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Spolno občutljiva raba jezika je predmet tudi jezikoslovnega raziskovanja že vrsto let. Razprave sevečinoma osredotočajo na nekaj temeljnih vprašanj, med katerimi je zagotovo na prvem mestu problematična nezaznamovanost moškega spola. V prispevku avtorici predstavljata nekaj bistvenih poudarkov iz razprave o tem vprašanju iz devetdesetih let in jih aktualizirata z današnjim stanjem. Pri tem opozarjata na nekatere razlike in podobnosti, na katere naletimo v diskurzivni praksi v slovenščini, angleščini in italijanščini. The gender-sensitive use of language has been the subject of linguistic investigation for many years now. Research in this area has tended to focus on certain fundamental questions, foremost amongst which has been the problematic unmarked status of the masculine gender. This article highlights someof the key issues debated concerning this topic from 1990s on and also presents an overview of the current state of play today, noting certain similarities and differences between Slovene, English and Italian language use.

Magistrsko delo naslavlja aktualno problematiko seksizma do oseb ženskega spola v Sloveniji. Vsakdan predstavi kot prostor, kjer se na različnih področjih življenja izražajo različne oblike spolne diskriminacije oz. seksizma. V teoretičnem delu naloga oriše za ženske pomembno zgodovinsko dogajanje, od prvih zapisov o podrejenosti žensk in prvih ženskih gibanj do pomembnih premikov k enakosti v času Jugoslavije, poskusa retradicionalizacije po ustanovitvi Republike Slovenije ter vplivov individualizma in neoliberalizma na spolno enakost danes. V nadaljevanju na (ženski) spol pogleda z družbenega vidika ter preuči drugorazredni položaj žensk in vpliv institucij nanj. Predstavi seksizem ter z njim povezane pojme ali teorije, kot so mizoginija, nasilje nad ženskami, ambivalentni seksizem, moderni seksizem in neoseksizem. Na koncu pa nakaže na obstoječe spolne diskriminacije v različnih okoljih vsakdanjika žensk družini, izobraževalnih ustanovah, delu ter medijih. Magistrsko delo v empiričnem delu preko kvalitativne raziskave osvetljuje konkretne izkušnje seksizma v vsakdanjem življenju žensk, doživljanje in mišljenje, ki spremljata te izkušnje, ter spoznava načine odzivanja žensk na izkušnje seksizma. Preko primerjave pokaže na podrobnosti in razlike v izkušnjah žensk iz različnih starostnih skupin, ki lahko služijo kot osnova za medgeneracijsko povezovanje žensk v zavzemanju za enakost. Rezultati so lahko v pomoč raznim strokovnjakom/-injam, kot smo socialni/-e pedagogi/-nje, v preventivnem ter proaktivnem delovanju za odpravljanje seksizma v vsakdanjem življenju posameznic in doseganju spolne enakosti. The master thesis addresses the relevant topic of sexism towards women in Slovenia. It presents everyday as an environment where various forms of gender discrimination or sexism take place in different areas of life. The theoretic part outlines an important historical progress of women, from the first recorded moments of subordination and the first women's movements to the important shifts towards equality during Yugoslavia, the attempt to reintroduce the subordination of women after establishing the Republic of Slovenia and the influence of individualism and neoliberalism on gender equality today. Next, it provides a social outlook on gender and examines the second-class citizenship of women with the influence of social institutions upon it. Furthermore, it introduces sexism and related terms or theories, such as misogyny, violence against women, ambivalent sexism, modern sexism and neo-sexism. In the end, it points to sexual discrimination of women in their daily lives and different environments family, educational institutions, work and media. Through qualitative research, this master's thesis reveals elements of sexism in women's daily lives, their emotions and thoughts regarding these experiences and their responses to sexist approaches. By comparing experiences of women from different age groups, it points to similarities and differences which can be used as a basis for the intergenerational integration of women, leading to the promotion of equality. The results can help various experts, such as social pedagogues, in their preventive and proactive work, tackling sexism in women's daily lives and through that achieving gender equality.

Diplomsko delo Analiza naslavljanja žensk v izbranih uradovalnih besedilih opisuje, ali se v uradovalnih besedilih upošteva spolno občutljiva raba jezika. Podrobneje smo si ogledali izbrane primere odločb, zapisnikov in zaposlitvene oglase. V analizi smo se osredotočili na naslavljanje žensk, predvsem pri nagovoru in ženskih nazivih. Ugotovili smo, da je pri odločbah v večini primerov po potrebi uporabljen ženski spol in spolno nevtralni jezik. V zapisnikih so v večini ženske naslovljene v ženski spolni obliki, vendar se še vedno pojavljajo primeri, kjer so naslovljene v moški spolni obliki. Zaposlitveni oglasi pa so v večini primerov še vedno napisani v moški spolni obliki, skoraj pri vseh zaposlitvenih oglasih pa je navedena oblika M/Ž, ki naj bi pomenila, da sta k prijavi na razpisano delovno mesto vabljena oba spola. Zaposlitveni oglasi so še vedno napisani v moški generični obliki, ki velja za oba spola. V kratki anketi smo povprašali osebe ženske spola, če je zanje moteče oziroma ali sploh opazijo, da so nagovorjene, naslovljene v moški spolni obliki, in ali se počutijo enako motivirane za prijavo na razpisano delovno mesto, kadar je ta napisana v moški spolni obliki. Analiza je pokazala, da večino anketirank moti, kadar so nagovorjene in naslovljene v moški spolni obliki, pri zaposlitvenih oglasih pa se v večini ne počutijo enako motivirane za prijavo. Na podlagi rezultatov ugotavljamo, da se kljub enakopravnosti in večji vključenosti žensk še vedno pojavljajo stereotipne predstave o ženskah, neenake obravnave v predstavitvah poklicev in nepravilno nazivanje in nagovarjanje v primerih, ko bi bilo treba uporabiti spolno vključujoči jezik. Opozoriti želimo, da je upoštevanje spolno vključujoče rabe jezika odvisno predvsem od znanja, prepričanja in jezikovne kultiviranosti posameznikov, saj ti z rabo in izbiro jezikovnih sredstev vplivajo na naslovnika. The thesis Analysis of the addressing women in selected administrative texts describes whether the gender – sensitive use og language is taken into account in the administrative texts we have chosen for analysis. We took a closer look at selected examples of decisions, minutes and job advertisements. In the analysis, we focused on addressing women, especially on addressing and title women. We found that in the decisions, where it is necessary, in most cases the female gender and gender – neutral language are used. In the minutes, women are mostly referred to in the feminine form, but there are still cases where they are referred to in the masculine form. In most cases, job advertisements are still written in the masculine form, and almost all job advertisements use the form M/F, which should mean that both genders are invited to apply for the advertised position. Job ads are still written in a male generic form that applies to both sexes. In a short survey, we asked women if it bothers them, or if they notice at all, when they are addressed, referred to in the masculine form, and whether they feel equally motivated to apply for an advertised position when it is advertised in the masculine form. The analysis showed that the majority of female respondents find it bothersome, when they are addressed and referred to in the masculine form, and in most job advertisements they do not feel equally motivated to apply From the findings, we can still conclude that despite eqaality and greater inclusion of women, stereotypical representations of women and unequal treatment in representations of professions and incorrect naming and addressing in cases where it would be necessary to use gender – sensitive language still occur. We would like to point out that the consideration of gender – inclusive use of language depends mainly on the knowledge, beliefs and linguistic cultivation of individuals, since they influence the addressee through the use and choice of linguistic means.

Slovenska narodnozabavna glasba se je skozi leta spreminjala. Z njenim razvojem pa se je zgodil preobrat, ki je pomembno vplival na sporočilnost te zvrst. Produkcija za množice, ki nemalokrat pri svojih produktih vpliva na njihovo kvaliteto, je narodnozabavno glasbo potisnila v območje, kjer se je znižala njena raven sporočilnosti in zvišala popularnost. Na ta račun se je v njenih besedilih začel pojavljati seksistični jezik, in sicer z izgovorom, da avtorjem več pomeni, da je glasba zabavna kot pa kvalitetna z vidika rabe jezika. Slovenian folk music has been through changes in its history, but only one change happened that majorly influenced its message distribution. Mass-production that effects its products' quantity pushed Slovenian folk music to a zone where the quality decreased and the popularity increased. The side effect of this change happened in lyrics of the songs that started to involve sexist language. Excuse used for this was that the authors wanted for this genre to be fun and popular more than of quality.

Pričujoče delo na podlagi pridobljenih virov in informacij predstavlja oblikovanje spolov preko različnih agentov, še posebej pa nas zanima vpliv šolskega polja in učnih pripomočkov, ki otrokom predstavljajo objektivno znanje in podobo sveta. Ljudje smo skozi stoletja razvijali, ohranjali in utrjevali podobe spolov, ki so se spreminjale glede na potrebe določene družbe v nekem času in prostoru. Kljub formalno-pravnim vzgibom odpravljanja neenakosti med spoli nas danes še vedno zaznamuje binarni pogled na svet oz. priznavanje le dveh, bioloških spolov in hkratno zanikanje ostalih spolnih identitet. Ker so moški skozi vso zgodovino konstruirali in postavljali pravila in norme vsakdanjega življenja, je to pomenilo, da so lahko imeli nadmoč nad ženskami in jih je potisnil v podrejeni položaj, jih omejeval ter jim odvzel svobodo. To moč pa ohranjajo še danes, pod pretvezo naravnega stanja stvari in meritokratskih načel. Različni dejavniki (družina, vrstniki, množičnimi mediji, izobraževalne, politične, verske, prostočasne in druge institucije in organizacije) s svojo strukturiranostjo in delovanjem (re)producirajo spolni red in vzdržujejo trenutni položaj spolov v družbi, zato se težko in zelo počasi otresajo vzorcev zgodovine. Spolni stereotipi in diskriminacija so v družbi še vedno močno prisotni, kar najbolj občutijo ženske in so zaradi tega depriviligirane v primerjavi z moškimi pri zagotavljanju enakih možnosti in uspehov. Da bi vzpostavili in zagotovili enakost spolov, moramo sodelovati tako institucije kot posamezniki in posameznice, začenši s poučevanjem najmlajših. Pridobljene informacije in ugotovitve smo uporabili pri analizi učbenikov za španščino kot tuji jezik ter ugotovili, da je v tekstovnem delu večkrat prisotna spolna diskriminacija ter tudi v slikovnem delu opazili določene podobe, ki so jim pripisane vloge, tradicionalno povezane s stereotipno pojmovanimi ženskimi in stereotipno pojmovanimi moškimi opravili. This thesis uses the acquired sources and information to explain the formation of gender through various agents, with special focus placed on the influence of the school environment and teaching aids used to present children with objective knowledge and the image of the world. Over the centuries, people have developed, maintained and consolidated images of the binary genders (based on the “biological” sexes) that have changed according to the needs of a particular society in a given time and space. Despite the formal and legal attempts of eliminating gender inequality, today we are still marked by a binary view of the world in which there is only room for two biological-sex-based genders, whereas all other gender identities are systematically denied. As men have constructed and set the rules and norms of everyday life, this meant they could exercise supremacy over women (not to mention all other genders), pushing them into a subordinate position, restricting them and depriving them of their freedom. Men have maintained this supremacy to this very today, keeping it up under the pretext of the “natural state” of affairs and meritocratic principles. Various factors (family, peers, mass media, educational, political, religious, leisure and other institutions and organizations) with their structure and functioning have been (re)producing the gender order and maintaining the current position of the sexes (a binary sex-based gender system) in society, hence shaking off patterns of history is a slow and tedious effort. Gender stereotypes and discrimination are still strongly present in society, wherefore women (and other genders) are significantly deprivileged in comparison to men when it comes to ensuring equal opportunities and success. In order to establish and ensure gender equality, we need to involve both institutions and individuals and generally raise awareness, starting by teaching the youngest. The obtained information and findings were used in the analysis of textbooks for Spanish as a foreign language and it was ascertained that gender discrimination is often present in the textual part as well as on the visual level - certain images in the textbooks are presented in a heteronormative way, attributing traditional stereotypes (tasks) to stereotypically conceived female and male characters.

Zaradi potrebe po globljem razumevanju heterogenosti moškosti v Sloveniji se v pričujoči magistrski nalogi ukvarjamo z načini, na katere heteroseksualne moškosti nastajajo v polju istospolnih prijateljskih odnosov. Na podlagi delno strukturiranih intervjujev z desetimi heteroseksualnimi moškimi v času odraščanja analiziramo (1) meje čustvene in fizične bližine med heteroseksualnimi moškimi, (2) interpretacije (ne)primernega izražanja moškosti in razloge za vzdrževanje oz. morebitno kršenje norme ter (3) nastajanje in reproduciranje hierarhičnih razmerij med moškostmi. Ugotavljamo, da homosocialna prijateljstva večine sodelujočih še zmeraj zaznamujejo heteroseksistična družbena pričakovanja, ki od njih (vsaj do neke mere) zahtevajo oddaljevanje od odkrito čustvenih in fizično taktilnih interakcij. Hkrati opažamo, da tudi visoka stopnja intimne ekspresivnosti v homosocialnih vezeh intervjuvancev zmeraj ne vodi v vključujoče odnose zunaj tesnih istospolnih prijateljskih razmerij. Iz tega razloga menimo, da se prihodnje raziskave ospoljenih prijateljskih vezi moških ne smejo omejiti zgolj na preučevanje odnosov moči znotraj homosocialnih (heteroseksualnih) kontekstov, ampak se morajo podrobneje posvetiti diskurzom, ki v takšnih privilegiranih okoliščinah oblikujejo stališča o heterogenih Drugih. In order to better explore the heterogeneous nature of masculinities in Slovenia, this master's thesis tackles the ways in which heterosexual masculinities emerge in the field of same-sex friendships. Drawing on semi-structured interviews conducted with ten heterosexual men in the period of emerging adulthood, we analyze (1) boundaries of emotional and physical closeness between heterosexual men, (2) interpretations of (in)appropriate exhibitions of masculinity and possible reasons for maintaining or violating the norm, and (3) the formation and reproduction of hierarchical relations between men. Our findings show that most of the interviewees' homosocial friendships are still policed by heterosexist social expectations which lead many to distance themselves from overt emotionality and physically tactile interactions. Furthermore, we have found that a high degree of intimate expressiveness in some heterosexual men's homosocial relationships does not necessarily lead to inclusive attitudes in other social fields. For that reason we conclude that any future research exploring gendered male friendships should pay attention not only to power relations within homosocial (heterosexual) contexts, but also to discourses that in these privileged circumstances form the opinions on heterogeneous Others.

V nalogi se ukvarjam s temo korejske popularne kulture, kjer se osredotočam na glasbo. Fenomen korejske pop kulture je v zadnjih nekaj letih postal zelo razširjen po svetu. Najbolj prevladuje glasba popularne so tudi korejske drame in filmi nekaj so jih posneli tudi v Sloveniji. Hibridna zvrst glasbe s skrbno dodelanimi posnetki in odrskimi nastopi ponuja novo izkušnjo glasbe predvsem med mladimi dekleti. Za to perfektnostjo je veliko trdega dela, neprespanih noči, diet in t. i. slave contracts. Porast zanimanja za k-pop lahko zasledimo tudi v Sloveniji. Namen naloge je ponuditi vpogled v k-pop sceno v Sloveniji. V nalogi poskušam odgovoriti na vprašanje, ali je vpliv korejske popularne kulture v odnosu do spolnega diskurza liberalen, ali gre pri tem le za reproduciranje ženskih stereotipov. Hkrati se sprašujem tudi o tem, ali gre pri tem za širjenje ženskega kulturnega prostora ali za omejevanje tega prostora. Posebno pozornost posvečam temu, kako k-pop vpliva na posameznike in posameznice v Sloveniji in ali je model konzumiranja korejske popularne kulture drugačen od drugih držav oz. ali je pri tem kaj specifično slovenskega. In the following paper, I discuss the theme of Korean popular culture with a focus on music. The Korean pop culture phenomenon has become widespread throughout the world. The most dominant is music. Korean dramas and films are popular as well. Some of them were also filmed in Slovenia. This hybrid type of music with well-made videos and stage appearances enables a new way of experiencing music by young women. Behind this perfection, a lot of hard work, sleepless nights, diets, and slave contracts are hidden. The rise of interest in K-pop can also be detected in Slovenia. The purpose of this thesis is to present an insight into the Slovenian K-pop scene. In this assignment, I try to answer the question of whether the influence of Korean popular culture in relationship with sexual discourse is liberal or whether it merely reproduces female stereotypes. At the same time, I also question whether it widens female cultural space or whether it restrains it. I pay special attention to how K-pop affects individuals in Slovenia and whether the consumption model of Korean popular culture differs from other countries or whether there is something specifically Slovenian about it.

Magistrsko delo Upodobitev ženskega lika v modni fotografiji obravnava zgodovino razvoja modne fotografije in njenega načina upodobitve ženskega lika. Naloga je razdeljena na dva dela, ki iz različnih vidikov razlagata žensko vlogo v modni fotografiji. Prvi del se opira na izbrane modne fotografije in preko njih razlaga razvoj modne fotografije od njenega začetka do danes. Dotika se tudi družbene situacije posameznega obdobja, ki je ključna za razumevanje vsebine modne fotografije. Drugi del se posveča teoretični razlagi ključnih dejavnikov, ki tvorijo modno fotografijo in se dotika učinka modne fotografije na gledalca, vpliva feminizma na modno fotografijo, modernizacije družbe, teorije spola in razvoja idealne ženske podobe. Za temo raziskovanja sem se odločil zaradi želje po poglobljenem razumevanju vpliva fotografije na družbo in njene izpovedne vrednosti. Magistrsko delo se osredotoča na upodobitev ženskega lika tako, da se posveča predvsem interpretaciji fotografij, pristopa ter stila njihovih avtorjev in opredeljevanju razlike med realno in idealno žensko podobo. Po teoretičnem delu sledi opis praktičnega dela magistrske naloge, fotografske serije z naslovom Digitalizacija. Ta obravnava interpretacijo človeškega vstopanja v digitalni svet in prikazuje variacijo njegovega človeškega doživljanja. V zaključku bom pojasnil svoj vidik na razvoj modne fotografije in njen spremenjen vpliv na družbo ter opredelil razlike med resnično in upodobljeno žensko podobo. The master thesis - The depiction of the female character in fashion photography - explores the history of fashion photography and its depiction of women through time. The thesis is divided in two parts, of which each part explains different aspects of women's role in fashion photography. The first part is based on selected fashion photographs accompanied by the explanation of the development of fashion photography from its beginning until today. It is focused on the social situation of each period, thus representing a crucial aspect for understanding fashion photography. The second part analyzes the key factors which constitute fashion photography, the impact of fashion photography has on the viewer, the impact of feminism on fashion photography, the modernization of society, gender theory and the development of the ideal image of a woman. I chose this particular topic because of the wish for a deeper understanding of the impact fashion photography has on society. The main focus of the thesis is therefore the depiction of the female character through the interpretation of fashion photographs (the approach and style chosen by their authors). At the end of the theoretical part a short summary of the practical part of my thesis is provided – a photography series named Digitalization. The series deals with the interpretation of the human being entering into the digital period/world and the experience of it. The conclusion of the thesis attempts to give a wholesome explanation of the role of fashion photography, its ever changing impact on society and the differences between the realistic and idealistic depictions of women.

Magistrsko delo z naslovom Diskurzivna analiza samorefleksij spolno zaznamovane politične aktivnosti na primeru Hillary Rodham Clinton in Alenke Bratušek je v svojem jedru analiza samorefleksij politične aktivnosti, ki jih ameriška in slovenska političarka vključita v svoji (avto)biografiji. Magistrsko delo gradi na teoretskih izhodiščih nekaterih pomembnih svetovnih in slovenskih raziskovalk in raziskovalcev, ki se ukvarjajo z vprašanjem podreprezentiranosti žensk v politiki in njihovo inferiornostjo ter podrejenostjo moškim političnim kolegom. Magistrska naloga želi odgovoriti na nekaj izjemno pomembnih in perečih vprašanj, ki v 21. stoletju še vedno povezujejo politiko in spol. Prvo od teh vprašanj je, kako je mogoče da so ženske danes še vedno podreprezentirane tako v ameriški kot tudi slovenski politiki in kateri so tisti vzroki, ki povzročajo podreprezentiranost žensk v politiki. Naloga jasno predstavi ugotovitev, da so ženske v politiki še vedno velikokrat tarče seksizma in celo mizoginije, poleg tega pa so velikokrat predstavljene kot objekt političnega delovanja, in ne kot subjekt. Drugo pomembno vprašanje, s katerim se ukvarja magistrska naloga, je vprašanje moške in ženske (ne)enakosti v politiki. Na podlagi teoretičnih izhodišč in opravljenih analiz namreč ugotavljam, da so ženske v politiki še vedno podrejene in inferiorne moškim, na ta način pa jim je odvzeta možnost enakopravnega sprejemanja političnih odločitev in zasedanja pomembnih in vplivnih političnih položajev. Tretje vprašanje, s katerim se ukvarja magistrska naloga, pa je vprašanje (negativne) medijske reprezentacije političark. Tudi obe opravljeni analizi jasno prikažeta, da so mediji velikokrat izrazito negativno nastrojeni proti ženskam v politiki in se pogosto raje kot na njihove pozitivne politične odločitve osredotočajo na njihov zunanji videz in njihovo politično reprezentacijo. Magistrska naloga tako predstavi glavne in najpomembnejše težave, s katerimi se soočajo ženske v politiki, hkrati pa razmišlja tudi o spremembah, ki bi jih bilo potrebno uveljaviti v politiki, da bi dosegli čim bolj enakopravno udeleženost moških in žensk. Poleg tega naloga jasno predstavi tudi problematiko manipulativnosti politične avtobiografije kot literarnega žanra in predstavi glavne probleme, ki jih le-ta povzroča bralkam in bralcem. The MA thesis titled Discursive Analysis of Self-reflective Gendered Political Activity of Hillary Rodham Clinton and Alenka Bratušek is fundamentally an analysis of self-reflective political activity, which are introduced by the American and Slovene politician in their (auto)biographies. The paper is based on the theoretical predispositions and findings of some of the important Slovenian and world-renowned researchers of gender inequality and inferiority in politics. The paper explicitly shows that gender inequality and inferiority of women is still a major problem in politics, together with underrepresentation of women and their subordination to their male colleagues. The aim of the paper is therefore to explore a number of questions related to the issues of politics and gender in the 21st century. The first question is, how it is possible that women are still so massively underrepresented in both American and Slovene politics, and what are the major problems that are causing the underrepresentation of women. The paper clearly suggests that women in politics are nowadays often victims of sexism and even misogyny as well as presented as a political object rather than a political subject. The second question is the issue of male and female (in)equality in politics namely, how men and women have still not achieved equal status when it comes to their political activity. In my analysis I realise that women in politics are still perceived as inferior and subordinate to men and hence they do not have the possibility of making important political decisions as well as occupying important political positions. The third question the paper tackles is the question of (negative) representation of female politicians in the media. The analyses of both self-reflections clearly showed that media frequently perceive female politicians differently from male politicians and that they usually use negative comments to introduce their political activity. In addition, the media usually focus on the appearance of women and their potentially negative political history, rather than positive their political decisions and actions. In addition to presenting the most common problems which women face in politics, the paper also aims at elicidating the potential solutions that might ensure the equality of men and women in politics. Moreover, the paper presents the problem of political autobiography as an extremely manipulative genre and emphasises the major problems which readers of such autobiographies might face during their reading.

Medijsko okolje na različnih platformah ponuja mnogo podob in besed, ki v uporabniku vzbujajo željo po spolnosti. V okviru magistrske naloge smo se ukvarjali z dojemanjem seksualne vsebine uporabnikov na spletnih novičarskih portalih. Osredotočili smo se predvsem na percepcijo občinstva do seksualnih medijskih vsebin, prav tako na razliko v dojemanju vsebin med moškimi in ženskami, ter razlike med anketiranci glede na pogostost spremljanja spletnih novičarskih portalov. Zanimalo nas je, kako spletni uporabniki interpretirajo novice s seksualno vsebino, kako seksualne vsebine zaznamujejo širšo medijsko podobo in v kakšni meri seksualne vsebine krojijo širši medijski prostor. S pomočjo empirične analize smo ugotavljali razlike v dojemanju vsebin, glede na spol in pogostost medijske uporabe. Obenem smo z našo raziskavo poskušali razumeti, kakšne implikacije imajo tovrstne vsebine za širšo medijsko uporabo, ter v kakšni meri reprezentacija spolnosti kroji širši medijski prostor. Nowadays we can encounter many sexual scenes in the media environment, whether in the form of advertising boards, online advertisements, online news portals or films. Within the master`s thesis, we were dealing with the percepcion of sexual content on online news portals.We focused primarily on the attitude of the audience to sexual media content, as well as on the difference in the perception of sexism between men and women. We were also focused on the differences among respondents regarding the frequency of monitoring online news portals. We were interested in how internet users interpretate news with (partly) sexual content, in the form of »sexist« and »erotic« contributions. We also examined how monitoring such content influences understanding of society and distribution of sex roles. In theoretical part, we have thus processed literature on the topi cof sexism and eroticism, as well as sexuality in the media. We conducted an online survey to conform or reject theses.

Magistrsko delo obravnava reprezentacije žensk in moških v predlaganih proznih književnih besedilih za obravnavo v prvem vzgojno-izobraževalnem obdobju OŠ. Otroška književnost predstavlja pomemben dejavnik spolne socializacije, saj otroci skozi književna besedila spoznavajo družbene norme in vrednote, ki se nanašajo na družbeni spol. Namen magistrskega dela je ugotoviti, v kolikšni meri in na kakšen način so reprezentacije moških in žensk v predlaganih proznih književnih besedilih seksistične. Analiza izbranih proznih književnih besedil je bila kvantitativna in kvalitativna. V kvantitativno analizo so bila vključena vsa prozna književna besedila, ki so v Učnem načrtu za slovenščino v osnovni šoli (2011) predlagana za obravnavo v prvem vzgojno-izobraževalnem obdobju. Kvantitativna analiza je zajemala razmerje med deležema avtorjev in avtoric, ki so vključeni na seznam predlaganih proznih književnih besedil, ter razmerje med deležema glavnih oseb moškega in ženskega spola. Kvalitativna analiza je vključevala preučevanje različnih vidikov seksizma v izbranih proznih književnih besedilih s pomočjo vprašalnika Vidiki seksizma v otroški književnosti (Diekman in Murnen, 2004). Vzorec za kvalitativno analizo je bil omejen na devet proznih književnih besedil. Rezultati kvantitativne analize so pokazali, da je na seznam predlaganih proznih književnih besedil vključenih skoraj trikrat več avtorjev kot avtoric. Prav tako so v obravnavanih proznih besedilih glavne književne osebe pogosteje dečki/moški kot deklice/ženske. Rezultati kvalitativne analize so pokazali, da so reprezentacije moških in žensk v obravnavanih proznih književnih besedilih večinsko seksistične. Seksistične reprezentacije spolov se najpogosteje pojavljajo na področju moško stereotipnih poklicnih dejavnosti. Tako moški kot ženski književni liki prevzemajo stereotipne osebnostne značilnosti in družbene vloge nasprotnega spola, vendar rezultati nakazujejo, da je to v nekoliko večji meri značilno za moške književne like. The master’s thesis considers the representations of women and men in literary texts for the first educational period of primary school. Children’s literature is an important part of gender socialization, as it introduces children to social norms and values relating to gender. The purpose of the master’s thesis is to determine to what extent and in what way are the representations of women and men in literary texts for the first educational period of primary school sexist. The analysis of the selected literary texts was quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative analysis included all prose literary texts which are recommended for the first educational period in the Učni načrt za slovenščino v osnovni šoli (2011). Quantitative analysis covered the ratio between male and female authors included in the list of recommended literary texts, and the ratio between male and female main characters in the selected literary texts. Qualitative analysis considered different aspects of sexism in the selected literary texts with the help of Aspects of Sexism in Children’s Literature Questionnaire (Diekman and Murnen, 2004). The sample for the qualitative analysis was limited to nine prose literary texts. The results of the quantitative analysis revealed that the list of recommended literary texts includes almost three times more male than female authors. Also, the main characters are more frequently boys/men than girls/women. The results of the qualitative analysis showed that the representations of men and women in the analysed literary texts are mostly sexist. Sexist representations of men and women are most common in the area of male stereotypic occupations. Both male and female characters adopt stereotypical personality characteristics and social roles of the opposite sex however, the results indicate that this is more pertinent for male literary characters.

V magistrskem delu analiziram primere seksizma v notranjepolitičnih novinarskih prispevkih dnevnega časnika in jih primerjam s prispevki različnih virov na spletu. Za analizo sem izbrala štiri slovenske političarke, ki so v svoji samoreprezentaciji in reprezentaciji zelo različne. Obravnavam nekdanjo premierko Alenko Bratušek (31. 7. 2014–10. 10. 2014), nekdanjo ministrico za obrambo Ljubico Jelušič (5. 12. 2008–4. 4. 2011), nekdanjo poslanko in ministrico za kulturo Majdo Širca (17. 6. 2005–17. 7. 2005) ter nekdanjo predsednico stranke Nova Slovenija Ljudmilo Novak (1. 12. 2017–2. 2. 2018). S tekstualno analizo vseh zbranih člankov, ki so omenjali izbrane političarke v določenem časovnem obdobju, v katerem so bile medijsko bolj izpostavljene, ugotavljam, da je kljub nenehnemu boju žensk za enakopravnost v medijih ter vseh ostalih življenskih področjih prisotnost seksizma družbeno vkoreninjena. S pomočjo kritične analize diskurza ugotavljam, da reprezentacijo žensk v medijih narekujejo osebna stališča posameznikov, ki o njih pišejo. Seksizem je prisoten tako v subtilnih oblikah kot odkritih zapisih, in to kljub veljavni zakonodaji tako v Sloveniji kot v Evropski uniji ter vsem priporočilom in smernicam, da to tega ne bi prihajalo. Vsako odstopanje od enakopravnosti, na katerega mediji ne opozorijo ali pa ga sami potencirajo, se v družbi normalizira in pomaga ustvarjati krivično podobo razmerja moči med moškimi in ženskami. Ženske se tudi ko zasedajo položaje ministric ali predsednice vlade, reprezentira drugače kot njihove moške kolege. Na političnem parketu so manj pomembne in še vedno »eksotične«, čeprav že dolgo aktivno sodelujejo v politiki. Njihova reprezentacija v medijih normalizira seksitičen diskurz v družbi in jih postavlja v neenakovreden in podrejen položaj moškim politikom. Na nepravično ali neprimerno medijsko obravnavo žensk je treba opozarjati, jo izpostaviti in po potrebi kaznovati. In my thesis I'm analysing sexism in journalistic articles in Slovenian daily newspaper Delo and comparing it to web articles of the same content. I chose Slovenian politicians who are very different in their representation and self-representation. The politicians are Alenka Bratušek (31. 7. 2014–10. 10. 2014), Ljubica Jelušič (5. 12. 2008–4. 4. 2011), Majda Širca (17. 6. 2005–17. 7. 2005) and Ljudmila Novak (1. 12. 2017– 2. 2. 2018). Although the fight for equality is an on-going process, different research analysis shows that the fight is far from over. With the help of critical analysis of discourse I came to conclusion that the representation of women is solely in hands of the subjective opinion of the journalist who writes about the subject. Sexism is present in more subtle ways that are sometimes hard to recognize and in very direct ways that are obvious to every reader, although the Slovenian and European Union legislation direct that women and men should be equally treated in the media. Every deviation from inequality that isn't pointed out by the media or is enhanced by the media is reflecting in how the society perceives women. Even when women are holding important government positions they are treated differently from their male colleagues. Their representation in media normalizes sexists discourse in society and puts them in inferior positions towards men. The unjust and unfair treatment of women needs to be exposed and sanctioned.

The article deals with the concept of linguistic sexism in the cross-cultural context. It compares the generally accepted guidelines for avoiding linguistic sexism in English and Slovene, exemplified by two guides on non-sexist use of English. It is argued that in English non-sexist language strives for gender neutrality, whereas in Slovene it strives for gender specificity. The reasons for the differences between the perceptions of sexism in English and Slovene are examined by taking into account the linguistic expression of gender and the cultural and historical context in which both languages have developed. The use of semantic gender in English, as opposed to the use of grammatical gender in Slovene, is treated as one of the factors influencing the approach to the non-sexist use of language in both languages. Strategies for non-sexist expression and their rebuttals are discussed in the context of predominant cultural ideologies about gender and presuppositions regarding the link between social change and linguistic reform. Članek obravnava pojmovanje jezikovnega seksizma v medkulturnem kontekstu. Predstavljena je primerjava splošno sprejetih priporočil, kako se izogniti jezikovnemu seksizmu v angleščini in slovenščini na primeru dveh priročnikov o neseksistični rabi jezika. Postavljena je trditev, da v angleščini neseksistična jezikovna raba stremi k spolni dvoumnosti oz. nevtralnosti, v slovenščini pa k spolni specifičnosti. Razlogi za razliko v dojemanju seksizma v angleščini in slovenščini so postavljeni v kontekst jezikovnega izražanja spola in širšega kulturnega in zgodovinskega razvoja obeh jezikov. Raba semantičnega spola v angleščini v nasprotju z rabo slovničnega spola v slovenščini je obravnavana kot eden izmed dejavnikov, ki vpliva na pristop k neseksistični rabi jezika v obeh jezikih. Strategije za neseksistično izražanje in zavrnitev njihovih argumentov so postavljeni v kontekst predominantnih kulturnih ideologij o spolu in predpostavk o povezavi med družbenimi spremembami in jezikovno reformo.

Linguistic sexism, which was the main topic in this thesis, is a part of a larger phenomenon called sexism, which has always been present in our society through history but has been dealt with differently in different eras. It began when women started to feel left out of important professional functions and moreover when women were constrained to taking care of children and housekeeping chores. Women always felt they could have contributed so much more to the society but they always had to fight for it. Certain movements were created over the time led by strong, decisive women who were trying to make women matter just the same as men do. Because society changes, evolves and grows, the language also experiences various transformations. In this thesis, we have decided to look into the field of linguistic sexism considering different genres to see whether there are any differences in the use of language depending on who the publications are intended for and what field of interest they cover. We selected four publications covering topics of fashion and education: The New Review is a fashion-oriented appendix of the Independent on Sunday, GQ is a male-oriented magazine while the National Art Education Association News and Music Educators Journal, are educational, one from the field of visual arts and the other from the field of music. We focused on the use of gender specific and dual gender terms denoting personal nouns and pronouns. We analysed the language of the four publications, including articles, commercial advertisements and everything that was written in letters. The results showed the examples found as sexist in this thesis could be avoided to an extent, but not completely. There is a level of language that needs to be maintained but also not to be interfered with too much. Such interferences can distort language to the extent of incomprehension. Therefore, it is advised to take into account the linguistic restrictions, the circumstances and cultural and social guidelines to avoid linguistic sexism. Jezikovni seksizem, ki je glavna tema te diplomske naloge, je del večjega pojava imenovanega seksizem. Slednji je v družbi prisoten že skozi vso preteklost, vendar se ga je v različnih obdobjih drugače obravnavalo. Začelo se je, ko so se ženske začele počutiti zapostavljene v pomembnejših poklicnih funkcijah, predvsem pa so se ženske počutile, glede na splošno miselnost, ki je vladala v družbi, da je njihovo mesto zgolj doma, kjer bi naj skrbele za otroke in gospodinjska opravila. Ženske so že od nekdaj čutile, da lahko k družbi prispevajo mnogo več, vendar so se morale za to vedno boriti. Skozi čas so se ustvarila določena gibanja, ki so jih vodile močne in odločne ženske, ki so se trudile doseči enakopravnost za ženske v položaju do moških. Zaradi spreminjanja družbe, njenega razvijanja in rasti se hkrati spreminja tudi jezik. V tej diplomski nalogi smo se odločili preučiti področje jezikovnega seksizma glede na različne žanre, da bi videli, ali obstajajo razlike v rabi jezika glede na to, komu so publikacije namenjene in katero področje zanimanja pokrivajo. Izbrali smo štiri publikacije, ki pokrivajo teme od mode do izobraževanja: The New Review je modno-orientirana priloga časopisa Independent on Sunday, GQ je revija namenjena moškim, medtem ko sta National Art Education Association News in Music Educators Journal izobraževalni reviji, prva iz področja vizualnih umetnosti, druga pa iz področja glasbe. Osredotočili smo se na spolno-specifične in oboje-spolne izraze, ki določajo osebne zaimke in samostalnike za poimenovanje oseb v kontekstih uporabe. Analizirali smo jezik zgoraj omenjenih publikacij v vsem, kar je napisano, v člankih, oglasih idr. Rezultati so pokazali, da bi se lahko primerom, ki so se v tej diplomski nalogi izkazali za seksistične, izognili do neke mere, ne pa popolnoma. Obstaja nivo jezika, ki ga je potrebno vzdrževati, vendar se vanj tudi ne smemo preveč vmešavati. Takšni posegi lahko namreč popačijo jezik ali pisni izdelek do mere nerazpoznavnosti, kjer je samo nekaj besed nametanih na kup. Dobro vodilo za uravnotežen in ne-seksističen način izražanja je torej upoštevanje jezikovnih omejitev, okoliščin in sprejetih kulturnih in družbenih smernic.

V diplomskem delu bomo govorili o spolnem nadlegovanju. V teoretičnem delu smo naredili pregled različnih zakonskih določil spolnega nadlegovanja in kako ga le ta definirajo. Odkrili smo, da v večini razvitih držav ni inkriminirano ter da se kazensko preganja le nadlegovanje na delovnem mestu. Predstavili smo tudi poglede družbe na spolno nadlegovanje ter kako se obnašajo prisotni, ko se zgodi. Na spolno nadlegovanje imajo velik vpliv mediji, še posebno, če spolno nadlegovanje in seksizem prikažejo v humorni luči. Najboljši način preventive je izobrazba, kar smo odkrili pri pregledu literature različnih primerjalnih študij. Tu smo se nekoliko osredotočili na Norveško, ki ima najboljšo spolno vzgojo. Tudi pri odprtem vprašanju raziskovalne ankete je veliko sodelujočih izrazilo željo po boljši izobrazbi na področju spolnosti. Z vprašalnikom smo preverjali, če se mnenje o spolnem nadlegovanju med spoloma razlikuje, in odkrili, da je nekaj razlik pri odnosu moških in žensk do spolnega nadlegovanja. Vendar smo z analizo podatkov odkrili, da velike razlike v storilstvu - storilci so moškega spola trikrat pogosteje. Odkrili smo tudi, da spolno nadlegovanje ostane v veliki večini (97,5 %) neprijavljeno, kar je smiselno, saj v Sloveniji ni inkriminirano (razen na delovnem mestu). In this thesis we talk about sexual harassment. In the theoretical part, we have made an overview of the various laws about sexual harassment and how they define it. We found that it is not criminalized in most developed countries and that only harassment in the workplace is prosecuted. We presented the social views on sexual harassment and also how the bystanders and victims behave when it happens. The media has a major impact on sexual harassment, especially if sexual harassment and sexism are displayed in a humorous way. The best prevention is good education, which we discovered by reviewing scientific articles of various comparative studies. Then we somewhat focus on Norway, which has the best sex education. Many respondents of our study expressed a desire for better education on this topic in our open question. We analysed the questionnaire to find out if opinion differs between the sexes and discovered that there are some differences in the attitudes of men and women towards sexual harassment. However, the analysis of the data uncovered large differences in perpetration between sexes - perpetrators are males three times oftener. We also discovered that sexual harassment remains unreported to the police in the vast majority (97.5 %), which makes sense, since sexual harassment is not illegal in Slovenia (except in the workplace).

V diplomskem delu je obravnavano berilo za četrti razred osnovne šole Babica, ti loviš!. Predstavila sem pojme, kot so seksizem, stereotip in spolni stereotip. Nato sem se osredotočila na analizo berila, ki je zanimivo zaradi vsebine besedil in zaradi zunanje podobe. Že v stvarnem kazalu so namreč besedila razdeljena glede na spol (Za Mojce, Za Andreje). Z interpretacijo besedil v berilu sem poskusila ugotoviti, ali so določena besedila namenjena samo fantom oziroma samo deklicam. Zanimalo me je, kako sta ženska in moška spolna vloga zastopani v berilu. Podobe spolnih vlog, ki sem jih opazila v berilu, sem razvrstila s pomočjo že oblikovanih razredov/kategorij Majde Hrženjak. Poskušala sem ugotoviti, katere lastnosti so pripisane ženskemu in katere moškemu spolu. My thesis discusses Babica, ti loviš!, a reading book for fourth grade of primary school. First of all I presented concepts such as sexism, stereotypes and gender stereotypes. Then I focused on the analysis of the reading book, which is interesting because of the content of the texts and because of its external look. In the index of the reading book the texts are already divided according to sexes (Za Mojce, Za Andreje). With my interpretation of the the texts I tried to determine if some of the texts are intended only for boys or only for girls. I was wondering how are the male and female sexual roles represented in the reading book. I sorted the images of gender roles, that I noticed in the reading book, according to categories, pre-designed by Majda Hrženjak. I tried to determine which characteristics are attributed to female gender and which to male gender.