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V diplomskem delu obravnavana tema izdelave izdelka iz ogljikovih vlaken sloni na metodi vzvratnega inženirstva z uporabo naprednih orodij digitalizacije obstoječega izdelka. Z metodo 3D skeniranja pridobljen oblak točk se v procesu vzvratnega inženirstva s CAD programskimi orodji rekonstruira v 3D model obstoječega izdelka. Na osnovi 3D modela je bilo izdelano orodje za modeliranje polimernega kompozitnega izdelka z metodo stiskanja v vakuumu. Uporabljen polimerni kompozitni material tvorita epoksidna smola in ogljikova vlakna v obliki tkanine. Kompozitni izdelek še stisnjen v orodju je bil toplotno obdelan, da je epoksidna smola polimerizirala in je izdelek dobil ustrezno oblikovno stabilnost ter pričakovane mehanske lastnosti. Končna obdelava kompozitnega izdelka je bila izvedena ročno z brušenjem robov na kolutnem brusilnem stroju, izrezovanjem z diamantnim rezkarjem in svedrom za kovino na stebrnem vrtalnem stroju. Ker vzvratno inženirstvo sloni na rekonstrukciji obstoječih izdelkov, naprav, strojev ali programske opreme, je pomembno poudariti pošten pristop s spoštovanjem zaščite avtorskih in patentnih pravic. The thesis on the topic of carbon fibre product manufacturing is based on reverse engineering using advanced tools for digitalising an existing product. The 3D scanning point cloud is reconstructed into a 3D model of the existing product in a reverse engineering process using CAD software tools. Based on the 3D model, a tool was developed to model a polymer composite product using the vacuum-assisted compression method. The polymer composite material used consists of epoxy resin and carbon fibre in the form of a fabric. The composite product, still pressed in the mould, was heat-treated to polymerise the epoxy resin and to give the product the necessary dimensional stability and expected mechanical properties. The final processing of the composite product was carried out manually by grinding the edges on a disc sander, cutting them out with a diamond cutter and a metal drill on a pillar drilling machine. Since reverse engineering is based on the reconstruction of existing products, devices, machines, or software, it is important to emphasise a fair approach with respect for copyright and patent protection.

The article presents the results of research aimed at redesigning a jewelry product with the use of modern reverse engineering methods. A detailed review of the literature was made and the essence of the application of this technology in the era of Industry 4.0 was presented. 3D digitization of the research object was performed with the use of Aicon SmartSCAN-HE R8and DAVID-SLS3 scanners. The obtained better quality file was edited in Autodesk Meshmixer3.5 software. On the basis of the created model, a 3D print was made using FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) and DPP (Daylight Polymer Printing) technology with two different materials - HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene) and photopolymer casting resin. The final stage of the work was the measurement of the surface roughness of the tin-phosphorus alloy B101 (CuSn10P) castings made using the method of investment casting.

[ES] El objetivo principal del trabajo consiste en el desarrollo de un prototipo de prótesis para extremidad delantera canina, aplicando las técnicas propias de diseño, fabricación y análisis asistidos por ordenador, así como de prototipado rápido. La metodología de trabajo seguida ha consistido en varias etapas. Inicialmente, se ha realizado una investigación del estado del arte en el desarrollo de prótesis caninas, campo que actualmente es bastante innovador. Paralelamente, se ha estudiado en profundidad el marco teórico protésico canino. A partir de esta información, en una segunda etapa, se han aplicado los conocimientos CAD/CAM/CAE adquiridos en la titulación, desarrollando inicialmente un modelo CAD y posteriormente su implementación en un prototipo físico. Para conseguir una perfecta adaptación del muñón a la prótesis, se han aplicado técnicas de ingeniería inversa, lo que ha llevado al diseño e implementación de una pieza intermedia. De este modo, se consigue un perfecto ajuste entre la extremidad y la prótesis, adaptada particularmente a cada animal, debiendo ser fabricada únicamente y de manera específica esta pieza. Por otra parte, se ha realizado el análisis mediante cálculo por elementos finitos del modelo CAD, lo que ha permitido conocer el comportamiento del prototipo bajo ciertas condiciones. Por último, se ha realizado una implementación física del prototipo mediante técnicas de impresión 3D., [EN] The main objective of the work is to develop a prototype of a canine forelimb prosthesis, applying the CAD/CAM/CIM techniques, as well as rapid prototyping. The methodology has consisted of several stages. Initially, a state-of-the-art research in the field of development of dog prostheses, was carried out, a field that is currently quite innovative. In parallel, the theoretical framework related to the development of canine limb prostheses was studied. From this information, in a second stage, the CAD / CAM / CAE knowledge acquired in the degree has been applied, initially developing a CAD model and later its implementation in a physical prototype. To achieve a perfect adaptation of the stump to the prosthesis, reverse engineering techniques have been applied, which has led to the design and implementation of an intermediate piece. In this way, a perfect fit is achieved between the limb and the prosthesis, particularly adapted to each animal. This intermediate piece is the only one that must be manufactured in a personalized way for each animal, from 3D scanned geometry of the limb. On the other hand, simulation and analysis of the CAD model of the prosthesis has been carried out, using the finite element method, which has allowed predicting the behavior of the prototype under certain conditions. Finally, a physical implementation of the prototype has been carried out using 3D printing techniques.

Bu çalışmada Prototip uyluk (femur) kemiği birinci aşamada temassız veri toplama yöntemlerinden optik tarama sistemi ile OPTOCAT programından faydalanılarak 3B nokta bulutu yüzey formatına, ikinci aşamada RapidForm XOR programı kullanılarak 3B CAD model formatına getirildi. Bu anlamda çalışmanın amacı, planlanan operasyon için femur ve tibia kemik kesileri oluşturularak protez parçalarının takılma aşamaları kolaylaştırmak ve kişiye özel üretimlerin kullanımlarında başarı oranını artırmaktır., In this study, prototype thigh (femur) bone was brought to 3D point cloud surface format by using optical scanning system and OPTOCAT program in the first stage, and 3D CAD model format by using RapidForm XOR program in second stage. In this sense, the aim of the study is to facilitate the implantation of prosthetic parts by creating femur and tibia bone cuttings for the planned operation and to increase the success rate in the use of customized products.

Nell'ambito dell'OR2 del progetto VMAN, si intende studiare e superare i limiti delle tecnologie additive per produzioni di componenti dell'industria di processo e dell'Oil and gas: mancanza di accuratezza dimensionale e finitura superficiale. La soluzione consiste nella finitura dei prodotti "Additive" con lavorazioni di fresatura. Obiettivo dell'attività AR2.4, è la verifica della metodologia per l'ottimizzazione del ciclo di produzione tramite tecnologie Additive Manufacturing AM già definita nell'attività AR2.2. La verifica e validazione sarà effettuata attraverso l'applicazione al test case proposto dall'end-user GE. Nel presente report tecnico verranno illustrati i risultati dell'attività di sviluppo sperimentale AR.2.4 svolta da ITIA-CNR.

[EN] The final master thesis consists of the assembly and start-up of a 3D scanner. After the configuration, an object will be scanned and reconstructed using reverse engineering with NX Siemens software. It will also be used to reconstruct the point cloud obtained by autodesk photogrammetry software (remake). In order to measure the differences between the mesh obtained by the different scan processes it has been performed dimensional analisys using cloudcompare. Finally it has been performed different prototypes in different additive manufacturing processes in order to perform a visual contrast between the different mesh and nx reconstruction., [ES] El desarrollo del trabajo final de máster consiste en el montaje y puesta en marcha de un escaner 3D. Tras la configuración se procederá a realizar el escaneo de un objeto y se reconstruirá empleando ingeniería inversa con el software NX Siemens. Se utilizara también la reconstrucción de la nube de puntos con el software de autodesk (fotogrametria) y comparación de nubes mediante el software cloudcompare. Por ultimo se han realizado prototipos en diferentes técnicas de fabricación aditiva y de las diferentes mallas obtenidas con el fin de realizar una comparación visual.

[EN] The main purpose of this ongoing research is to understand possible function(s) of archaeological artefacts through Reverse Engineering processes. In addition, we intend to provide new data, as well as possible explications of the archaeological record according to what it expects about social activities and working processes, by simulating the potentialities of such actions in terms of input-output relationships. Our project focuses on the Neolithic lakeside site of La Draga (Banyoles, Catalonia). In this presentation we will begin by providing a clear overview of the major guidelines used to capture and process 3D digital data of several wooden artefacts. Then, we shall present the use of semi-automated relevant feature extractions. Finally, we intend to share preliminary computer simulation issues., [ES] El principal propósito de esta investigación consiste en comprender la(s) función(es) más probable(s) de los artefactos arqueológicos a través de un proceso de Ingeniería Inversa. Además, intentamos proporcionar nuevos datos y, en la medida de lo posible, explicaciones, del registro arqueológico de acuerdo con lo que sabemos de las actividades sociales y procesos de trabajo, por medio de la simulación de las potencialidades de esas acciones en términos de relaciones input-output. Nuestro proyecto se centra en el sitio lacustre neolítico de La Draga (Banyoles, Girona). En este artículo empezamos proporcionando un resumen exhaustivo de los procedimientos usados para capturar y procesar datos digitales 3D de diversos objetos de madera. A continuación presentamos el uso de métodos semi-automáticos de extracción de rasgos relevantes. Finalmente, se discuten cuestiones preliminares acerca de simulación computacional., This research is part of the project PADICAT ("Patrimoni Digital Arqueològic de Catalunya), funded by the Obra Social la Caixa and the Asociació d'Universitats Catalanes (Programa RecerCaixa, RECER2010-05), as well as of the project "Social and environmental transitions: Simulating the Past to understand human behaviour", funded by the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation, under the program CONSOLIDER-INGENIO 2010, CSD2010-00034. This research also benefits from Vera Moitinho’s Ph. D. grant from the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal.

[EN] The main objective of our research is to develop a new methodology, based on Reverse Engineering processes – 3D scan, quantitative data analysis and Artificial Intelligence techniques, in particular simulation – to study the relationship between form and function of artefacts. Furthermore, we aim to provide new data, as well as possible explanations of the archaeological record according to what it expects about social activity, including working processes, by simulating the potentialities of such actions in terms of input-output relationships., [ES] El principal objetivo de nuestra investigación consiste en desarrollar una nueva metodología de análisis e interpretación de artefactos arqueológicos para el estudio de la relación entre forma y función de los artefactos. El fundamento de nuestra propuesta es un enfoque basado en técnicas de Ingeniería Inversa que partiendo de datos visuales procedentes de escaneo 3D, los pone en relación con las consecuencias esperadas de las acciones sociales que tuvieron lugar en el pasado en un enfoque de Inteligencia Artificial y análisis cuantitativo de datos. Además, nuestro trabajo está basado en la nueva manera de “ver” la realidad arqueológica. El procedimiento consiste en la “simulación” computacional de la cinemática de esas acciones y ele estudio de las características geométricas y visuales de sus consecuencias potenciales, expresando los resultados en términos de relaciones entrada-salida., This research is funded by the Spanish Ministry for Scienc and Innovation, under grant No. HAR2009-12258, and it is a part of the joint research team “Social and environmental transitions: Simulating the past to understand human behaviour (SimulPast)” (www.simulpast.es), funded by the same national agency under the program CONSOLIDER-INGENIO 2010, CSD2010-00034. This research also benefits from Vera Moitinho’s Ph. D. grant from the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal.