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Emerging in 1917 amidst the anxieties of World War I, the Cult of Our Lady of Fátima began with a vision witnessed by three shepherd children in rural Portugal. News of the apparition quickly spread, drawing hundreds, then thousands of pilgrims to the Cova da Iria. This potent symbol of faith soon transcended its origin, migrating in the form of venerated statues and dedicated shrines that sprouted across the globe. Particularly intertwined with Portuguese emigration, the cult's reach extended to former colonies in Africa and Asia ("Ultramar") and distant communities like Brazil. Statues of Our Lady became beacons of familiarity and solace, offering "homes away from home" for displaced populations. This essay focuses on the discourses surrounding the cult between the early 1930s and 1950s, exploring how Fátima served as a focal point for navigating the social, political, and cultural conflicts inherent in the emigration experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Historica. Historia Medieval is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article aims to show contemporary artistic interpretations of colonialism in Portugal as expressed by Afro-descendants from former Portuguese colonies. The primary focus of this study is the ongoing debate surrounding two monuments in Lisbon. The first monument, the Padrão dos Descobrimentos, was originally created in 1940 and subsequently rebuilt in 1960 and is still one of the city’s most recognizable landmarks. The second monument, the Memorial to Enslaved People, is currently under development and seeks to give voice to African communities in Portugal. The analysis is grounded in a theoretical framework that incorporates concepts such as postmemory, multidirectional memory, and dissonant heritage. The broader context for this study is the UNESCO Decade of People of African Descent (2015-2024). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores, through a close reading of newspapers and publications connected to the Portuguese libertarian movement, anarchist discourses and practices around understandings of "race" in Portugal in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. A contribution is made both to studies of Lusophone anarchism as well as broader labour movement history where analyses of the interconnections between race and colonialism have been sparse. Portuguese anarchist understandings of race are placed within the context of broader ideas on internationalism within the anarchist movement, contemporary theories of the inheritance of racial characteristics and contestations against notions of nationhood and nationalism. The specific context of Portuguese colonialism and the development of anthropology in the country form the backdrop against which anarchist ideas are analysed. The article argues that while anarchism disrupted certain tropes within racial and colonialist discourse, it also reinforced some cultural categories and rigidified understandings of race, culture and social development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nationality of contemporary multinational corporations has become increasingly ambiguous, and this ambiguity is far from exclusive to the current global economy; a similar past ambivalence occurred with multinational investments in Portuguese colonies. This study analyses how multinationals handle strategic decision-making and governance when the corporate centre is ambiguous. It uses archival data on actual corporate decisions to explore how the headquarters' strategic and administrative functions split across national centres. The results emphasise that the balance of power among different locations depended on accessing capital, knowledge, and specialised services. Three dynamic factors emerged to explain the changes in corporate decision-making configurations over time: project management capabilities, the project's duration, and capital intensity. However, there was no single evolutionary profile. Combining or choosing between nationality legacies for locating corporate functions was a strategic choice, more dependent on firm-specific aspects than on contextual constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reciprocal migration—which we define as the mutual exchange of origin and destination by two different migrating groups—is hardly acknowledged in the migration literature. In terms of the temporalities of migration, which are usually seen as sequences or transitions, reciprocal migrations are simultaneous. We analyse the reciprocal migrations between Angola and Portugal over the time-frame of the past 10–15 years. In-depth interviews were carried out with Portuguese migrants in Angola, most of whom moved there in the wake of the post-2008 financial crisis, and with Angolan third-level students and recent graduates in Portugal. A key operational concept in our analysis is the plastic notion of skill and its differential racialisation. Portuguese migrants in Angola are automatically regarded as 'skilled' even when they are not, whereas Angolan students and graduates in Portugal, when they seek work, are often viewed as 'unskilled African migrant workers'. We thus distinguish and deconstruct the geographical binary between transnational origin and destination spaces and the social binary between 'skilled white bodies' and 'unskilled black bodies'. These racialised embodied tropes draw on histories of Portuguese colonisation and the contested notion of 'Lusotropicalism', as well as the so-called Lusophone migration system involving complex transnational relations and two-way migration flows. Theoretically we frame this asymmetrical system of reciprocal migration within a modified version of core–periphery relations, as well as the coloniality of power and its enduring influence over the racialisation of skill, education, culture and language across the Portuguese–Angolan transnational space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the connected histories of (post)colonial migration and labour within the scope of the Portuguese empire and its aftermath. Presenting a long-term analysis, ranging from the abolition of slavery in the first half of the nineteenth century until today's debates over the Portuguese nationality law, it focuses on the many continuities between the colonial past and the postcolonial present, in particular with respect to citizenship rights and the racialised boundaries of the Portuguese national community. Through its focus on the less well-known case of Portugal, the article highlights the processes of ethno-homogenisation and the related exclusions woven by Western European (post-)imperial nation states, which, until this day, fail to recognise full citizenship rights for millions of racialised people living within Europe's borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents estimates of the financial costs incurred by Portugal with the Colonial War (1961-1974). The results obtained show that, on average, the extraordinary expenses most directly related with the war represented 22% of Portuguese state expenditure, equivalent to 3.1% of GDP. They also show that the total costs incurred by Portugal with the Colonial War amounted to between 21.8 billion euros and 29.8 billion euros, at today's prices and in the present-day currency. By estimating a dynamic model, it was also possible to identify a positive relationship between the extraordinary military expenditure on the defence and security of the overseas provinces—which included the budgetary costs of war—and Portuguese economic growth. The conclusions reached represent a valuable contribution to contemporary economic history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The defence of the Portuguese colonial empire's integrity has often been signalled by historians as one of the factors which justified the declaration of war against Germany, in March 1916, and Portugal's participation in the European theatre of operations, alongside its ally, Great Britain, from early 1917 onwards. This article seeks to analyse the ways in which the outbreak of the First World War was perceived by Portugal as an opportunity to regain the country's lost international role as an imperial power, it will also examine how the conflict was experienced in Mozambique, in order to explore Portugal's role in wartime Africa. The article will conclude if the military intervention contributed, or not, to sustain the narrative of the country's imperial mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an exploratory attempt to address the colonial ambivalence implicit in contemporary moving images in the Portuguese context. The postcolonial turn that emerged in the last decades in Portugal attests to an earnest attempt to problematise the nation's postcolonial condition, which in turn derives from a long-overdue admission that our contemporary societies were built from colonial plunder. Drawing heavily on the critique of Lusophony, I argue that this postcolonial turn is also a consequence of the need to inscribe the Portuguese national narrative within an increasingly global world arising from the subordination of culture to the "laws of the market". In addition, I argue that this post-colonial approach found in Portuguese contemporary visual culture is ambivalent since it tends to ignore the problem of the legitimacy and the speaking position of the artist and/or intellectual. The legitimacy problem -- of who speaks of and about others -- is often paradoxically disregarded in contemporary audiovisual productions that address the Portuguese colonial past and its postcolonial condition. In the same way, the intrinsic relationship between visual production and knowledge is ignored, and consequently, between visual production and power. In this way, I argue that colonial ambivalence continues to pervade cultural discourses and contemporary artistic practices today, even when such practices and discourses appear to articulate a postcolonial critique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the second half of the seventeenth century, Italian Capuchin missionaries who traveled to West Central Africa both colluded in and critiqued Portuguese slave trading practices. Drawing from their experience on slave galleys in the Mediterranean and their medieval Franciscan heritage, Capuchins brought earlier concepts governing enslavement to bear in Central Africa. Examining Capuchin interventions in exchanges of goods and slaves, their declamations against Portuguese warmongering, their efforts to free unjustly enslaved Africans, and the ways in which they sought to prohibit slave sales to Protestants, this article positions this group of religious agents as important mediators of struggles for empire between the Portuguese, Dutch, British, French, and Spanish in precolonial coastal Africa and as protagonists in their own right. On the basis of the Capuchins' critique of economic gain and the Kongolese embrace of Catholicism, Capuchins crafted a counter discourse that, if only partially successful, challenged emerging models of Atlantic enslavement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suddenly, in the summer of 1960, the map of Africa gained a new political outline, with the proclamation of nine independences. But the majority of Luanda's newspapers appeared not to see the 'wind of change' blowing through the continent. In its pages, the news of Africa would barely mention more than the crisis in one of its neighbours, the former Belgian Congo. The analysis of the news about the proclamation of independences leads us to formulate the hypothesis that the relative invisibility of the smooth transitions and the major emphasis given to turbulent situations in the continent contributed to value the Portuguese colonial model. Crossing the analysis with research made in archive, this article also contributes to the characterisation of the Angolan daily press on the eve of the Portuguese colonial war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces the reception of blood group research in Portuguese physical anthropology in the first half of the twentieth century and analyses its presence as 'sero-anthropology' within the context of the disciplinary and political dynamics of colonial and metropolitan Portugal and against the background of international developments on blood group research. It argues that Portugal, hitherto largely understudied in relation to the broader international picture, was in tune with these developments. The article argues further that Portuguese physical anthropology, particularly research based at the University of Porto, was deeply ingrained with the fear of 'contamination' of the 'race' by the colonialized 'other' and sought to differentiate the Portuguese from the peoples of Africa and the East where Portugal possessed colonies, while it also sought to place the Portuguese within the scale of racial hierarchies of 'whites' in Europe. The article elaborates on a number of central and marginal figures within Portuguese anthropology to illustrate these claims and argues that the discipline was in tune with wider European developments in the field but with specific colonialist and racialist inflections, some of which are still felt in Portuguese culture today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares Brazilian and Cuban foreign policies regarding the decolonization of Angola, Mozambique and Guinea Bissau, territories under Portuguese colonial rule during the Cold War. The presented hypothesis is that these countries sought to project themselves as third World political forces to the public opinion, elaborating official speeches that emphasized the legacies of the colonial system with slave labor as an element of connection with Africa. Additionally, it is observed that although decolonization, the Carnation Revolution (1974) and the approval of the new Portuguese Constitution (1976) changed the diplomatic relations between these countries, the remnants of colonial legacies that kept marking their tone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the nineteenth century, Portugal demanded recognition of the so-called 'historical rights of the Royal Patronage' by the Holy See as part of its missionary policy for Africa. These claims promptly led to a prolonged conflict over the action of the Propaganda Fide and Portuguese missionary achievements. While Lisbon feared the denationalization of missionary work, Rome was concerned about Portugal's internal policies on religious matters and its perceived inabilities to deal with the missionary challenges of the time, especially the Protestant competition over African hearts and minds. This text follows the discussions between Portugal and the Holy See over the missionary question, examining their confrontational and, apparently, irreconcilable positions, and the attempts made to regulate the exercise of the Royal Patronage through a concordat that became impossible to reach until the conclusion of a fragile and arguable modus vivendi concluded just before the implantation of the Republican regime in 1910. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of E-Journal of Portuguese History is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of E-Journal of Portuguese History is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present article analyzes the criticism directed at the Portuguese colonists, which appears in the "Sermon of Saint Anthony to the Fish", considering the context in which it was produced, aiming to identify the specificities of the historical and social moment in Maranhão and Grão Pará, which region was circumscribed to the activities of Father Antonio Vieira. The sermon was made in 1654, after Padre Vieira returned to Brazil and before he went back to Portugal again to denounce the fact that the colonists were not obeying the laws of protection to the indigenous people. Based on the sermon, the article takes the position that literature uses aspects and episodes of the world in which it is produced to transfigure them and return them to the reader in the form of fiction, making them aware of the denunciations they carry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the changes made to the cartography of southern Africa between 1725 and 1749 by the French geographer Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d’Anville. The maps in question were produced in collaboration with the Portuguese ambassador Dom Luís da Cunha as part of d’Anville’s plan to demonstrate what lay between the Portuguese colonies of Angola in the west and Mozambique in the east and to establish a link across the continent. The maps he produced in the first two phases of his mapping of southern Africa (1725–1731) echoed the traditionalhorror vacui. The vast blank that appeared on his map ofAfriqueof 1749, however, has to be seen as d’Anville intended—the integration of empty space on a map with Enlightenment rationalization of geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this article is to present the challenges for Portuguese colonial policy during the First Republic (1910-26), focusing on the international pressures against the survival of the Portuguese Empire. The article is divided into three parts: in the first we outline the state of the art regarding the questions to be raised. This is followed by an analysis of Portuguese colonial policy in the post-Versailles international context, particularly Afonso Costa's negotiations for war reparations. In the third part, we examine particular aspects of the relationship between Portugal and the League of Nations in relation to colonial questions: namely, forced labour and the illicit trafficking of opium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a comparative analysis of the port systems of the Portuguese and British Empires in the Atlantic during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It is based on the study of four insular ports under the sovereignty of these two imperial polities: Angra in the Azores, Funchal in Madeira, Bridgetown in Barbados, and Port Royal in Jamaica. The aim of the analysis is to compare the main factors that led to the choice of these sites as key places in the structure of the respective Portuguese and British imperial models, how they developed to satisfy trade needs and their most significant problems, as well as the extent to which the development of these colonies conformed to what was ‘expected’ of each imperial project, taking into account the geographical, economic and social factors of the respective port cities. The methodological approach to the study of these Atlantic insular ports brings together data from landscape archaeology, nautical and underwater archaeology, together with historical documentation and cartography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Portuguese energy sector changed substantially during the period 1995–2010, with the introduction of natural gas and a larger renewable energy production. During the same period, the country also continued the shift to a service economy. By 2005, these two transitions led to a large increase in primary energy use (PEU), followed by a significant decline until 2010. The goal of this paper is to identify the main driving factors of changes in the Portuguese PEU through structural decomposition analysis. To do so we build a novel hybrid model with a detailed description of the energy sector in physical units, and a coarser description of the rest of the economy in monetary units. The results show that the main drivers were final demand (increasing PEU) and the direct energy intensity (decreasing PEU); while the energy and economic transitions also contributed to decrease PEU, although to a lesser extent. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper describes the innovative way in which labour was regulated in Portuguese law in the second half of the 19th century in the context of the European labour movement and colonial agriculture. It focuses on the replacement of slavery by forced labour in Portugal and the overseas territories, and the steps that were taken towards a conception of free labour, outside purely civilist schemas, and the preparations for the construction of a new branch, Labour law. The historical understanding of these phenomena raises some pertinent questions, which can help clarify certain legal concepts such as 'legal subordination', 'obedience', 'management power' and 'disciplinary power'. The new law that was emerging invoked 'new' principles and concepts that require critical reflection, given their contractual configuration and proximity to forms of subjection from the previous law. However, the new regulation, which included and legitimized this subordination, also aimed to limit it and ensure the freedom of those that were contracted to obey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current article present the Round Table called "The history of labor relationships in the Portuguese-speaking world (19th - 21st centuries)" comprising 6 articles which quantify, analyze and investigate labor relationships in Portugal and in Portuguese-speaking countries. The Round Table underscores how work and labor relationships were modified and adapted themselves to social, economical and political evolution in Portugal and in the Portuguese-speaking world during the last two centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Portuguese colonial exploration and settlement in Brazil during the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries included a significant, though to date largely underappreciated, dimension of medical inquiry, the impact of which resonated throughout the Atlantic scientific world and beyond. This paper examines the role and influence within Portugal's maritime dominions of medical techniques, remedies and specific drugs originating in colonial Brazil. It focuses attention on the earliest collaborative interaction between indigenous healers and Portuguese missionaries—mainly Jesuits—on the Brazilian colonial frontier, who then passed that knowledge on to European physicians, surgeons and pharmacists working in colonial South American medical facilities. In such institutions, indigenous techniques were most often employed to the edification of Portuguese colonial agents (missionaries, colonial administrative officials, maritime commanders and state-licensed medical practitioners), who would then become the conduits disseminating those techniques to Europe or other colonial locations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article revisits the long genealogy of State intervention in informal settlements and poorly built environments throughout the 20th century, in cities such as Lisbon, Porto, Rio de Janeiro, Maputo or Macau, to better frame some socio-technical complexities involved in the current project of slum rehabilitation in Cova da Moura, Lisbon. Then, it draws upon ethnographic research with experts from the National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (LNEC) during a scientific assessment of informal dwellings to show that the "evaluation" of informal dwellings with a view to "reconfigure" them, is a socio-technical operation based on a "laboratorisation" of the dwelling, but one that is crucially dependent on the subjective-objective experience of experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia y Politica: Ideas, Procesos y Movimientos Sociales is the property of Departamento De Historia del Pensamiento y de los Moviemientos Sociales y Politicos (Madrid) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of História da Historiografia is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Teoria e Historia da Historiografia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article sets out a research agenda for the study of eugenics in Portugal between 1900 and 1950. In the first part, it frames the debate by reference to four broad themes in the articulation of eugenic knowledge: the international historiographical framework; the role of the state in the construction of eugenics; the question of race in respect of the Portuguese colonies, the metropole and Portugaĺs peripheral geographical position in Europe; the structure of the Portuguese scientific community. In the second part of the article, a broad overview of the history of eugenics in Portugal is provided together with the suggestion of strategies for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Northern Province was the first area of the Estado da Índia to have territorial dimension and depth. Until then, Portuguese sovereignty in the eastern sphere of its empire was limited to coastal possession - cities or forts - or little islands like Tiswadi. During the Northern Province's timeline, from 1534 to 1739, its four urban settlements developed bulwarked walls, whose archaeological traces are mostly still well preserved. Beyond these towns, the territory was dotted with an extensive network of smaller defensive positions, varying considerably in size and shape. As a result of the colonial occupation and administration system, the territory's first line of defence was a string of fortified manor houses, many of which mounted artillery on their walls. These were the country residencies of the Portuguese land and village owners. Also as a consequence of the process of colonial occupation, a comprehensive network or religious structures emerged, mostly built by the religious orders, within which the Jesuits and the Franciscans clearly stand out. Many of these structures also had a defensive outlook or potential, and a handful was even fitted with bulwarks mounting cannons. Besides the private and religious structures, the Estado da Índia built many fortifications to protect smaller settlements and strategic locations like mountaintops and passages, river crossings and bends. Due not only to their numbers but also to their diversity - both morphologically and tectonically - and also their interdependence, this network of strong points, together with the militia model and the naval forces adopted to tender it, represents a territorial defensive system of outstanding interest, especially from the architectural, urban and landscape history perspective. This defensive system was put to the test repeatedly by an array of invasions and attacks, and its structures evolved according to the scale and nature of its enemies, hampered constantly by the limited resources and manpower of the Estado da Índia, notably after the loss of supremacy on the Arabian Sea. Both as part of a network and individually, the devices of this defensive system have not been researched, with the exception of the aforementioned four urban settlements and they represent a fundamental topic not only in the history of the Northern Province but also of the whole Estado da Índia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the colonial city in India like? What is Diu, in European spatial colonial culture in general, and in Portuguese spatial colonial culture in particular? How has the apparatus of urban space, architectural form, and representation worked in ways unseen by its contingent actors, and how has this apparatus biased Diu and the Portuguese colonial empire? The dissertation is an original contribution that opens a global episteme and explores the process of knowledge production, the construction of identity and the creation of political meaning in and about the European colonial city in South Asia by reconnoitring the conditions of colonialism that produced in Diu the Portuguese colonial city as a modern 'artefact'. The question of 'identity' resides at the core of the study, understood as description, narration, as well as representation of the European colonial city in India, weaving together history and theory of architecture and urbanism and history of thought and culture, in what seeks to be a contribution to the study of imperialism, colonialism, modernity and of the Portuguese and/or catholic colonial city in India. The chapters highlight the complex relationship between the Portuguese sovereignty and statecraft and its colonial project in Diu, and re-examine spatial culture and social practice in the city from the early sixteenth (1514) until the mid-twentieth century (1961), through the lens of history and theory architecture and urbanism. Overall, the dissertation describes a scenario of a continuing layered sovereignty throughout this period in an imperial and continental 'border' place, in which transnational connections informed the apparatus of architectural and urban form, space, and representation in ways that were underway, from the vantage-point of an urban polity that was never entirely colonized. Taking as the object of analysis, the architecture and the overall colonial city, but extending this to the reading of related public and domestic spaces, the dissertation demonstrates the complex nature of overlap between spatial and functional categories in the colonial context. We argue that there never was a place like Diu in the history of the European colonial presence in India, in the history of European colonial identity in India, and foremost, in the history of the European colonial city in India. There, the (cultural) concepts of 'ambivalence' and 'hybridity' were made pioneers and shapers of architectural and urban identity of the European empires in the East, in contrast to the standard position resulting from the merging of cultures. Diu is an entire repository of a global history of colonial material culture in India. As outcomes of the concepts, were built in Diu the 'touchstones' of Portuguese colonial architecture in the East, instances of European Renaissance military architecture, and of European catholic architecture. The vantage point that we have sought to bring to light, renders apparent some of the multiple faces of the study of the city in the colonial world. Firstly, questioned the historicization of a historiographical axiom completely accepted, assumed, reproduced and unquestioned by the historiography that, directly or indirectly did (and does) the study of the colonial cities, and finally, acted as point of departure in a disjuncture (i.e. paradigm shift from one episteme to another) of the study of the European colonial city in India, that takes urban history and urban theory seriously beyond 'the West.' It shows that architectural and urban conceptions clearly became increasingly deterministic and normative, and also how, in practice, these ideas continued to be tempered by forces that resisted homogeneity and singular authoritarian encoding of space. To this end, we try to challenge core assumptions which have framed architectural and urban history of colonial spatial cultures for decades and contribute to broader theoretical agendas which highlight how making sense of urban life does not have to depend on the 'Western' academy. We respond to interdisciplinary concerns over the global disparities of knowledge and recognition of the need to appreciate the exceptionality of Diu in the context of the European colonial city in India. In this way and within this frame, arises a dissertation where time is discussed with the necessary rhythm to the reading of the transformation on a place until the conformation of a colonial spatial identity. Diu anticipated (but did not help to predict) by almost two centuries, that the European colonial spatial cultures in India were far more complex than the mere transfer of an 'European city' and the simple binary frameworks centred on categories (black-town/white-town, European/native, religious/secular, colonizer/colonized, dominant/dependant, traditional/modern). The dissertation shows that social and spatial divisions in Diu were not nearly so clear cut as previous studies have postulated. Instead, there were charged interconnections between spaces, the 'Portuguese' and the 'Gujarati' where effectively the Portuguese and/or Catholic city in India establishes a relation with the circumstances of time until the end of the Portuguese empire in India: the colonial city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of mathematics, particularly in Europe during the period prior to the great age of navigation, and the revolutionary influences that this knowledge provided for the expansive initiatives of the Portuguese are presented here, concluding with an analysis of the acquisition of knowledge between dominator and dominated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arrival of the Portuguese on the Brazilian coast represented one of the most radical transferences of habitat that history has ever known: people who were first so deeply rooted started living in an unlimited space, in which rooting was nearly impossible and the relationship with "the other" was imperative. The article suggests that such an apparently simple social fact may well have had long-run consequences in Brazilian history. It may even account for some very recent features of our religious field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]