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This paper provides a commentary on research on models-based practice within physical education and presents a tutorial that aims to guide the reporting of future research using pedagogical models. Three key elements are presented that could be considered as essential for inclusion in any methods section in order for readers to gain an accurate and complete understanding of the results of studies. These are (a) rich description of the curricular elements of the unit, (b) a detailed validation of model implementation, and (c) a detailed description of the program context that includes the previous experiences of the teacher and students with the model or with models-based practice. Examples of why these are particularly prudent are provided by reference to papers reporting the outcomes of several currently used models (e.g., Sport Education, Teaching Games for Understanding, and Cooperative Learning). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Since the 1990s, the notion of intervention has expanded with growing interest in the analysis of practices in Francophone country. French-speaking research community considers intervention sciences as a specific field of research in sport and PE. The aim of this literature review was to characterize the penetration of Francophone research in the English-language literature in physical education and sport concerned with intervention since 2010 in the category 'Education & Educational Research' of the Journal Citation Reports (2017). This research was in line with the analysis of the papers presented during six Francophone congresses from 2000 to 2010 of the Association for Research on Intervention in Sport (Musard and Poggi 2015). Methods: The selection of articles was carried out in three stages: selection of journals, selection of articles manually, the second level of selection. The selection of journals is do in this category "Education & Educational Research" (JCR, 2017) focusing primarily on sport and physical education. Six journals met these criteria: Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, European Physical Education Review, Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, Sport Education and society, Quest, Journal of Hospitality Leisure Sport & Tourism Education. Then, the selection of articles was manually analyzing all the publications of each journal since 2010 (almost 2000 articles) according to inclusion criteria "sport or physical education", "francophone authors", and "intervention". Each 46 articles selected was classified according to its theoretical framework. The last stage of selection corresponded to an analyze and an extension of the literature review by a French-speaking specialist in each theoretical framework. Results: The results show that French-language research on/in/for intervention is in close connection with the international tradition. Some approaches such as didactique, a technological approach, and course of action, have a Francophone specificity based on various international theoretical anchors; others such as motor learning, social psychology, ecological approach come from non-French-speaking international theoretical frameworks. Discussion and conclusion: These findings raise the question of the Francophone specificity of intervention sciences. Beyond particular French-speaking theoretical frameworks, concepts and concerns join Anglophone traditions. As in the international fields of 'sport pedagogy' or 'praxis', the Francophone intervention sciences are composed of a diversity of theoretical approaches and are focused towards an epistemology of action. These two communities can enrich each other and deserve more interaction and exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article identifies obstacles to intercollegiate sports research. The discussion encompasses the difficulty and risk of challenging traditional beliefs, inaccessibility of intercollegiate sports data, lack of attention given by academia to sports as a research topic and too much emphasis given by influential people in the sports business to the ability of coaches to effectively control athletes regardless of their inclination to research. The article also recommends strategies to address these constraints.

This focus group study examined the sources of enjoyment and nonenjoyment among younger and older English children in the sampling years of sport participation (ages 7-12). Concurrent inductive and deductive content analysis revealed that, consistent with previous research, younger and older children reported sources of enjoyment such as perceived competence, social involvement and friendships, psychosocial support, and a mastery-oriented learning environment. Nonenjoyment sources included inappropriate psychosocial support, increasing competitive orientation, negative feedback and reinforcement, injuries, pain, and demonstrating a lack of competence. Differences between younger and older children's sources of enjoyment and nonenjoyment also emerged. Younger children reported movement sensations as a source of enjoyment and punishment for skill errors and low informational support as nonenjoyment sources. Older children reported social recognition of competence, encouragement, excitement, and challenge as sources of enjoyment with rivalry, overtraining, and high standards as sources of nonenjoyment. These differences underscore the importance of tailoring youth sport in the sampling years to the needs of the child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to examine the influence of E.W. Scripture's application of the "new psychology" to sport and physical education at the Yale psychology laboratory in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Specifically, an analysis of the influence of the new psychology on the study of the psychological aspects of sport is presented. Research and articles that studied the reaction time, accuracy, cross-education, and influence of physical training on attention and willpower are presented. Finally, the influence of Scripture's work on the field of sport psychology is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of a 1-year low intensity exercise program in community dwelling older women on falls, injuries, and risk factors for falls such as poor balance, muscular weakness, and gait abnormalities. Eighty older women were assigned to an exercise (Ex, n = 42) or attention control (Co, n = 38) group. During the 1-year study, 36% of the Ex group experienced a fall compared to 45% of the Co group (Χ² = .022, p ≥ 0.05). None of the 10 fallers in the Ex group suffered an injury that required medical attention, compared with 3 of the 14 fallers (21%) in the Co group. Further analyses indicated that the Co group declined significantly in isometric strength of the knee extensors and ankle dorsiflexors while the Ex group did not change significantly across the 1-year study. On measures of hip abductor strength, balance, and gait, the groups were not significantly different from each other pre- to postintervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project assessed training behaviors and attributes of elite wheelchair racers. Training information was received from 36 participants in the 1985 National lOK Wheelchair Roadracing Championship. Data were obtained about age, weight, nature and level of disability, racing experience, sources of training information, level of cigarette and alcohol use, and dietary habits. Weekly training behaviors across yearly quarters were assessed with regard to the number of weekly pushing workouts, length of pushing workouts, number of miles pushed per week, percentage of training time allocated to interval training and/or speedwork, number of weekly weight-training sessions, and number of other augmentative physical activities pursued twice or more per week. Perceived exertion during interval and noninterval, steady-state training tasks was also measured. Results revealed that training behaviors of elite wheelchair racers are very heterogeneous. Participation in and age of introduction to elite wheelchair racing were found to be predominantly adult phenomena. The health practices of the athletes regarding cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, diet, and weight control were generally found to be good. However, inadequate caloric control measures by the quadriplegics and the ingestion of protein supplements by male racers indicate that some dietary counseling may be needed. The results provide a starting point for a data base pertaining to training behaviors in wheelchair racing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A videotaping feedback package was developed for improving skills of youth competitive swimmers. Experiment 1 examined the videotaping package for improving freestyle and backstroke racing turns of young competitive swimmers. Positive results were obtained in a multiple-baseline design across subjects. Experiment 2 compared the videotaping feedback package to a group videotaping procedure (that the coach had been using at the time of this research) for improving freestyle swimming strokes of young competitive swimmers. The videotaping feedback package was effective whereas the group videotaping procedure had little or no effect. For most subjects in the two studies, improvements were maintained with minimal prompting and feedback under normal practice conditions. Suggestions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the crossdisciplinary structure of kinesiology and sports studies. Physical educators created an organized movement to establish an intellectual discipline found in the scientific analysis of human involvement in physical activities. Kinesiology and sports studies represented an attempt to explain, describe, and predict the existence of selected phenomena. The disciplinary inquiry was presumed to be objective and was seen to be engaged in free intelligence where the structure of discipline carried guidelines on how knowledge should be organized.

The 2030 Agenda comprises 17 new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), or Global Goals, which will guide policy and funding for the next 15 years, beginning with a historic pledge to end poverty. Everywhere. Permanently. The concept of the SDGs was born at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio+20, in 2012. The objective was to produce a set of universally applicable goals that balances the three dimensions of sustainable development: environmental, social, and economic. The Global Goals replace the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which in September 2000 rallied the world around a common 15-year agenda to tackle the indignity of poverty. The MDGs established measurable, universally-agreed objectives for eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, preventing deadly but treatable disease, and expanding educational opportunities to all children, among other development imperatives. Today there are more than one billion youth in the world. In the developing world, half of the population is below the age of 21 and most of them face extreme poverty in this context the UN General Council declared 12 August as International Youth Day on 17 December 1999 so that the "World Programme of Action for Youth to the Year 2000 and Beyond" that was prepared to combat these problems and to make communities more conscious of these problems can be convened every year on a specific date. Youth who come together every year since 2000 in the context of these delegations discuss social, economic, cultural issues and issues related to human development and publish declarations. The sport sector, which gathers millions of people, practitioners, and professionals from all ages across the five continents, has contributed significantly to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and is looking forward to accelerating its efforts in within the post-2015 Development Agenda. In this study Global Goals or Sustainable Development Goals and the Millennium Development Goals will be assessed in terms of youth and sports activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sport & Society / Sport si Societate is the property of Altius Academy Foundation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim. This study complements another previously conducted study and was based on the fact that by understanding the investigated phenomenon we can correctly identify ways and means necessary to develop favorable motivations to practicing specific activities of physical education and sport. We can say that by correctly identifying the motivations underlying the educational-instructive process, then this process provides a qualitative growth, an important role being the permanent feedback between transmitter and receiver, along with a teaching management that must be carried out in accordance with the existing motivations, all of these with the view to attract students to a healthy life based on motion. Methods. This study was conducted on a sample of 240 students in the Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti in the 2013-2014 academic year and was compared to a study in the 2009-2010 academic year. The main research method used in assessing the motivational factors related to activities of physical education and sport being the questionnaire that included 14 items. Results. As the previous study shows, the intrinsic motivation specific to activities of physical education and sport comes ahead of extrinsic motivation, students being aware of the role of physical education and sport, considering it an attractive way of maintaining health with the ultimate purpose of promoting the individual in society. Conclusions. Didactic Management represents, by all its specific components, one of the important factors in physical education and sports, resulting in higher-level active involvement of students in the process even if there is an increase of requirements on material conditions. Maintaining physical education in the school curriculum at the university level and even increasing the number of hours are a priority even in the current conditions of the society and this may facilitate the social integration of the young generation. The material conditions, the different types of communication used and the teacher's attitude, all these facilitates the students' involvement in motion in general and in physical education and sport in particular, even if their performance is weaker compared to the others, which would not have a negative influence in relationships with others colleagues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology is the property of Idokan Poland Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses current methodological trends in social research on physical education (PE), physical activity (PA) and sport in research presented on AIESEP scientific meetings. Special attention was paid to the dissemination of qualitative research approach applied independently or parallel to the qualitative measurements. Such a mixed methodological compositions allow to obtain more comprehensive and in-depth view of many scientific issues of PE, PA and sport. The article presents up-to-date research examples and some practical recommendations for further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the extent of got it today grassroots sport and sport performance both internationally and nationally well as one of the disciplines that deal with children initiating an industry practice sports are physical education curriculum. Physical education lesson should be the basis of mass sport performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the optimal methods and models of training the elements of sport game volleyball and teaching the grade students has been researched. For the implementation of the main aim, which means to establish the optimal models in training the elements of sport game volleyball and has been predicted with the grade curriculum of the primary s schools, 10 elements of the sport games the basic technical has been analyzed through 71 variables which were defined the biomechanical characteristics of analyzed movement. The coefficient of the biomechanical correspondence of the group elements was used as criteria of optimal methodical graduations of sports games elements volleyball. The optimal methodical establishment of the groups of elements has been analyzed and defined in latent space according the similarity they have in the biomechanical structures. We conduct and realized our experiments over VII grade pupils in primary schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport is a reflection of one society, with all form and all his contradictions it posed. Sport is a subsystem, a special area in every segment of society, which means that it belongs to the global order and the wider social whole. The issues of cultural conflict and interethnic tolerance slowly but surely moved to the center of political and public debate in multiethnic European countries. During a study the relationships and events in sports and sports organizations, the study takes an important place because the ethical groups overall human activity, in any form, takes place through groups or between groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical education and sports activity in schools is continuously modernizing which requires finding new methods, procedures and means to put it into practice as well as the continuous perfecting of the already existing ones. According to this task I have written this paper that concerns exactly the continuation of praticing physical education during free time, too. It aims to assimilating the technico-tactical methods through the monosport type lesson and also the development of specific motor qualities of the game. The formulated hypotheses: 1. The first hypothesis confirms the efficiency of acquiring the handball game through the monosport type lesson, opposed to the bisport type lesson. 2. Teaching handball through the monosport type lesson influences the development of motor qualities in the experiment class in a superior way different from the witness class. The experiment took place during the 2010-2011 school year for two 9th grade classes. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the methods used we assumed a permanent control of the indices of training. That is the reason why there were planned initial and final tests that included control trials specific for handball and classical trials to evaluate the level of development of the motor qualities from the National System of School Evaluation. By inerpreting the results of the research we can assert that the two formulated hyptheses were confirmed. The aim of the research is to demonstrate that handball is both an easy and accessible sport to practice as base and equipment. It allows the acquisition of numerous technico-tactical methods as well as their application in a game in a relatively short period of time during the monosport lesson. Research objectives: 1. To experiment a project of teaching technico-tactical methods specific to the handball sport game through a monosport lesson. 2. To integrate driving systems that are specific to teaching technical handball methods as well as to develop combined motor qualities (characteristic for handball) 3. To elaborate and apply handball control tests and classical tests to evaluate the level of development of the motor qualities found in the National Evaluation School System for both groups (experiment and witness), in order to evaluate the acquisition of the technical handball methods and of the monosport lesson efficiency. 4. To practically evaluate, along the experiment, the efficiency of applying the elaborated driving systems (actual work with both classes -- the experiment class was applied the monosport handball lesson while for the witness class the recquirements of the school syllabus were followed). 5. To compare the results of the two classes, experiment and witness, in both initial and final evaluation for all evaluation tests during the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: Extensive searches for the “hot hand” have been performed in a variety of sports since the pioneering study of Gilovich, Vallone, and Tversky (1985), but empirical evidence for the existence of the effect is still fairly limited. The current review reconsiders the hot hand in sports using a meta-analytic approach. Design: Mean effect size and 95% confidence interval were determined using a random effects model. Heterogeneity of the mean effect size was examined applying Cochran''s Q test and the “75 percent rule”. Method: To be included in the meta-analysis, studies had to provide an empirical investigation of the hot hand phenomenon related to sport and exercise behavior. Approximately 250 papers were located, but the final dataset included only 22 publications that met inclusion criteria, with 30 studies and 56 independent effect sizes. The articles extended over a period of twenty-seven years from 1985 until 2012. Results: The analysis of the effects yielded a minor positive mean effect size of .02, p = .49, using a random effects model, which is sufficient evidence for arguing against the existence of the hot hand. Due to the limited sample of studies available, only a few candidate-variables could be extracted and further examined as potential moderator variables. However, none of the considered variables had the power to explain the heterogeneity of effect sizes. Conclusions: The present study provides additional support for Gilovich et al.''s claim that a general hot hand effect probably does not exist in sport. The scientific implications of this review for prospect advances in the field are presented and discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Sport Scientific & Practical Aspects is the property of Faculty of Physical Education & Sport, Tuzla University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study points out the importance of the favorable predispositions in performance sport and it started from the hypothesis that, if we identify the main physiomotor predispositions considered favorable in practicing speed skating, then these can constitute a very important clue of appreciation of the future champions, being able to pointed out, by different specific tests, certain organic or functional deficiencies that later can create problems both from the athlete's health point of view or the athlete's results. By identifying these predispositions favorable we avoid the engaging in speed skating of the athletes that do not have the necessary qualities for practicing this sport. This study forms on a hierarchical system the physiomotor aptitudes considered favorable, their classification being made on the basis of a hierarchy scheme, schemes completed with the help of certain specialists from speed skating from our country. Material and methods The identification and hierarchy of the main physiomotor aptitudes favorable for practicing speed skating have been made in collaboration with two of the best coaches in the country, the used research methods and techniques being: the bibliographic study method, the questionnaire method, the observation method, the statistic-mathematical method, the graphic method. This study has been realized using the hierarchy scheme of the favorable predispositions (or choosing the best solution, from more possibilities) made by E . D. Colibaba (1998) and which we will present in the paper. Results Connected to the hierarchy of the physiomotor aptitudes we notices that, although at this age these are fluctuant, the order realized by the obtained score are: voluntary apnea, vital capacity, cardiac frequency and arterial tension. Conclusions The resulted conclusions from this paper can be at the base of certain future researches, knowing that speed skating is a very complex sport that has very varied tasks as the distance that must be crossed, from 100 m to 10000 m, containing actually all the effort forms encountered in sport. From the presented conclusions we point out the fact that, the voluntary apnea is considered a very important clue for foreseeing the future sport performances, through its connection with the hypoxia resistance, knowing that in the sport with cyclic character, such as speed skating, there is a connection proved by the superior results and the increase of the individual stability at hypoxia, the resistance at hypoxia being very strongly genetically determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the result of a research regarding the correlations between the indicators calculated through the 15 Jumps Test. The study followed 15 boys and 15 girls between the age of 8 and 18. We tried to emphasize the dynamics of the correlations between the take-off height and the 10 indicators calculated by a special program. For the evaluation of the take-off height we used the "15 Jumps Test", recorded with the "modified Miron Georgescu" sensor board. The results were recorded and analyzed with the "Microsoft Office Excel 2003" and "SPSS" (Statistical Package for Social Science) software. The conclusions of this study show that there are in boys and in girls, positive correlations between the average take-off height (H jump) and the unit power, maximum take-off height, accomplished maximum unit power and the maximum possible unit power, with values between 0,843 and 0,989. The values are closer to 1 in girls, in comparison with the boys. It appears a reversed correlation between the average take-off height and the energy variability coefficient, whereas in other indicators we see alternating the non-correlation and the reversed correlation in girls and boys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The purpose of our research consists in the emphasizing of the efficiency of some methods of preparation for the improvement of the conditioned capacities, especially the ones combined of speed and force (the swing), of students who practice sporting games in the physical education lessons. Methods. In sporting training, it rarely occurs that only one quality dominates both effort and movement, this usually is the product or the combination of at least two driving qualities. There are situations when force and speed are equal, the combination of endurance and force produces muscular endurance; the result of combining endurance and speed is speed-resistance; agility is a combination of speed, power and coordination; agility and flexibility results in mobility. It is recommended that specific exercises are practiced, concurrent with the exercises specific to the development of the driving exercises. The development of the dominant driving qualities can have a positive or a negative transfer effect. Results. There was significant differences, the biggest progress were made by the experimental group, and for the control group the progress was insignificant. Conclusions, Following this research, the obtained results demonstrate that the plyometric method used during the physical training produces significant swing growth, the subjects of the experimental group having significant diminished values at the end of the training program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the relative risk reduction associated with prophylactic knee braces in the prevention of knee injuries in collegiate football players. Data Sources: An exhaustive search for original research was performed using the PubMed, SportDiscus, and CINAHL databases from 1970 through November 2006, with the search terms knee brace, knee braces, knee bracing and football, prophylactic brace, and prophylactic knee braces. Study Selection: Seven studies comparing knee injuries among braced and nonbraced collegiate football players were included. Study methods were assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. PEDro scores ranged from 2 to 5. Data Extraction: The number of participants and frequency of knee injuries were used to calculate the relative risk reduction or increase. Data Synthesis: We found a relative risk reduction for 3 studies with point estimates of 10% (36% to -26%), 58% (25% to 76%), and 56% (13% to 77%). Four studies demonstrated an increased risk of injury, with point estimates of 17% (19% to -71%), 49% (-31% to -69%), 114% (23% to -492%), and 42% (-18% to -70%). Conclusions: Data from existing research are inconsistent. Based on a Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy level of evidence of 2 with a grade B recommendation, we cannot conclusively advocate or discourage the use of prophylactic knee braces in the prevention of knee injuries in collegiate football players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the study conducted regarding the use of the high-intensity training intervention conditioning program in improving the anaerobic endurance of the elite First-league soccer players. The study, administered to 18 soccer players, aims to examine the changes in their endurance after their two consecutive situational drills. It shows that situational high-intensity task training is more effective in progressing an endurance.

The article presents the study conducted regarding the impact of the specific leg strength training on the running ability and speed of the young professional soccer players. The study, administered to 26 male players, will determine the usefulness of the training program in improving the running ability of the players. It shows that a soccer-specific training comprising exercise circuits can enhance coordination and agility.

The article presents the study conducted regarding the occurrence of the small amplitude counter-movement (SACM) in the squat jump (SJ) trials of the elite athletes. The study aims to determine the effectiveness of the gross observation and the application of the portable position transducer. The result shows that gross observation is not appropriate in detecting the SACM in SJ.

The article discusses the study conducted regarding the impact of fatigue on the tackling technique used by the rugby league players. The study, administered to eight rugby players, aims to determine the relations between fatigue-induced decrement sand physiological capacities. The result shows that strength and conditioning programs for endurance skills can lessen fatigue-induced decrements.

The article discusses the study conducted regarding the development and effectiveness of the front abdominal power tests (FAPT) and side abdominal power tests (SAPT) in determining the risk of injury in sports. The study, administered to 24 untrained young women, aims to determine the reliability of these core stability field tests. The result shows that both tests are reliable and can be used in assessing the power component of core stability.

The article focuses on the study conducted regarding the movement patterns of small-sided training games and competition of the elite women soccer players. The study, administered to 13 players, has investigated the movement patterns and compared it to the patterns in the national and international standard sports event. The result shows that small-sided training games can simulate the overall patterns in the soccer competition.

The article focuses on the study conducted regarding the acute effects of the combined rest periods, massage and body part elevation on the performance of players in resistance exercise. The study aims to compare the various forms of short rest periods given in the resistance exercise sets. The result indicates that rest period duration has influenced the resistance exercise performance.

The article focuses on the study conducted regarding the effectiveness of the combining elastic and free weight resistance in providing power and strengths in the athletes. The study, administered to 44 young resistance-trained players, aims to determine the effectivity of this resistance compared to free weight resistance (FWR) alone. The result indicates that combined training is more effective in developing the lower and upper body strength compared to FWR.

The article focuses on the study conducted regarding the use of the health services method in determining the demographic participation of the American adults in strength training activities in the U.S. The study aims to create the profiles of the participants and examine the demographic factors. The result suggests the employment of public health methodologies in promoting the continuation of this kind of training and improve participation.

The article presents the study conducted regarding the most effective training program in improving vertical jump performance. The study administered the short-term vetrimax and depth jump training program to men and women to determine which is more beneficial. It suggests that the depth jump training is more effective compared to vetrimax because the athletes displayed a high increase during their pre-test and post-test of the vertical jump.

The article presents the study conducted regarding the effect of resistance exercise (RE) prescription based on individual salivary testosterone (T) responses of the rugby players. The study aims to prove that the RE protocol based on T response will strengthen weight training gains. The result indicates that RE can enhance functional gains as the players display consistent protocol-responses during the experimental period.

The article presents the study conducted regarding the use of heavy strength training program in improving the running time performance of the recreationally fit women endurance runners. The study, administered to 16 women, will determine the difference of this heavy strength training program from an endurance-only training. It shows that the program has no positive and negative implications on the endurance running capacity of the runners.

The article focuses on the study conducted regarding the accuracy of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test for individualizing interval training of young intermittent sport players. The study, administered to 59 players, will collect evidence by observing the relations between maximal running speed (MRS) and physiological variables to prove the accuracy of the test. The result indicates that MRS is an accurate reference speed for giving players with profiles and in standardizing training content.

Background: Tennis requires repetitive multidirectional movement patterns that can lead to lower extremity injury. Knowledge of population and age-specific strength parameters can be used during performance enhancement training and rehabilitation of tennis players. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to generate population and age-specific descriptive profiles of concentric isokinetic knee extension and flexion strength in elite junior tennis players, and determine whether bilateral differences exist between extremities and across age ranges. Methods: A total of 103 elite male tennis players (mean (SD) 15.92 (2.14), range 11–21) and 53 female tennis players (mean (SD) 15.0 (2.30, range 11–21) were isokinetically tested on a Cybex 6000 isokinetic dynamometer at 180 and 300∗/s to assess bilateral concentric knee extension and flexion strength using a standard bilateral testing protocol. Results: No significant bilateral difference between the dominant (racquet side) lower extremity and the contralateral non-dominant side were measured in lower extremity knee extension or flexion strength normalised to body weight, or in the hamstring quadriceps strength ratios in male and female subjects. Male subjects did show significant (p<0.001) increases in knee extension and flexion strength across the age ranges from 11–15 years of age to 16–21 years. Female subjects did not show any significant change in the normalised knee extension or flexion strength across age ranges. Hamstring/quadriceps strength ratios were bilaterally symmetric and remained clinically and statistically constant across age ranges for the male and female elite tennis players. Conclusions: Population and age-specific isokinetic descriptive data from elite tennis players can provide guidance in the development and monitoring of performance enhancement and rehabilitation programs for elite tennis players. The changes identified in normalised knee extension and flexion strength in elite male tennis players necessitate the use of population and age-specific descriptive data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kanter’s ( Men and women of the corporation, Basic Books, New York, 1977) proposition that those in control within organizations sustain their dominance through homologous reproduction was first applied to sport by [Knoppers, Quest 39(1):9–22, 1987]. Applying the construct to interscholastic athletics in Ohio (Stangl and Kane, Sociol Sport J 8:47–60, 1991) and in Texas (Lovett and Lowry, J Sport Manage 8:27–35, 1994) researchers were able to provide a theoretical foundation to support the anecdotal “good old boys network” which prevailed in high school athletics. This study conducted in Florida determined that while sport remained a male dominated institution, homologous reproduction did not appear to be the factor sustaining the current organizational structure within interscholastic athletic departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis. Gymnica is the property of Palacky University in Olomouc and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis. Gymnica is the property of Palacky University in Olomouc and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the study conducted regarding the lactate and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) responses of the athletes trained to compete for mixed martial arts event in Butte, Montana. The study aims to identify the metabolic demands of the sports and the effectiveness of the training program. The result indicates that RPE scores are effective during the training.

The author offers opinions on sports sciences as an academic discipline. While the application of formal scientific research standards to the study of sprots and exercise did not begin until the 1970s., some of its fundamental discoveries, such as the discovery of lactic acid in muscle, were made in the early 19th century when medical science was in its infancy. The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates wrote of the therapeutic benefits of exercise. The author believes these facts should remind sports scientists not to describe their field of study as "new."

Information about the 16th symposium on sports and physical education of youth organized by the Federation of Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia on September 21 to 22, 2014 in Ohrid, Macedonia. Topics of the symposium includes research study in field of kinesiology, physical education and sports. The symposium also features several attendees including sports teacher Aleksandar Naumovski, sports organizations and scientific institutions.

In an effort to determine the importance of desirable qualities, attributes and characteristics necessary for the success of interscholastic athletic trainers a Likert-type scale survey was mailed to all head athletic trainers of NCAA Division III institutions in the United States. The survey consisted of 24 statements allowing for the following responses: essential, very important, important, not very important, and irrelevant. The qualities that were deemed the most desirable by head athletic trainers were trustworthiness (76.2%), honesty (73.5%), dependability (66.4%), and possessing high ethical standards (66.4%). The two characteristics that were found to be the least essential were being a risk-taker (2.1%) and being a visionary (6.4%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a commentary on ball catching and the various studies which measure how one person catches one ball. Calculations of where to intercept a ball on the ground; Mathematical difficulty of the Chapman strategy in judging a run against the parabolic descent of a ball in the air; Description of a catching theory; Belief that no study can guaranteed future performance.