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Background: The global probiotics dietary supplements market size is continuously growing. To overcome probiotics' health concerns, metabiotics are recognized as a safer alternative. Aiming to deal with the escalating antimicrobial resistance, the current work demonstrates synergistic metabiotic-antibiotic combinations against antibiotic-resistant pathogens., Methods: The probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from 3 commercial dietary supplements were characterized in vitro. The combinations of the cell-free supernatants (CFS) of selected probiotic strains and conventional antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli clinical isolates were evaluated using the time-kill assay. To our knowledge, the current literature lacks sufficient time-kill assay studies revealing the kinetics of such metabiotic-antibiotic combinations against S. aureus and E. coli., Results: Four LAB strains isolated from dietary supplements as well as two reference strains were included in this study. The isolated LAB strains were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as follows: P2: Lactobacillus acidophilus, P3: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, P4: Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, and P5: Pediococcus acidilactici. The identification matched with that annotated by the manufacturers, except for P3. The tested strains could resist the acidic environment at pH 3. Excluding P2, the examined strains showed less than 1 log reduction in survivors upon the addition of reconstituted skimmed milk to pepsin at pH 2 and displayed an acceptable tolerance to 0.3% ox-bile. All the strains tolerated pancreatin. The hydrophobicity and autoaggregation capacities ranged between 7-92% and 36-66%, respectively. P2 was excluded owing to its inferior probiotic potential. Although the remaining strains showed excellent growth at 0.2% phenol, their growth was reduced at higher concentrations. L. plantarum and P. acidilactici strains possessed bile salt hydrolysis activity. The time-kill assay revealed promising synergistic activities of the combinations of CFS of L. rhamnosus P4 with either ceftazidime or gentamicin against E. coli and with only ceftazidime against S. aureus, as well as CFS of P. acidilactici P5 and ceftazidime against S. aureus., Conclusions: Strict identification and evaluation of the probiotic strains incorporated in dietary supplements is crucial to ensure their safety and efficacy. The CFS of probiotics could be utilized to formulate novel biotherapeutics targeting problematic pathogens. However, future in vivo studies are required to evaluate the appropriate treatment regimen., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Recently, the term metabiotics has emerged as a new concept of probiotics. This concept entails combining existing probiotic components with metabolic by-products improve specific physiological functionalities. Representative ingredients of these metabiotics include short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bacteriocins, polysaccharides, and peptides. The new concept is highly regarded as it complements the side effects of existing probiotics and is safe and easy to administer. Known health functions of metabiotics are mainly immune regulation, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and brain-neurological health. Research has been actively conducted on the health benefits related to the composition of intestinal microorganisms. Among them, the focus has been on brain neurological health, which requires extensive research. This study showed that neurological disorders, such as depression, anxiety, autism spectrum disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, can be treated and prevented according to the gut-brain axis theory by changing the intestinal microflora. In addition, various studies are being conducted on the immunomodulatory and anticancer effects of substances related to metabiotics of the microbiome. In particular, its efficacy is expected to be confirmed through human studies on various cancers. Therefore, developing various health functional effects of the next-generation probiotics such as metabiotics to prevent or treatment of various diseases is anticipated.

Gut microbiota is an important modulator of human health and contributes to high inter-individual variation in response to food and pharmaceutical ingredients. The clinical outcomes of interventions with prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics have been mixed and often unpredictable, arguing for novel approaches for developing microbiome-targeted therapeutics. Here, we review how the gut microbiota determines the fate of and individual responses to dietary and xenobiotic compounds via its immense metabolic potential. We highlight that microbial metabolites play a crucial role as targetable mediators in the microbiota-host health relationship. With this in mind, we expand the concept of synbiotics beyond prebiotics' role in facilitating growth and engraftment of probiotics, by focusing on microbial metabolism as a vital mode of action thereof. Consequently, we discuss synbiotic compositions that enable the guided metabolism of dietary or co-formulated ingredients by specific microbes leading to target molecules with beneficial functions. A workflow to develop novel synbiotics is presented, including the selection of promising target metabolites (e.g. equol, urolithin A, spermidine, indole-3 derivatives), identification of suitable substrates and producer strains applying bioinformatic tools, gut models, and eventually human trials.In conclusion, we propose that discovering and enabling specific substrate-microbe interactions is a valuable strategy to rationally design synbiotics that could establish a new category of hybrid nutra-/pharmaceuticals.

Depression is a common and complex mental and emotional disorder that causes disability, morbidity, and quite often mortality around the world. Depression is closely related to several physical and metabolic conditions causing metabolic depression. Studies have indicated that there is a relationship between the intestinal microbiota and the brain, known as the gut-brain axis. While this microbiota-gut-brain connection is disturbed, dysfunctions of the brain, immune system, endocrine system, and gastrointestinal tract occur. Numerous studies show that intestinal dysbiosis characterized by abnormal microbiota and dysfunction of the microbiota-gut-brain axis could be a direct cause of mental and emotional disorders. Traditional treatment of depression includes psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, and it mainly targets the brain. However, restoration of the intestinal microbiota and functions of the gut-brain axis via using probiotics, their metabolites, prebiotics, and healthy diet may alleviate depressive symptoms. Administration of probiotics labeled as psychobiotics and their metabolites as metabiotics, especially as an adjuvant to antidepressants, improves mental disorders. It is a new approach to the prevention, management, and treatment of mental and emotional illnesses, particularly major depressive disorder and metabolic depression. For the effectiveness of antidepressant therapy, psychobiotics should be administered at a dose higher than 1 billion CFU/day for at least 8 weeks.

Metabiotics have emerged as the safer alternatives to probiotics in last decade. Unlike probiotics that are live microbes, metabiotics are the low molecular weight bioactive metabolites produced by the gut microbiota. While offering a similar profile of health benefits as that of probiotics, metabiotics are free from the risks and uncertain responses associated with administration of live bacteria into the body. Metabiotics have demonstrated substantial effectiveness across the ethnicities, age, gender and nutritional habits in a number of metabolic disorders, including obesity. Obesity is attributed to the offsetting of the energy homeostasis of the body due to a number of genetic, endocrinological, and environmental factors leading to obesity. The obesogenic mechanisms are quite complicated as they result from a complex interplay among a number of factors. Owing to a variety of constituents exerting their action through different pathways, metabiotics offer a pragmatic option for treatment as well as prevention of obesity by addressing heterogeneous aspects of its aetiology. In this review, we categorize various components of metabiotics and discuss their cross-talk with host cells at the molecular level. We also discuss the challenges in understanding these interactions and their potential effects on obesity treatment and prevention strategies. Considering the alarming rise in obesity all over the world, metabiotics offer an attractive non-pharmacological approach to spearhead the strategies being designed to combat the challenges posed by the obesity epidemic., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

The use of novel and effective probiotic-based immunostimulating preparations, prebiotics, metabiotics, and phytobiotics is considered as a promising direction for the creation of new complex feed additives for aquaculture enterprises to increase the health and productivity of the cultivated hydrobionts. The information on the products of anaerobic solid-phase fermentation of plant substrates is presented as the basis for new probiotic-based additives for aquacultures. Biologically active feed additives ProStor and GerbaStor containing probiotics and medicinal herbs and their effects on aquaculture are discussed. Specific features of their application in aquatic environments with targeted action on hydrobionts are analyzed., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

In light of recent data, microorganisms should be construed as organisms that are capable of communication and collective behaviors. Microbial communication signals are involved both in interactions among microbial cells within microbial social systems, including the human body-inhabiting microconsortium, and the dialog between the microbiota and the host organism. The microbiota inhabits various niches of the host organism, especially the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Microorganisms release diverse signal molecules and, in addition, specifically respond to host signals. This enables them to constantly interact with the nervous system including the brain and the immune system of the host organism. Evolutionarily conserved signals that are involved in the communication between microbiota and the host include neuroactive substances (neurochemicals) such as peptides, amino acids, biogenic amines, short-chain fatty acids, and gaseous substances. This ongoing dialog may either stabilize the host's physical and mental health state or, alternatively, cause serious health problems. Attempts are made to correct imbalances in the brain-gut-microbiota axis with probiotics including their subgroup called psychobiotics that release neuroactive substances directly influencing the human brain, psyche, and behavior. A number of recent review works address the microbiota-host system and its communication signals. Some of the publications focus on the involvement of neurochemicals in the bidirectional communication within the host-microbiota system. However, this work concentrates on the impact of bacterial cell components, metabolites, and signal molecules as promising alternatives to the currently widespread probiotics that have both advantages and disadvantages. Such biologically active agents of microbial origin are referred to as postbiotics or, alternatively, metabiotics (the term preferred in this work).

Hylak® forte is a postbiotic that inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria by reducing intestinal pH. It is assumed the potential presence of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in Hylak® forte may contribute to this effect. In this current study, we analysed the composition of Hylak® forte, using a validated gas chromatography assay test method, to ascertain whether SCFAs are present in this postbiotic treatment. Hylak® forte was screened for C 1 to C 10 SCFAs by a gas chromatographic assay. In this assay, SCFAs were analysed as for their volatile ethyl ester derivatives in a 3.0 mL Hylak® forte sample. An additional screening procedure was conducted for the presence of vitamins and simple sugars. The gas chromatographic method for determining SCFAs was validated according to the requirements of ICH guideline Q2 (R1). Formic and acetic acids were identified in Hylak® forte at 27.92 ppm (90% confidence interval (CI), 26.90-28.94) and 306.17 ppm (90% CI, 277.11-335.22), respectively. Additional compounds were quantified in the solution, including vitamin B1 (0.029 mg/100 g), monosaccharides and disaccharides (2.767 g/100 g), as well as glutamic acid and glutamine (0.047 g/100 g). This study has identified formic acid in a range of 39.33 (90% CI, 36.50-42.17)-48.33 (90% CI, 45.91-50.76) ppm and acetic acid dropping down to 312.33 (90% CI, 295.32-329.35) from initial 415.67 ppm (90% CI, 385.93-445.41) in commercial Hylak® forte samples under forced degradation conditions. In addition, a range of other compounds in Hylak® forte was identified, including riboflavin and glutamine. Further studies are necessary to establish whether these compounds translate into tangible therapeutic effects.

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the association of gut microbiota with health conditions and the potentially beneficial role of several types of biotics in several population groups, including children and adolescents. Children and adolescents comprise a unique population group due their rapid growth rates, high nutritional requirements, the immaturity of their immune system in early life, and their susceptibility to infectious diseases. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role and limitations of the administration of biotics in specific conditions affecting children and adolescents. A narrative review of related articles published on PubMed up to October 2023 was conducted. The administration of biotics has been evaluated in several health conditions among children and adolescents, such as the treatment and prevention of infectious diarrhea, the prevention of diarrhea after the use of antibiotics, the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis, the treatment of functional gastrointestinal diseases, such as infant colic, functional abdominal pain, and irritable bowel syndrome, the eradication of H. pylori, the treatment of ulcerative colitis and pouchitis, and the prevention of atopic dermatitis, and the findings indicate improved symptoms and various beneficial health outcomes. However, some limitations have been identified regarding probiotics' use. In conclusion, biotics may have a beneficial impact in several health conditions among children and adolescents. There is a need for additional randomized, controlled clinical studies on the effects of the administration of biotics in children and particularly in adolescents and young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the results of research related to cultivation of the probiotic microorganism B. subtilis on a grain-based nutrient medium of naked oat (Avena nuda) and studies the possibility of using metabolites as a liquid dietary supplement to correct microbiocenosis gastrointestinal tract dis-orders in early-weaned piglets. The weight fraction of proteinogenic amino acids in the experimental probiotic suspensions was determined by means of capillary electrophoresis. The metabolic activity of Bacillus subtilis DSM-32424 strain was studied on both sprouted as well as non-sprouted naked oat (Avena nuda) ‘Nemchinovsky’ variety grain-based nutrient medium. It was proved that the maximum microbial count reached 4.9×107 CFU/cm3 on the 6th day of cultivation on the medium based on sprouted naked oat. The use of dietary supplement based on Bacillus subtilis DSM-32424 strain in amount of at least 1×109 CFU/pig had a positive impact in terms of the formation of microbiocenosis in animals at the time of transferring piglets to plant diet.

The metabiotic properties of six Lactobacillus acidophilus strains, included in symbiotic starter cultures for the production of probiotic lactic acid products, have been studied. The antimicrobial activity spectrum of these strains in relation to contaminants that can develop during fermentation was studied. The time of cultivation of strains required for the maximum accumulation of cells and antimicrobial metabolites was determined. Activity was compared against test microorganisms of living lactobacillus cultures and lysates formed during fermentation or under stressful conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. The bactericidal activity of a number of strains in the lysates was up to 40% higher than in the culture broth. Fungicidal activity was manifested at the later stages of the lactobacilli growth. The most active strains can be recommended as probiotic cultures with metabolic properties suitable for inclusion in complex starter cultures when creating functional food and pharmaceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research is of particular importance since the previous stages of our work have revealed the results that characterize a number of Russian strains of lactic acid microorganisms as the ones having metabiotic properties. The relevance is primarily related to a positive effect on the consumers' health and the possibility of developing products with a longer safe storage period, compared with products with live probiotic cultures. The research aim is to conduct experimental laboratory production of functional food products with metabiotic strains and visualize metabiotics in the food products. The Russian strains of metabiotic lactic acid cultures have been used as a research material in the manufacture of functional food products with metabiotic strains. Chromatography-mass spectrometry method has been used to study metabolites (organic acids, exopolysaccharides, bacteriocins, cellular structures). Since the present research direction is new, products with metabiotics should not be positioned as functional ones. However, in order to attract the physicians' attention for identifying the degree of positive impact of such products on human health, they must be produced in sufficient quantities for clinical trials. The results of the experiments have shown us the opportunity to substantiate the concept of products with metabiotics. To implement the concept of fermented dairy products with metabiotics, it is necessary to establish their production, followed by the study of metabolites in the composition of the developed products both in the symbiogenesis of microecosystems and in immune reactions. The research on the experimental laboratory production of functional foods with metabiotic strains have been conducted and metabiotics in food products have been visualized. The laboratory tests presented at this stage of research have been carried out as a preliminary phase of applying evidence-based medicine methods and selecting these culture strains with enhanced postbiotic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the results of research related to cultivation of the probiotic microorganism B. subtilis on a grain-based nutrient medium of naked oat (Avena nuda) and studies the possibility of using metabolites as a liquid dietary supplement to correct microbiocenosis gastrointestinal tract disorders in early-weaned piglets. The weight fraction of proteinogenic amino acids in the experimental probiotic suspensions was determined by means of capillary electrophoresis. The metabolic activity of Bacillus subtilis DSM-32424 strain was studied on both sprouted as well as non-sprouted naked oat (Avena nuda) 'Nemchinovsky' variety grain-based nutrient medium. It was proved that the maximum microbial count reached 4.9×107 CFU/cm3 on the 6th day of cultivation on the medium based on sprouted naked oat. The use of dietary supplement based on Bacillus subtilis DSM-32424 strain in amount of at least 1×109 CFU/pig had a positive impact in terms of the formation of microbiocenosis in animals at the time of transferring piglets to plant diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the association of gut microbiota with health conditions and the potentially beneficial role of several types of biotics in several population groups, including children and adolescents. Children and adolescents comprise a unique population group due their rapid growth rates, high nutritional requirements, the immaturity of their immune system in early life, and their susceptibility to infectious diseases. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role and limitations of the administration of biotics in specific conditions affecting children and adolescents. A narrative review of related articles published on PubMed up to October 2023 was conducted. The administration of biotics has been evaluated in several health conditions among children and adolescents, such as the treatment and prevention of infectious diarrhea, the prevention of diarrhea after the use of antibiotics, the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis, the treatment of functional gastrointestinal diseases, such as infant colic, functional abdominal pain, and irritable bowel syndrome, the eradication of H. pylori, the treatment of ulcerative colitis and pouchitis, and the prevention of atopic dermatitis, and the findings indicate improved symptoms and various beneficial health outcomes. However, some limitations have been identified regarding probiotics’ use. In conclusion, biotics may have a beneficial impact in several health conditions among children and adolescents. There is a need for additional randomized, controlled clinical studies on the effects of the administration of biotics in children and particularly in adolescents and young adults.

Green, red, brown, and diatomic algae, as well as cyanobacteria, have been in the focus of attention of scientists and technologists for over 5 decades. This is due to their importance as efficient and economical producers of food additives, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, biofertilizers, biofuels, and wastewater bioremediation agents. Recently, the role of microalgae has increasingly been considered in terms of their probiotic function, i.e., of their ability to normalize the functioning of the microbiota of humans and agricultural animals and to produce biologically active substances, including hormones, neurotransmitters, and immunostimulators. A separate brief subsection of the review deals with the potential functions of microalgae with respect to the brain and psyche, i.e., as psychobiotics. Moreover, algal polysaccharides and some other compounds can be broken down to short fragments that will stimulate the development of useful intestinal microorganisms, i.e., function as efficient prebiotics. Finally, many components of microalgal cells and chemical agents produced by them can exert important health-promoting effects per se, which indicates that they are as potentially valuable metabiotics (the term preferred by late Prof. B.A. Shenderov), which are alternatively denoted as postbiotics in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to analyze validity and effectiveness of simultaneous application of bacterial probiotics and antibacterial antibiotics during antimicrobial therapy. Materials and methods. The review includes materials of foreign and domestic researchers published in modern periodical and monographic literature. Results. The conceptual material of the main terms and definitions of «ideal» antibiotics and probiotics is presented. The dominant role of bacterial probiotics in the group of medical probiotics in the Russian pharmaceutical market was established. A comparative assessment of the data on the passportization, identification, and sensitivity to antibiotics of a number of commercial probiotic cultures was carried out. The article considers theoretical and practical joint use of antibiotics, probiotics, and metabiotics during antimicrobial therapy. Conclusion. The current practice ofjoint use of probiotics and antibiotics in the process of antimicrobial therapy is extremely limited and indicates the presence of serious circumstances that reduce the effectiveness of probiotic therapy. One of the directions that exclude this situation is the use of metabiotics in the form of medications.

Probiotic bacteria are widely used to prevent and treat inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract owing to their immunostimulating effects. In the last decade, many studies corroborated the hidden potential of probiotics in alleviating the symptoms of neurodegenerative and mental diseases. This review summarizes briefly the data on clinical studies of probiotics touted as potential antidepressants and focuses on genes and proteins accounting for the antidepressive effects. Preliminary results of small sample placebo-controlled studies indicate that certain strains of bacteria can significantly reduce symptoms of depression. Furthermore, the effects of probiotics are especially pronounced in groups of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of depression. Information concerning the genes and proteins of bacteria that account for the activity of probiotics is far from conclusive. Nevertheless, the identification of such bacterial products emphasizes the great potential of metabiotics. Secreted proteins, peptides, and cell wall components are more likely to be involved in the communication with the host organism than other parts of the cell. Therefore, narrowing down the search for probiotics with specific and unique properties to these proteins and cell wall components can prove effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary information on biology of Akkermansia muciniphila and the role of these gut mucolytic anaerobic bacteria in physiological functions, metabolic and signaling reactions in human health and diseases are presented in the review. Established by foreign researchers, favorable and negative effects are associated with the presence in these gram-negative bacteria specific surface membrane proteins, the production of certain short-chain fatty acids and endotoxin, as well as with the ability degrading mucin, changing intestinal barrier function and synthesizing some neurotransmitters. Prospects and difficulties of creation of new microbial nutraceuticals and drugs on the basis of living cells of A. muciniphila or their specific low-molecular components and metabolites are considered.

Background and Objective: The cellular microenvironment, diet, and lifestyle play a key role in the occurrence of colorectal cancer. Due to its rising trend, attempts are being made to devise novel biointerventions as adjunct to conventional therapies to prevent this deadly disease. “Metabiotics,” the beneficial metabolic signatures of probiotics are emerging as potential anticancer agent due to their ability to alter metabolic processes in the gut lumen and reduce the severity of colon carcinogenesis. Although beneficial attributes of metabiotics have been elucidated in vitro, yet their anticancer mechanism in vivo needs to be explored. Thus, the present study was performed to envisage anticancer potential of metabiotic extract obtained from indigenous probiotic, Lactobacillus rhamnosus MD 14, in early experimental colon carcinogenesis.Materials and Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats were daily administered with low, medium, and high dose of metabiotic extract orally along with a single dose of weekly intraperitoneal injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine up to 6 weeks and monitored for the markers of early colon carcinogenesis.Results: It was observed that the medium dose of metabiotic extract attenuated early colon carcinogenesis by reducing fecal procarcinogenic enzymes, oxidants, aberrant crypt foci, vis-à-vis downregulating oncogenes [K-ras, β-catenin, Cox-2, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)] and upregulating tumor suppressor p53 gene leading to almost normal colon histology.Conclusions: It can be suggested that metabiotics modulate experimental colorectal cancer and could be used as a promising alternative of probiotics, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.

The effectiveness of regeneration is provided by normal over exchange and regulatory responses, so the regenerative therapy should be directed at identifying and addressing the causes of dismetabolk influences. Mikrobiocenosis is an integral part of holistic human organism takes part in realization of all metabolic reactions of the media. Correction of disbiosis helps restore regenerative processes, for the development of this direction is necessary to develop a new generation of probiotic preparations.

The development of biological products synthesizing metabiotics - amino acids, vitamins and other biologically active substances in the gastrointestinal tract of animals is considered as the most promising approach to the formation of microbiocenosis of intestinal microflora. The use of metabolic products of probiotic microorganisms (metabiotics) is an actual direction in the study of the metabolism of probiotic microorganisms and a reasonable alternative to the use of feed antibiotics in animal diets. Moreover, the creation of biologically active feed additives based on them is relevant for the correction of intestinal microbiocenosis and stimulation of non-specific immunity. The aim of the research is the scientific and practical justification of fermentation of molasses by probiotic microorganisms and the possibility of creating a biologically active feed additive. The research objectives included the study of the efficiency of cultivation of Clostridium thermocellulociticus, Ruminococcus olbus, Clostridium lochheadii on a nutrient medium from beet molasses; obtaining culture fluid with metabiotics of probiotic microorganisms; explanation of research results to create a dietary supplement for animals. The studies found that during cultivation, the maximum number of probiotic microorganisms that make up the enzymatic probiotic Cellobacterin is 9,9х106 CFU / cm3 in 15% nutrient medium. According to the test results, the variability of the mass fraction of the amount of fermentable sugars in the range of 53.70% – 33.79%, the hydrogen index from 6.70 to 3.87 in the experimental samples of cultivated microorganisms was established. A significant excess of Arginin was found to be 2.8 times, Tyrosine 57.7–66.1 times, Leucine + isoleucine 3.90–6.65 times, and other non-replaceable and conditionally replaceable amino acids. The metabiotics of cultivated probiotic agents from the vitamin group are represented mainly by group “B”. The content of oxalic acid in the test samples is slightly lower with respect to the control within 3.8% –33.2%. The content of acetic acid is lower than the control by 27.4%. The increase in amber acid in all experimental samples is 49–41 times higher in relation to the control. Thus, the composition of metabiotics provides the basis for further research in the development of biologically active additives for animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: The cellular microenvironment, diet, and lifestyle play a key role in the occurrence of colorectal cancer. Due to its rising trend, attempts are being made to devise novel biointerventions as adjunct to conventional therapies to prevent this deadly disease. "Metabiotics," the beneficial metabolic signatures of probiotics are emerging as potential anticancer agent due to their ability to alter metabolic processes in the gut lumen and reduce the severity of colon carcinogenesis. Although beneficial attributes of metabiotics have been elucidated in vitro , yet their anticancer mechanism in vivo needs to be explored. Thus, the present study was performed to envisage anticancer potential of metabiotic extract obtained from indigenous probiotic, Lactobacillus rhamnosus MD 14, in early experimental colon carcinogenesis. Materials and Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats were daily administered with low, medium, and high dose of metabiotic extract orally along with a single dose of weekly intraperitoneal injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine up to 6 weeks and monitored for the markers of early colon carcinogenesis. Results: It was observed that the medium dose of metabiotic extract attenuated early colon carcinogenesis by reducing fecal procarcinogenic enzymes, oxidants, aberrant crypt foci, vis-à-vis downregulating oncogenes [K-ras, β-catenin, Cox-2, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)] and upregulating tumor suppressor p53 gene leading to almost normal colon histology. Conclusions: It can be suggested that metabiotics modulate experimental colorectal cancer and could be used as a promising alternative of probiotics, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work is to review data on the biological effectiveness of probiotics, their mechanisms of action, and the prospects for the development of new-generation preparations. Scientific and practical justification of symbiotic drugs of a new generation – metabiotics as a continuation of the probiotic concept is given. The authors discuss the literature data and their own results, which allow them to propose new approaches to the creation of symbiotic drugs. The authors scientifically substantiate the main scientific provisions of the probiotic concept for the development of new-generation symbiotic drugs: study of aspects of the cultivation of the metabolic probiotic B. bifidum strain No. 1 in appropriate nutrient media; determination of the quantitative and qualitative composition of metabolites in the probiotic producer; scientific and practical substantiation of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the experimental probiotic suspension as a biologically active additive; the effect of probiotic suspension on the metabolism, the formation of microbiocenosis and nonspecific immunity. The substantiation for the creation of new feed probiotic preparations in the form of a composition of living microorganisms with molasses-based metabolites is given, which has a certain scientific and practical significance, and is promising for use in animal diets. Studies have found that to stabilize normal microflora in suckling pigs and weanlings, it is advisable to use various drugs in the form of biologically active additives of probiotic agents and their metabolites. The article provides a scientific and practical justification of a dietary supplement for correcting the microbiocenosis of the gastrointestinal tract and some factors of cellular immunity in growing young pigs based on the probiotic microorganism B. bifidum when cultivated on a nutrient medium from molasses.

Based on the evaluation of the composition and functions of the intestinal microflora and mechanism for the realization of "microflora - macroorganism" relationship, as well as causes of intestinal micro-ecological disorders, the need and options for their timely correction are demonstrated. The main principles of treatment and preventive actions are presented. Taking into account recent classifications and requirements for drugs, as well as evaluation of the mechanism of action and therapeutic options, the main groups of drugs (pro-, prebiotics and metabiotics) used in the management of gut microbiota in disease are described.

Colorectal cancer is closely associated with environment, diet and lifestyle. Normally it is treated with surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy but increasing systemic toxicity, resistance and recurrence is prompting scientists to devise new potent and safer alternate prophylactic or therapeutic strategies. Among these, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and metabiotics are being considered as the promising candidates. Metabiotics or probiotic derived factors can optimize various physiological functions of the host and offer an additional advantage to be utilized even in immunosuppressed individuals. Interestingly, anti colon cancer potential of probiotic strains has been attributable to metabiotics that have epigenetic, antimutagenic, immunomodulatory, apoptotic and antimetastatic effects. Thus, it’s time to move one step further to utilize metabiotics more smartly by avoiding the risks associated with probiotics even in certain normal / or immuno compromised host. Here an attempt is made to provide insight into the adverse effects associated with probiotics and beneficial aspects of metabiotics with main emphasis on the modulatory mechanisms involved in colon cancer.

Colorectal cancer is closely associated with environment, diet and lifestyle. Normally it is treated with surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy but increasing systemic toxicity, resistance and recurrence is prompting scientists to devise new potent and safer alternate prophylactic or therapeutic strategies. Among these, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and metabiotics are being considered as the promising candidates. Metabiotics or probiotic derived factors can optimize various physiological functions of the host and offer an additional advantage to be utilized even in immunosuppressed individuals. Interestingly, anti colon cancer potential of probiotic strains has been attributable to metabiotics that have epigenetic, antimutagenic, immunomodulatory, apoptotic, and antimetastatic effects. Thus, it's time to move one step further to utilize metabiotics more smartly by avoiding the risks associated with probiotics even in certain normal/or immuno compromised host. Here, an attempt is made to provide insight into the adverse effects associated with probiotics and beneficial aspects of metabiotics with main emphasis on the modulatory mechanisms involved in colon cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Symbiotic gut microorganisms release of various soluble low molecular weight (LMW)molecules of different chemical nature (surface and exogenous proteins, nucleases, serpins, sirtuines, other enzymes, lectins, peptides, amines, bacteriocines, fatty and amino acids, lactones, furanons, miRNA, NO, etc). These LMW molecules are able to sense environment, interact with corresponding cell surface, membrane, cytoplasm and nucleic acid receptors, to reply quickly and coordinately by induction of special sets of genes, to support stability of host genome and microbiome, to modulate epigenomic regulation of gene phenotypic expression, to ensure the information exchange in numerous bacterial and bacteria-host systems playing an important role in the control for many genetic and physiological functions, biochemical and behaviour reactions, in supporting host health in general. Various symbiotic (probiotic) strains produce different spectrum of such LMW molecules. There is chemical and functional similarity between LMW molecules synthesized by host eukaryotic cells, indigenous and probiotic microorganisms and some micronutrients. It means many LMW compounds of different origin may be the universal regulators contributing to the transmission of information, quorum sensing effects, metagenome stability and epigenomic control for cell growth and development as well as phenotypic expression of different genes. Knowledge accumulated concerning molecular languages of symbiotic microorganisms allows us to better understand the mode of action of known probiotics and to design in principle novel probiotics (metabiotics) with increased health effectiveness. Now we are only at the beginning of a new era of molecular personal biotherapy and nutrition. Soon we can successfully manipulate both the host and its microbiota through interfering in their cross talk, stability and epigenomic regulation of expression of genes using various types of eukaryotic, prokaryotic and nutrition origin LMW molecules are capable to modulate genetic, metabolic and physiological activities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Wild probiotic consortia of microorganisms (bacteria and yeasts) associated in the artisanal cultures' microbiota (milk kefir grains, water kefir grains and kombucha) are considered valuable promoters for metabiotics (prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics and paraprobiotics) production. The beneficial effects of the fermented products obtained with the artisanal cultures on human well-being are described by centuries and the interest for them is continuously increasing. The wild origin and microbial diversity of these above-mentioned consortia give them extraordinary protection capacity against microbiological contaminants in unusual physico-chemical conditions and unique fermentative behaviour. This review summarizes the state of the art for the wild artisanal cultures (milk and water kefir grains, respectively, kombucha—SCOBY), their symbiotic functionality, and the ability to ferment unconventional substrates in order to obtain valuable bioactive compounds with in vitro and in vivo beneficial functional properties. Due to the necessity of the bioactives production and their use as metabiotics in the modern consumer's life, artisanal cultures are the perfect sources able to biosynthesize complex functional metabolites (bioactive peptides, antimicrobials, polysaccharides, enzymes, vitamins, cell wall components). Depending on the purposes of the biotechnological fermentation processes, artisanal cultures can be used as starters on different substrates. Current studies show that the microbial synergy between bacteria—yeast and/or bacteria—offers new perspectives to develop functional products (food, feeds, and ingredients) with a great impact on life quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]