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With the adoption of the Foreign State Immunity Law in September 2023, China officially switches from absolute State immunity to restrictive State immunity. This paper analyses selected provisions of the new law which are likely to cause problems in practice. In addition, the paper also reflects upon the marginal position of Chinese courts in immunity cases in the past and the implication of the new law under the principle of "One Country, Two Systems". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the need of applying new standards for prosecutorial accountability in issues related to absolute immunity. Topics discussed include the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1871; ways in which Federal employees are liable for violations of civil rights under Supreme Court precedent; and the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in the case "Harlow v. Fitzgerald" in which the court recognized a blanket qualified immunity defence that applies to all government officials.

The article discusses how several lower courts in America have misinterpreted and misapplied the implicit immunities that are contained in Title 42, Section 1983 of the U.S. Code which is also known as the nation's Civil Rights Act of 1871. The expansion of an absolute immunity legal doctrine to government officials is mentioned, along with American common law and the concept of transferred immunity. Quasi-judicial immunity and legislative immunity in the U.S. are assessed.

The article discusses the law of remedies as of April 2014, focusing on the relationship between substantive and remedial law, as well as evidentiary exclusions and violations of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Rules of qualified and absolute immunity are addressed, along with injunctive and monetary relief in America. A harmless error legal rule is examined, along with public law adjudication in the U.S. Efforts to achieve disaggregation in the law are also examined.

The article discusses the meaning of "commercial activity" under the U.S. Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act as of August 2013, focusing on various legal issues associated with sunken shipwrecks and buried treasures. U.S. courts and legal cases involving marine salvage companies such as Odyssey Marine Exploration Inc. are mentioned, along with the U.S. Supreme Court and congressional intent. The doctrine of absolute sovereign immunity is examined, as well as admiralty-related lawsuits.

The article offers information on the history, developments and significance of the application of the qualified immunity defense in U.S. Supreme Court decisions under the Section 1983 of the Title 42 of the U.S. Code. It informs that U.S. Supreme Court clarified the line of distinction between absolute immunity and qualified immunity in its opinion in the Rehberg v. Paulk case. It discusses the rulings in qualified immunity cases Richardson v. McKnight, Wyatt v. Cole, and Filarsky v. Delia.

The article focuses on the immunity of expert witnesses in Canada. Topics include the recovery of compensation in cases of an ineffective expert witness, witness immunity from civil suits, and the prohibition of retaliatory lawsuits against expert witnesses. Information is provided on the liability of an adverse expert witness.

Questions of whether prosecutors should be immune from liability for constitutional torts, and if so, whether that immunity should be qualified or absolute, have been the source of considerable controversy for the last half century. Some argue that absolute prosecutorial immunity is indispensable, a necessary tool to protect public servants who, without immunity, would be buffed under a mountain of frivolous § 1983 suits. Others see absolute prosecutorial immunity as unjust because it prevents genuinely wronged individuals from rightfully collecting damages from constitutional tortfeasors. As the debate over the Supreme Court's prosecutorial immunity jurisprudence continues, the current scope of protections afforded to prosecutors outside of the judicially created immunity regimes has received decidedly less attention. This Note will argue that states and local municipalities have created a number of protections for public officials, including prosecutors--such as indemnification legislation, private insurance, and other alternative liability mechanisms--to cover losses from torts they commit in the line of duty. These protections prevent prosecutors from shouldering the burden of personal financial liability even in instances in which they cannot don the cloak of absolute immunity. Considering the breadth of the protections that are currently afforded prosecutors coupled with the opportunity for their expansion to additional jurisdictions, the Court's decades-old justifications for maintaining absolute prosecutorial immunity are no longer a concern. Therefore, the Court should abandon its confusing absolute prosecutorial immunity jurisprudence once and for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]