (graphics‐intensive) equipment, language preservation software, and satellite connections to the Internet as necessary. This interim assessment concludes that the program has substantially increased tribal access to computing and information and has often fostered creative use of the technologies. Deeply embedded economic and political realities and their legacies remain, however, with substantial immediate and long‐term consequences.

This study documents a language planning effort funded by an Administration for Native Americans Grant to the Tanana Chiefs Conference, a regional nonprofit tribal organization. The language revitalization project focuses on western interior Alaska and encompasses five traditional Athabascan languages with few remaining speakers. Project discussions included options for language planning, training activities, and educational program and materials development that would enhance language survival. Three dominant project themes are identified and discussed. They are (1) critique and resistance, (2) self-determination and activism, and (3) collaboration and leadership.

anguage preservation could occur if a community collectively used the language wholly. The use of mother language in communities such as in Cendekiawan Batubara WhatsApp group truly supported the effort to preserve the existence of Melayu Batubara language from extinction. This study focused on some archaic vocabularies in Melayu Batubara language that are no longer used in Melayu Batubara communities themselves. This study aimed to describe the language preservation of mother language which indirectly has been carried out by Cendekiawan Batubara WhatsApp group. ABSTRAK Pemertahanan bahasa dapat terjadi bila suatu komunitas secara kolektif menggunakan bahasa itu sepenuhnya. Penggunaan bahasa ibu yang terjadi pada komunitas di grup WhatsApp Cendekiawan Batubara sangat mendukung upaya mempertahankan eksistensi bahasa ibu dari kepunahan bahasa Melayu dialek Batubara. Kajian ini terfokus pada beberapa kosakata arkais bahasa Melayu dialek Batubara yang tidak lagi dipakai dalam komunikasi etnis Melayu Batubara itu sendiri. Kajian ini berusaha menemukan deskripsi pemertahanan bahasa ibu yang secara tidak langsung telah dilakukan oleh komunitas di grup WhatsApp Cendekiawan Batubara.

Bisu, as spoken in Northern Thailand, boasts fewer than one thousand speakers. The low number of speakers plus constant pressure from the outside world definitely qualifies Bisu as an endangered language. The Bisu themselves recognize this fact and their leadership has requested outside help in preserving their language and culture. This article endeavors to describe the sociolinguistic situation in which the Bisu of Northern Thailand find themselves, chronicle efforts to preserve this endangered language through community involvement in the development of an orthography and basic reading materials, and assess the current progress of the project. Additional challenges that may be encountered in the course of preserving the Bisu language for future generations will also be discussed.

This chapter presents a brief outline of the relationship between data and language documentation. Three kinds of resources have long been given a special place in descriptive linguistics: texts, dictionaries and grammars. It has become standard practice for linguists documenting under-resourced languages to consider ways in which their work can result in outputs not only for use in academic spheres, but also community ones. The chapter explores the notion of an underlying data structure and introduces general aspects of the problem of encoding that structure in machine-readable format. It covers specific issues relating to the encoding of language data on a computer. Most of the documentary objects requiring metadata can be arranged in a hierarchy from more general to more specific using the categories project, corpus, session and resource. The chapter concludes with a discussion of linguist's responsibilities for navigating the relationship between their data and new technologies.

Language was a crucial symbol in the dissolution of the Soviet Union and continues to be so as nationalities attempt to gain their independence in member nations ofthe Commonwealth of Independent States. Both centripetal and centrifugal social forces operated on the Soviet Union, and these forces are examinedfrom eight perspectives: a. the Communist Party ofthe Soviet Union vs. nationalist fronts; b. the imperial legacy vs. national identity; c. Soviet language policy vs. language preservation; d. Soviet education vs. nationality language perception; e. nationality cadres vs. mass politicization; f. religion (or its lack) vs. national religious traditions; g. the military vs. itself; h. centralized economic planning vs. nationality environmentalism. In each of these eight areas, the political, economic, social, and sociolinguistic forces brought about the dissolution of the Soviet Union; today, the same forces are operative on a smaller scale in the individual CIS republics, as evidenced by movements for independence in most areas of the CIS. The sociolinguistic dynamics of these forces are examined to see why language became a political symbol for self-determination and independence.

Bahasa Minangkabau merupakan salah satu bahasa daerah di Indonesia yang berasal dari Sumatera Barat yang penutur aslinya adalah suku Minangkabau. Komunitas Seni Sakato merupakan komunitas yang berasal dari suku Minangkabau yang cukup aktif dan berpengaruh di Kota Yogyakarta. Walaupun berada jauh dari daerah asalnya Sakato tetap menggunakan bahasa Minangkabau di tengah masyarakat bersuku Jawa. Hal ini membuat peneliti tertarik untuk meneliti tentang upaya pemertahanan bahasa kajian sosiolinguistik. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif kualitatif. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah metode simak dan wawancara. Upaya pemertahanan bahasa Minangkabau dianalisis menggunakan teori Miles dan Huberman (pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan simpulan). Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, upaya pemertahanan bahasa Minangkabau ragam nonformal pada Komunitas Seni Sakato di Kota Yogyakarta meliputi upaya pemertahanan bahasa Minangkabau dalam kegiatan seni, upaya pemertahanan bahasa Minangkabau dalam bidang sastra, upaya pemertahanan bahasa Minangkabau dalam keluarga dan upaya pemertahanan bahasa Minangkabau dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Minangkabau language is one of the regional languages in Indonesia originating from West Sumatra whose native speakers are Minangkabau tribe. Sakato Art Community is a community that originated from the Minangkabau tribe who is quite active and influential in Yogyakarta City. Despite being away from his home region Sakato still uses the Minangkabau language in a Javanese tribal community. This makes the researcher interested to examine efforts to preserve the language of sociolinguistic studies. This research is descriptive qualitative. The data collection method used is the method of referring and interviewing. Effort to preserve Minangkabau language were analyzed using Miles and Huberman’s theories (data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing). Based on the data analysis, effort to preserve the non-formal Minangkabau language in Sakato Art Community in Yogyakarta City include efforts to preserve Minangkabau language in art activities, efforts to preserve minangkabau language in the field of literature, efforts to preserve minangkabau language in the family and efforts to preserve Minangkabau language in daily life day.

Previous studies on Javanese language emphasized more on the use of this local language in certain communities and ignored the importance of teaching and learning at an elementary school level in order to preserve the language. The purpose of this study was to describe the lives of the participants, collect and tell stories about their lives, and then write narratives of their experiences. The data were gathered through the collection of stories, reporting individual experiences, and discussing the meaning of those experiences for the participants by proposing a research question: what is the story of the teachers who tried to preserve Javanese language in the global era? A narrative research design, sociolinguistics, and social change as theories were applied in order to understand teachers’ point of view on globalization and the importance of preserving Javanese language. Purposeful sampling was used and two teachers were chosen as participants. The data gathered were then analyzed through three steps, namely code the data, description, and interpretation. There are two findings that can be summarized. Firstly, the interviewees perceived the challenges in teaching Javanese language as an opportunity to be more creative. Secondly, in the attempt to preserve and promote Javanese language and culture, they were fully supported by the school principal as well as the local government. It can be concluded that knowledge of effective teaching strategies is vital in terms of providing an in-depth understanding of how elementary schools can deal with the possible negative impacts of globalization.