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With the increasing engagement of human beings in the pursuit of healthcare, running as a sport has become a fashionable and healthcare first choice. This research uses artificial intelligence technology to carry out intelligent analysis when conducting running training. Artificial intelligence technology can accurately analyze and predict the application requirements of sports training postures. We proposed an analysis of sports posture and a prediction system, which uses running training data in the form of a heart rate, recorded on a GPS smart sports watch, as well as using the recurrent neural network (RNN), long and short-term memory (LSTM) and the gate recursive unit (GRU). These three types of neural network methods can predict which method is best suited for a road race and can confirm that it will be completed within the scheduled finish time; these models will also perform an intelligent analysis of physical fitness (heart rate, pace) and running technology (cadence, pace). The training and test data are collected from the running training records (running distance, time, heart rate, stride frequency, stride length, pace, calories, altitude and other characteristic values) as input parameters, to test and compare the running completion time trends of the RNN, LSTM and GRU neural network methods in the exercise table, so as to evaluate their predictive abilities. The results show that the GRU method has the best predictive accuracy, and the least accurate is the LSTM method. After the hidden layers are added to the three predictive methods, the RNN is slightly regressive, the LSTM indicates a trend of significant improvement and the GRU exhibits less obvious changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte is the property of Redprint Editora Ltda. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte is the property of Redprint Editora Ltda. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte is the property of Redprint Editora Ltda. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Because the traditional multimode feasibility modeling analysis method of physical fitness training for long-distance runners has the problems of long modeling time and low modeling accuracy, a new multimode feasibility modeling analysis method for physical fitness training of long-distance runners is proposed. The improved LLE (local linear embedding) method is used to reduce the dimensionality of the training data for the physical fitness of long-distance runners. According to the processing results, the information theory is used to analyze the information content of the physical fitness training features of the long-distance runners, the information entropy of each feature is calculated, and the long-distance runners are extracted. Athlete's physical fitness enhancement training characteristics, combined with quantitative regression analysis method to carry out the information regression analysis of the long-distance runners' physical fitness training multimode statistical sequence, construct the feasibility evaluation model of the long-distance runners' physical fitness training multimode and complete the feasibility of the long-distance runners' physical fitness training multimode feasibility study Mode analysis. The simulation experiment results show that the proposed method has higher accuracy and shorter modeling time for multimode feasibility modeling of physical fitness training for long-distance runners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers investigating the determinants of marathon performance have previously focused on pre-race (e.g. training) or in-race (e.g. pacing) variables, but not both. This cross-sectional study, therefore, sought to elucidate the relationship between training behaviours, in-race pacing and anthropometric variables with eventual marathon finish time. A self-report questionnaire collecting athletes' anthropometrics, training behaviours and recent race times was administered to 260 participants in the 2018 Dublin Marathon. Participants' race numbers were cross referenced with in-race split times and finish times to determine their race performance. The accuracy or pragmatism of participants' target finish time was calculated using a 'predicted' time based on their training and previous race performances and subtracting this value from their eventual finish time. Multiple regression analysis examined the influence of age, body mass index (BMI), marathon experience, training history, target finish time pragmatism and in-race pace variance on marathon performance. The model was statistically significant and predicted marathon finish time F(7,252) = 217.761, p < 0.0005, adj. R2 = 0.858. Marathon experience (p = 0.01, Beta = 0.06), a pragmatic target finish time (p < 0.0005, Beta = -0.36), training history (p < 0.0005, Beta = 0.76) and in-race pace variance (p < 0.0005, Beta = 0.26) made statistically significant contributions to the overall regression model. A marathoners' training history accounts for the greatest variance in their overall performance, followed by the pragmatism of their target finish time and their in-race pace variance. This study provides the first indication of the combined relative importance of anthropometric, training and pacing variables to marathon performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Prescrição e Fisiologia do Exercício is the property of Instituto Brasileiro de Pesquisa e Ensino em Fisiologia do Exercicio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To determine the effects of HRV-guided running training on mood state and recovery-stress factors in untrained women. Thirty untrained women were randomized into two groups. The CG performed a pre-defined training program while the HRVG completed their running training regarding the intensity distribution according to the parasympathetic activity. The questionnaires of perception of recovery-stress and mood state were answered pre and post-training. The CG reported reduced emotional stress (-0.8±1.3), conflicts/pressure (-0.8±0.8), and increased sleep quality (0.9±1.1), personal acceptance (0.9±1.6), self-regulation (0.8±1.3), specific recovery mean (0.6±0.9), and total recovery mean (0.4±0.7). The HRVG reported decreased general stress (-0.5±0.8), emotional stress (-0.7±1.2), social stress (-0.8±1.0), lack of energy (-0.8±0.8), general stress mean (-0.5±0.8), and increased self-regulation (0.7±1.1). This group also decreased tension (-2.8±3.7), depression (-2.7±4.2), anger (-2.8±4.4) and fatigue (-2.7±3.7) and TMD (-10.7±14.2). HRVG reduced negative scales of mood state and stress factors that were not observed in the controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tests of repeated-sprint ability provide a simple way to evaluate the basic physical characteristics of speed and endurance necessary to excel in various multiple-sprint sports. Furthermore, such tests help overcome the complications associated with field-based evaluations of this type of exercise. Nevertheless, despite over 40 y of research, many issues regarding our understanding of multiple-sprint work remain unresolved. This commentary aims to raise awareness of issues relating to methodology, physiological responses, and the effectiveness of various ergogenic and training strategies; to promote a greater understanding; and to drive future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Purpose The relationships between distance (D lim), speed (S) and exhaustion time (t lim) can be described by different empirical models: power laws (D lim = kt lim g, and S = kt lim (g −1) in Kennelly's model); critical speed (S Crit) (D lim = a + S Crit t lim) and logarithmic model (S = 1–E*ln t lim in Péronnet–Thibault model). Methods These models have been applied to the performance of nine physical education students. In the first session, they performed the Montreal Track Test whose speed at the last stage (sMTT) is assumed to correspond to maximal aerobic speed. Thereafter, they performed 3 exhausting running exercises at 90, 100 and 110% sMTT, in different sessions with randomized order. The values of g and k were computed as (g 1 , k 1) from t lim at 90 (t lim90), 100 (t lim100) and 110% sMTT (g 1 , k 1) and also from t lim90 and t lim100 (k 2 , g 2). The values of S Crit were normalized to sMTT. Results Significant correlations (r > 0.999) of the relationships between the logarithms of D lim and t lim were observed. S Crit was not significantly correlated with g 1 , g 2 and E. In contrast, the correlations between the individual values of g 1 , g 2 and E were highly significant. Conclusion The high relationship between the logarithms of D lim and t lim suggested that power laws can be applied to subjects not-specialized in endurance. However, further studies with different protocols are necessary to determine if the power-law model is more accurate and useful than the logarithmic model in subjects who are not specialized in endurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study explored the agreement between a single-run and a multiple-run method for force-velocity (Fv) profiling of sprinting athletes; we evaluated both absolute values and changes over time caused by sprint training.Methods: Seventeen female handball players (23 ± 3 years, 177 ± 7 cm, 73 ± 6 kg) performed 30 m un-resisted and resisted sprints (50, 80 and 110 N resistance) before and after an 8-week sprint training intervention. Two approaches were used to calculate theoretical maximal velocity (v0), horizontal force (F0), power (Pmax), and the force-velocity slope (SFv): (1) the single-run method, based on inverse dynamics applied to the centre-of-mass movement, was calculated from anthropometric and sprint split time data; and (2) the multiple-run method, where peak velocity from un-resisted and resisted sprints were plotted against the horizontal resistances.Results: Trivial differences in v0 (0.7%) were observed between the two calculation methods. Corresponding differences for F0, Pmax and SFv were 16.4, 15.6 and 17.6%, respectively (most likely; very large effect size). F0 showed poor agreement between the methods (r = 0.26 and 0.16 before and after the intervention). No substantial correlation between the changes (from pre- to post-training tests) in SFV calculated with the single-run and the multiple-run methods were observed (r = 0.03) [corrected].Conclusions: This study revealed poor agreement between the Fv relationships of the investigated calculation methods. In practice, both methods may have a purpose, but the single-run and the multiple-run methods appear to measure somewhat different sprint properties and cannot be used interchangeably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to establish whether acetaminophen improves performance of self-paced exercise. Twenty recreationally active runners (age, 28.8 ± 4.10 yrs; mass, 74.84 ± 8.20 kg; %fat, 14.54 ± 6,05; and VO2 max 55.67 ± 5.35 mL·kg-1·min-1) performed, an incremental test (0% inclination, 2 min stages) to volitional fatigue to determine VO2 max. The subjects completed a familiarization test of a 3 km time-trial (TT) treadmill run. On separate days the subjects completed two experimental self-paced 3 km time-trial runs on a treadmill beginning their effort at a speed corresponding with 90% VO2 max. During the experimental trials, subjects ingested either 1.5 g acetaminophen (ACT) or placebo (PLA) in a double blind, randomized, crossover design. Mean and maximum heart rate were recorded every 30 sec during each 3 km time-trial runs. Time (pace) per kilometer was also recorded. At the end of each TT, a category-ratio scale (6 to 20) was used to assess perceived pain (RPE). Blood lactate concentration (B [La]) was measured 3 to 5 min after completion of each TT. Mean 3 km performance time was lower (P<0.05) after ACT (733.7 ± 92.86 sec) compared with PLA (747.8 ± 95.9 sec). Acetaminophen administration induced a mean 1.9% improvement in 3 km running performance. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was slightly higher after PLA (18.9 ± 1.04, P<0.05) compared with ACT (18.3 ± 1.00). The subjects also during TT ran the 2nd km (PLA, 250.43 ± 32.02 vs. ACT, 245.61 ± 32.60 sec) and 3rd km (PLA, 248.18 ± 34,18 vs. ACT, 239.91 ± 33 sec) faster (P<0.05). Blood lactate (PLA, 11.04 ± 2.62 vs. ACT, 10.94 ± 1.71 mmol·L-1) and maximum heart rate (PLA, 185.9 ± 10.97 vs. ACT, 185.5 ± 10.79 beats·min-1) were not different P>0.05) between TT. Acetaminophen administration improves running endurance performance through increased pain threshold. Acetaminophen ingestion lowered discomfort, allowing the runners to exercise at a greater intensity for the same level of perceived pain and exertion. The results of the present study support the notion that exercise performance is partly regulated by pain perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Training with blood flow restriction (BFR) is known to enhance muscle mass and strength during resistance training activities. However, little is known about the BFR effects during aerobic training. This investigation examines the effects of running training performed with or without BFR on physiology and performance.Method: Sixteen subjects (age 24.9 ± 6.9 years, height 172.9 ± 7.8 cm, weight 75.1 ± 13.8 kg) were assigned to a BFR or control (CON) group for eight sessions of training. Before and after training, subjects completed an incremental test to determine peak running velocity (PRV) maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) and running economy (RE), followed by a time to exhaustion run (TTE) performed at PRV. Training for both groups consisted of progressively increasing volumes of 30-s repetitions completed at 80% of PRV.Results: The BFR and CON groups reported gains (6.3 ± 3.5 vs 4.0 ± 3.3%) in [Formula: see text] following training with only trivial (ES = 0.18) differences between groups. Similarly, PRV and incremental test time increased in both training groups with a small (ES ~ 0.3) additional enhancement in favour of the BFR group. Running economy improved in the BFR group but not in CON (ES = 0.4). TTE also increased in both BFR (27 ± 9%) and CON groups (17 ± 6%) with a small (ES = 0.31) additional benefit in favour of the BFR group.Conclusions: Using BFR during training appears to confer small but potentially worthwhile improvements in RE, PRV and TTE measures. The improvements following BFR training are likely due to muscular rather than cardiovascular function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The ability to sustain intense exercise seems to be partially limited by the body’s capability to counteract decreases in both intra- and extracellular pH. While the influence of an enhanced buffering capacity via sodium bicarbonate (BICA) on short-term, high-intensity exercise performance has been repeatedly investigated, studies on prolonged endurance performances are comparatively rare, especially for running. The aim of the following study was to assess the ergogenic effects of an oral BICA substitution upon exhaustive intensive endurance running performance. Method: In a double-blind randomized cross-over study, 18 trained runners (VO2peak: 61.2 ± 6.4 ml•min-1•kg-1) performed two exhaustive graded exercise tests and two constant load tests (30 main at 95% individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) followed by 110% IAT until exhaustion) after ingestion of either sodium bicarbonate (BICA) (0.3 g/kg) or placebo (4 g NaCl) diluted in 700 ml of water. Time to exhaustion (TTE) in the constant load test was defined as the main outcome measure. Throughout each test respiratory gas exchange measurements were conducted as well as determinations of heart rate, blood gases and blood lactate concentration. Results: TTE in the constant load test did not differ significantly between BICA and placebo conditions (BICA: 39.6 ± 5.6 min, placebo: 39.3 ± 5.6 min; p = 0.78). While pH in the placebo test dropped to a slightly acidotic value two minutes after cessation of exercise (7.34 ± 0.05) the value in the BICA trial remained within the normal range (7.41 ± 0.06) (p < 0.001). In contrast, maximum running speed (Vmax) in the exhaustive graded exercise test was significantly higher with BICA (17.4 ± 1.0 km/h) compared to placebo (17.1 ± 1.0 km/h) (p = 0.009). The numerical difference in maximum oxygen consumption (VO2peak) failed to reach statistical significance (BICA: 61.2 ± 6.4 ml•min-1•kg-1, placebo: 59.8 ± 6.4 ml•min-1•kg-1; p = 0.31). Maximum blood lactate was significantly higher with BICA compared to the corresponding placebo test (BICA: 11.1 ± 2.3 mmol/l, placebo: 8.9 ± 3.0 mmol/l; p < 0.001). At the end of exercise, an acidotic pH value was found in both exhaustive graded exercise tests (p = 0.002). BICA caused gastrointestinal side effects in 15 patients. Conclusion: Maximal performance was enhanced significantly after BICA administration. The ergogenic effect of BICA in the exhaustive graded exercise test can most likely be attributed to an increased anaerobic glycolysis that is reflected by an accumulation of lactate. However, TTE in prolonged high-intensity running was not improved. Even at the end of exercise no severe metabolic acidosis was found. Metabolic acidification as one of the dominant factors causing muscular fatigue should therefore be reconsidered. Trial registration: German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS) . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time-trials represent an ecologically valid approach to assessment of endurance performance. Such information is useful in the application of testing protocols and estimation of sample sizes required for research/magnitude based inference methods. The present study aimed to investigate the intra-subject variability of 5 km time-trial running performance in trained runners. Six competitive trained male runners (age = 33.8 ± 10.1 years; stature = 1.78 ± 0.01 m; body mass = 69.0 ± 10.4 kg, VO2max = 62.6 ± 11.0 ml·kg·min-1) completed an incremental exercise test to volitional exhaustion followed by 5 x 5 km time-trials (including a familiarisation trial), individually spaced by 48 hours. The time taken to complete each trial, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion and speed were all assessed. Intra-subject absolute standard error of measurement and the coefficient of variance were calculated for time-trial variables in addition to the intra-class correlation coefficient for time taken to complete the time-trial. For the primary measure time, results showed a coefficient of variation score across all participants of 1.5 ± 0.59% with an intra-class correlation coefficient score of 0.990. Heart rate, rating of perceived exertion and speed data showed a variance range between 0.8 and 3.05%. It was concluded that when compared with related research, there was observed low intra-subject variability in trained runners over a 5 km distance. This supports the use of this protocol for 5 km time-trial performance for assessment of nutritional strategies, ergogenic aids or training interventions on endurance running performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Running-related injuries are highly prevalent.Objective: Synthesise published evidence with international expert opinion on the use of running retraining when treating lower limb injuries.Design: Mixed methods.Methods: A systematic review of clinical and biomechanical findings related to running retraining interventions were synthesised and combined with semistructured interviews with 16 international experts covering clinical reasoning related to the implementation of running retraining.Results: Limited evidence supports the effectiveness of transition from rearfoot to forefoot or midfoot strike and increase step rate or altering proximal mechanics in individuals with anterior exertional lower leg pain; and visual and verbal feedback to reduce hip adduction in females with patellofemoral pain. Despite the paucity of clinical evidence, experts recommended running retraining for: iliotibial band syndrome; plantar fasciopathy (fasciitis); Achilles, patellar, proximal hamstring and gluteal tendinopathy; calf pain; and medial tibial stress syndrome. Tailoring approaches to each injury and individual was recommended to optimise outcomes. Substantial evidence exists for the immediate biomechanical effects of running retraining interventions (46 studies), including evaluation of step rate and strike pattern manipulation, strategies to alter proximal kinematics and cues to reduce impact loading variables.Summary and Relevance: Our synthesis of published evidence related to clinical outcomes and biomechanical effects with expert opinion indicates running retraining warrants consideration in the treatment of lower limb injuries in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Objective Training high–living low model has been studied as an intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) for anaerobic performance improvement. To test the hypothesis that a high-intensity circuit strength training (CST) performed in hypoxia increases the anaerobic running performance at sea level. Equipment and methods Twelve sub-elite male 400-m runners were divided into two groups: hypoxia (HYP) ( n = 6) and control (NOR) ( n = 6). Twelve sessions were performed over a period of four weeks (three days/week) without any additional running training. Hypobaric training was performed at a simulated altitude of 3000 m (700 hPa; 10.15 PSI). The anaerobic running performance was tested with a repeated interval running training (RIR). Based on an “all-out” 300-m test performed before and after CST, the subjects performed as many sets as they could at 90% of the individual maximal speed reached with a three-minute rest period between sets. Results As compared to controls, the HYP group showed the following responses post CST: RIR +20.5% (number of sets) ( P < 0.03); (HYP: 4.3 ± 1 to 6.6 ± 1.9 vs. NOR: 3.6 ± 1 to 4.6 ± 1.3), maximal lactate accumulation (in the last set) +8.1% ( P < 0.03) (HYP: 11.8 ± 1 to 15.7 ± 1.3 vs. NOR: 12.5 ± 0.9 to 14.6 ± 1.6). Maximum and recovery heart rates finishing the test and hematology did not show statistically significant differences ( P > 0.05). However, CST in HYP showed a higher HR avg (152.6 ± 6.2) than sea level training (144.4 ± 5.1) ( P < 0.01). Conclusions These data indicate that a CST in hypoxia conditions increases the anaerobic performance in trained athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a simulated intermittent altitude device on endurance performance and mucosal immunity. Twenty well-trained male runners and/or triathletes were exposed to the hypoxic stimulus for 15 days. Time to complete a 10K race and salivary IgA antibodies were measured at baseline and post-treatment. Comparisons between groups were made using the non-parametric unpaired Mann-Whitney test. Time to complete the 10K race significantly decreased for the treatment group compared to the control group (P<0.05). No significant decrease in salivary IgA antibodies was detected in either group (P≥0.05). The simulated altitude from the handheld Alto2Lab device produced the same performance enhancing effects as a live high train low environment in a short time and without the added stress of live high train low training that could compromise the mucosal immune system. The simulated altitude device may be attractive to competitive endurance athletes to enhance training while decreasing the potential for upper respiratory tract infection that often occurs with rigorous endurance or altitude training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the validity of methods for quantifying training load, fitness and fatigue in endurance athletes using a mathematical model. Methods: Seven trained runners ( $$\dot{V}$$ Omax: 51.7 ± 4.5 mL kg min, age: 38.6 ± 9.4 years, mean ± SD) completed 15 weeks of endurance running training. Training sessions were assessed using a heart rate (HR), running pace and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Training dose was calculated using the session-RPE method, Banisters TRIMP and the running training stress score (rTSS). Weekly running performance (1,500-m time trial), fitness (submaximal HR, resting HR) and fatigue [profile of mood states, heart rate variability (HRV)] were measured. A mathematical model was applied to the training data from each runner to provide individual estimates of performance, fitness and fatigue. Correlations assessed the relationships between the modelled and actual weekly performance, fitness and fatigue measures within each runner. Results: Training resulted in 5.4 ± 2.6 % improvement in 1,500-m performance. Modelled performance was correlated with actual performance in each subject, with relationships being r = 0.70 ± 0.11, 0.60 ± 0.10 and 0.65 ± 0.13 for the rTSS, session-RPE and TRIMP input methods, respectively. There were moderate correlations between modelled and actual fitness (submaximal HR) for the session-RPE (−0.43 ± 0.37) and TRIMP (−0.48 ± 0.39) methods and moderate-to-large correlations between modelled and actual fatigue measured through HRV indices for both session-RPE (−0.48 ± 0.39) and TRIMP (−0.59 ± 0.31) methods. Conclusions: These findings showed that each of the training load methods investigated are appropriate for quantifying endurance training dose and that submaximal HR and HRV may be useful for monitoring fitness and fatigue, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Despite a growing number of marathoners and evoking interest and attention, there is no tool to measure their motives for running in Poland. The study presents an adaptation of the tool measuring those motives: The Motivations of Marathoners Scales (Masters, Ogles and Jolton, 1993). Material and methods. The original tool consists of 56 items divided into nine scales: (1) general health orientation, (2) weigh concern, (3) affiliation, (4) recognition, (5) competition, (6) personal goal achievement, (7) psychological coping, (8) self-esteem, (9) life meaning. Characteristics of the original scales are presented, including confirmatory factor analysis, reliability and validity measurements. The adaptation was made taking participants of the two biggest marathons in Poland in 2011 as the subjects (N = 126). Results. After the adaptation procedure, the 41-item instrument was built. The scales presented have good internal consistency indices. Results of the reliability and validity assessment of the scales as well as confirmatory factor analysis of the model is as good as in the original MOMS. conclusion. Adapted questionnaire is good enough for being used for scientific as well as practical purposes. It can be used for marathon runners as well as runners of other distances or even non runners. As a qualitative tool it can be also used for other disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participants in cause-based endurance-training programs raise funds for a charitable cause and, are coached to complete a marathon or other endurance event (Havenar & Lochbaum, 2007). However, despite the growing popularity of these programs (Nettleton & Hardey, 2006), little research exists on the relationship between the charitable cause and the motivation to train consistently. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate runners in a cause-based marathon-training program to determine their motivations to train consistently in the program. In-depth interviews were conducted with thirteen participants. Following inductive analysis, three major general categories and four supporting categories emerged. Major categories included the growing connection with the cause, improved fitness and athleticism, and mutual training support. Supporting categories included mutual social support (unrelated to the training aspect), personal growth, fundraising, and the response from family and friends. These results contribute to the literature on cause-based training programs, and the research aimed at developing effective interventions to enhance exercise motivation and adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study concerning the effect of equated interval and continuous running programs on jump capacity and endurance performance. It states that 22 physically active men were distributed randomly into a continuous training group (CTG), interval training group (ITG), and control group. It mentions that a data analysis of results revealed significant and similar improvements for both CTG and ITG. It comments on the results of an analysis of variance for maximal aerobic speed.

The article presents a study which examined the effects of acute and chronic inspiratory muscle loading on an exercise program designed to increase tolerance towards high-intensity running. Information on the exercise intervals of test subjects is presented. Results suggest that chronic and acute inspiratory muscle loading can be beneficial as a training strategy to increase tolerance to high-intensity running.

This study examined effects of periodized maximal versus explosive strength training and reduced strength training, combined with endurance training, on neuromuscular and endurance performance in recreational endurance runners. Subjects first completed 6 weeks of preparatory strength training. Then, groups of maximal strength (MAX, n=11), explosive strength (EXP, n = 10) and circuit training (C, n = 7) completed an 8-week strength training intervention, followed by 14 weeks of reduced strength training. Maximal strength(IRM) and muscle activation (EMG) of leg extensors, countermovement jump (CMJ), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2MAX), velocity at VO2MAX (vVO2MAX) running economy (RE) and basal serum hormones were measured. 1 RM and CMJ improved (p<0.05) in all groups accompanied by increased EMG in MAX and EXP(p<0.05) during strength training. Minor changes occurred in VO2MAX, but vVO2MAX improved in all groups (p<0.05)and RE in EXP(p<0.05). During reduced strength training 1RM and EMG decreased in MAX (p<0.05) while vVO2MAX in MAX and EXP (p<0.05) and RE in MAX (p<0.01) improved. Serum testosterone and cortisol remained unaltered. Maximal or explosive strength training performed concurrently with endurance training was more effective in improving strength and neuromuscular performance and in enhancing vVO2MAX and RE in recreational endurance runners than concurrent circuit and endurance training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving endurance is as important as the speed and technique. Speed running and method Fartlek are essential components in the most field and trainer of physical qualities. Speed running has relationships with trainable physical qualities such as strength, power, speed endurance and technique. The speed running has long been accepted for evaluating by 30m and 50m events for children. Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between speed running and Fartlek method. Research methods and procedures In this experiment participated two groups of subjects, each consisting of 15 athletes of 12 years age, with 2 years of practice in athletics. (15 girls for experiment group and 15 girls for witness group) participated voluntarily in the study. The age, body height and body weight were12.07±0.94, CV%-7.78, 149.73±6.54 CV%-4.3635.2±4.53 CV%-12.86 for experiment group and 12.86±0.84, CV%-6.53, 148.80±6.04, CV%-4.05, 36.93±3.85, CV%-10.42 for witness group, respectively (mean±s). The subjects performed three tests: two events for speed running 30m, 50m a distance running during 2 min running test. All data are expressed as mean± standard deviation (s). Pearson's r product-moment correlations coefficients were used to explore the relationships between 30m and distance running during 2 min running p< 0.05 and 50m and distance running during 2 min running p>0.05. Results and discussion For 30m girls from experimental group obtained a significant difference between initial and final tests t dependent tests (n-1) 1. Numerical value of t shows a significantly different from one p<0.025 for "t" student test (n-1) between initial and final tests and significantly different p<0.005 for t student (n-2), for final testing between groups experiment and witness. Numerical value of "t" student test shows a significantly different from one p<0.025 for t (n-1) between initial and final tests and significantly different p<0.005 for t student (n-2), for final testing between groups experiment and witness for running on distance during 2 min. For Pearson correlation "r" there were significant and inverse relationships between 30m speed running and distance running 2 min event, r=-0.57, p<0.05 and insignificat between 50m speed running and distance running 2 min event. Conclusions Hypothesis was not confirmed in all. Significant progress has obtained evidence of only speed running of 30m event. Method of Fartlek to hill positively influenced running the test speed of 30 m distance, while not contributed to the speed of distance of 50m race to girls of 12years old. Therefore method Fartlek may also be considered as possible predictor factor speed running on event 30m sprint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a systematic review of the effects of resistance training on the performance of highly trained endurance distance runners. Studies reviewed examined the use of explosive resistance training and heavy weight resistance training. Results indicate that resistance training has a positive effect on endurance running performance.

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The article offers information on how to prevent running injuries by means of internal strengthening. Internal strengthening is a method for reducing injury occurrence when running, using barefoot activity to promote positive adaptations to running stress. The method increase the strength of supportive structures. Details related to the theory behind the use of barefoot activity as a means of reducing running injuries are presented, followed by discussion on practical steps for implementing barefoot activity in a training scheme.

Background: Although running has positive effects on health and fitness, the incidence of a running-related injury (RRI) is high. Research on prevention of RRI is scarce; to date, no studies have involved novice runners. Hypothesis: A graded training program for novice runners will lead to a decrease in the absolute number of RRIs compared with a standard training program. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: GRONORUN (Groningen Novice Running) is a 2-armed randomized controlled trial comparing a standard 8-week training program (control group) and an adapted, graded, 13-week training program (intervention group), on the risk of sustaining an RRI. Participants were novice runners (N = 532) preparing for a recreational 4-mile (6.7-km) running event. The graded 13- week training program was based on the 10% training rule. Both groups registered information on running characteristics and RRI using an Internet-based running log. The primary outcome measure was RRIs per 100 participants. An RRI was defined as any musculoskeletal complaint of the lower extremity or back causing a restriction of running for at least 1 week. Results: The graded training program was not preventive for sustaining an RRI (χ² = 0.016, df = 1, P = .90). The incidence of RRI was 20.8% in the graded training program group and 20.3% in the standard training program group. Conclusions: This randomized controlled trial showed no effect of a graded training program (13 weeks) in novice runners, applying the 10% rule, on the incidence of RRI compared with a standard 8-week training program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effects of high-intensity training and/or a single bout of exercise on in vitro function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), the rats were subjected to 8 weeks of interval running program (final training: 2.5-min running x 4 sets per day, 50 m/min at 10% incline). Following training, SR function, i.e., Ca2+-ATPase activity and Ca2+-uptake and release rates, was examined in homogenates of the superficial region of the vastus lateralis muscle from rats subjected to a single bout of treadmill running (50 m/min at 10% incline) for 2.5 min or to exhaustion. Training brought about a 12.4% increase (P < 0.05) in SR Ca2+-uptake rate in rested muscles. This change was not accompanied by alterations in Ca2+-ATPase activity, Ca2+-release rate, Ca2+ dependence of enzyme and protein contents of Ca2+-ATPase and ryanodine receptor. A single bout of high-intensity exercise to exhaustion evoked significant reductions (P < 0.05) in SR function, irrespective of whether or not the animals were trained. For 2.5-min run and exhausted rats, no differences existed between SR functions of untrained and trained muscles. These data suggest that high-intensity training may be capable of enhancing SR Ca2+-sequestering ability, and may not protect against decreasing SR function with high-intensity exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of two different high-intensity interval training (HIT) programs on selected aerobic physiological indices and 1500 and 5000 m running performance in well-trained runners. The following tests were completed (n = 17): (i) incremental treadmill test to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), running velocity associated with VO2 max (vVO2 max), and the velocity corresponding to 3.5 mmol/L of blood lactate concentration (vOBLA); (ii) submaximal constant-intensity test to determine running economy (RE); and (iii) 1500 and 5000 m time trials on a 400 m track. Runners were then randomized into 95% vVO2 max or 100% vVO2 max groups, and undertook a 4 week training program consisting of 2 HIT sessions (performed at 95% or 100% vVO2 max, respectively) and 4 submaximal run sessions per week. Runners were retested on all parameters at the completion of the training program. The VO2 max values were not different after training for both groups. There was a significant increase in post-training vVO2 max, RE, and 1500 m running performance in the 100% vVO2 max group. The vOBLA and 5000 m running performance were significantly higher after the training period for both groups. We conclude that vOBLA and 5000 m running performance can be significantly improved in well-trained runners using a 4 week training program consisting of 2 HIT sessions (performed at 95% or 100% vVO2 max) and 4 submaximal run sessions per week. However, the improvement in vVO2 max, RE, and 1500 m running performance seems to be dependent on the HIT program at 100% vVO2 max. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sports performance is a multifactorial trait that can be associated with individual and environmental characteristics. In this study, the sample comprised 35 male runners, enrolled in the "InTrack" project. Information regarding variables related to runners' training was obtained via an online questionnaire, while anthropometric and body composition variables, as well as physical fitness components (muscular power, isometric strength, local muscular endurance, agility, and aerobic capacity) were measured, and a global physical fitness score (based on physical fitness components measured) was computed. The Weltman test (3200 m) was used to estimate runners' pace and their stride frequency. Linear regression was used, taking the running pace as dependent variable. The final model, comprising biological, physical fitness, spatiotemporal, and training variables, explained 86% of the running performance variance. Muscular power (β = −1.02; 95% CI = (−1.69)–(−0.35)), abdominal muscle endurance (β = −4.81; 95% CI = (−7.52)–(−2.10)), isometric strength (β = −422.95; 95% CI = (−689.65)–(−156.25)), global physical fitness (β = 27.14; 95% CI = 9.52–45.03), and stride frequency (β = −2.99; 95% CI = (−4.29)–(−1.69)) were significantly associated with performance, meaning that better results in tests and increasing the stride frequency leads to better performance. Individual characteristics and physical fitness components were demonstrated to be significant predictors for running performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of running applications (RAs) has recently been shown to neither increase nor decrease the risk of running-related injuries (RRIs). However, it is important to note that the study reporting these findings did not account for the influence of virtual competition or challenges, such as virtual leaderboards for certain popular “segments” and monthly “challenges” which reward users for completing predefined tasks in a given time period. Both of these factors may affect the training behaviors of RA users, and indeed may contribute to the risk of RRIs. In particular, the latter may mimic a predefined running scheme, which had a positive relationship with RRIs. Therefore, it is important for future studies to elucidate whether virtual competitions or challenges promoted by RAs influence running behavior, and consequently, the risk for RRIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Interval training in deep water running (DWR-IT) is a training method to improve cardiovascular fitness, functional health, and quality of life and to help control body weight. Its main advantages are the reduction of joint overload and a low risk of musculoskeletal injuries. The aim of the study is to investigate the influence of DWR-IT on functional capacity, body composition, and quality of life of overweight middle-aged adults.Methods: This is a randomized controlled, two-arm, open, parallel clinical trial with overweight adults. Volunteers will be allocated to a water group (WG), which will be submitted to the intervention, or a control group, which will not be subjected to any kind of intervention. The evaluation will be composed of anamnesis, electrical bioimpedance, six-minute walk test (6MWT), questionnaire on the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-lite (IWQOL-LITE), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, chair stand test, arm curl test, and food frequency questionnaire. The DWR-IT will last for 12 weeks, systematically increasing the intensity and training volume.Discussion: The objective of this clinical trial is to evaluate the effect of DWR-IT on overweight adults. The study is guided through practice based on scientific evidence for the use of training and aquatic rehabilitation. It is expected that after 12 weeks of aquatic intervention there will be a decrease in body fat by about 10%, evaluated by electrical bioimpedance, an increase of about 25% of cardiorespiratory endurance, evaluated by 6MWT, and an improvement of about 25% of physical function domains, self-esteem, distress in public places, and work, analyzed by IWQOL-LITE in the WG.Trial Registration: The study protocol was published in the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC) on June 16, 2016. Registration number: RBR-6dmh7d. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Maximal exercise tests are an accepted method to monitor fitness, however given the exertion required to complete a maximal test, exposing an athlete to such assessment on a regular basis within a training setting seems inappropriate. Submaximal exercise tests may deliver a viable alternative for monitoring athletes physiological capabilities and responses to training, thus providing an appropriate tool to monitor athletes training status. It has been demonstrated that heart rate (HR) response to a given submaximal workload may differ depending on the level of fitness and training status. Typically, trained athletes will exhibit lower exercise heart rate (HRex) and faster heart rate recovery (HRR) rates than untrained or recreationally trained individuals. The purpose of this study was to compare elite and recreational athletes HR responses to an individualised submaximal shuttle run test (SSRIndiv) and examine the association of these results and levels of fitness. METHODS: Elite rugby league athletes (n=22; 23.2 ± 3.4 yr, 186.8 ± 5.4 cm, 100.2 ± 8.5 kg), competing in the National Rugby League (NRL) competition and recreationally trained males (n=14; 25.8 ± 6.3 yr, 183.3 ± 5.4 cm, 83.3 ± 8.1 kg) volunteered to participate. Each subject performed a 1500-m continuous time trial, 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT) and a SSRIndiv. Subjects undertook familiarisation of all tests. The SSRIndiv was conducted as a continuous 20-s shuttle run, prescribed as 75% of the average speed during the 1500-m time trial, corresponding to 60.0 ± 0.2% of the final velocity achieved during the 30-15IFT (VIFT). The average HR during the final 30-s of the SSRIndiv (HRex) was calculated along with HRR following 1-minute (HRR60) and 2-minutes (HRR120) of seated recovery, expressed as a percentage decrement to HRex. Differences between groups were examined using ES and 90% CI. The likelihood of the observed effect was established using a progressive magnitude based approach. The degree of association between level of fitness (VIFT and estimated VO2max from 30-15IFT) and HR responses during and following SSRIndiv was assessed using Pearson's coefficient correlation. RESULTS: Elite NRL athletes demonstrated a possibly lower HRex (ES = -0.67 ± 0.37 (CI)), possibly greater decrement in HRR60 (ES = 0.63 ± 0.39) and very likely decrement in HRR120 (ES = 1.41 ± 0.42) following the SSRIndiv when compared to recreational athletes. Trivial and unclear correlations were observed between VIFT and estimated VO2max and HRex, HRR60 and HRR120. DISCUSSION: Elite rugby league athletes recorded lower HRex and demonstrated faster HRR during and following the SSRIndiv, indicating greater levels of cardiorespiratory function. However, when comparing these results to levels of fitness there was no association. The differences in HR responses may be indicative of the superior trained state of the elite athletes, which is likely reflective of their habitual training stimulus. It may be speculated that the determinants of these differences in physiological function may not be directly measured through the 30-15IFT. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: These findings confirm elite athletes demonstrate greater physiological performance during submaximal running indicating superior training status, however this relationship with measures of fitness required further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]