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Astrophysical collisionless shocks are among the most powerful particle accelerators in the Universe. Generated by violent interactions of supersonic plasma flows with the interstellar medium, supernova remnant shocks are observed to amplify magnetic fields1 and accelerate electrons and protons to highly relativistic speeds2–4. In the well-established model of diffusive shock acceleration5, relativistic particles are accelerated by repeated shock crossings. However, this requires a separate mechanism that pre-accelerates particles to enable shock crossing. This is known as the ‘injection problem’, which is particularly relevant for electrons, and remains one of the most important puzzles in shock acceleration6. In most astrophysical shocks, the details of the shock structure cannot be directly resolved, making it challenging to identify the injection mechanism. Here we report results from laser-driven plasma flow experiments, and related simulations, that probe the formation of turbulent collisionless shocks in conditions relevant to young supernova remnants. We show that electrons can be effectively accelerated in a first-order Fermi process by small-scale turbulence produced within the shock transition to relativistic non-thermal energies, helping overcome the injection problem. Our observations provide new insight into electron injection at shocks and open the way for controlled laboratory studies of the physics underlying cosmic accelerators. In laser–plasma experiments complemented by simulations, electron acceleration is observed in turbulent collisionless shocks. This work clarifies the pre-acceleration to relativistic energies required for the onset of diffusive shock acceleration.

The ion-Weibel instability is a leading candidate mechanism for the formation of collisionless shocks observed in may astrophysical systems. Experimental and computational studies have shown that the ion-Weibel instability drives current filamentation in interpenetrating plasma flows 1 , 2 with the capability to mediate collisionless shock formation and subsequent particle acceleration 3 in the lab. The present work focuses on the study of nonlinear ion-Weibel evolution under various plasma conditions through utilization of different ion species and experimental geometries. Temporally varying plasma condition are determined using benchmarked FLASH simulations. Path-integrated B-field distributions are retrieved from experimental proton images in all cases and Fourier analyzed to quantify the dominant filament scale-size and estimate the B-field strength. This new analysis methodology demonstrates that the first ~400ps of plasma interpenetration sets the spectral characteristics of ion-Weibel filamentation, and that underlying plasma conditions later in time do not significantly alter nonlinear filament evolution.

The Scattered Light Time-history Diagnostic (SLTD) is being implemented at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to greatly expand the angular coverage of absolute scattered-light measurements for direct- and indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. The SLTD array will ultimately consist of 15 units mounted at a variety of polar and azimuthal angles on the NIF target chamber, complementing the existing NIF backscatter suite. Each SLTD unit collects and diffuses scattered light onto a set of three optical fibers, which transport the light to filtered photodiodes to measure scattered light in different wavelength bands: stimulated Brillouin scattering (350 nm–352 nm), stimulated Raman scattering (430 nm–760 nm), and ω/2 (695 nm–745 nm). SLTD measures scattered light with a time resolution of ∼1 ns and a signal-to-noise ratio of up to 500. Currently, six units are operational and recording data. Measurements of the angular dependence of scattered light will strongly constrain models of laser energy coupling in ICF experiments and allow for a more robust inference of the total laser energy coupled to implosions.

We present the first local, quantitative measurements of ion current filamentation and magnetic field amplification in interpenetrating plasmas, characterizing the dynamics of the ion Weibel instability. The interaction of a pair of laser-generated, counterpropagating, collisionless, supersonic plasma flows is probed using optical Thomson scattering (TS). Analysis of the TS ion-feature revealed anticorrelated modulations in the density of the two ion streams at the spatial scale of the ion skin depth $c/{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{pi}=120\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$, and a correlated modulation in the plasma current. The inferred current profile implies a magnetic field amplitude $\ensuremath{\sim}30\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{T}$, corresponding to $\ensuremath{\sim}1%$ of the flow kinetic energy, indicating that magnetic trapping is the dominant saturation mechanism.

Recently, heat transport was investigated using a directly driven beryllium sphere [Farmer et al., Phys. Plasmas 27, 082701 (2020)]. Models that overly restrict heat transport were rejected. This paper extends work to directly driven gold spheres where radiation loss is more important. Here, gold coated spheres are directly driven at the OMEGA laser facility at intensities of 5 × 10 14 W / cm 2. Plasma conditions, laser coupling, and x-ray flux are all measured. Comparisons to 2D radiation-hydrodynamic simulations are performed. Simulations use three common heat transport models: local transport with flux limiters of f = 0.15 and f = 0.03, and the nonlocal Schurtz–Nicolai–Busquet (SNB) model. It is shown that both the SNB model and f = 0.15 match the measured plasma conditions with the SNB model better capturing the temporal evolution of electron temperature. The f = 0.03 model predicts too low of an electron density and too hot of a temperature. The measured scattered light is roughly 6% of the incident energy, the f = 0.15 and SNB models predict 0.5% uncoupled light, and f = 0.03, 38% uncoupled light. The x-ray fluxes in the f = 0.15 and SNB simulations rise too quickly and are just outside the measurement's error, while the x-ray flux in the f = 0.03 simulation is low by a factor of two-three. For these reasons, the f = 0.03 model is rejected.

Recent experiments involving directly driven beryllium spheres are reported. Plasma conditions are measured using Thomson scattering with the probe beam pointed 200, 300, and 400 μm from the surface of the sphere. Laser coupling is assessed using calorimeters that collect scattered light placed at various locations within the target chamber. Laser intensities of 1 0 14 W / c m 2 and 2.5 × 1 0 14 W / c m 2 are chosen to minimize unmodeled laser-plasma interactions (LPIs) that lead to laser-target decoupling. Two-dimensional simulations are compared to the interpreted data using the radiation-hydrodynamics code Lasnex. Heat transport is simulated using flux-limited Spitzer–Harm with both high (f = 0.15) and low (f = 0.03) flux limiters and the Schurtz–Nicolai-Busquet (SNB) model. At 1 0 14 W / c m 2, all three heat transport models agree well with the measurement, demonstrating that the heat flux is local at low intensities near the measurement locations. At 2.5 × 1 0 14 W / c m 2, the SNB and high flux model roughly match the plasma conditions but predict 2% uncoupled light compared to 10% measured. The use of drive multipliers to match the measured coupled light does not alter the agreement between measured and simulated plasma conditions, suggesting that decoupling due to LPI is unlikely to alter this agreement. The low flux model cannot match the plasma conditions and results in 19% scattered light. The use of a resonant absorption model can be used to bring the simulated scattered light into agreement, but the simulated plasma conditions are still in disagreement with the measurement. For this reason, the low flux model is rejected.

We demonstrate the capability of the Thomson Scattering (TS) diagnostic to measure locally the microscopic electron and ion currents in counter-streaming plasmas unstable to the Weibel or current-filamentation instability. Synthetic TS spectra are calculated with particle distribution functions obtained from particle-in-cell simulations and used to accurately reproduce the simulated currents. We show that this technique allows accurate local measurements of the magnetic field, thus opening the way for the complete experimental characterization of the growth rate, saturation, and nonlinear dynamics of electromagnetic instabilities in plasmas. We illustrate the application of this diagnostic to experimental TS data, which yields local measurements of the magnetic field in Weibel-unstable plasmas and indicates that the magnetic energy density reaches ∼ 1% of the kinetic energy density of the flows, in agreement with previous numerical studies.

We report on results of fifth harmonic generation in Cesium Lithium Borate (CLBO) using a three-crystal cascaded frequency conversion scheme designed to study the energy balance of the final sum frequency generation stage. The experimental setup independently combines the first and fourth harmonic of a Nd:Glass laser in a 5mm thick CLBO crystal. Energy balance between the incoming and output energy is close to unity when the CLBO is out of phase matching and approximately 80p when the crystal is in phase matching. A detailed analysis of the residual fundamental and fourth harmonic energy indicates 5th harmonic light is being generated but only 26p is unaccounted for. We attribute the missing light to linear transmission loss in the CLBO oven. The ratio of the output to input energy is unity when the missing 5th harmonic is incorporated into the calculations. Two-dimensional plane wave mixing simulations show agreement with the results at lower intensities.

We report on the detection of the time-dependent B-field amplitude and topology in a laser-driven solenoid. The B-field inferred from both proton deflectometry and Faraday rotation ramps up linearly in time reaching 210 ± 35 T at the end of a 0.75-ns laser drive with 1 TW at 351 nm. A lumped-element circuit model agrees well with the linear rise and suggests that the blow-off plasma screens the field between the plates leading to an increased plate capacitance that converts the laser-generated hot-electron current into a voltage source that drives current through the solenoid. ALE3D modeling shows that target disassembly and current diffusion may limit the B-field increase for longer laser drive. Scaling of these experimental results to a National Ignition Facility (NIF) hohlraum target size (∼0.2cm^{3}) indicates that it is possible to achieve several tens of Tesla.

International audience; This paper describes the design and fabrication of a range of ‘gas cell’ microtargets produced by the Target Fabrication Group in the Central Laser Facility (CLF) for academic access experiments on the Orion laser facility at the Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE). The experiments were carried out by an academic consortium led by Imperial College London. The underlying target methodology was an evolution of a range of targets used for experiments on radiative shocks and involved the fabrication of a precision machined cell containing a number of apertures for interaction foils or diagnostic windows. The interior of the cell was gas-filled before laser irradiation. This paper details the assembly processes, thin film requirements and micro-machining processes needed to produce the targets. Also described is the implementation of a gas-fill system to produce targets that are filled to a pressure of 0.1–1 bar. The paper discusses the challenges that are posed by such a target.

An optical Thomson scattering diagnostic has been designed for the National Ignition Facility to characterize under-dense plasmas. We report on the design of the system and the expected performance for different target configurations. The diagnostic is designed to spatially and temporally resolve the Thomson scattered light from laser driven targets. The diagnostic will collect scattered light from a 50 × 50 × 200 μm volume. The optical design allows operation with different probe laser wavelengths. A deep-UV probe beam (λ0 = 210 nm) will be used to Thomson scatter from electron plasma densities of ∼5 × 1020 cm−3 while a 3ω probe will be used for plasma densities of ∼1 × 1019 cm−3. The diagnostic package contains two spectrometers: the first to resolve Thomson scattering from ion acoustic wave fluctuations and the second to resolve scattering from electron plasma wave fluctuations. Expected signal levels relative to background will be presented for typical target configurations (hohlraums and a planar foil).

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is a 192 laser beam facility designed to support the Stockpile Stewardship, High Energy Density and Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) programs. We report on the design of an Optical Thomson Scattering (OTS) diagnostic that has the potential to transform the community’s understanding of NIF hohlraum physics by providing first principle, local, time-resolved measurements of under-dense plasma conditions. The system design allows operation with different probe laser wavelengths by manual selection of the appropriate beam splitter and gratings before the shot. A deep-UV probe beam (λ0-210 nm) will be used to optimize the scattered signal for plasma densities of 5 × 1020 electrons/cm3 while a 3ω probe will be used for experiments investigating lower density plasmas of 1 × 1019 electrons/cm3. We report the phase I design of a two phase design strategy. Phase I includes the OTS telescope, spectrometer, and streak camera; these will be used to assess the background levels at NIF. Phase II will include the design and installation of a probe laser.

Collisional kinetic modifications of ion distributions in interpenetrating flows are investigated by irradiating two opposing targets, either CD/CD or CD/CH, on the National Ignition Facility. In the CD/CD case, neutron time-of-flight diagnostics are successfully used to infer the ion temperature, 5–6 keV, and velocity, 500 km/s per flow, of the flows using a multi-fluid approximation of beam-beam nuclear fusion. These values are found to be in agreement with simulations and other diagnostics. However, for CD/CH, the multi-fluid assumption breaks down, as fusion is quasi-thermonuclear in this case and thus more dependent on the details of the ion velocity distribution. Using kinetic-ion, hydrodynamic-electron, and hybrid particle-in-cell modeling, this is found to be partially due to a skewed deviation from a Maxwellian in the ion velocity distribution function resulting from ion-ion collisions. This skew causes a downshift in the mean neutron velocity that partially resolves the observation in the CD/CH case. We note that the discrepancy is not completely resolved via collisional effects alone and may be a signature of collisionless electromagnetic interactions such as the Weibel-filamentation instability.

We present a detailed study of magnetic reconnection in a quasi-two-dimensional pulsed-power driven laboratory experiment. Oppositely directed magnetic fields $(B=3$ T), advected by supersonic, sub-Alfv\'enic carbon plasma flows $(V_{in}=50$ km/s), are brought together and mutually annihilate inside a thin current layer ($\delta=0.6$ mm). Temporally and spatially resolved optical diagnostics, including interferometry, Faraday rotation imaging and Thomson scattering, allow us to determine the structure and dynamics of this layer, the nature of the inflows and outflows and the detailed energy partition during the reconnection process. We measure high electron and ion temperatures $(T_e=100$ eV, $T_i=600$ eV), far in excess of what can be attributed to classical (Spitzer) resistive and viscous dissipation. We observe the repeated formation and ejection of plasmoids, which we interpret as evidence of two-fluid effects in our experiment., Comment: Accepted for publication in PRL, expected 17th Febuary 2017. 6 pages, 5 figures

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is a 192 laser beam facility designed to support the Inertial Confinement Fusion program based on laser-target interactions. The Optical Thomson Scattering (OTS) diagnostic has the potential to transform the community’s understanding of NIF hohlraum physics by providing first principle, local, time-resolved measurements of under-dense plasma conditions. A deep-UV probe beam is needed to overcome the large background of self-Thomson scattering produced by the 351nm (3ω) NIF drive beams. A two-phase approach to OTS on NIF will mitigate the risk presented by background levels. In Phase I, the diagnostic will assess background levels around a potential deep-UV probe wavelength considered for 5ω Thomson scattering measurements to be conducted in Phase II. The Phase I design of the diagnostic includes an unobscured collection telescope, dual crossed Czerny-Turner spectrometers, and the shared use of one streak camera located inside of an airbox. The Phase II design will include a 5ω probe laser. We will describe the engineering design and concept of operations of the Phase I NIF OTS diagnostic, with a focus on optomechanical disciplines.

A study of the transition from collisional to collisionless plasma flows has been carried out at the National Ignition Facility using high Mach number (M>4) counterstreaming plasmas. In these experiments, CD-CD and CD-CH planar foils separated by 6-10 mm are irradiated with laser energies of 250 kJ per foil, generating ∼1000 km/s plasma flows. Varying the foil separation distance scales the ion density and average bulk velocity and, therefore, the ion-ion Coulomb mean free path, at the interaction region at the midplane. The characteristics of the flow interaction have been inferred from the neutrons and protons generated by deuteron-deuteron interactions and by x-ray emission from the hot, interpenetrating, and interacting plasmas. A localized burst of neutrons and bright x-ray emission near the midpoint of the counterstreaming flows was observed, suggesting strong heating and the initial stages of shock formation. As the separation of the CD-CH foils increases we observe enhanced neutron production compared to particle-in-cell simulations that include Coulomb collisions, but do not include collective collisionless plasma instabilities. The observed plasma heating and enhanced neutron production is consistent with the initial stages of collisionless shock formation, mediated by the Weibel filamentation instability.

We present experiments characterizing the detailed structure of a current layer, generated by the collision of two counterstreaming, supersonic and magnetized aluminum plasma flows. The antiparallel magnetic fields advected by the flows are found to be mutually annihilated inside the layer, giving rise to a bifurcated current structure-two narrow current sheets running along the outside surfaces of the layer. Measurements with Thomson scattering show a fast outflow of plasma along the layer and a high ion temperature (T_{i}∼Z[over ¯]T_{e}, with average ionization Z[over ¯]=7). Analysis of the spatially resolved plasma parameters indicates that the advection and subsequent annihilation of the inflowing magnetic flux determines the structure of the layer, while the ion heating could be due to the development of kinetic, current-driven instabilities.

Properties of radiatively cooled supersonic plasma jets formed by ablation of thin Al foils driven by 1.4 MA, 250 ns current pulse are presented. The jets are highly collimated with half-opening angles of ~2°. Measurements of the flow velocity (~60 km/s) and plasma temperature (~15 eV) in the jet with Thomson scattering diagnostic give internal Mach number of M ~ 3, suggesting additional collimation of the jet by toroidal magnetic fields.

The formation of supersonic, radiatively cooled plasma jets with applications to laboratory astrophysics has been an active area of research on the MAGPIE generator. One of the ways of producing astrophysically-relevant jets in the laboratory is by using the ablation of plasma from a radial foil Z-pinch. In this configuration a ∼1.4 MA, 250 ns current pulse is introduced into an aluminium disk with a thick- ness of 15 µm. The ablated plasma from the foil converges on the axis, producing a steady and collimated jet with a typical axial veloc- ity of ∼100 km/s. The setup allows for the addition of argon above the foil for jet-ambient interaction studies. The interaction is charac- terised by the formation of several shock features, which are presented and discussed from experimental data and numerical simulations.

We present data from the first Z-pinch experiments aiming to simulate aspects of accretion disk physics in the laboratory. Using off axis ablation flows from a wire array z-pinch we demonstrate the formation of a supersonically (M ∼ 2) rotating hollow plasma cylinder of height ∼4 mm and radius 2 mm. Using a combination of diagnostics we measure the rotation speed (∼60 kms−1), electron density (1019 cm−3), ion temperature (Ti ∼ 60 eV) and the product of electron temperature and average ionisation (ZTe ∼ 150 to 200 eV). Using these parameters we calculate the Reynolds number for the plasma on the order 105 and magnetic Reynolds number as 10 – 100. The plasma flow is maintained for 150 ns, corresponding to one rotation period, which should allow for studying fast instabilities which develop on this time-scale.

Coiled arrays, which are cylindrical arrays in which each wire is formed into a helix, suppress the modulation of ablation at the fundamental wavelength. Outside the vicinity of the wire cores, ablation flow from coiled arrays is modulated at the coil wavelength and has a two-stream structure in the r, thetas plane. Within the vicinity of the helical wires, ablation is concentrated at positions with the greatest azimuthal displacement, and plasma is axially transported from these positions such that the streams become aligned with the sections of the coil furthest from the array axis. The GORGON MHD code accurately reproduces this observed ablation structure, which can be understood in terms of J times B forces that result from the interaction of the global magnetic field with a helical current path as well as additional current paths suggested by the simulations. With this ability to control where the ablation streamers occur, large wavelength coils were constructed such that the breaks that form in the wires had sufficient axial separation to prevent perturbations in the implosion sheath from merging. This produced a new mode of implosion in which the global instability can be controlled, and perturbations correlated between all wires in an array. For large-wavelength eight-wire coiled arrays, this produced a dramatic increase in X-ray power, equaling that of a 32-wire straight array. These experiments were carried out on the mega ampere generator for plasma implosion experiments (1 MA, 240 ns) at Imperial College London, London, U.K.

In this paper, we describe the operation of a two-stage wire array z-pinch driven by the 1.4 MA, 240 ns rise-time Magpie pulsed-power device at Imperial College London. In this setup, an inverse wire array acts as a fast current switch, delivering a current pre-pulse into a cylindrical load wire array, before rapidly switching the majority of the generator current into the load after a 100–150 ns dwell time. A detailed analysis of the evolution of the load array during the pre-pulse is presented. Measurements of the load resistivity and energy deposition suggest significant bulk heating of the array mass occurs. The ∼5 kA pre-pulse delivers ∼0.8 J of energy to the load, leaving it in a mixed, predominantly liquid-vapour state. The main current switch occurs as the inverse array begins to explode and plasma expands into the load region. Electrical and imaging diagnostics indicate that the main current switch may evolve in part as a plasma flow switch, driven by the expansion of a magnetic cavity and plasma bubble along the length of the load array. Analysis of implosion trajectories suggests that approximately 1 MA switches into the load in 100 ns, corresponding to a doubling of the generator dI/dt. Potential scaling of the device to higher current machines is discussed.

The role of radiative cooling during the evolution of a bow shock was studied in laboratory-astrophysics experiments that are scalable to bow shocks present in jets from young stellar objects. The laboratory bow shock is formed during the collision of two counter-streaming, supersonic plasma jets produced by an opposing pair of radial foil Z-pinches driven by the current pulse from the MAGPIE pulsed-power generator. The jets have different flow velocities in the laboratory frame and the experiments are driven over many times the characteristic cooling time-scale. The initially smooth bow shock rapidly develops small-scale non-uniformities over temporal and spatial scales that are consistent with a thermal instability triggered by strong radiative cooling in the shock. The growth of these perturbations eventually results in a global fragmentation of the bow shock front. The formation of a thermal instability is supported by analysis of the plasma cooling function calculated for the experimental conditions with the radiative packages ABAKO/RAPCAL., 9 pages, 5 figures, Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal on 5th November 2015

An optical Thomson scattering diagnostic has been used to investigate collisions between supersonic, magnetized plasma flows, in particular the transition from collisionless to collisional interaction dynamics. These flows were produced using tungsten wire array z-pinches, driven by the 1.4 MA 240 ns Magpie generator at Imperial College London. Measurements of the collective-mode Thomson scattering ion-feature clearly indicate that the ablation flows are interpenetrating at 100 ns (after current start), and this interpenetration continues until at least 140 ns. The Thomson spectrum at 150 ns shows a clear change in the dynamics of the stream interactions, transitioning towards a collisional, shock-like interaction of the streams near the axis. The Thomson scattering data also provide indirect evidence of the presence of a significant toroidal magnetic field embedded in the “precursor” plasma near the axis of the array over the period 100–140 ns; these observations are in agreement with previous measuremen...

A gas-filled cylindrical liner z-pinch configuration has been used to drive convergent radiative shock waves into different gases at velocities of 20–50 km s−1. On application of the 1.4 MA, 240 ns rise-time current pulse produced by the Magpie generator at Imperial College London, a series of cylindrically convergent shock waves are sequentially launched into the gas-fill from the inner wall of the liner. This occurs without any bulk motion of the liner wall itself. The timing and trajectories of the shocks are used as a diagnostic tool for understanding the response of the liner z-pinch wall to a large pulsed current. This analysis provides useful data on the liner resistivity, and a means to test equation of state (EOS) and material strength models within MHD simulation codes. In addition to providing information on liner response, the convergent shocks are interesting to study in their own right. The shocks are strong enough for radiation transport to influence the shock wave structure. In particular, we see evidence for both radiative preheating of material ahead of the shockwaves and radiative cooling instabilities in the shocked gas. Some preliminary results from initial gas-filled liner experiments with an applied axial magnetic field are also discussed.

Many astrophysical systems are effectively “collisionless,” that is, the mean free path for collisions between particles is much longer than the size of the system. The absence of particle collisions does not preclude shock formation, however, as shocks can be the result of plasma instabilities that generate and amplify electromagnetic fields. The magnetic fields required for shock formation may either be initially present, for example, in supernova remnants or young galaxies, or they may be self-generated in systems such as gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). In the case of GRB outflows, the Weibel instability is a candidate mechanism for the generation of sufficiently strong magnetic fields to produce shocks. In experiments on the OMEGA Laser, we have demonstrated a quasi-collisionless system that is optimized for the study of the non-linear phase of Weibel instability growth. Using a proton probe to directly image electromagnetic fields, we measure Weibel-generated magnetic fields that grow in opposing, initially unmagnetized plasma flows. The collisionality of the system is determined from coherent Thomson scattering measurements, and the data are compared to similar measurements of a fully collisionless system. The strong, persistent Weibel growth observed here serves as a diagnostic for exploring large-scale magnetic field amplification and the microphysics present in the collisional-collisionless transition.

A monochromatic X-ray backlighter based on Bragg reflection from a spherically bent quartz crystal has been developed for the MAGPIE pulsed power generator at Imperial College (1.4 MA, 240 ns) [I. H. Mitchell et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67, 1533 (2005)]. This instrument has been used to diagnose high energy density physics experiments with 1.865 keV radiation (Silicon He-α) from a laser plasma source driven by a ∼7 J, 1 ns pulse from the Cerberus laser. The design of the diagnostic, its characterisation and performance, and initial results in which the instrument was used to radiograph a shock physics experiment on MAGPIE are discussed.

The interpenetration and interaction of supersonic, magnetized tungsten plasma flows has been directly observed via spatially and temporally resolved measurements of the Thomson scattering ion feature. A novel scattering geometry allows independent measurements of the axial and radial velocity components of the ions. The plasma flows are produced via the pulsed power driven ablation of fine tungsten wires in a cylindrical wire array $z$ pinch. Fits of the data reveal the variations in radial velocity, axial velocity, and temperature of the ion streams as they interpenetrate and interact. A previously unobserved increase in axial velocity is measured near the array axis. This may be the result of $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{v}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{B}$ bending of the ion streams by a toroidal magnetic field, advected to and accumulated about the axis by the streams.

An experiment is presented in which the x-ray emission from a stagnated wire array z-pinch is used to photo-ionise gas inside a gas cell. Photo-ionisation studies with x-rays from wire array implosions on the Z facility at Sandia National Labs used a gas cell positioned side-on and at large distances from the pinch1. Due to the much smaller radiation power from a 1 MA z-pinch, in our experiments the gas cell is mounted in an end-on position, close to the pinch.

A new experimental platform was developed, based on the use of supersonic plasma flow from the ablation stage of an inverse wire array z-pinch, for studies of shocks in magnetized high energy density physics plasmas in a well-defined and diagnosable 1-D interaction geometry. The mechanism of flow generation ensures that the plasma flow (ReM ∼ 50, MS ∼ 5, MA ∼ 8, Vflow ≈ 100 km/s) has a frozen-in magnetic field at a level sufficient to affect shocks formed by its interaction with obstacles. It is found that in addition to the expected accumulation of stagnated plasma in a thin layer at the surface of a planar obstacle, the presence of the magnetic field leads to the formation of an additional detached density jump in the upstream plasma, at a distance of ∼c/ωpi from the obstacle. Analysis of the data obtained with Thomson scattering, interferometry, and local magnetic probes suggests that the sub-shock develops due to the pile-up of the magnetic flux advected by the plasma flow.

A detailed study of the radiative precursor that develops ahead of converging blast waves in gas-filled cylindrical liner z-pinch experiments is presented. The experiment is capable of magnetically driving 20 km/s blast waves through gases of densities of the order 1E-5 g/cc. Data was collected for Ne, Ar and Xe gas-fills. The geometry of the setup allows a determination of the plasma parameters both in the precursor and across the shock, along a nominally uniform line of sight that is perpendicular to the propagation of the shock waves. Radiation from the shock was able to excite NeI, ArII and XeII/XeIII precursor spectral features. It is shown that the combination of interferometry and optical spectroscopy data is inconsistent with upstream plasmas being in LTE. Specifically, radial electron density gradients do not correspond to any apparent temperature change in the emission spectra.

We present data from the first z-pinch experiments aiming to simulate aspects of accretion disk physics in the laboratory. Using off axis ablation flows from a wire array z-pinch we demonstrate the formation of a hollow disk structure that rotates at 60 kms−1 for 150 ns. By analysing the Thomson scattered spectrum we make estimates for the ion and electron temperatures as Ti ∼ 60 eV and ZTe ∼ 150 to 200 eV.

Preliminary results of the self-emission of charged particles from magnetically driven plasma jets has been investigated. The jets were launched and driven by a toroidal magnetic field generated by introducing a ∼ 1.4 MA, 250 ns electrical current pulse from the MAGPIE generator into a radial wire array. This configuration has shown to reproduce some aspects of the astrophysical magnetic-tower jet launching model, in which a jet is collimated by a toroidal magnetic field inside a magnetic cavity. The emission of ions and protons from the plasma was recorded onto Columbia Resin 39 plates using time-integrated pinhole cameras. In addition a fly-eye camera, an array of 25-496 cylindrical apertures allowed estimating the location of the ion emitting source. The results show the ion emission comes from both the jet and its surrounding magnetic cavity, with the emission extending to a height of at least ∼ 9 cm from the initial position of the wires. The emission of ions is consistent with the dynamics of the jet obtained from time-resolved imaging diagnostics, i.e. optical laser probing and self-emission of the plasma in the extreme ultra-violet. These preliminary results suggest the ions are trapped inside the cavity due to the strong toroidal magnetic field which drives the jet. In addition these studies provide first estimates of the energy and fluence of protons for future laser-driven proton probing diagnostics aimed at measuring the magnetic field in these experiments. © IOP Publishing and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.

Summary form only given. Experimental investigation of collisions of supersonic plasma jets with metal foils and head-on collisions of two jets will be presented. The jets are produced by ablation of thin Al foils driven by 1.4MA, 250ns current pulse in a radial foil z-pinch configuration [1.2, 3] . The jets propagate with velocity of ~50-100km/s, have high degree of collimation (opening angle 2-5°) and are radiatively cooled (cooling time

A supersonic (Mach∼2–3), radiatively cooled plasma jet is produced by the ablation of aluminium plasma from a radial foil, a disc subjected to a ∼1.4 MA, 250 ns current from the MAGPIE pulsed-power generator. The ablated plasma converges on axis, producing a steady and collimated jet with axial velocities reaching ∼100 km/s. The study of jet-ambient interactions is achieved by introducing a neutral gas above the foil using a fast valve with a supersonic gas nozzle. The system has flexibility to study different interaction geometries in order to vary critical dimensionless parameters for astrophysical studies. In particular the effects of radiative cooling on the working surface of the jet are strongly affected by varying the gas composition. Experimental results are compared to numerical simulations using the 3-D MHD code GORGON.

The inductance of imploding cylindrical wire array z-pinches has been determined from measurements of load voltage and current. A thorough analysis method is presented that explains how the load voltage of interest is found from raw signals obtained using a resistive voltage divider. This method is applied to voltage data obtained during z-pinch experiments carried out on the MAGPIE facility (1.4 MA, 240 ns rise-time) in order to calculate the load inductance and thereafter the radial trajectory of the effective current sheath during the snowplough implosion. Voltage and current are monitored very close to the load, allowing these calculations to be carried out without the need for circuit modelling. Measurements give a convergence ratio for the current of between 3.1 and 5.7 at stagnation of the pinch.

A series of experiments has been conducted in order to investigate the azimuthal structures formed by the interactions of cylindrically converging plasma flows during the ablation phase of aluminium wire array Z pinch implosions. These experiments were carried out using the 1.4 MA, 240 ns MAGPIE generator at Imperial College London. The main diagnostic used in this study was a two-colour, end-on, Mach-Zehnder imaging interferometer, sensitive to the axially integrated electron density of the plasma. The data collected in these experiments reveal the strongly collisional dynamics of the aluminium ablation streams. The structure of the flows is dominated by a dense network of oblique shock fronts, formed by supersonic collisions between adjacent ablation streams. An estimate for the range of the flow Mach number (M = 6.2-9.2) has been made based on an analysis of the observed shock geometry. Combining this measurement with previously published Thomson Scattering measurements of the plasma flow velocity by H...

Experiments to study the ablation dynamics of coiled wire arrays were performed on the MAGPIE generator (1 MA, 240 ns) at Imperial College, and on the COBRA generator at Cornell University's Laboratory of Plasma Studies (1 MA, 100 ns). The MAGPIE generator was used to drive coiled wires in an inverse array configuration to study the distribution of ablated plasma. Using interferometry to study the plasma distribution during the ablation phase, absolute quantitative measurements of electron line density demonstrated very high density contrasts between coiled ablation streams and inter-stream regions many millimetres from the wire. The measured density contrasts for a coiled array were many times greater than that observed for a conventional array with straight wires, indicating that a much greater axial modulation of the ablated plasma may be responsible for the unique implosion dynamics of coiled arrays. Experiments on the COBRA generator were used to study the complex redirection of plasma around a coiled wire that gives rise to the ablation structure exhibited by coiled arrays. Observations of this complex 3D plasma structure were used to validate the current model of coiled array ablation dynamics [Hall et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 065003 (2008)], demonstrating irrefutably that plasma flow from the wires behaves as predicted. Coiled wires were observed to ablate and implode in the same manner on both machines, indicating that current rise time should not be an issue for the scaling of coiled arrays to larger machines with fast current rise times.

Experiments have been carried out to investigate the collisional dynamics of ablation streams produced by cylindrical wire array z-pinches. A combination of laser interferometric imaging, Thomson scattering, and Faraday rotationimaging has been used to make a range of measurements of the temporal evolution of various plasma and flow parameters. This paper presents a summary of previously published data, drawing together a range of different measurements in order to give an overview of the key results. The paper focuses mainly on the results of experiments with tungsten wire arrays. Early interferometric imagingmeasurements are reviewed, then more recent Thomson scattering measurements are discussed; these measurements provided the first direct evidence of ablation stream interpenetration in a wire array experiment. Combining the data from these experiments gives a view of the temporal evolution of the tungsten stream collisional dynamics. In the final part of the paper, we present new experimental measurements made using an imagingFaraday rotationdiagnostic. These experiments investigated the structure of magnetic fields near the array axis directly; the presence of a magnetic field has previously been inferred based on Thomson scattering measurements of ion deflection near the array axis. Although the Thomson and Faradaymeasurements are not in full quantitative agreement, the Faraday data do qualitatively supports the conjecture that the observed deflections are induced by a static toroidal magnetic field, which has been advected to the array axis by the ablation streams. It is likely that detailed modeling will be needed in order to fully understand the dynamics observed in the experiment.

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is a 192 laser beam facility designed to support the Stockpile Stewardship, High Energy Density and Inertial Confinement Fusion programs. We report on the preliminary design of an Optical Thomson Scattering (OTS) diagnostic that has the potential to transform the community's understanding of NIF hohlraum physics by providing first principle, local, time-resolved measurements of under-dense plasma conditions. The system design allows operation with different probe laser wavelengths by manual selection of the appropriate beamsplitter and gratings before the shot. A deep-UV probe beam (λ0 between 185-215 nm) will optimally collect Thomson scattered light from plasma densities of 5 x 1020 electrons/cm3 while a 3ω probe will optimally collect Thomson scattered light from plasma densities of 1 x 1019 electrons/cm3. We report the phase I design of a two phase design strategy. Phase I includes the OTS recording system to measure background levels at NIF and phase II will include the integration of a probe laser.

Summary form only given. A supersonic (Mach∼3–5), radiatively cooled plasma jet is produced by the ablation of plasma from a radial foil1, a metallic disk subjected to a ∼1.4 MA, 250 ns current pulse from the MAGPIE generator. The ablated plasma converges on axis, producing a steady and collimated jet with a typical axial velocity of ∼100 km/s.

Summary form only given. Coiled arrays, a cylindrical array in which each wire is formed into a single helix, suppress the modulation of ablation at the fundamental wavelength. Instead, ablation flow is modulated at the wavelength of the coil, and arrays with large coil wavelength produce an organized mode of implosion in which the global instability can be controlled. The ablation and implosion dynamics of coiled arrays in this regime were studied using a combination of resistive voltage probes and Faraday rotation. These experiments were carried out on the MAGPIE generator at Imperial College. This research was sponsored by the DOE under Cooperative Agreements DEF03-02NA00057 and the Imperial College Junior Research Fellowship scheme.

Summary form only given. We will present experiments on the MAGPIE facility (1.5MA, 250ns) in which an inverse wire array1 (with the wires acting as a return current cage placed around a central current conductor) operated as a fast current switch. This allowed to significantly reduce the rise-time of the current pulse (

Preliminary results of the interaction of a supersonic, radiatively cooled plasma jet with an ambient gas are presented. The experimental setup consists of a radial foil, a mum-thick aluminium disc held between two concentric electrodes and subjected to a 1.4 MA, 250-ns current pulse from the MAGPIE generator. The plasma flow, with typical velocities of ~70–90 km/s, is produced by the J × B force acting on the plasma ablated from the foil. A jet is formed from the convergence of this ablated plasma on the axis of the system. A new setup allows the jet to interact with an argon ambient (particle density N ~1016-17 cm−3) from a supersonic gas nozzle (Mach ~9). First results are characterised by the presence of several (previously unseen) shock structures, which are formed from the interaction of the jet with the argon ambient.