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In the mm-wave frequency band, the rectifier’s sensitivity is the bottleneck of a wireless-powered IoT transponder’s distance. At a meter’s distance, the received power is weak, and transistors in a front end of a wireless power receiver operate in the weak inversion region. This article presents a mathematical analysis of the mm-wave multi-stage rectifier in the low-power region. A design methodology of a 57–64-GHz fully integrated eight-stage rectifier with a bulk-drain connection in 40-nm CMOS technology is presented. Parasitic effects on a multi-stage rectifier are analyzed. Based on the analysis, an intrinsic threshold voltage modulation is applied to improve the sensitivity. A tree-type power splitter is also proposed for the RF power signal’s phase balance. With this method, the RF signal arrives at each stage with an equal phase, and its suppression at the output is improved by 16 dB. This mm-wave rectifier achieves −7.1-dBm input sensitivity at 57 GHz with 1-V dc output voltage. The overall sensitivity from 57 to 64 GHz is better than −4.5 dBm. Compared to other mm-wave silicon-based rectifier state of the arts, the proposed mm-wave rectifier achieves better sensitivity while maintaining a compact size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impractical association of a dedicated fiber optic backhauling link with each base station in future wireless area network (WAN) networks promoted self-backhauling to become one of the most practical techniques for ultra-dense deployments. Selfbackhauling reduces the number of stations with fiber-optic links, while the remaining stations can communicate with the core network through wireless multi-hoping connections. Nevertheless, routing through self-backhauling stations is an NP-hard problem. In this study, we propose a routing scheme based on a semi-distributed self-learning algorithm to reduce the end-to-end latency which achieve better stability against the dynamic nature of the mobile network, such as load variations and link failures. The proposed solution offers changing propagation medium between freespace optical (FSO) and radio frequency (RF); this dynamic change between every two hops reduces power consumption, increases throughput, and minimizes latency. Based on the performed simulation, our proposed algorithm measured better overall bit error rate (BER) compared to both RF-only and free-space optical FSO-only techniques resulting in increased backhauling capacity and reduced overall route interference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this letter, we have explored the DC, small and large-signal RF reliability of the Power Amplifier (PA) cell for mm-wave applications under DC and RF stress. The PA cell comprises of a single transistor that employs 45RFSOI technology. For the first time here, a PA cell consisting of p-channel partially depleted Silicon-On-Insulator (PD-SOI) FET has been investigated for large-signal reliability behavior. At the same stress conditions, the impact of hot carrier degradation (HCD) on a p-channel FET (PFET) PA cell is also compared with the n-channel FET (NFET) PA cell. As the reliability of the PFET PA cell is superior than NFETs, a deeper investigation of hot carrier degradation and its impact on PA cell reliability is carried out. The PA cell is subjected to extensive RF characterization for varying DC stress and RF power at the gate terminal. The behavior of the time slope exponent of the PFET PA cell is studied to understand the nature of defects. Accelerated aging experiments using DC bias at drain/gate terminals and RF power at the gate terminal is performed. These results show that the RF reliability of the PFET PA cell is superior than its counterpart NFET PA cell at mm-wave frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A planar inverted-F antenna with symmetrical split beams and loaded with radio frequency absorbers (here Eccosorb MCS) for 5G communication is proposed. The multi-beam antennas reduce the requirement of number of antennas and provide wide coverage. But they require a complex system such as a phased array or MIMO antennas. On the other hand, multi-beam antennas do not have such requirements. In this work, we propose a PIFA antenna which achieves multi-beam behaviour by six slabs of absorbers placed periodically between the PIFA patch and substrate to split the beams into two directions at +26°. The proposed antenna obtains a frequency band of 24.2- 25.7 GHz and achieves a high gain of approximately 10 dB at +26°. The performance of the proposed antenna is suitable for G communication. All simulations of the antenna are carried out using Ansys HFSS. The design was validated by simulations and later confirmed with measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stacked nanosheet nFETs considering a six-stack four-finger transistor array are studied and optimized by validated TCAD simulation. Stacked Si nanosheet (NS) nFETs have lower parasitics than nFinFETs in the same six-fin/stack four-finger transistor array layout. With the same electron mobility, back-end-of-line (BEOL), equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of 1.4 nm, and gate length of 30 nm, the stacked Si NSs have $1.1\times $ cut-off frequency (240 versus 215 GHz) and $1.15\times $ maximum oscillation frequency (290 versus 251 GHz) when compared to FinFETs due to larger transconductance increase than capacitance increase and output conductance decrease. With the optimized EOT of 0.8 nm and gate length of 18 nm, the stacked Si NSs can achieve cut-off frequency of 340 GHz and maximum oscillation frequency of 370 GHz. Furthermore, considering the higher electron mobility on {100} surfaces of NSs than {110} sidewalls of FinFETs as suggested by the ${I} _{D}$ – ${V}_{\text {GS}}$ fitting, the cut-off frequency and maximum oscillation frequency of stacked Si NSs can reach 380 and 390 GHz, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a reflectometer-based on-chip dielectric sensor with integrated transducers at 240 GHz. The chip simplifies the measurement of a vector network analyzer (VNA) to sense the incident and reflected waves by using two heterodyne mixer-based receivers with a dielectric sensing element. Radio frequency (RF) and local oscillator (LO) submillimeter waves are generated by two frequency multiplier chains, respectively. Two back-to-back identical differential side-coupled directive couplers are proposed to separate the incident and reflected signals and couple them to mixers. Both transmission line and coplanar stripline transducers are proposed and integrated with reflectometer to investigate the sensitivity of dielectric sensors. The latter leads to a larger power variation of the reflectometer by providing more sufficient operating bands for the magnitude and phase slope of $S_{11}$. The readout of the transducers upon exposure to liquids is performed by the measurement of their reflected signals using two external excitation sources. The experimental dielectric sensing is demonstrated by using binary methanol–ethanol mixture placed on the proposed on-chip dielectric sensor in the assembled printed circuit board. It enables a maximum 8 dB of the power difference between the incident and reflected channels on the measurement of liquid solvents. Both chips occupy an area of 4.03 mm2 and consume 560 mW. Along with a wide operational frequency range from 200 to 240 GHz, this simplified one-port-VNA-based on-chip device makes it feasible for the use of handle product and suitable for the submillimeter-wave dielectric spectroscopy applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millimeter wave (mmWave) communication in typical wearable and data center settings is short range. As the distance between the transmitter and the receiver in short range scenarios can be comparable to the length of the antenna arrays, the common far field approximation for the channel may not be applicable. As a result, dictionaries that result in a sparse channel representation in the far field setting may not be appropriate for short distances. In this paper, we develop a novel framework to exploit the structure in short range mmWave channels. The proposed method splits the channel into several subchannels for which the far field approximation can be applied. Then, the structure within and across different subchannels is leveraged using message passing. We show how information about the antenna array geometry can be used to design message passing factors that incorporate structure across successive subchannels. Simulation results indicate that our framework can be used to achieve better beam alignment with fewer channel measurements when compared to standard compressed sensing-based techniques that do not exploit structure across subchannels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A CMOS 170-GHz fundamental-frequency transmitter (TX) realizing the 8PSK modulation scheme directly in the RF domain is presented. The use of direct RF modulation obviates the need for high-resolution high-speed mixed-signal blocks. The proposed architecture extends the conventional quadrature modulation by performing additional phase modulation on I and Q components of the LO signal, which helps increase modulation order. The TX employs high-speed switchable phase shifters to achieve LO phase modulation and fundamental-frequency over-neutralized power amplifiers to drive an integrated two-element tapered dipole antenna array. Fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process ($f_{T}/f_{\text {max}} = 230$ /260 GHz), the RF-8PSK TX prototype occupies $3.2 \times 2.8$ mm2 of die area. The free-space wireless measurement of the TX over a 10-cm link range yields 15 Gb/s data rate at an error vector magnitude (EVM) of −14.8 dB. The TX achieves an EIRP of 4 dBm while consuming 560-mW power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this brief, we propose an active mixer based on a modified Gilbert-cell topology intended for radar applications, which uses an LO waveform shaper at mm-wave frequencies to decrease the high 1/f noise of MOS transistors. Compared to a reference mixer without an LO waveform shaper, measurement results show that this mixer achieves a significant 5 dB noise figure (NF) reduction at 100 kHz. The measured voltage conversion gain (CG) and input-referred 1-dB compression point (IP1dB) are 2 dB and −4 dBm, respectively. The core of the proposed modified Gilbert-cell draws 13 mA from a single 0.9-V supply, while it occupies an area of 0.5 mm $\times $ 0.94 mm. Additionally, an IF buffer drawing 12 mA has been added to drive a 50 $\Omega $ load for measurement purposes. To the best of author’s knowledge, we apply the principle of switched biasing for 1/f noise reduction of an active mixer at mm-wave frequencies for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel direct learning algorithm is proposed to identify the digital predistortion (DPD) coefficients that linearize a power amplifier (PA) using sub-Nyquist sampled intermediate frequency (IF) output of a heterodyne transmitter observation receiver (TOR). The learning algorithm is complemented with a joint time and phase alignment procedure to compensate for the unknown phase of the IF carrier as well as the delay between the PA input and output signals. By sub-Nyquist sampling at IF, the proposed method avoids the need for challenging receiver calibration that compensates for significant IQ imbalance exhibited by direct conversion receivers. Furthermore, it provides a very attractive flexibility in choosing the IF and consequently allows for a high subsampling factor. It is also extended to account for the nonflat frequency response of the TOR, thus avoiding the need for an explicit calibration step. Finally, measurement results were performed to linearize a PA demonstrator driven by a 320-MHz wide carrier aggregated LTE signal centered at 31 GHz using a complexity reduced Volterra-based DPD. Excellent linearization capacity (ACPR of 50 dBc and normalized mean square error of 2%) using significantly low sampling rates (as low as 40 Msps) is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aim to design an analog-only beamforming scheme for downlink multi-user mm-wave systems to optimize the beamforming gain and the inter-user interference at the same time. Traditional analog beamforming schemes, such as the beam selection method, use the array response vector corresponding to the strongest path of the channel to generate a beam pointing to the user. In multi-user systems, such schemes will lead to large inter-user interference, especially when the users are closely located. In this paper, we formulate a multi-objective problem to strike a balance between the beamforming gain and the inter-user interference. To solve the problem, we first use the weighted-sum method to transform the multi-objective problem into a single-objective problem. Then, we use the semi-definite programing technique to make the analog beamforming with constant-magnitude constraints tractable. Furthermore, to alleviate the effects of the channel estimation and feedback quantization errors, we design a robust beamforming scheme to provide robustness against imperfect channel information. We first develop a channel error model for the scattering clustered channel model, which can serve as a general channel error model for the mm-wave channels. Then, we formulate a multi-objective problem using the stochastic approach to suppress the interference and enhance the beamforming gain at the same time. The simulation results show that our proposed non-robust multi-user analog beamformer outperforms the traditional analog beamforming method when the SNR is high and our proposed robust beamformer can provide up to 109% improvement in the sum-rate compared with the beam selection method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constrained by the number of transmitted data streams, this paper proposes sub-carrier allocation (SA) and hybrid precoding (HP) designs for sum-rate maximization in mm-wave OFDMA systems. The optimization is first formulated as a computation sparsity-constrained HP design problem, which is non-convex and challenging to solve. Two two-stage solution approaches are proposed. In the first approach, a fully digital precoder (FDP) is optimized considering the computation sparsity constraint in the first stage. In the second approach, the sparsity constraint is only imposed in the second stage. To find the FDP, we employ the minimization of the weighted mean-squared error and the $\ell 1$ -reweighted methods to tackle the non-convex objective function and sparsity constraints, respectively. In the second stage of each approach, we exploit an alternating weighted mean-squared error minimization algorithm to reconstruct HP’s based on the FDP found in the first stage. Two novel analog precoding designs, namely semi-definite-relaxation-based and projected-gradient-descent-based, are then proposed to optimize the analog part of the obtained HP’s. We also study the impacts of various system parameters on the system sum-rate and provide resource provisioning insights for HP systems. Numerical results show the superior performances of the proposed designs over joint SA and HP benchmark algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the first in vivo glucose monitoring animal study in a pig, which correlates radio frequency signal transmission changes with changes in blood glucose concentration in the 58-62 GHz frequency range. The presented non-invasive glucose sensing system consists of two opposite facing patch antennas sandwiching glucose-loaded samples. Prior to the animal study, the system was tested using saline solution samples, for which a linear relationship between changes in transmitted signal and glucose concentration was observed. In the animal study, glucose concentration changes were induced by injecting a known glucose solution in the blood stream. The non-invasive transmission measurements were compared to the glucose levels obtained invasively from the animal. Our results suggest that the system can detect spikes in glucose concentration in the blood, which is an important milestone towards non-invasive glucose monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a 28-GHz CMOS direct conversion transceiver with packaged $2 \times 4$ patch antenna array for 5G communication. Beamforming antenna and reconfigurable transceiver architecture are used for high effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP). For low error vector magnitude (EVM), switchless matching transmitter (Tx)/receiver (Rx) to antenna and 28-GHz injection-locked local oscillator (LO) generator are employed. Test chip was fabricated in 28-nm RF CMOS process. Measurement results show Tx EIRPsat of 31.5 dBm ( $P_{\mathrm {sat}}$ of 10.5 dBm in one power amplifier (PA)), EIRPmax 24 dBm ( $P_{\mathrm {max}}$ of 2 dBm with backoff of 7.5 dB in one PA), Rx noise figure of 6.7 dB, and integrated LO phase noise of −38.7 dBc (0.67°). After IQ mismatch calibration, Tx LO leakage and image power are less than −35 dBc. Rx and Tx EVM show 2.2% (−33 dB) at medium RF power (Rx $P_{\mathrm {in}}$ of −60 dBm and Tx EIRP of 0 dBm) with well-fit beam control capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid beamforming is a promising low-cost solution for large multiple-input multiple-output systems, where the base station is equipped with fewer radio frequency chains. In these systems, the selection of codewords for analog beamforming is essential to optimize the uplink sum rate. In this paper, based on machine learning, we propose a data-driven method of analog beam selection to achieve a near-optimal sum rate with low complexity, which is highly dependent on training data. Specifically, we take the beam selection problem as a multiclass-classification problem, where the training dataset consists of a large number of samples of the millimeter-wave channel. Using this training data, we exploit the support vector machine algorithm to obtain a statistical classification model, which maximizes the sum rate. For real-time transmissions, with the derived classification model, we can select, with low complexity, the optimal analog beam of each user. We also propose a novel method to determine the optimal parameter of Gaussian kernel function via McLaughlin expansion. Analysis and simulation results reveal that, as long as the training data are sufficient, the proposed data-driven method achieves a near-optimal sum-rate performance, while the complexity reduces by several orders of magnitude, compared to the conventional method. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: High‐performance, wideband three‐stage power splitters based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) are presented. Broadband‐tapered microstrip transitions are used for feeding the SIW structures, which provide 7.5 GHz bandwidth from 21.5 to 29 GHz with return loss below −20 dB. In addition, various T junctions are tuned, not only to provide broadband performance up to mm‐wave frequencies but also offer low‐phase and amplitude imbalance when cascaded in multistage 1 × 8 splitters. 1 × 4 and 1 × 2‐T junctions are adjusted through parametric analysis to provide wide bandwidth of 3.5 GHz at 24.5 GHz and −15 dB reflection coefficient. The optimal microstrip transitions and T junctions are used to design a broadband, eight‐way power splitter with 15 dB return loss from 23.0 to 26.4 GHz and phase and amplitude imbalance of ±2.5° and ±0.8° dB, respectively. Furthermore, optimum positions of all inductive posts in terms of guided wavelength are also provided for assisting the direct design of mm‐wave, high‐performance power splitters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high training cost of the massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems motivates the use of hybrid digital/analog (HDA) beamforming structures. This paper considers the joint design of analog beamformers when both link ends of a millimeter (mm)-wave massive MIMO system are equipped with such HDA structures. We aim to maximize the multi-user MIMO net average throughput of the downlink in a frequency division duplex system. To achieve this, we develop an optimization framework, namely, user-centric virtual sectorization (UCVS), to explore the tradeoff of training overhead, beamforming gain, and spatial multiplexing gain. In the UCVS, both the channel-statistics-based analog beamforming design and a non-orthogonal downlink training scheme are investigated to reduce the necessary cost of instantaneous channel acquisition. By maximizing an approximate net average throughput, we devise efficient algorithms to realize the suboptimal UCVS. With generic mm-wave channel models, we demonstrate by simulations that our proposed scheme outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in various typical scenarios of mm-wave communications. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents Gb/s-speed circuit building blocks in 32-nm CMOS SOI, for a > 20-Gb/s Cartesian direct-modulation W -band transmitter. Transmitter systems non-idealities and performance limitations are discussed, and circuit design techniques and analyses are presented. The transmitter employs two 2-b high-speed RF digital-to-analog converters driven in quadrature, 20-dB gain W -band LO drivers, and 30-Gb/s high-speed digital retimers and deserializers, and is capable of supporting BPSK/PAM4/QPSK/16-QAM modulation schemes, at a saturated output power P\mathrm{ sat} of +4 dBm. A maximum data rate of 20 Gb/s was achieved when operating in QPSK mode, 4 Gb/s in 16-QAM mode, and 12 Gb/s in both BPSK and PAM4 modes. The chip occupies 1.40.8 mm2 and consumes 110 mW in BPSK/PAM4 modes and 220 mW in QPSK and 16-QAM modes, resulting in the state-of-the-art 9-, 11-, and 55-pJ/b peak efficiencies, respectively. A mixer-first wideband W -band receiver that includes a passive mixer and a wideband transimpedance amplifier is also presented. Measurements of the receiver chip demonstrated its capability to downconvert and amplify highly complex modulated waveforms (> 256-QAM), and at high data rates, up to 60 Gb/s in 64-QAM, which proves the feasibility of building high dynamic-range mm-wave receivers with bandwidth greater than 30 GHz. The receiver chip was also built in 32-nm CMOS SOI, occupying a core area of 0.180.1 mm2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider the design of analog beamformers for the downlink of multi-user massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems. We specifically investigate systems, where both link ends are equipped with hybrid digital/analog beamforming structures, where the analog beamformers are adapted based on second order channel statistics, reducing the training overhead as well as hardware effort. We present a framework for the optimization of such beamformers operating in mm-wave channels, exploiting the directional characteristics and sparse nature of such channels. We develop an approximate upper bound of the ergodic sum capacity, based on which efficient beamforming algorithms are devised. Simulation results show significant performance improvements of the proposed algorithms compared with the state-of-the-art algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A millimeter (mm) wave radio is presented in this work to support wireless MRI data transmission. High path loss and availability of wide bandwidth make mm-waves an ideal candidate for short range, high data rata communication required for wireless MRI. The proposed system uses a custom designed integrated chip (IC) mm-wave radio with 60 GHz as radio frequency carrier. In this work, we assess performance in a 1.5 T MRI field, with the addition of optical links between the console room and magnet. The system uses ON-OFF keying (OOK) modulation for data transmission and supports data rates from 200 Mb/s to 2.5 Gb/s for distances up-to 65 cm. The presence of highly directional, linearly polarized, on-chip dipole antennas on the mm-wave radio along with the time division multiplexing (TDM) circuitry allows multiple wireless links to be created simultaneously with minimal inter-channel interference. This leads to a highly scalable solution for wireless MRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies is required in order to support the increasing number of connected devices expected from the fifth generation (5G) of mobile communications. Subsequently, the generation of radio-frequency (RF) carriers ranging from 10 GHz to 300 GHz and their transport through optical distribution network (ODN) is a key element of the future 5G fronthaul. Optically assisted RF carrier generation is one of the most promising solutions to tackle this issue, allowing a wide use of analog radio-over-fiber (ARoF) architectures. However the main limitation of these optical methods is related to the finite coherence of lasers sources, which can dramatically degrade data transmission in analog formats. To mitigate its impact, the use of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) as the 5G standard allows employing efficient phase noise compensation algorithms. Therefore, in this study, we present an experimental demonstration of a mm-wave generation technique based on an optical phase-locked loop (OPLL) that fulfills the frequency specifications for 5G. Then, an algorithm is introduced that improves data recovery at reception and reduces the impact of a possible high phase noise carrier. Finally, a back-to-back data transmission experiment is performed, demonstrating the efficiency of the algorithm to reach the 5G requirements. These results emphasize the use of OPLLs as a viable solution to generate mm-wave carriers for 5G and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fully integrated 802.11ad/WiGig compliant 60 GHz transceiver is presented in a 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS technology. Encompassing an area of 2.3 mm\, \times \,2.16 mm = 4.97 mm^2, the transceiver covers the entire 60 GHz band, from 57 to 66 GHz. Within this span, the RX NF, TX OP1dB, and PLL RMS jitter is better than 5.5 dB, + 13.5 dBm, and 7^\circ, respectively. The transceiver is packaged in 1) a system-in-package substrate with industry standard WR-15 transition providing an approximate 1 dB insertion loss, and 2) a cost-effective 7\, \times \,7 mm^2 organic BGA package with integrated transmit and receive antennas providing 8 dBi gain. In system-level testing, the transceiver is fully compliant with all TX EVM and RX sensitivity requirements of the WiGig standard up to the top-rate 16-QAM operating mode and across all standard channel frequencies. Link testing over the air with the antenna-integrated package shows a range of 5.9 m at 4.6 Gbps and over 20 m at 2.5 Gbps. This system achieves the highest performance 802.11ad/WiGig compliant wireless links of any reported single-element transceiver. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The carrier transport in advanced SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) process technologies exhibits bandgap-related transport effects that not only impact the transconductance and output conductance characteristics, but are also difficult to describe accurately by compact models. This paper addresses the modeling of bandgap-related effects in the collector current by formulating an improved version of a generalized integral charge-control relation (GICCR). As a result, the experimentally observed degradation of the transconductance at low and medium current injection, which is a strong function of the Ge grading, as well as the output conductance are described by simple bias- and temperature-dependent formulations of the GICCR weight factors. The derived formulations fit seamlessly into the compact model HICUM/L2. The extended model shows excellent agreement over a wide bias and temperature range with the experimental data of a large variety of SiGe HBTs from technologies of different manufacturers, including production and most advanced lab processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A frequency quadrupling scheme for optical mm-wave signal generation is proposed and demonstrated based on dual-electrode dual-parallel integrated Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) consisting of three dual-electrodes MZMs. The electrical filters or optical filters are not required in this scheme. The theoretical analysis is presented to configurate the phases and DC biases of the integrated MZM. The simulation and experiment verification are both conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme. With 9GHz RF drive signal, the optical sideband suppression ratio (OSSR) higher than 35dB is demonstrated experimentally. The 36GHz mm-wave is generated with the RF spurious suppression ratio (RFSSR) over 30dB. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents a chipset aiming at high resolution imaging systems for real-time people screening applications operating near the W-band. The frequency of operation ranges from 70 GHz to 82 GHz for optimal image resolution and depth of focus. The frequency generation for both receiver and transmitter chips consists of a mixer based frequency quadrupler with an input amplifier requiring -20 dBm of input power. The receiver RFIC contains 4 channels including LO generation and distribution. The measured receiver conversion gain is 23 dB with a SSB NF around 10 dB over a wide frequency range from 70 GHz up to 82 GHz. The transmitter RFIC includes LO generation, distribution and 4 output amplifiers with an output power of more than 0 dBm in a frequency range from 70 GHz to 82 GHz. Both ICs are supplied from a single 3.3 V supply voltage and the power consumption is 180 mW/channel for the receiver and 145 mW/channel for the transmitter. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents the design and implementation of a low-noise amplifier (LNA) for millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) 5G wireless applications. The LNA was based on a common-emitter configuration with cascode amplifier topology using an IHP's 0.13 μm Silicon Germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) whose f_T/f_MAX/gate-delay is 360/450 GHz/2.0 ps, utilizing transmission lines for simultaneous noise and input matching. A noise figure of 3.02–3.4 dB was obtained for the entire wide bandwidth from 20 to 44 GHz. The designed LNA exhibited a gain (S_21) greater than 20 dB across the 20–44 GHz frequency range and dissipated 9.6 mW power from a 1.2 V supply. The input reflection coefficient (S_11) and output reflection coefficient (S_22) were below −10 dB, and reverse isolation (S_12) was below −55 dB for the 20–44 GHz frequency band. The input 1 dB (P1dB) compression point of −18 dBm at 34.5 GHz was obtained. The proposed LNA occupies only a 0.715 mm2 area, with input and output RF (Radio Frequency) bond pads. To the authors' knowledge, this work evidences the lowest noise figure, lowest power consumption with reasonable highest gain, and highest bandwidth attained so far at this frequency band in any silicon-based technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]