Search

White clover (Trifolium repens) is a popular perennial ground cover for orchard crops in the tropics. However, due to its slow-growing nature, mixed planting of buckwheat (BW, Fagopyrum esculentum), black oat (BO, Avena strigosae), forage radish (FR, Raphanus sativus) with white clover (CL) is needed to help with initial establishment of the ground cover. The objective of this research was to examine the susceptibility of these cover crops to Meloidogyne incognita. Two greenhouse trials were conducted comparing the susceptibility of BW, BO, CL, and FR to M. incognita. Mustard green (Brassica juncea) was included as the susceptible control, and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) was included as the resistant control. White clover had the highest number of females with eggs per gram of root in both trials. BO, BW, and FR had similar number of females without eggs per gram of root as CL and mustard green. The lower inoculation rate in Trial II, 300 M. incognita second-stage juveniles/pot, allowed for more distinct segregation of susceptibility of cover crops toward M. incognita based on reproductive factor (Rf = final population density/initial population density), which was highest in CL. Despite a low Rf, BW was highly intolerant to M. incognita and senesced early. In conclusion, mixed planting of the varieties of BW, BO, CL, and FR tested here are not recommended in soil infested with M. incognita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La mastitis es una enfermedad frecuente en el ganado lechero que conduce a una disminución en la producción y a un incremento en los costos sanitarios. Esta enfermedad puede evaluarse a través del número de glóbulos blancos por mililitro de leche, conocido como conteo de cé-lulas somáticas (CCS). La variabilidad alélica de los genes del Complejo Principal de Histocompatibilidad Bovino (Bovine Leukocyte Antigen, BoLA) se ha asociado con resistencia y susceptibilidad a enfermedades infecciosas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar el polimorfismo del gen de clase II BoLA-DQA1 y su asociación con resistencia /suscep-tibilidad a mastitis medida a través del CCS en leche de ganado Holstein de la provincia de La Pampa. La población se dividió en: 1) grupo caso, con alto CCS y presencia de mastitis (≥ 250.000 cel/ml, susceptible) y 2) grupo control, con bajo CCS (< 250.000 cel/ml, resistente). El BoLA-DQA1 se genotipo en 60 animales mediante PCR-RFLP y PCR-SBT. El test exacto de Fisher y Odds Ratio (OR) de Woolf-Haldane se utilizaron para estudiar la asociación entre el CCS y las variantes alélicas. Se detectaron 16 alelos del gen BoLA-DQA1 y el alelo BoLA-DQA1*0101 evidenció un OR de 4 (p = 0,058). Se destaca la importancia de los alelos del BoLA-DQA1 para seleccionar animales resistentes a enfermedades.

Mastitis is a frecuently disease of dairy cattle that leads to a decrease in production and an increase in health costs. This disease can be evaluated through the number of white blood cells per milliliter of milk, which is known as somatic cell count (CCS). Alleles of Bovine Leukocyte Antigen (BoLA) genes were associated with resistance and susceptibility to infectious diseases. The objective of this work was to study the polymorphism of the class II molecules of BoLA-DQA1 and their association with resistance/susceptibility to mastitis measured through the CCS in milk in Holstein cattle from the province of La Pampa. The population was divided into: 1) case group with high CCS and presence of mastitis (≥ 250,000 cel/ml, susceptible) and 2) control group with low CCS (<250,000 cel/ml, resistant). BoLA-DQA1 polymorphisms were genotyped in sixty animals by PCR-RFLP and PCR-SBT. Woolf-Haldane's Fisher and Odds Ratio (OR) exact test were used to study the association between CCS and allelic variants. 16 alleles of the BoLA-DQA1gene were detected and the BoLA-DQA1*0101 allele showed an OR of 4 (p = 0.58). This finding highlights the importance of BoLA-DQA1 alleles for selection of resistant animals to infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial respiratory problems cause economic losses due to production decreases and the increasing cost of antibiotic treatment. In poultry production, they are the leading cause of death in laying hens. The presence of pathogens implies a distribution in the production units, and their identification by biochemical tests allows the characterization at the species level and its adequate treatment. The present study aimed to identify the bacteria isolated from the trachea of laying hens and determine their antibiotic resistance profile. In an intensive production farm, trachea samples were taken from hens; the bacterial detection was carried out with isolation, colonial and microscopic identification, and biochemical tests; the antimicrobial susceptibility test was also determined. Thirty-two isolates corresponding to five types of bacterial colonies with the morphology of cocci and Gram-positive bacilli (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Corynebacterium spp) and Gram-negative coccobacilli (Pasteurella multocida and Gallibacterium anatis) were obtained. S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and Corynebacterium spp showed resistance to glycopeptides (100%), in addition to P. multocida and G. anatis, to ampicillin (beta-lactams) and quinolones (100%). The isolated bacteria showed antibiotic resistance and multi-resistance, with implications for poultry farming and public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agriscientia is the property of Revista AgriScientia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Se consiguieron identificar 23 aislamientos de Gallibacterium anatis, a través de pruebas convencionales de cultivo y bioquímicas, confirmándose su identificación a través del método de PCR. Se les efectuó la prueba de difusión en placa para determinar la resistencia antimicrobiana a los antibióticos más utilizados en el área avícola. Los aislamientos fueron más susceptibles a ceftiofur (73 %) y florfenicol (68 %); todos los aislamientos mostraron resistencia marcada a penicilina, tilosina, lincomicina, ampicilina, enrofloxacina, oxitetraciclina, norfloxacina y cefalexina. La presencia de Gallibacterium anatis se asocia a problemas respiratorios y reproductivos en las poblaciones de gallinas de postura comercial. Los aislamientos mostraron una resistencia marcada a distintos antibióticos, probablemente por la medicación desmedida ante la presencia de este microorganismo.

Phytophthora infestans is affected by biotic and abiotic factors that can vary its pathogenicity. In the highlands of Mexico, the genetic variability of P. infestans, low temperatures, high relative humidity and light favor its expression and influence the efficacy of the infection. This work analyzed the progress of infection of P. infestans with respect to the expected, observed and simulated during two field cycles in Chapingo, Mexico, with the objective of documenting and quantifying the progress of foliar infection by P. infestans in different lines of Tomato with different levels of resistance. As well as validate a predictive model. With the record of 10 years of meteorological data, five situations were predicted with four to ten cycles of infection from 8 to 13 h each. Compared to the predictions, the observed effect of area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and its components (RAUDPC and RaRAUDPC) were significant, with low coefficient of variation. It is concluded that among the expected, observed and simulated scenarios there is a close relationship to predict epidemics of P. infestans. This confirms that LATEBLIGHT is useful for simulating and predicting the late blight epidemic, under Chapingo atmospheric conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of BIOAGRO is the property of Revista BIOAGRO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Antecedentes: Gallibacterium anatis bv. haemolytica es una bacteria Gram-negativa‚ inmóvil‚ no esporulada que pertenece a la familia Pasteurellaceae‚ reside normalmente en las vías respiratorias y reproductivas de las aves de corral. Es una de las principales causas de salpingitis y peritonitis‚ afecta directamente la producción de huevos y aumenta la mortalidad‚ lo que impacta gravemente el bienestar y productividad. Objetivo: el propósito del estudio fue determinar el perfil de resistencia a antimicrobianos de cepas de Gallibacterium anatis aisladas de aves comerciales con sintomatología respiratoria y reproductiva‚ recolectadas durante el 2022-2023 en Colombia. Métodos: se obtuvieron un total 115 cepas a través de pruebas convencionales mediante cultivo y características bioquímicas (BD BBL Crystal E/NF/ID®). Para determinar la sensibilidad de los aislamientos se utilizó la prueba de difusión en disco‚ utilizando el método de Kirby-Bauer. Se realizó un perfil de resistencia para 12 antimicrobianos‚ distribuidos en siete familias: Ciprofloxacina 5 µg‚ Enrofloxacina 5 µg‚ Norfloxacina 10 µg Amoxicilina 20 µg‚ Sulfatrimetoprim 25 µg Tetraciclina 30 µg‚ Doxiciclina 30 µg‚ Oxitetraciclina 20 µg‚ Florfenicol 30 µg‚ Fosfomicina 50 µg‚ Neomicina 30 µg‚ Gentamicina 10 µg. Las placas de agar Mueller Hinton fueron preparadas e incubadas a 37 ºC durante 24-48 h. Se realizó la lectura midiendo el diámetro de los halos de inhibición del crecimiento‚ según las recomendaciones del Comité Nacional de Estándares Clínicos de Laboratorio (NCCLS) versión 2002. Resultados: los aislados que mostraron mayores perfiles de resistencia son: Tetraciclina 77 %‚ Oxitetraciclina 75 %‚ Doxiciclina 69 %‚ Sulfatrimetoprim 74 %‚ Enrofloxacina 73 %‚ Norfloxacina 70 %‚ Ciprofloxacina 63 %‚ Neomicina 55 %‚ Gentamicina 47 %‚ Amoxicilina 43 % y Florfenicol 35 %‚ mientras que la mayor sensibilidad fue para Fosfomicina 87 %. Conclusiones: aunque se conoce desde hace mucho tiempo como patógeno oportunista de las aves de cría intensiva‚ ha surgido en los últimos años como agente emergente con resistencia a múltiples antimicrobianos causando pérdidas económicas y dificultades para el control de la infección. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a high incidence of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita in several economically important species of Solanaceae. This nematode causes damage to the roots, leading even to the death of the plant, causing economic losses for the producer. This research was carried out in greenhouse to assess the response of five species of wild Solanaceae (Solanum auriculatum, S.hirtum, S.hispidum, S.arboreum and Nicotiana glauca) to the infestation of M. incognita was evaluated. A randomized block design with three replicates was used. The initial inoculum was obtained from infested roots of tree tomato (S. betaceum Cav.), which was propagated in kidney tomato plants (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) hibrid 'Sheila' which was used to inoculate the wild Solanaceae plus two susceptible controls (S. betaceum and S. quitoense) were inoculated with a dose of 2500 larvae. According to the reproduction factor of the nematode, S. arboreum, S. hirtum and N. glauca showed resistance because obtained values less than 1. In addition, S. hirtum (14.88) and N. glauca (22.67) showed the lowest number of root knots. In terms of foliage yield (dry weight), a response of tolerance was observed in all species except for the controls. It can be concluded that S. hirtum (compatible with S. quitoense - naranjilla) and N. glauca (compatible with S. betaceum - tree tomato) might be used as rootstocks of Solanaceae fruit crops of commercial importance in Ecuador, contributing to the integrated fruit production system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was able to identify 23 isolates of Gallibacterium anatis through conventional culture and biochemical tests, and identification confirmed through PCR method. A disk diffusion test determined antimicrobial resistance to commonly used antibiotics in the poultry area. Isolates were more susceptible to ceftiofur (73%) and florfenicol (68%). All isolates showed marked resistance to penicillin, tylosin, lincomycin, ampicillin, enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, norfloxacin and cephalexin. The presence of Gallibacterium anatis is associated with respiratory and reproductive problems in populations of commercial laying hens. Isolates showed marked resistance to different antibiotics, probably due to excessive medication in the presence of this organism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Egypt, Biomphalaria alexandrina is the intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni. The fates of Schistosoma miracidia in the snails varies between different species of Biomphalaria. The internal defense system is one of the factors that influence the susceptibility pattern of the snails. The interaction between Biomphalaria snails and S. mansoni needs to be identified for each species, and even between the members of the same species with different degrees of susceptibility. In the present study, the first generation of susceptible and resistant parents of B. alexandrina was examined histologically at the 30th day post exposure. The study includes the characterization of the immune response, as expressed by tissue reactions, of susceptible and resistant B. alexandrina snails against S. mansoni. It was also designed to determine the impact of the resistance increase in parent snails, on the mechanisms of interaction of their offspring against infection. The results showed that the infection rate of the offspring from the susceptible parents was 92%. No susceptible offspring was produced from the resistant parents. When the parents were of equal number of susceptible and resistant snails, they gave an offspring with an infection rate of 20%. Susceptible snails that had susceptible parents showed a higher degree of susceptibility than those that had both susceptible and resistant parents. A common feature of the resistant snails was the absence of any viable parasites. The tissue reactions of the resistant snails having only resistant parents occurred at the site of miracidial penetration. In resistant snails for which susceptible ones were included in their parents, the reactions occurred in the deep tissues. These results characterized the immune response of B. alexandrina snails against Schistosoma infection which was found to occur by two different mechanisms. One type of defense occurs in highly resistant snails, and employs direct miracidial destruction soon after parasite penetration. The other type occurs in less resistant snails where a delayed resistance development occurs after the dissemination of the sporocysts in the snail tissues. It seems that B. alexandrina snails respond more or less similar to B. glabrata. The results also proved that the immune response of the internal defense system increased with increasing the number of the inherited resistant genes.

Objetivo. Identificar las especies de cucarachas y bacterias asociadas a su exoesqueleto en un centro hospitalario de la ciudad de Villavicencio (Meta, Colombia). Método. Se realizaron capturas manuales de cucarachas en cocina, urgencias, UCI intermedia, consulta externa y neonatos. Los individuos colectados fueron sometidos a un aislamiento primario en caldo BHI, para luego pasar a medios sólidos (sangre y MacConkey). Se realizó identificación y antibiograma por método automatizado. Resultados. Se colectaron 24 ninfas y adultos de Blattella germánica. Se aisló e identificó Klebsiella pneumoniae con sensibilidad intermedia a meropenem (CMI 4) y resistencia a cefalosporinas (cefepima y cefuroxima) (>16), Proteus vulgaris con resistencia a cefalosporinas (ceftriaxona, cefuroxima) (CMI >16), Enterobacter cloacae con resistencia a cefalosporinas (cefoxitina, cefuroxima, ceftriaxona) (CMI > 16), Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus rafinosus, Staphylococcus xylosus y Enterococcus faecalis. El 80% de las bacterias aisladas presentaron algún grado de resistencia a antibióticos. Conclusiones. Estos insectos podrían jugar un papel importante en la transmisión de las Infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud IAAS). Debido a su presencia en hospitales y el reporte de IAAS y resistencia bacteriana en varios centros asistenciales en el Departamento del Meta, se hace necesario establecer la relación de estos insectos con estos eventos.

Schistosomiasis remains a disease of major global public health concern since it is a chronic and debilitating illness. The widely distributed Schistosoma mansoni that causes intestinal schistosomiasis represents a great threat. Its world-wide distribution is permitted by the broad geographic range of the susceptible species of its intermediate host, Biomphalaria, which serves as an obligatory host for the larval stage, at which humans get infected. The objectives were to identify the proteins responsible for the snails' compatibility outcome through differentiation between the total proteins among Biomphalaria alexandrina snails at different ages. The work was conducted on snails that differ in age and genetic backgrounds. Four subgroups (F1) from the progeny of self-reproduced susceptible and resistant snails (F0) were studied. Infection rates of these subgroups (young susceptible, adult susceptible, young resistant and adult resistant) were 90 %, 75 %, 40 % and 0 %, respectively. Using Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), differences in protein expression were evaluated between adult and young snails of different subgroups. Dice similarity coefficient was calculated to determine the percentage of band sharing among the experimental subgroups. The results showed that the combination of similarities between age and compatibility status of the snails, lead to the highest similarity coefficient, followed by the combination of similarities of both genetic origin and age, even though they differ in the compatibility status. On the other hand, the differences in the genetic background, age and compatibility status, lead to the least similarity index. It was also found that the genetic background in young snails plays a major role in the determination of their compatibility, while the internal defense system has the upper hand in determining the level of adult compatibility. In conclusion, the findings of the present work highlight the great impact of the snail age in concomitance with the genetics and the internal defense in the determination of B. alexandrina/S.mansoni compatibility. Future works are recommended, as further characterization of the shared protein bands among the studied subgroups is needed to clarify their role in host-parasite relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to determine the susceptibility / resistance behavior of the cultivars BAT-306 and Triunfo-70 of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood under semi-controlled conditions. Pots with 1kg of substrate were used, and the plants were inoculated with a 6 initial population (Pi) geometric series of nematodes (0.125; 0. 25; 1; 4; 16 and 64 eggs and second stage juveniles (J2) per substrate gram-1) population initially isolated from common bean growing in Mayabeque province, Cuba. The nematode final population (Pf) was determined at 60 days, and the Reproduction Factor (RF)= Pf/Pi was determined. The cultivar Triunfo-70 was resistant when Pi was lower than 64 eggs and second stage juveniles (J2) per substrate gram-1, with an RF between 0.23 and 0.9; nevertheless, BAT-306 freely allowed the nematode reproduction, with an RF between 6.1 and 8. The genotypes BAT-306 and Triunfo-70 could be used as susceptible and resistant controls, respectively, in common bean behavior studies in the presence of Cuban populations of M. incognita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se evaluó la susceptibilidad-resistencia de poblaciones argentinas de la garrapata Rhipicephalus microplus (83 poblaciones) y de la mosca Haematobia irritans (125 poblaciones) a la cipermetrina (piretroide) y al diazinón (órgano-fosforado), respectivamente. No se detectaron poblaciones de H. irritans resistentes al diazinón pero se determinaron 19 poblaciones de garrapatas resistentes a la cipermetrina. La mayoría (15) de ellas se concentró en el litoral, especialmente en Corrientes, donde predominan condiciones de mayor aptitud para el desarrollo de R. microplus; la frecuencia anual de tratamiento con acaricidas es alta y los piretroides fueron reemplazados en buena medida por acaricidas a base de formamidina y avermectinas. El resto de las poblaciones resistentes fueron determinadas en el área oeste de la distribución de la garrapata (tres en Córdoba, una en Salta) donde la apatitud para el desarrollo de R. microplus es intermedia y la frecuencia anual de tratamientos es menor que en el este. Se destaca la conveniencia de mantener la evaluación continua del status de la susceptibilidad-resistencia de la H. irritans a los órgano-fosforados para alertar en forma temprana si se comprobara algún cambio en la situación actual. Se considera necesario continuar con la evaluación de la susceptibilidad-resistencia de R. microplus a los piretroides en las áreas donde las poblaciones son aún susceptibles e incorporar técnicas para el diagnóstico de resistencia a formamidinas y avermectinas que son utilizados como acaricidas en una proporción importante de establecimientos ganaderos.

Abstract: In order to determine the patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility and beta-lactamase production, 60 patients with sexually transmitted diseases were studied from the University Hospital “Dr. Manuel Nuñez Tovar” jurisdiction in Monagas State. Thirty-five N. gonorrhoeae strains (58,30%) were isolated, and they were grouped according to antimicrobial susceptibility and beta-lactamase production. A high resistance rate to penicillin (94.24%) and to tetracycline (97.14%) was detected. Out of the 33 N. gonorrhoeae strains resistant to penicillin, 15 (45.45%) did not produce beta-lactamase. On the other hand, in vitro sensitivity of N. gonorrhoeae to cefepime, cefoxitin and ceftriaxone was 97.14%, 94.29%, and 80.50%, respectively. In relation to the susceptibility to ofloxacin, it was found that 97,14% of the strains of N. gonorrhoeae showed sensitivity to this antimicrobial. treatment. Resumen: Con el propósito de determinar los patrones de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana y producción de beta-lactamasa, se estudiaron 60 pacientes procedentes del área de enfermedades de transmisión sexual del Hospital Universitario “Dr. Manuel Nuñez Tovar”, estado Monagas. Se aislaron 35 cepas (58,30%) de N. gonorrhoeae, las cuales se agruparon de acuerdo a la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana y producción de beta-lactamasa, observándose una elevada tasa de resistencia a la penicilina (94,29%) y a la tetraciclina (97,14%). De las 33 cepas de N. gonorrhoeae resistentes a la penicilina, 15 (45,45%) fueron no productoras de beta-lactamasa. La sensibilidad in vitro de N. gonorrhoeae frente al cefepime, cefoxitin y ceftriaxone fue de 97,14%, 94,29% y 80,50%, respectivamente. Con relación a la susceptibilidad a la ofloxacina, se encontró que el 97,14% de las cepas de N. gonorrhoeae mostraron sensibilidad a este antimicrobiano.

EBL is a disease of adult cattle caused by the retrovirus, bovine leukemia. It can manifest: aleukemic an asymptomatic form, with a normal number of B lymphocytes in the blood; a form of permanent lymphocytosis, with an increase in the number of B lymphocytes and finally a lymphoproliferative tumor presentation in the form of lymphosarcoma. The alleles of the genes of the Bovine Major Histocompatibility Complex (BoLA) have been associated with resistance and susceptibility to infectious diseases. The overall objective of this study was to associate polymorphisms of the BoLA-DRB3.2 gene, defined by the technique of polymerase chain reaction technique and polymorphisms length of the restriction fragment (PCR-RFLP), with resistance / susceptibility to leucosis in Holstein cows of La Pampa. It relied on a case/control design, for which blood samples were taken to 150 animals in 3 opportunities with intervals of three months each. The case group comprised animals that were positive in the immunodiffusion agar animals test (DIDA) and whose blood lymphocyte count was ≥ 10.000 linf/μl and the control group included cows that ware negative for DIDA and present < 10.000 linf/μl of blood. Fisher's Exact test and Odds Ratio (OR) of Woolf-Haldane were used to study the association between lymphocyte count and DIDA results with allelic variants. In 82 animals genotyped by PCR-RFLP, the DRB3.2*22 allele showed an OR = 5.332 (p = 0.0138) and DRB3.2*11 allele had a OR value of 0.11 (p=0.001) and were the most frequent in the control group and in the case group, respectively. These results would showed DRB3.2*22 allele and DRB3.2*11 allele a high risk of having leucosis (susceptibility) and low risk to suffer (resistance) respectively. The analysis of the relationship between alleles of the BoLA and resistance/susceptibility to leucosis could be improved with deep research on family lineages of dairy cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Identify the species of cockroaches and bacteria associated with their exoskeleton in a hospital in Villavicencio (Meta, Colombia). Methods. The cockroaches were captured manually in kitchen, emergency room, intermediate intensive care unit, outpatient service and newborn nursery. The collected individuals were subjected to a primary isolation in BHI broth, then move on to solid media (blood and MacConkey). Identification and sensitivity testing was performed by automated method. Results. 24 nymphs and adults of Blattella germanica were collected. It was isolated and identified Klebsiella pneumoniae with intermediate susceptibility to meropenem (MIC 4) and resistance to cephalosporins (cefepime and cefuroxime) (> 16), Proteus vulgaris with cephalosporin resistance (Ceftriaxone, Cefuroxime) (MIC >16), Enterobacter cloacae resistant to cephalosporins (cefoxitin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone) (MIC > 16), Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus rafinosus, Staphylococcus xylosus and Enterococcus faecalis. 80% of the isolated bacteria showed some degree of resistance to antibiotics. Results. These insects could play an important role in the transmission of health care associated infections (HCAI). Due to the presence of cockroaches in hospitals and the report of HCAI and bacterial resistance in several health centers in the Department of Meta, it is necessary to establish the relationship of these insects with these events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weeds can be considered as hosts of root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.), maintaining or increasing their population in the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reaction of 25 weed species to the nematode Pratylenchus brachyurus. The weed plants were individually inoculated with 1,000 individuals of P. brachyurus, maintained in a greenhouse for 90 d. After that period, eggs and nematodes were extracted and quantified, and the reproduction factor (RF = final population/initial population) was calculated. Of the 25 weed species that were tested, 24 were good hosts (RF > 1) for P. brachyurus. Raphanus raphanistrum was resistant to P. brachyurus (RF < 1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sesenta y ocho variedades de clavel estándar se evaluaron por su respuesta al patógeno vascular Phialophora cinerescens(Wollenw.) van Beyma. De las variedades probadas,33 fueron resistentes al patógeno (49%), 9 fueron moderadamente resistentes (13%),8 fueron moderadamente susceptibles (12%) y 18 fueron susceptibles (26%).Sixty eigth standard carnation varieties were evaluated in their response to Phialophora cinerescens (Wollenw.) van Beyma. 33 varieties were resistant to the pathogen (49%), 9 varieties were moderately resistant (13%), 8 varieties were moderately susceptible (12%) and 18 varieties were susceptible (26%).

Background: The widespread use of antifungals has selected resistant Candida strains to antifungals. Objective: To study the in vitro susceptibility of Candida to antifungal agents at the Western National Medical Center (WNMC) Specialty Hospital (SH), Mexico. Material and method: A descriptive and retrospective study included bronchial aspirate and blood cultures with Candida development during 2012. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole and fluorocytosine by the Sensititre YeastOne method. Results: Were included 156 cultures (82.6% were bronchial aspirate cultures and 17.4% were blood cultures) with 160 isolates of 7 species: C. albicans 83 (51.9%), C. tropicalis 39 (24.37%), C. glabrata 21 (13.1%), C. parapsilosis 7 (4.4%), C. krusei 7 (4.4%), C. guilliermondii 2 (1.3%) and C. kefyr 1 (0.5%). To amphotericin we found resistance in C. kefyr (100%), C. albicans (6.1%) and C. glabrata (4.8%). To fluconazole we found resistance in C. krusei (28.6%), C. glabrata (9.5%) and C. albicans (6.1%). To voriconazole we found resistance in C. albicans (6%) and C. tropicalis (2.6%). To ketoconazole we found resistance in C. krusei (28.6%), C. glabarata (23.8%), C. albicans (14.5%) and C. tropicalis (2.6%). To fluorocytosine we found resistance in C. albicans (3.6%) and C. tropicalis (2.6%). To itraconazole we found resistance in C. glabrata (38.1%), C. krusei (28.6%), C. albicans (8.4%) and C. tropicalis (5.1%). Conclusion: Similar to that reported in other studies, there are resistant Candida species to antifungal agents in the WNMC-SH, it is important to study antifungal susceptibility to take better treatment decisions and reduce costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar mediante la amplificación de microsatélites, los alelos del Complejo Mayor de Histocompatibilidad (CMH) BoLA Clase II asociados a la resistencia y susceptibilidad a Boophilus microplus en ganado bovino, Junín –Perú. Se recolectaron muestras de sangre de 47 bovinos, así como, ejemplares de B. microplus durante los meses de marzo, abril y mayo del 2009, en horas de la mañana, del lado derecho de cada animal. La extracción del ADN genómico se realizó por el método de Phil Summers (1995) y la amplificación de los microsatélites DRB3.2, DRB31 y BM1815 fue por PCR en un secuenciador automático. Los datos fueron evaluados mediante el programa POPGEN 32. Se identificaron los alelos A, B y C relacionados con la resistencia y susceptibilidad a B. microplus en ganado bovino tanto en el locus BoLA DRB3.2 como en BoLA BM1815. Las frecuencias alélicas estimadas fueron: en el locus DRB3.2 la frecuencia del alelo A fue de 0.2742, del alelo B fue de 0.5000 y del alelo C fue de 0.2258; en el locus DRB31 la frecuencia del alelo A fue de 1.0000 y, en el locus BM1815 la frecuencia del alelo A fue de 0.3295, del alelo B fue de 0.5909y del alelo C fue de 0.0795. Se concluye que los alelos A, B y C de los loci DRB3.2 y BM1815 del Complejo Mayor de Histocompatibilidad BoLA Clase II están relacionados con la resistencia a B. microplus en ganado bovino y el alelo A del locus DRB31 está relacionado con la susceptibilidad.

Two open pollinated commercial pecan seedling rootstocks were evaluated for resistance to Meloidogyne partityla in field microplots. Rootstocks tested included seedlings derived from open pollinated seed of 'Curtis' and 'Elliott' parent trees. 'Elliott', a susceptible pecan seedling rootstock for M. partityla, also served as the identifiable control. Both commercial pecan rootstocks supported nematode reproduction as indicated by number of egg masses per plant, number of eggs per plant, and number of eggs per gram dry root and were not significantly different between rootstocks 30 months after inoculation. Differences in tree growth, as measured by trunk diameter and dry root weight, were not found between 'Elliott' and 'Curtis' rootstocks, but growth suppression of both stocks was influenced in the presence of M. partityla. These results provide useful insights into M. partityla being a potentially economically important pathogen to the pecan industry in the southeastern United States and that the search for an IPM strategy for control of M. partityla on pecan is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Egypt, Biomphalaria alexandrina is the intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni. The fates of Schistosoma miracidia in the snails varies between different species of Biomphalaria. The internal defense system is one of the factors that influence the susceptibility pattern of the snails. The interaction between Biomphalaria snails and S. mansoni needs to be identified for each species, and even between the members of the same species with different degrees of susceptibility. In the present study, the first generation of susceptible and resistant parents of B. alexandrina was examined histologically at the 30th day post exposure. The study includes the characterization of the immune response, as expressed by tissue reactions, of susceptible and resistant B. alexandrina snails against S. mansoni. It was also designed to determine the impact of the resistance increase in parent snails, on the mechanisms of interaction of their offspring against infection. The results showed that the infection rate of the offspring from the susceptible parents was 92%. No susceptible offspring was produced from the resistant parents. When the parents were of equal number of susceptible and resistant snails, they gave an offspring with an infection rate of 20%. Susceptible snails that had susceptible parents showed a higher degree of susceptibility than those that had both susceptible and resistant parents. A common feature of the resistant snails was the absence of any viable parasites. The tissue reactions of the resistant snails having only resistant parents occurred at the site of miracidial penetration. In resistant snails for which susceptible ones were included in their parents, the reactions occurred in the deep tissues. These results characterized the immune response of B. alexandrina snails against Schistosoma infection which was found to occur by two different mechanisms. One type of defense occurs in highly resistant snails, and employs direct miracidial destruction soon after parasite penetration. The other type occurs in less resistant snails where a delayed resistance development occurs after the dissemination of the sporocysts in the snail tissues. It seems that B. alexandrina snails respond more or less similar to B. glabrata. The results also proved that the immune response of the internal defense system increased with increasing the number of the inherited resistant genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim of the study was to monitor the insecticide susceptibility status of malaria vectors in 12 sentinel districts of Tanzania. Methods WHO standard methods were used to detect knock-down and mortality in the wild female Anopheles mosquitoes collected in sentinel districts. The WHO diagnostic doses of 0.05% deltamethrin, 0.05% lambdacyhalothrin, 0.75% permethrin and 4% DDT were used. Results The major malaria vectors in Tanzania, Anopheles gambiae s.l., were susceptible (mortality rate of 98-100%) to permethrin, deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin and DDT in most of the surveyed sites. However, some sites recorded marginal susceptibility (mortality rate of 80-97%); Ilala showed resistance to DDT (mortality rate of 65% [95% CI, 54-74]), and Moshi showed resistance to lambdacyhalothrin (mortality rate of 73% [95% CI, 69-76]) and permethrin (mortality rate of 77% [95% CI, 73-80]). Conclusions The sustained susceptibility of malaria vectors to pyrethroid in Tanzania is encouraging for successful malaria control with Insecticide-treated nets and IRS. However, the emergency of focal points with insecticide resistance is alarming. Continued monitoring is essential to ensure early containment of resistance, particularly in areas that recorded resistance or marginal susceptibility and those with heavy agricultural and public health use of insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resistance/susceptibility of Solanum lycopersicum L genotypes Aro 8484, HA 3063, Caramba and HA 8476 against Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid and White (Chitwood) race 2 and the influence of the nematode on the genotype growths were evaluated in two experiments under semi-controlled conditions. In the first experiment, the genotypes, including a susceptible control tomato Campbell-28, were inoculated with a level of 1,5 J2. g of soil-1. Root gall index, was reproduction factor and reproduction index of the nematode were determined for categorizing resistant/susceptible genotypes. In the second experiment, three levels of nematodes (0,5; 1,5 and 2,5 J2. g of soil-1) were used. Not inoculated genotypes were established as a control. Both experiments had 10 repetitions and were placed in a green house using a randomized distribution design. A lineal regression analysis was used to establish the relation of nematode levels and the plant growths. All genotypes were susceptible to M. incognita. It was demonstrated that the 60 to 94% of plant growth decrease related to the nematode population increase. The use of genotypes is not recommended in soils infected with M. incognita unless management measures are established for keeping nematode population below 0,5 J2.g of soil-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A retrospective study of the susceptibility of a data-base of a group of microorganisms isolated was undertaken over the period January 2000-December 2007 at the Sancti Spiritus province hospital "José Martí y Pérez" with DIRAMIC System. The values were obtained and processed using the Microbiological Surveillance System version 6.1 (equipment's component tool). A total of 4 695 strains, 3 766 from the external consultation and 929 from the hospital were analyzed. The most frequently isolated germs were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis from bacteriemia, urinary tract infections, otic secretions, skin and soft tissue lesions and upper respiratory tract infections. Escherichia coli resistance was higher in hospital than external consultation, (p = 0.02) to ampicilin (63.2 % vs. 71.0 %) and gentamicin (28.2 % vs. 35.8 %). Proteus mirabilis resistance was higher in external consultation than in hospital, with significance (p = 0.02) to cefazolin (63.6 % vs. 40.0 %) and (p = 0.005) norfloxacin (26.7 % vs. 12.5 %). Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance was higher in hospital than in external consultation, with significance (p = 0.04) to gentamicin (26.3 % vs. 37.8 %). Staphylococcus aureus oxacillin resistant represents more than 70 % of the isolates, even in the external consultation like in the hospital. It's necessary to narrow surveillance of the future susceptibility behavior of these drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are limiting factors for yields of vegetables in open areas and crops under shelter conditions, where tomato Solanum lycopersicon L. (ex Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) represents a very good host for these nematodes. For population management of this pest, resistance and graffing are used, among other tactics, to obtain good productive results, but it is necessary to evaluated the resistance of genotypes to native populations, since as it is know resistance may be broken by factors like virulence of Meloidogyne population. The objective of this study was to determine the behaviour of tomato lines hybrids and varieties to native population of M. incognita race 2, as a basic element for the graffting program being develop in Cuba as an alternative to methyl bromide. Ten plants per genotype were inoculated with 1,5 eggs/juvenils.g of soil-1 and evaluated after 60 days to determined the Root Galling Index (IA), the Reproduction Factor (FR) and the Reproduction Index (IR). The cultivars evaluated were Lycopersicon peruvianum acc. B6-140; Physalis ixocarpa acc. B6236; Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium acc. Mex 121-A; the following varieties/hybrids of Solanum lycopersicum var. ceraciforme, Vyta, Mariela, Amalia, HC 3880 and HA 3019; the interespecific hybrid Lycopersicon hirsutum x L. esculentum, Solanum torvum and the tomato hybrids T-1x14, T-1x15, T-2x16 and LTM. The interespecific hybrid L. hirsutum x L. esculentum was immune, whereas S. torvum and L. peruvianum were very resistant. In other hand, P. ixocarpa behaved as moderately resistant and the rest of genotypes were susceptibles to the Cuban population of M. incognita race 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Physiology & Biochemistry is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The first national report of results obtained by users of the National DIRAMIC System Network is presented, 8 459 assays were included. The data were analyzed using the software "Mapas Microbianos", it allows to know the circulating microorganism and its antibiotic susceptibility patterns. It was verified that the majority of antibiotics tested keep its effectiveness, even the oldest one, and that the most used one present the highest microbial resistance levels. This kind of work gives a valuable information for the antibiotics resistance surveillance, to design use policies and for the antibiotic selection in empiric therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first report of results obtained by users of the National DIRAMIC System Network is presents, 8459 assays were included. The data were analyzed using the software "Mapas Microbianos", it allow to know the circulating microorganism and its antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Was verify that the majority of antibiotics tested keep its effectiveness, even the oldest, and that the more used present the highest microbial resistance levels. This kind of work give a valuable information for the antibiotics resistance surveillance, to design use policies and for the antibiotic selection in empiric therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2004 report on the antibiogram results obtained from the DIRAMIC system Cuban network users is presented. The amount of assays was 2210. The data were processed using the Microbiological Surveillance system V 6.0, the programming system to obtain the different circulating microorganisms and their antibiotics used susceptibility, as well as to know the antibiotic susceptibility patterns. The global frequency of appearance of isolated pathogens and their distribution for the different samples are presented. The most frequently isolates germs were: Escherichia coli, Proteus sp., Klebsiella sp., Shigella sp., Enterobacter sp., coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas sp. The most frequently examined samples were: blood culture, urine culture, pharynx exudate, coproculture and nasal exudate. Antibiotics like chloramphenicol, amikacin, gentamycin, kanamycin and ciprofloxacin have low resistance levels. But the other group of antibiotics like: penicillin, ampicillin, cephazolin, sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim and ceftriaxone have a high resistance levels, over 50 %, and their use has to be observed in a short time. The antibiotics used keep working, and it was proved. This kind of work gives valuable information to define the antibiotic policy to be used knowing the antibiotics resistance level. It's also possible to select the appropriate antibiotic to be used in the empirical therapy, as well as to recommend that a specific antibiotic is not used when it presents low susceptibility levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The report on the antibiogram results obtained from the DIRAMIC system Cuban network users is presented. The amount of assays was 3853 in 2002, 3291 in 2003 and 2210 in 2004. The data were processed using the Microbiological Surveillance system V 6.0, the programming system to obtain the different circulating microorganisms and their antibiotics used susceptibility, as well as to know the antibiotic susceptibility patterns. The global frequency of appearance of isolated pathogens and their distribution for the different samples are presented. The most frequently isolated germs were: Escherichia coli, Proteus sp., Klebsiella sp., Enterobacter sp., coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas sp. The most frequently examined samples were: blood culture, urine culture and nasal exudate. Antibiotics like chloramphenicol, amikacin, gentamycin, kanamycin and ciprofloxacin have low resistance levels. But the other groups of antibiotics like: penicillin, ampicillin, cephazolin, sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim and ceftriaxone have a high resistance level, over 50 %, and their use has to be observed in a short time. The antibiotics used keep working, and it was proved. A resistance level increase was appreciated in 2003 with regards to 2002. This kind of work gives valuable information to define the antibiotic policy to be used knowing the antibiotic resistance level. It's also possible to select the appropriate antibiotic to be used in the empirical therapy, as well as to study the possibility to perform a cycling drug selection based on local surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2002-2004 report on the antibiogram results obtained from the DIRAMIC system Cuban network users is presented. The amount of assays was 3853 in 2002, 3291 in 2003 and 2210 in 2004. The data were processed using the Microbiological Surveillance system V 6.0, the programming system to obtain the different circulating microorganisms and their antibiotics used susceptibility, as well as to know the antibiotic susceptibility patterns. The global frequency of appearance of isolated pathogens in the uroculture samples are presented. The most frequently isolates germs were: Escherichia coli, Proteus sp., Klebsiella sp., Enterobacter sp., coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas sp. Antibiotics like gentamycin and ciprofloxacin have low resistance levels. But the other group of antibiotics like: ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim have a high resistance levels, over 50 %, and their use has to be observed in a short time. The antibiotics used keep working, and it was proved. This kind of work gives valuable information to define the antibiotic policy to be used knowing the antibiotics resistance level. It's also possible to select the appropriate antibiotic to be used in the empirical therapy, as well as to recommend that a specific antibiotic is not used when it presents low susceptibility levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), cultivated in Cuba, is very susceptible to the attack of the root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) with important losses in tomato plantations affected by them. In order to know the behaviour against Meloidogyne incognita race 2, 173 accessions (lines, hybrids and pre-commercial and commercial tomato varieties) and others species of Lycopersicon genera, grown in the Germplasm bank of Cuba were evaluated. 65 accessions (37,6 %) were very susceptible, 104 (60,1%) were susceptible, 3 (1,7%): Rossol varietiy and the hybrids Tequila and Daiquiri were resistant. The wild species (0.6%) (Lycopersicon peruvianum) was highly resistant to this nematode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Physiology & Biochemistry is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)