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A new actinomycete strain, ODS25 T , exhibited antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Kocuria rhizophila, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, was isolated from the ants, Odontomachus simillimus, collected from National Science Museum Thailand, Pathum Thani, Thailand. A polyphasic technique was used to characterize the taxonomic position. The morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of the strain are typical of members of the genus Streptomyces. Strain ODS25 T contained ll-diaminopimelic and glucose in the whole-cell hydrolysate. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C 16:0 , iso-C 15:0 , and anteiso-C 15:0 . The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, phosphatidylinositol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified phospholipids, three unidentified amino lipids and two unidentified lipids. The menaquinones were MK-9(H 6 ), MK-9(H 8 ), and MK-9(H 4 ). The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 71.3%. The 16 S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated that the strain had the highest similarity to Streptomyces lusitanus NBRC 13464 T (98.07%) but shared the phylogenetic neighbour with Streptomyces sulfonofaciens JCM 5069 T . Both digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values among strain ODS25 T and its associated Streptomyces type strains fell within the values lower than the threshold for differentiate the strain to the same species. Based on the phenotypic characteristics and genotypic distinctiveness, strain ODS25 T is considered a novel species within the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces odontomachi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ODS25 T (=TBRC 16204 T =NBRC 115862 T )., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to the Japan Antibiotics Research Association.)

An actinomycete, designated strain CH9-7 T , was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Mangifera indica. The morphological and chemotaxonomic properties, such as the production of spiral spore chains and the presence of LL-diaminopimelic acid in the peptidoglycan, showed that it belongs to the genus Streptomyces. Based on the 16S rRNA gene analysis, it was confirmed that strain CH9-7 T was a member of the genus Streptomyces and revealed 99.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to its closest relative strains, Streptomyces lydicus NBRC 13058  T and Streptomyces chattanoogensis NBRC 12754  T . Although the strain showed high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values, however, genome relatedness indexes exhibited that the average nucleotide identity based on the MUMmer (ANIm) algorithm, the average amino acid identity (AAI), and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain CH9-7 T and its closest phylogenomic relatives were below the threshold values for delineation of a novel species, (ANIm ranging from 87.5 to 88.6, AAI ranging from 80.6 to 84.6, and dDDH ranging from 28.4 to 31.7), respectively. A taxonomic position of strain CH9-7 T in the phylogenomic tree showed that the closest relative strain was S. lydicus NBRC 13058  T . The comparative phenotypic studies between strain CH9-7 T and its closest relatives revealed that strain CH9-7 T could be classified as a novel species of the genus Streptomyces. Thus, the name Streptomyces siderophoricus sp. nov. is proposed for the strain. The type strain is CH9-7 T ( = TBRC 17833  T  = NBRC 116426  T ). The chemical investigation led to the isolation of four known compounds (compounds 1-4). Among these compounds, compound 1 was identified to be nocardamine, a promising bioactive substance., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to the Japan Antibiotics Research Association.)

Marine invertebrates represent an underexplored reservoir for actinobacteria, which are known to synthesize novel bioactive compounds. This study isolated 37 actinobacterial strains from five distinct marine invertebrate hosts, namely Chondrilla australiensis, Palythoa sp., Favia sp., Porites lutea, and Acropora cervicornis, while no strains were obtained from Lissoclinum sp. and Lithophyllon sp. These isolates were taxonomically classified into six genera: Gordonia, Microbacterium, Micromonospora, Nocardia, Rhodococcus, and Streptomyces, with Streptomyces and Micromonospora being notably predominant. Comparative genomic analysis facilitated the identification of two novel species: Micromonospora palythoicola sp. nov. (strain S2-005 T  = TBRC 18343 T and NBRC 116545 T ) and Streptomyces poriticola sp. nov. (strain C6-003 T , =TBRC 17807 T and NBRC 116425 T ). Both species exhibited substantial genetic differences from their nearest known species as demonstrated by digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity scores, which fell below the thresholds of 70% and 95%, respectively. Streptomyces poriticola C6-003 T displayed significant antimicrobial activity and selective cytotoxicity against human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, with reduced toxicity towards human dermal papilla cells. Micromonospora palythoicola S2-005 T manifested antimicrobial properties against Streptococcus mutans and Kocuria rhizophila. These findings highlight the considerable diversity of actinobacteria within marine invertebrates and underscore their potential as a source of new species with promising biological properties for therapeutic applications., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

A novel bacterium, designated as strain LOR1-02 T and isolated from a lichen sample collected from Kham Riang Subdistrict, Kantharawichai District, Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand, underwent thorough investigation utilizing a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain LOR1-02 T demonstrated growth within a temperature range of 20-42 °C (optimal at 30 °C), pH range of 5.0-7.5 (optimal at pH 7.0), and tolerance to 4.0% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis revealed its close relation to Paracraurococcus ruber JCM 9931 T , with a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 97.16%, placing it within the genus Paracraurococcus. The approximate genome size of strain LOR1-02 T was determined to be 8.6 Mb, with a G + C content of 70.9 mol%. Additionally, ANIb, ANIm, and AAI values between the whole genomes of strain LOR1-02 T and type strains were calculated as 82.6-83.4%, 86.1-86.8%, and 81.4-82.2%, respectively, while the dDDH value was determined to be 26.3-28.5% (C.I. 24.0-31.0%). The predominant fatty acids detected were C 18:1 ω7c and/or C 18:1 ω6c, C 16:0 , and C 18:1 2OH. The major ubiquinone identified was Q-10, and the polar lipids included phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, diphosphatidylglycerol, along with unidentified phosphoaminolipid, lipids, and an amino lipid. Based on comprehensive phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic characterization, it is concluded that strain LOR1-02 T represents a novel species within the genus Paracraurococcus, for which the name Paracraurococcus lichenis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain designation is LOR1-02 T (= JCM 33121 T  = NBRC 112776 T = TISTR 2503 T )., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Two novel actinobacteria, designated as LP05-1 T and LP11 T , were isolated from the lichen Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl. collected in Bangkok, Thailand. Genotypic and phenotypic analyses revealed that both strains represented members of the genus Streptomyces . The 16S rRNA gene of LP05-1 T showed the highest similarity to the genome of Streptomyces gelaticus (98.41 %), while the 16S rRNA gene of LP11 T was most similar to that of Streptomyces cinerochromogenes (98.93 %). The major menaquinones in LP05-1 T were MK-9(H 8 ), MK-9(H 6 ), MK-9(H 4 ) and MK-9(H 2 ), and in LP11 T , they were MK-9(H 8 ) and MK-9(H 6 ). Both strains exhibited the major fatty acids iso-C 15 : 0 , anteiso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 and anteiso-C 17 : 0 , with LP05-1 T also possessing iso-C 17 : 0 . The polar lipids of LP05-1 T included phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside and an unidentified lipid, while those of LP11 T consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, lyso -phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, an unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified glycolipid. The digital DNA-DNA hybridisation (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) values indicated that both strains are distinct from each other with values below 70 and 95 %, respectively. dDDH, ANI by blast (ANIb) and ANI by MUMmer (ANIm) values between LP05-1 T and its closely related type strains were 26.07-26.80 %, 81.24-82.01 % and 86.82-86.96 %, respectively, while those for LP11 T and its closely related type strains were 30.70-31.70 %, 84.09-85.31 % and 88.02-88.39 %, respectively. The results of the taxonomic investigation, including dDDH and ANI values, indicate that LP05-1 T and LP11 T are novel type strains of two novel species within the genus Streptomyces . The names proposed are Streptomyces pyxinae sp. nov. for strain LP05-1 T (=TBRC 15494 T , =NBRC 115434 T ) and Streptomyces pyxinicus sp. nov. for strain LP11 T (=TBRC 15493 T , =NBRC 115421 T ).

Strain Odt1-22 T , an insect-derived actinomycete was isolated from a termite (Odontotermes formosanus) that was collected from Chanthaburi province, Thailand. Strain Odt1-22 T was aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, and produced bud-like spore chain on the substrate hypha. According to chemotaxonomic analysis, strain Odt1-22 T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid in peptidoglycan and the whole-cell hydrolysates contained arabinose, galactose, glucose, and ribose. The major menaquinone was MK-8(H 4 ). The diagnostic phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16 S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain Odt1-22 T was identified to the genus Actinomycetospora and showed high similarity values with A. chiangmaiensis DSM 45062  T (99.24%), A. soli SF1 T (99.24%) and A. corticicola 014-5  T (98.17%). The genomic size of strain Odt1-22 T was 6.6 Mbp with 73.8% G + C content and 6355 coding sequences (CDSs). The genomic analysis, strain Odt1-22 T and closely related species A. chiangmaiensis DSM 45062  T , A. soli SF1 T and A. corticicola DSM 45772  T displayed the values of average nucleotide identity-blast (ANIb) at 83.7-84.1% and MUMmer (ANIm) at 86.6-87.0%. Moreover, the results of digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain Odt1-22 T and related Actinomycetospora species were 45.8-50.5% that lower than the threshold value of commonly used to delineate separated species level. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic data, strain Odt1-22 T represented a novel species within the genus Actinomycetospora, for which the name Actinomycetospora termitidis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the species is Odt1-22 T (= TBRC 16192  T  = NBRC 115965  T )., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to the Japan Antibiotics Research Association.)

Two new marine actinobacteria, designated as J2-1 T and J2-2 T , were isolated from a coral, Favites pentagona , collected from Rayong Province, Thailand. The taxonomic positions of the two strains were identified based on polyphasic taxonomy. Based on morphological characteristics and chemotaxonomy, strains J2-1 T and J2-2 T were identified as members of the genus Streptomyces and Kineosporia , respectively. Strains J2-1 T and J2-2 T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Streptomyces broussonetiae T44 T (98.62 %) and Kineosporia babensis VN05A0415 T (98.08 %), respectively. Strain J2-1 T had chemotaxonomic properties resembling members of the genus Streptomyces . ll-Diaminopimelic acid, glucose and ribose were detected in the whole-cell hydrolysate. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositolmannoside, unidentified aminolipid and five unidentified phospholipids were detected as the polar lipids. The major cellular fatty acids were C 16 : 0 iso, C 15 : 0 anteiso, C 15 : 0 iso, C 16 : 0 , C 17 : 0 anteiso, C 14 : 0 iso and C 17 : 0 iso. Strain J2-2 T a showed similar cell composition to members of the genus Kineosporia . Both isomers of ll- and meso -diaminopimelic acid were detected in the peptidoglycan. Arabinose, galactose, madurose and xylose were observed in the whole-cell hydrolysate. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, phosphatidylcholine, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified glycolipid. The major cellular fatty acids were C 16 : 0 , C 18 : 1  ω9 c , C 18 : 0 10-methyl, tuberculostearic acid, C 18 : 0 and C 17 : 0 . Both strains could be distinguished from their closely related type strains according to their phenotypic characteristics. Comparative genome analysis indicated the delineation of two novel species based on digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values, which were below 70 and 95 %, respectively. The names proposed are Streptomyces corallincola sp. nov. (J2-1 T =TBRC 13503 T =NBRC 115066 T ) and Kineosporia corallincola sp. nov. (J2-2 T =TBRC 13504 T =NBRC 114885 T ).

The polyphasic taxonomic study of a novel endophytic actinobacterium strain (CA2R105 T ) was carried out. The strain formed fragmented substrate mycelium and showed chemotaxonomic properties typical of members of the genus Nocardia, i.e. the presence of mycolic acid and MK-8 (H 4ω-cycl ) in its cells. Strain CA2R105 T exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Nocardia jiangxiensis NBRC 101359 T (99.2%). The genome-based taxonomic analysis revealed low average nucleotide identity-blast and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values (<93.7, and <65.2%, respectively) to its closest relative. Moreover, many different phenotypic characteristics were observed between strain CA2R105 T and all related Nocardia -type strains. This taxonomic evidence suggested that strain CA2R105 T should be judged as representing a novel species of the genus Nocardia and the name, Nocardia coffeae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CA2R105 T (=TBRC 11247 T =NBRC 114292 T ).

An actinomycete strain, LCR2-06 T , isolated from a lichen sample on rock collected from Chiang Rai Province (Pong Phra Bat Waterfall), Thailand, was characterized using a polyphasic approach. The strain grew at 25-45 °C, pH 6-11 and on International Streptomyces Project 2 agar plate with 5 % (w/v) NaCl. It contained meso -diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid in whole-cell hydrolysates. Rhamnose, ribose, xylose, madurose, glucose and galactose were detected as whole-cell sugar hydrolysates. Mycolic acids were absent. The N -acyl type of muramic acid was acetyl. The strain contained C 16 : 0 , TBSA 10-methyl C 18 : 0 and 2-hydroxy C 16 : 0 as the predominant fatty acids and MK-9(H 6 ), MK-9(H 4 ) and MK-9(H 8 ) as the major menaquinones. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and unidentified phospholipid. The draft genome of strain LCR2-06 T was closely related to Actinomadura barringtoniae TBRC 7225 T (99.2 %), Actinomadura nitritigenes NBRC 15918 T (98.8 %), Actinomadura montaniterrae TISTR 2400 T (98.5 %) and Actinomadura physcomitrii JCM 33455 T (97.9 %). The draft genome of LCR2-06 T was 11.1 Mb with 10 588 coding sequences with an average G+C content of 72.7 mol%. Results of genomic analysis revealed that the ANIb and ANIm values between strain LCR2-06 T and A. montaniterrae TISTR 2400 T were 90.0 and 92.0 %, respectively. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization value was 43.9 % in comparison with the draft genome of A. montaniterrae TISTR 2400 T . The strain produced an antibacterial compound active against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Kocuria rhizophila ATCC 9341. The results of taxonomic analysis suggested that strain LCR2-06 T represented a novel species of the genus Actinomadura for which the name Actinomadura violacea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LCR2-06 T (=JCM 33065 T =KCTC 49547 T =NBRC 114810 T =LMG 32136 T =TISTR 2935 T ).

An aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, endospore-forming, rod-shaped and moderately halophilic strain SKP4-6 T , was isolated from shrimp paste ( Ka-pi ) collected from Samut Sakhon Province, Thailand. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain SKP4-6 T belonged to the genus Halobacillus and was most closely related to Halobacillus salinus JCM 11546 T (98.6 %), Halobacillus locisalis KCTC 3788 T (98.6 %) and Halobacillus yeomjeoni KCTC 3957 T (98.6 %) based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between strain SKP4-6 T and its related species were 18.2-19.3 % and 69.84-84.51 %, respectively, which were lower than the threshold recommended for species delineation. The strain grew optimally at 30-40 °C, at pH 7.0 and with 10-15 % (w/v) NaCl. It contained l-Orn-d-Asp in the cell wall peptidoglycan. The DNA G+C content was 44.8 mol%. The major fatty acids were iso-C 15 : 0 , anteiso-C 15 : 0 and anteiso-C 17 : 0 . The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. Phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol were present as major polar lipids. Based on this polyphasic approach, digital DNA-DNA relatedness and ANI values, strain SKP4-6 T represents a novel species of the genus Halobacillus , for which the name Halobacillus fulvus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SKP4-6 T (=JCM 32624 T =TISTR 2595 T ).

Two isolates, MS16-SU-2 T and MS18-SU-3, obtained from fermented mangosteen peel in vinegar were suggested to constitute a new species assignable to the genus Acetobacter based on the results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The two isolates showed the highest sequence similarity (98.58%) to Acetobacter tropicalis NBRC 16470 T and Acetobacter senegalensis LMG 23690 T . However, the calculated similarity values were lower than the threshold for species demarcation. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the branches of the two isolates were separated from other Acetobacter species, and the two isolates constituted a new species in the genus Acetobacter . The genomic DNA of isolate MS16-SU-2 T was sequenced. The assembled genome of the isolate was analysed, and the results showed that the highest average nucleotide identity value of 75.9 % was with Acetobacter papayae JCM 25143 T and the highest digital DNA-DNA hybridization value of 25.1 % was with Acetobacter fallax LMG 1636 T , which were lower than the cutoff values for species delineation. The phylogenetic tree based on the genome sequences showed that the lineage of isolate MS16-SU-2 T was most closely related to A. papayae JCM 25143 T and Acetobacter suratthaniensis TBRC 1719 T , but separated from the branches of these two species. In addition, the two isolates could be distinguished from the type strains of closely related species by their phenotypic characteristics and MALDI-TOF profiles. Therefore, the two isolates, MS16-SU-2 T (=TBRC 12339 T =LMG 32243 T ) and MS18-SU-3 (=TBRC 12305), can be assigned to an independent species within the genus Acetobacter , and the name of Acetobacter garciniae sp. nov. is proposed for the two isolates.

An actinobacterium, strain CH5-8 T , which formed spiral chains of spore arising from the aerial mycelium, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of Musa spp . The organism exhibited vivid greenish yellow substrate mycelium and easily produced the medium grey aerial spore mass on ISP2 medium. The typical chemotaxonomic properties of members of the genus Streptomyces were observed for strain CH5-8 T , e.g. ll-diaminopimelic acid in cell peptidoglycan, MK-9(H 8 ), MK-9(H 6 ), and MK-9(H 4 ) as major menaquinones and anteiso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 , and anteiso-C 17 : 0 as major fatty acids. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside were detected in the cells. A combination of morphological and chemotaxonomic data supported the assignment to the genus Streptomyces . The analysis result obtained for the 16S rRNA gene sequence confirmed the taxonomic affiliation at the genus level of this strain. The novel strain CH5-8 T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence values to Streptomyces echinatus NBRC 12763 T (98.9 %), followed by Streptomyces actinomycinicus RCU-197 T (98.9 %). The average nucleotide identity by blast (ANIb) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between CH5-8 T and its closest relatives, S. echinatus CECT 3313 T and S. actinomycinicus RCU-197 T , were ≤91.6 % and ≤47.4 %, respectively. The digital DNA G+C content of genomic DNA was 72.1 mol%. On the basis of these phenotypic and genotypic data, strain CH5-8 T represents a novel species, for which the name Streptomyces musisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CH5-8 T (=TBRC 9950 T =NBRC 113997 T ).

Three novel actinomycete strains, designated as DR6-1 T , DR6-2 and DR6-4, isolated from the roots of Dendrobium heterocarpum Lindl in Thailand were studied using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The strains grew at 20-37 °C, at pH 5-10 and with 5 % (w/v) NaCl. They contained meso -diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan and MK-9(H 4 ) was a major menaquinone. Arabinose and galactose were the major sugars in the cell wall. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C 16 : 0 and iso-C 15 : 0 . The detected polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol. Strains DR6-1 T , DR6-2 and DR6-4 shared 99.9-100 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and were closely related to Amycolatopsis echigonensis JCM 21831 T (98.7-98.8%). The approximate genome size of strain DR6-1 T was 9.6 Mb with a G+C content of 69.6 mol%. The ANIb and dDDH values between genomic sequences of strain DR6-1 T and Amycolatopsis echigonensis JCM21831 T , Amycolatopsis rubida JCM 10871 T and Amycolatopsis nivea KCTC 39515 T were 90.55, 92.25, 92.60%, and 47.20, 52.10 and 52.50%, respectively. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic characteristics, it has been concluded that strains DR6-1 T , DR6-2 and DR6-4 represent a novel species of the genus Amycolatopsis for which the name Amycolatopsis dendrobii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DR6-1 T (=JCM 33742 T =KCTC 49546 T =TISTR 2840 T ).

Two actinobacteria, designated as strain LDG1-01 T and LDG1-06 T , were isolated from lichen samples collected in Thailand. Results of morphological characterization, chemotaxonomic studies and 16S rRNA gene analysis indicated that both strains were members of the genus Actinoplanes . MK-9(H 4 ) was found as the major menaquinone. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 and anteiso-C 17 : 0 . Phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol were observed as the polar lipids, but differences in minor unidentified polar lipids were found between the strains. Results of comparative genome analysis based on average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization calculations revealed that both strains showed values below 95 and 70 %, respectively, from each other and closely related Actinoplanes type strains. Based on data from this polyphasic study, strains LDG1-01 T and LDG1-06 T represent novel species of the genus Actinoplanes . The names proposed are Actinoplanes lichenicola sp. nov. (type strain, LDG1-01 T (=JCM 33066 T =TISTR 2982 T ) and Actinoplanes ovalisporus sp. nov. (type strain, LDG1-06 T =JCM 33067 T =TISTR 2983 T ).

A Gram-stain-positive, catalase-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-spore-forming, and facultatively anaerobic strain CRM56-3 T , isolated from fermented tea leaves collected from Chiang Rai province, Thailand, was characterized based on a polyphasic approach. The strain produced dl-lactic acid heterofermentatively from glucose. It grew at 15-42 °C (optimum at 30 °C), pH 3.5-8.0 (optimum pH 6.0) and in 1-4 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain CRM56-3 T contained C 16:0 , C 19:0 cyclo ω 8 c , and C 18:1 ω 7 c , and/or C 18:1 ω 6c as major cellular fatty acids. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain CRM56-3 T belongs to the genus Secundilactobacillus and was closely related to Secundilactobacillus odoratitofui DSM 19909 T (99.2 %), S. collinoides JCM 1123 T (98.9 %), and S. paracollinoides DSM 15502 T (98.7 %). The draft genome of strain CRM56-3 T contained 2681617 bp with 2413 coding sequences and DNA G+C content determined from genome sequence of 44.5 mol%. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) between strain CRM56-3 T and S. odoratitofui DSM 19909 T , S. collinoides JCM 1123 T , and S. paracollinoides DSM 15502 T were 19.5, 20.4, and 21.6 %, respectively. The average nucleotide identity (ANIm) and the average amino acid identity (AAI) between strain CRM56-3 T and closely related strains were lower than 85.0 and 80.0 %, respectively. The strain CRM56-3 T was clearly distinguished from related Secundilactobacillus species by its phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, and the draft genome analysis. Therefore, the strain represents a novel species of the genus Secundilactobacillus, for which the name of Secundilactobacillus folii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CRM56-3 T (=JCM 34223 T =LMG 31663 T =TISTR 2851 T ).

Taxonomic and functional research of microorganisms has increasingly relied upon genome-based data and methods. As the depository of the Global Catalogue of Microorganisms (GCM) 10K prokaryotic type strain sequencing project, Global Catalogue of Type Strain (gcType) has published 1049 type strain genomes sequenced by the GCM 10K project which are preserved in global culture collections with a valid published status. Additionally, the information provided through gcType includes >12 000 publicly available type strain genome sequences from GenBank incorporated using quality control criteria and standard data annotation pipelines to form a high-quality reference database. This database integrates type strain sequences with their phenotypic information to facilitate phenotypic and genotypic analyses. Multiple formats of cross-genome searches and interactive interfaces have allowed extensive exploration of the database's resources. In this study, we describe web-based data analysis pipelines for genomic analyses and genome-based taxonomy, which could serve as a one-stop platform for the identification of prokaryotic species. The number of type strain genomes that are published will continue to increase as the GCM 10K project increases its collaboration with culture collections worldwide. Data of this project is shared with the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration. Access to gcType is free at http://gctype.wdcm.org/., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.)

A novel actinomycete strain, CT2-14 T , belonging to the genus Nocardia , was isolated from a soil sample collected from Phichit Province, Thailand. The taxonomic position of the strain was characterized using a polyphasic approach. The strain grew at 15-40 °C (optimum, 28-37 °C), pH 6-11 (optimum, pH 6-8) and on an International Streptomyces Project 2 with 4 % (w/v) NaCl agar plate. Meso -diaminopimelic acid was detected in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. Ribose, arabinose and galactose were detected in its whole-cell hydrolysates. Mycolic acids were present. The strain contained C 16 : 0 , summed feature 3, C 17 : 0 10-methyl and C 18 : 1 ω 9 c as the major fatty acids and MK-8(H 4 ω-cycl) as the major menaquinone. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. Strain CT2-14 T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene similarity to Nocardia veterana JCM 11307 T (98.4 %), Nocardia africana JCM 11438 T (98.2 %) and Nocardia kruczakiae JCM 13032 T (98.0 %). The draft genome of strain CT2-14 T was 7.37 Mb with 6685 coding sequences with an average G+C content of 67.9 mol %. Based on the phylogenomic tree analysis, the strain was closely related to Nocardia niigatensis NBRC 100131 T . On the basis of polyphasic and genome analyses, strain CT2-14 T represented a novel species of the genus Nocardia for which the name Nocardia aurantiaca sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CT2-14 T (=JCM 33775 T =TISTR 2838 T ).

A Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, facultatively anaerobic, terminal-spore-forming rod, designated strain BCM23-1 T , was isolated from bark of Tamarindus indica collected from Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. This strain produced d-lactic acid from glucose. It grew at 20-45 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 3.5-9 (optimum, pH 7.0) and in the presence of 1-4 % (w/v) NaCl. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso -diaminopimelic acid (A1γ). The major isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). Polar lipids analysis revealed the presence of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified lipid. The predominant cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C 17 : 0 , anteiso-C 15:0, and iso-C 16 : 0 when cultivated on GYP agar plates. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain BCM23-1 T and Terrilactibacillus laevilacticus NK26-11 T was 98.3 %. The draft genome of BCM23-1 T was 3.24 Mb in size and contained 3088 coding sequences with an in silico DNA G+C content of 37.1 mol%. The values of ANIb, ANIm and digital DNA-DNA hybridization between strain BCM23-1 T and T. laevilacticus NK26-11 T were 89.9, 90.8 and 40.4 %, respectively. The results of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic, 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, and whole genome analyses support strain BCM23-1 T as representing a novel species of Terrilactibacillus for which the name Terrilactibacillus tamarindi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BCM23-1 T (=LMG 31662 T =JCM 33748 T =TISTR 2841 T ).

Two bacterial strains, isolates AC10 T and AC20, which were reported in a previous study on the diversity of acetic acid bacteria in Thailand, were subjected to a taxonomic study. The phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the two isolates were located closely to the type strains of Gluconobacter oxydans and Gluconobacter roseus . However, the two isolates formed a separate cluster from the type strains of the two species. The genomic DNA of isolate AC10 T was sequenced. The assembled genomes of the isolate were analysed for average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH). The results showed that the highest ANI and dDDH values between isolate AC10 T and G. oxydans DSM 3503 T were 91.15 and 68.2 %, which are lower than the suggested values for species delineation. The genome-based tree was reconstructed and the phylogenetic lineage based on genome sequences showed that the lineage of isolate AC10 T was distinct from G. oxydans DSM 3503 T and its related species. The two isolates were distinguished from G. oxydans and their relatives by their phenotypic characteristics and MALDI-TOF profiles. Therefore, the two isolates, AC10 T (=BCC 15749 T =TBRC 11329 T =NBRC 103576 T ) and AC20 (=BCC 15759=TBRC 11330=NBRC 103579), can be assigned to an independent species within the genus Gluconobacter , and the name Gluconobacter aidae sp. nov. is proposed for the two isolates.

An endophytic actinomycete, strain 3MP-10 T , isolated from the root of Mimosa pudica was taxonomically studied based upon polyphasic approaches. This strain formed spiral spore chains on aerial mycelia. ll-Diaminopimelic acid, glucose and ribose were found in the whole-cell hydrolysates. It belonged to the genus Streptomyces and was closely related to Streptomyces zhaozhouensis DSM 42101 T (98.9 %) and Streptomyces sedi JCM 16909 T (98.6 %) based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis results. The major menaquinones were MK-10(H 8 ), MK-10(H 6 ) and MK-9(H 8 ). The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso - C 16 : 0 , anteiso-C 15 : 0 and anteiso - C 17 : 0 . The detected phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Strain 3MP-10 T had a genome size of 7.2 Mb with a genome G+C content of 73.4 mol%. Results of in silico genome-based similarity analysis revealed ANIb values of 84.94 and 84.77 %, ANIm values of 88.01 and 87.92 %, and dDDH values of 29.9 and 29.6 % when compared with S. zhaozhouensis DSM 42101 T and S. sedi JCM 16909 T , respectively. Based on the polyphasic approach, digital DNA-DNA relatedness and average nucleotide identity, we propose that the novel actinomycete represents a novel species, Streptomyces mimosae , with type strain 3MP-10 T (=JCM 33328 T =TISTR 2646 T ).

Strain N24 T was isolated from soil contaminated with starling's feces collected from Roi-Et province, Thailand. Cells of N24 T were Gram-stain-positive rods, aerobic and non-spore-forming. N24 T was positive for catalase, urease, citrate utilization, nitrate reduction and Methyl Red (MR) test but negative for oxidase, casein, gelatin liquefaction, tyrosine, Voges-Proskauer (VP) reaction and starch hydrolysis. Meso -diaminopimelic acid, rhamnose, ribose, arabinose and galactose were detected in its whole-cell hydrolysates. The results of the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that N24 T represented a member of the genus Corynebacterium . N24 T was closely related to Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 T , with 99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. According to results obtained using in silico DNA-DNA hybridization approaches, N24 T showed highest DNA-DNA relatedness (27.6 %) and average nucleotide identity (84.1 %) to Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 T . The DNA G+C content of N24 T was 51.8 mol% (genome based). The major cellular fatty acids of N24 T were C 16 : 0 , and C 18 : 1 ω9 c . N24 T had the nine isoprenes unit, MK-9(H 2 ) as the predominant menaquinone. The predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and diphosphatidylglycerol. Mycolic acids were also present. According to the complete genome sequence data, strain N24 T and C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 T are close phylogenetic neighbours, but have different genome characteristics. On the basis of the results of the genotypic and genomic studies and phenotypic characteristics including chemotaxonomy, strain N24 T should be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Corynebacterium , for which the name Corynebacterium suranareeae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is N24 T (TBRC 5845 T =NBRC 113465 T ).

Strain CR1-09 T , an actinomycete isolated from the root of Catharanthus roseus , was taxonomically studied based upon polyphasic approaches. The isolate formed a pair of ovular to circular, smooth-surfaced spores on short sporophores alternately branched from aerial mycelia. It contained meso -diaminopimelic acid in cell wall peptidoglycans. The major menaquinones were MK-9 (H 4 ) and MK-9 (H 2 ). The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C 16 : 0 and C 16 : 0 . The polar lipids profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxyl phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, and unidentified ninhydrin positive phosphoglycolipids. Strain CR1-09 T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Microbispora tritici DSM 104650 T (99.5 %). Based on the polyphasic approach, DNA-DNA relatedness and average nucleotide identity (ANI), the strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Microbispora , for which the name Microbispora catharanthi is proposed. The type strain is strain CR1-09 T (=JCM 30045 T =TISTR 2273 T ).

A novel actinomycete strain, Bv016 T , belonging to the genus Streptomyces , was isolated from the bark of tree, Bauhinia variegata Linn., collected in Thailand. The taxonomic position of the strain was characterized by using a polyphasic approach. ll-Diaminopimelic acid, glucose, mannose, ribose and galactose were detected in its whole-cell hydrolysates. The N -acyl type of muramic acid was acetyl. The strain contained anteiso-C 15  :  0 , iso-C 16  :  0 , iso-C 15  :  0 and iso-C 14  :  0 as the major fatty acids and MK-9(H 8 ), MK-9(H 6 ) and MK-9(H 4 ) as the major menaquinones. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. The strain was closely related to Streptomyces griseoluteus JCM 4041 T (98.4 %), Streptomyces seoulensis JCM 10116 T (98.4 %) and Streptomyces recifensis JCM 4408 T (98.2 %). The draft genome of Bv016 T was 6.74 Mb with 5949 coding sequences with an average G+C content of 71.7 mol%. The ANIb and ANIm values of strain Bv016 T were 94.1 and 95.2 %, respectively, and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization value was 60.6 % in comparison with the draft genome of S. griseoluteus JCM 4765 T . The results of the taxonomic analysis suggested that strain Bv016 T represented a novel species of the genus Streptomyces for which the name Streptomyces bauhiniae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Bv016 T (=JCM 33208 T =TISTR 2645 T ).

A novel actinomycete, strain PA1-10 T , isolated from the leaf of Phyllanthus amarus collected from Bangkok, Thailand, was characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. This strain contained the characteristics consistent with those of members of the genus Nonomuraea. It formed short rugose spore chain on aerial mycelium. The diamino acid in cell wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. Galactose, glucose, madurose, mannose, and ribose were found in whole-cell hydrolysates. Predominant menaquinones were MK-9 (H 2 ), MK-9 (H 4 ), and MK-9 (H 6 ). Major cellular fatty acids were iso-C 16:0 and C 17:0 10-methyl. Phospholipid profiles were composed of phosphatidylinositol mannoside (PIM), lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine (lyso-PE), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), methylphosphatidylethanolamine (PME), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The G + C content of DNA was 71.2 mol%. Strain PA1-10 T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Nonomuraea candida JCM 15928 T (98.35%) and shared the same node with Nonomuraea maritima JCM 18321 T in the phylogenetic tree analysis. Based on the phenotypic characteristics, DNA-DNA relatedness, and average nucleotide identity (ANI), the strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Nonomuraea, for which the name Nonomuraea phyllanthi is proposed. The type strain is PA1-10 T (= JCM 33073 T  = NBRC 112774 T  = TISTR 2497 T ).

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, spore-forming, moderately halophilic bacterium, SSKP1-9 T , was isolated from traditional salted shrimp paste ( Ka-pi ) produced in Samut Sakhon Province, Thailand. This strain grew optimally at 37-40 °C, pH 7.0 and in the presence of 8-16 % (w/v) NaCl. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values between strain SSKP1-9 T and Lentibacillus juripiscarius TISTR 1535 T and Lentibacillus halophilus TISTR 1549 T were 98.7 and 97.2 %, respectively. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain SSKP1-9 T represents a distinct novel species, as shown by phenotypic traits, DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values. In addition, the whole-cell protein profile confirmed the novelty of the taxon. The genomic DNA G + C content was 44.6 mol%. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso -diaminopimelic acid. Polar lipid analysis revealed the presence of phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, four unidentified lipids, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified glycolipid. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 , anteiso-C 17 : 0 and iso-C 16 : 0 . The results of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics and whole-genome analysis support that strain SSKP1-9 T represents a novel species of Lentibacillus , for which the name Lentibacilluslipolyticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SSKP1-9 T (=JCM 32625 T =TISTR 2597 T ).

Two novel actinobacterial strains, MS1-9 T and NGC1-4, were isolated from roots of Musa (ABB) cv. 'Kluai Namwa', collected from Chachoengsao province, and Musa (ABB) cv. 'Kluai Chang', from Suphan Buri province, Thailand, respectively. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene (98.0 to 98.9% similarity), gyrase subunit B (gyrB) gene and whole-genome sequences emphasised that the strains MS1-9 T and NGC1-4 showed closely related with Micromonospora peucetia DSM 43363 T , M. krabiensis JCM 12869 T and M. avicenniae DSM 45758 T , respectively. Strains MS1-9 T and NGC1-4 contained meso-diaminopimelic acid in cell-wall peptidoglycan. Whole-cell sugars were glucose, xylose, mannose, and ribose. The acyl type of peptidoglycan was glycolyl. MK-10(H 6 ), MK-9(H 6 ), and MK-10(H 8 ) were presented as the major menaquinones. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol were detected as predominant phospholipid profiles. The major cellular fatty acids consisted of iso-C 15:0 , anteiso-C 15:0 , anteiso-C 17:0 , iso-C 17:0 and C 17:0 . The DNA G+C content of strains MS1-9 T and NGC1-4 were 72.2 and 72.3mol%, respectively. Draft genome sequences indicated by ANI values and digital DNA-DNA hybridisation analysis asserted that the strains MS1-9 T and NGC1-4 should be represented as a novel species within the genus Micromonospora for which the name Micromonospora musae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MS1-9 T (=JCM 32149 T =TISTR 2659 T )., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Strains of yeast were isolated under a nitrogen-depleted culture condition from decaying tree bark (strain N-12.1) and from mangrove forest water (strain 1-7W.1) sampled at different locations within a mangrove forest site in Ranong province, Thailand. They were found to be genetically and phenotypically different from any currently recognised yeast species. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequence of three genes, the internal transcribed spacer region 1 and 2 plus 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene (ITS), D1/D2 domain of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU D1/D2) and the small subunit of the ribosomal RNA gene (SSU), revealed that these two strains were related to but distinguished from Heterocephalacriaarrabidensis . Several distinct physiological characteristics of these two strains were detected, namely inability to assimilate glycerol, dl-lactic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, d-gluconic acid, and ability to grow well at 25 °C, which were different from those of H. arrabidensis . Accordingly, the name Heterocephalacria mucosa sp. nov., is proposed to accommodate this novel species. The MycoBank number is MB 828624.

A novel endophytic actinomycete strain AZ1-13 T was isolated from roots of Azadirachta indica , and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Pairwise 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of strain AZ1-13 T and its closest species, Jishegella zingiberis PLAI1-1 T and Micromonospora endophytica 202201 T , were 99.7 and 99.2 %, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of the family Micromonosporaceae based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated strains AZ1-13 T and J. zingiberis PLAI1-1 T are located within the genus Micromonospora . The approximate genome size of the strain was 5.96 Mb with 71.9 mol% of G+C content. The strain AZ1-13 T exhibited ANIb values of 87.4 % with J. zingiberis PLAI1-1 T and 85.1 % with M. endophytica 202201 T . Chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain AZ1-13 T were consistent within the genus Micromonospora : cell-wall peptidoglycan of the strain contained meso -diaminopimelic acid; glucose, mannose, ribose and xylose are presented as the whole-cell sugars; the predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H 4 ) and MK-9(H 6 ); major cellular fatty acids were iso -C 15 : 0 , 10-methyl C 17 : 0 , C 17 : 0 , anteiso -C 17 : 0 and iso -C 17 : 1 ω8 c ; diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol were detected as distinguished phospholipids. Based on phenotypic properties, phylogeny and genomic data, the strain AZ1-13 T could be distinguished from its closest neighbours, representing a novel species of the genus Micromonospora , for which the name Micromonospora radicis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AZ1-13 T (=KCTC 39786 T =NBRC 112324 T =JCM 32147 T = TISTR 2404 T ). This study also proposed that J. zingiberis is transferred to the genus Micromonospora as Micromonospora zingiberis comb. nov. (type strain PLAI1-1 T =TBRC 7644 T =NBRC 113144 T =JCM 32592 T ).

A Gram-stain-positive and catalase negative coccus, designated strain Gos25-1 T , isolated from a cotton flower (Gossypium hirsutum L.) collected from Khao Wong district, Kalasin province, Thailand. The taxonomic position of this strain was systematically studied based upon polyphasic taxonomic methods. The strain was facultatively anaerobic and produced l-lactic acid from glucose. The predominant cellular fatty acids were the straight-chain fatty acids C18 : 1ω9c and C16 : 0. According to 16S rRNA and phenylalanyl-tRNA synthase alpha subunit (pheS) gene sequence similarity, this strain was closely related to Enterococcus pallens NBRC 100697 T , E. hermanniensis CIP 108559 T , E. avium NBRC 100477 T and E. raffinosus NBRC 100492 T with 98.9-99.1 % and 77.0-82.0 % sequence similarities, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain Gos25-1 T was clearly distinguished from closely related species of the genus Enterococcus. Draft genome of Gos25-1 T had a size of 3.99 Mb which was contained 3788 coding sequences with in silico G+C content of 42.4 mol%. The ANIb and a digital DNA-DNA hybridisation (dDDH) values between strain Gos25-1 T and the closest related species, E. pallens NBRC 100697 T were 73.65 and 21.10 %, respectively. According to polyphasic characterisation, this strain represents a novel species of the genus Enterococcus, for which the name Enterococcus florum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Gos25-1 T (=CIP 110956 T =LMG 29007 T =NBRC 111461 T =TISTR 2382 T ).

A total of 191 yeasts were isolated from 197 samples collected from eight estuarine mangrove forests along four different coastlines of Thailand (Andaman Sea and the East, North and West coasts of the Gulf of Thailand). Of these, 178 isolates were identified as 32 species in 16 genera of Ascomycota, 12 species in nine genera of Basidiomycota, and 13 isolates as potential new species, respectively. Mangroves located along the Andaman Sea coastline had a higher yeast diversity at the species and genera levels than those along the Gulf of Thailand. Kluyveromyces siamensis was the most frequently isolated species, whilst Candida tropicalis was the only species isolated at all eight sites. Screening isolated yeast strains belonging to genera previously reported as oleaginous yeast plus the 13 potential new species, revealed two oleaginous strains, Rhodotorula sphaerocarpa 11-14.4 and Saitozyma podzolica 11-11.3.1. Both of these strains were isolated from the same mangrove forest on the Andaman Sea coastline. They could accumulate lipid when suspended in glucose solution without any supplementation, while the fatty acid composition and oil profile of Rh. sphaerocarpa 11-14.4 and Sait. podzolica 11-11.3.1 were similar to vegetable oil and cocoa butter, respectively.

A single spore forming actinomycete, designated strain HSS6-8 T , was isolated from a sample of hot spring soil. The strain had the chemotaxonomic properties consistent with its classification in the genus Micromonospora. The strain was found to have meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The acyl type of the cell-wall muramic acid was glycolyl. The reducing sugars in the cell hydrolysates were glucose, arabinose, xylose, ribose, mannose, galactose and rhamnose. The phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphoglycolipid. The major menaquinones were MK-10(H6) and MK-10(H4). The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, C17 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 70.5 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain HSS6-8 T was closely related to Micromonospora nigra DSM 43818 T (98.2 %), Micromonospora eburnea DSM 44814 T (98.2 %) and Micromonospora spongicola S3-1 T (98.1 %). The physiological and DNA-DNA hybridization data allowed the differentiation of strain HSS6-8 T from its related species. Thus, the strain represents a novel species of the genus Micromonospora, for which the name Micromonospora caldifontis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HSS6-8 T (=TBRC 8927 T =JCM 17126 T ).

A Gram-stain-positive, slightly halophilic, endospore-forming, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated SKP7-4 T , was isolated from shrimp paste collected from Samut Sakhon province, Thailand. Strain SKP7-4 T grew at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, 7.5), at 20-40 °C (37 °C) and in 0-15 % (w/v) NaCl (1-3 %). The diamino acid found in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. Menaquinone with seven isoprene units was the major isoprenoid quinone. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and three unidentified phospholipids were detected as polar lipids. It contained iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0 as major cellular fatty acids. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain SKP7-4 T belonged to the genus Bacillus and was closely related to Bacillus vietnamensis JCM 11124 T , Bacillus marisflavi JCM 11544 T , Bacillus aquimaris JCM 11545 T and Bacillusoryzaecorticis JCM 19602 T , with 98.7, 97.9, 97.8 and 97.8 % similarity, respectively. The draft genome of SKP7-4 T was 4.68 Mb with 5208 coding sequences with an average G+C content of 43.2 mol%. The ANIb and ANIm values of strain SKP7-4 T were 70.0 and 84.3 %, respectively, and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization value was 20 % in comparison with the draft genome of B. vietnamensis JCM 11124 T . On the basis of the results of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, the strain should represent a novel species of the genus Bacillus and the name Bacillus salacetis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SKP7-4 T (=JCM 33205 T =KCTC 43014 T =TISTR 2596 T ).

A new actinobacterial strain, LCR6-01 T , was isolated from a lichen sample collected from Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. Its taxonomic position was determined using a polyphasic approach. The strain had morphological characteristics and chemotaxonomic properties identical to those of members of the genus Streptomyces. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C14 : 0 and C16 : 0. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified phosphoglycolipid, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified lipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was 74.5 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences suggested that the strain belonged to the genus Streptomyces. The strain showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Streptomyces palmae TBRC 1999 T (98.6 %), Streptomyces misionensis JCM 4497 T (98.6 %), Streptomyces matensis JCM 4268 T (98.5 %), Streptomyces althioticus KCTC 9752 T (98.5 %) and Streptomyces wuyuanensis KCTC 29112 T (98.4 %). DNA-DNA relatedness values among the strain and closely related Streptomyces species were below 70 %. On the basis of the phenotypic characteristics and genotypic distinctiveness, strain LCR6-01 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces lichenis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LCR6-01 T (=KCTC 39908 T =TISTR 2500 T ).

A novel actinomycete, strain SDA37 T , belonging to the genus Actinomadura, was isolated from rhizosphere soil collected from Udon Thani Province, Thailand. The taxonomic position of the strain was characterized using a polyphasic approach. Meso-diaminopimelic acid, glucose, ribose, galactose and madurose were detected in cell-wall and whole-cell hydrolysates. The N-acyl type of muramic acid was acetyl. Menaquinones were MK-9(H6), MK-9(H8) and MK-9(H4). The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, C16 : 0, 10-methyl C18 : 0 and iso-C14 : 0. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol. blast analysis of the almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequence showed 98.8 % similarity to Actinomadura oligospora NBRC 104149 T , 98.7 % similarity to Actinomadura gamaensis DSM 100815 T and 97.2 % similarity to Actinomadura rupiterrae KCTC 19559 T . The DNA G+C content was 73.1 mol%. Strain SDA37 T showed low DNA-DNA relatedness (44.3±7.3 to 58.5±8.7 %) to A. oligospora NBRC 104149 T , Actinomadura gamaensis DSM 100815 T and Actinomadura rupiterrae KCTC 19559 T . The new strain could also be distinguished from its closely related strains by the differences in the phenotypic characteristics. The results of taxonomic analysis suggested that strain SDA37 T represented a novel species of the genus Actinomadura for which the name Actinomadura rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SDA37 T (=KCTC 39965 T =NBRC 112909 T =TISTR 2523 T ).

A total of 198 yeasts were isolated from 140 samples collected from 7 mangrove forests in 4 provinces of Thailand, and were found to belong to 30 genera, 45 described species and at least 12 undescribed species based on their 26S rRNA (D1/D2 domain) gene sequence. The most prevalent species was Candida tropicalis, followed by Candida pseudolambica and Rhodosporidium paludigena. Lipid accumulation, as determined by Nile red staining, of the isolated yeasts revealed that 69 and 18 strains were positive and strongly positive, respectively, while quantitative analysis of the intracellular lipid accumulated in the latter indicated that 10 of these strains, Pseudozyma tsukubaensis (YWT7-2 and YWT7-3), Rhodotorula sphaerocarpa (YWW6-1 and SFL14-1SF), Saitozyma podzolica (YWT1-1, NS3-3 and NS10-2), Prototheca zopfii var. hydrocarbonea OMS6-1 and Prototheca sp. (YMTW3-1 and YMTS5-2), were oleaginous. In this study we found that under nitrogen depletion condition (155 C/N ratio) Pseudozyma tsukubaensis YWT7-2 accumulated the highest level of intracellular lipid at 32.4% (w/w, dry cell weight), with a broadly similar fatty acid composition to that in palm oil.

A novel actinobacterial strain, designated C12CA1 T , was isolated from forest soil in the conservation area of Chulabhorn dam, Thailand, and its taxonomic position was determined by using a polyphasic approach. Strain C12CA1 T contained meso-2,6 diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan, and arabinose and galactose as diagnostic sugars of the whole-cell hydrolysate. On the basis of morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain C12CA1 T was classified in the genus Amycolatopsis. It contained MK-9(H4) as the predominant menaquinone, C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 as the major cellular fatty acids, and several phospholipids consisting of diphosphotidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and an unidentified glucosamine-containing phospholipid. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analyses, strain C12CA1 T was closely related to Amycolatopsis vancoresmycina DSM 44592 T (98.96 %) and Amycolatopsis pretoriensis JCM 12673 T (98.82 %). The strain exhibited low DNA-DNA relatedness values with A. vancoresmycina DSM 44592 T (6.9±0.2-11.6±1.9 %) and A. pretoriensis JCM 12673 T (8.8±0.3-9.2±1.8 %). The DNA G+C content of strain C12CA1 T was 69.8 mol%. Based on the results of polyphasic characterization, strain C12CA1 T represents a novel species of the genus Amycolatopsis, for which the name Amycolatopsis silviterrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is C12CA1 T (=TBRC 1456 T =NBRC 111116 T ).

A novel endophytic actinomycete, strain WPS1-2 T , isolated from a root of Globba winitii C. H. Wright, was characterized taxonomically by using a polyphasic approach. Strain WPS1-2 T exhibited identical characteristics to the members of the genus Micromonospora. Single spores were observed directly on substrate mycelia. The cell-wall peptidoglycan of the strain contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and 3-OH-meso-diaminopimelic acid. Whole-cell hydrolysates contained glucose, ribose, arabinose and xylose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-10(H8) and MK-10(H10). The major cellular fatty acids consisted of iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain, WPS1-2 T showed highest similarity to Micromonospora costi CS1-12 T (99.02 %). Phylogenetic analysis of the gyrase subunit B (gyrB) gene indicated that the strain was related to M. costi CS1-12 T . The DNA G+C content was 73.7 mol%. The strain could be distinguished from closely related type strains by using a combination of morphological, chemotaxonomic, physiological and biochemical data together with DNA-DNA relatedness values. Based on these observations, strain WPS1-2 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Micromonospora, for which the name Micromonospora globbae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WPS1-2 T (=KCTC 39787 T =NBRC 112325 T =TISTR 2405 T ).

A novel actinomycete, strain SR3-134 T , belonging to the genus Streptomyces, was isolated from soil collected from the Sakaerat Environmental Research Station, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. The taxonomic position of the strain was characterized by using a polyphasic approach. ll-Diaminopimelic acid, glucose, mannose and ribose were detected in its whole-cell hydrolysates. The N-acyl type of muramic acid was acetyl. The menaquinones were MK-9(H8), MK-9(H6), MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H2). The predominant cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C14 : 0. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. blast analysis of the almost-complete 16S rRNA gene showed 98.7 % sequence similarities to Streptomyces lanatus JCM 4588 T and Streptomyces psammoticus JCM 4434 T . The DNA G+C content was 71.4 mol%. Strain SR3-134 T showed low DNA-DNA relatedness (12.9±4.0-44.1±1.0 %) to S. lanatus JCM 4588 T and S. psammoticus JCM 4434 T . The new strain could also be distinguished from its closely related strains by differences in their phenotypic characteristics. The results of taxonomic analysis suggested that strain SR3-134 T represented a novel species of the genus Streptomyces for which the name Streptomyces cerasinus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SR3-134 T (=TISTR 2494 T =KCTC 39910 T ).

A novel actinomycete, strain SR2-123 T , belonging to the genus Streptomyces, was isolated from a soil sample collected from the Sakaerat Environmental Research Station, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. The taxonomic position of the strain was characterized using a polyphasic study. Strain SR2-123 T contained ll-diaminopimelic acid, glucose, mannose and ribose in whole-cell hydrolysates. The N-acyl type of muramic acid was acetyl. Menaquinones were MK-9(H6), MK-9(H8) and MK-9(H4). The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, an unknown phospholipid, unknown glycolipids, an unknown aminophospholipid, unknown lipids and an unknown aminolipid. The DNA G+C content was 74.8 mol%. The strain was closely related to Streptomyces coeruleorubidus JCM 4359 T (98.5 %), Streptomyces flavofungini JCM 4753 T (98.5 %), Streptomyces coerulescens NBRC 12758 T (98. 5 %) and Streptomyces alboflavus JCM 4615 T (98.4 %), based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities. The novel strain exhibited low DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strains (11.4-25.0 %) of closely related species. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strain SR2-123 T could be distinguished from closely related species of the genus Streptomyces and represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces for which the name Streptomyces xylanilyticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SR2-123 T (=TISTR 2493 T =KCTC 39909 T ).

A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped and endospore-forming bacterium, strain RC11T, isolated from ant nest soil collected from Udon Thani Province, Thailand was characterized in a taxonomic study based on a polyphasic approach. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain RC11T was affiliated to the genus Paenibacillus and was closely related to Paenibacillus phyllosphaerae LMG 22192T with 98.1 % sequence similarity. Strain RC11T contained meso-diaminopimelic in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The major menaquinone was MK-7. Anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and C16 : 0 were the predominant cellular fatty acids. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol were the major polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 57.9 mol%. In addition, strain RC11T and P. phyllosphaerae LMG 22192T showed a low level of DNA-DNA relatedness (15.6-33.2 %). Therefore, strain RC11T represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus aurantiacus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RC11T (=KCTC 33816T=LMG 29659T=TISTR 2452T).

A Gram-stain-positive, lactic acid-producing bacterium designed strain MK21-7T, was isolated from tree bark collected from the north east of Thailand. This strain was a facultatively anaerobic spore-forming rod that was catalase-negative. It contained meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall peptidoglycan and had seven isoprene units (MK-7) as the predominant menaquinone. Major fatty acids of MK21-7T were anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and C18 : 1ω9c. Polar lipids were phosphatidglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, an unknown phospholipid, three unknown glycolipids and an unknown lipid. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that it represented a member of the genus Sporolactobacillus. MK21-7T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Sporolactobacillus terrae NBRC 101527T with 98.4 % similarity and exhibited 97.6 % similarity with Sporolactobacillus kofuensis NRIC 0334T, 97.5 % with Sporolactobacillus laevolacticus NRIC 0361T, 97.3 % with Sporolactobacillus nakayamaesubsp.nakayamae NRIC 0347T and 97.1 % with Sporolactobacillus nakayamaesubsp.racemicus NBRC 101524T. Analysis of the phylogenetic relationship based on 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequencing revealed that the position of MK21-7T was clearly separated from all related species of the genus Sporolactobacillus. It had low DNA-DNA relatedness (22.8-57.2 %) with S. terrae NBRC 101527T and related type strains. The DNA G+C content was 43.1 mol%. On the basis of the results of the phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic studies, MK21-7T should be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Sporolactobacillus for which the name Sporolactobacillus shoreicorticis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MK21-7T (=NBRC 111517T=LMG 29111T=TISTR 2466T).

The taxonomic position of an actinomycete, strain NR4-ASC07T, isolated from a soil sample collected from Sirindhorn peat swamp forest, Narathiwat Province, Thailand, was clarified using a polyphasic approach. On the basis of morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, it was classified among the members of the genus Nonomuraea. It produced tightly closed spiral spore chains on aerial mycelium as well as forming a pseudosporangium. Whole-cell hydrolysates contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, glucose, ribose, madurose and mannose. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine, lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, unknown ninhydrin-positive phosphoglycolipids and unknown glycolipid. Menaquiones were MK-9(H4), MK-9(H0), MK-9(H2), MK-10(H4) and MK-9(H6). Predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, C17 : 0 10-methyl, C16 : 0, C17 : 1ω8c, C16 : 0 2-OH and iso-C15 : 0. The phylogenetic tree reconstructed on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain fell within the clade containing Nonomuraea muscovyensis FMN03T, Nonomuraea roseoviolacea subsp. roseoviolaceaNBRC 14098T and Nonomuraea roseoviolacea subsp. carminataNBRC 15903T. The DNA-DNA relatedness and phenotypic data supported that strain NR4-ASC07T was clearly distinguished from the closely related species and represents a novel species of the genus Nonomuraea for which the name Nonomuraea rhodomycinica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NR4-ASC07T (=NBRC 112327T=TISTR 2465T).

A marine sponge-derived actinomycete, strain ST01-07T, was isolated from Xestospongia sp. collected from the Andaman Sea. The strain was characterised taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. The strain contained meso-diaminopimelic acid in the peptidoglycan, whole-cell sugars were arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose and ribose. Mycolic acids that co-migrated with those from Nocardia araoensis NBRC 100135T were observed in whole-cell extracts. MK-8(H4ω-cycl) was the predominant menaquinone. Major cellular fatty acids were C17 : 1ω8c, C16 : 0 and C17 : 0. The diagnostic phospholipids in the cell consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain ST01-07T belonged to the genus Nocardia and was most closely related to N. araoensis IFM 0575T (98.71 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Nocardia niwae W9241T (98.56 %), Nocardia beijingensis AS4.1521T (98.41 %) and Nocardia arthritidis IFM 10035T (98.36 %). In addition, low DNA-DNA relatedness values (13.6±0.1% to 40.1±0.6%) confirmed that strain ST01-07T represents a novel species of the genus Nocardia, for which the name Nocardia xestospongiae sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is ST01-07T (=BCC 45622T=NBRC 109069T).

Three yeast isolates, G5-5(5)T, G5-9(3) and G5-9(4), were obtained from the sugar cane juice and waste from sugar production plant (Korach Industry Co., Ltd) in Korach province, Thailand. They were found to belong to the same species based on DNA sequence identity of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU) and the D1/D2 region of the large subunit rRNA gene (LSU D1/D2). A blastn search of the GenBank database revealed they had 93 % nucleotide sequence identity to Dekkera bruxellensis for the SSU (1742 bp), but their LSU D1/D2 sequence (572 bp) showed less than 90 % identity to all available sequences in the database. Phylogenetic analyses with neighbour-joining and maximum-parsimony methods using the aligned LSU D1/D2 and SSU sequences (a total of 2072 positions after removal of gaps) inferred that the three isolates were separated from all known taxa in the Saccharomycetales, and that the neighbouring taxa were species of Dekkera/Brettanomyces. Physiological and biochemical characters revealed distinct differences between the three isolates and Dekkera/Brettanomyces species, including the ability to assimilate several carbon sources and inability to ferment glucose. Thus, isolates G5-5(5)T, G5-9(3) and G5-9(4) should be assigned to a novel taxon, for which the name Allodekkera sacchari gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is G5-5(5)T (=CBS 14167T=JCM 18455T=TISTR 5950T), with MycoBank number MB815477 (for the genus) and MB817751 (for the species). Two additional strains of the species are G5-9(3) (=JCM 18456) and G5-9(4) (=JCM 18457).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain KC-035T, was isolated from soil collected from Krung Ching Waterfall National Park, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand. Its taxonomic position was determined using a polyphasic approach. The strain had morphological and chemotaxonomic properties typical of members of the genus Streptomyces: flexuous spore chain; ll-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan; MK-9(H8), MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H4) as menaquinones; diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside as phospholipids; anteiso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C14 : 0 as major cellular fatty acids; and DNA G+C content of 72 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain KC-035T showed high similarity to Streptomyces albiflavescens n20T (99.16 %) and Streptomyces siamensis KC-038T (98.43 %) as well as formed a monophyletic clade with them in the phylogenetic tree. On the basis of comparison of phenotypic properties and the low level of DNA-DNA relatedness, strain KC-035T could be distinguished from its closely related Streptomyces species and is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces krungchingensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KC-035T (=NBRC 110087T=KCTC 29503T=TISTR 2402T).

Two Gram-staining-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria, designated strains AVA-1T and AVA-2, were isolated from the root of Aloe vera (L.) Brum.f. derived from Chachoengsao Province, Thailand. The strains contained cytochrome oxidase and catalase activities. They grew in 4 % (w/v) NaCl, at a pH range of 6.0-9.0 (optimally at pH 7) and at 20-42 °C (optimally at 30-37 °C). The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone with eight isoprene units (Q-8). The major fatty acids were C16 : 0 and C17 : 0 cyclo. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strains represent a species belonging to the genus Achromobacter and are closely related to Achromobacter xylosoxidans NBRC 15126T (98.80 %), Achromobacter insolitus LMG 6003T (98.64 %), Achromobacter aminicus LMG 26690T (98.59 %), Achromobacter pulmonis LMG 26696T (98.58 %) and Achromobacter insuavis LMG 26845T (98.58 %). The DNA G+C content of strain AVA-1T was 66.5 mol%. The novel strains had low DNA-DNA relatedness values with related type strains. On the basis of the phenotypic and genotypic data obtained, the strains clearly represent a novel species, for which the name Achromobacter aloeverae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain AVA-1T (=LMG 29108T=NBRC 111463T=PCU 352T=TISTR 2383T).

A Gram-stain-positive, lactic acid bacterium, strain Ru20-1T, was isolated from a flower (West-Indian jasmine) collected from Kalasin province, Thailand. A polyphasic approach was used to determine the taxonomic position of this strain. Studies of morphological and biochemical characteristics revealed that strain Ru20-1T belonged to the genus Lactobacillus. The strain was heterofermentative, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped. It produced dl-lactic acid. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, this strain was closely related to Lactobacillus lindneri LMG 14528T (96.8 %), Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis NRIC 1548T (95.4 %) and Lactobacillus florum NRIC 0771T (95.2 %), respectively. In addition, the pheS gene sequence of strain Ru20-1T was closely related to those of L. sanfranciscensis NRIC 1548T (92.0 %), L. lindneri LMG 14528T (89.0 %) and L. florum NRIC 0771T(85.0 %). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain Ru20-1T was clearly separated from closely related species of the genus Lactobacillus. The DNA G+C content of strain Ru20-1T was 47.8 mol %. The cell-wall peptidoglycan type was l-Lys-d-Asp. The major cellular fatty acids were C18 : 1ω9c, C20 : 0, C20 : 1ω9c and summed feature 7 (unknown 18.846 and/or C19 : 1ω6c and/or C19 : 0 cyclo). On the basis of the data provided, strain Ru20-1T represents a novel species of the genus Lactobacillus, for which the name Lactobacillus ixorae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Ru20-1T (=LMG 29008T=NBRC 111239T=PCU 346T=TISTR 2381T).

The novel endophytic actinomycete strain PA1-07T was isolated from the stem of Phyllanthus amarus. The strain displayed the consistent characteristics of members of the genus Streptomyces. The strain produced short spiral spore chains on aerial mycelia. It grew at pH 5-9, at 40 °C and with a maximum of 5 % (w/v) NaCl. It contained ll-diaminopimelic acid, glucose and ribose in the whole-cell hydrolysate. The major cellular menaquinones were MK-9(H4), MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8), while the major cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, iso-C14 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. The polar lipids were composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol mannoside and four unknown lipids. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 71 mol%. The strain showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Streptomyces curacoi JCM 4219T (98.77 %). The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain PA1-07T and S. curacoi JCM 4219T were lower than 70 %, the cut-off level for assigning strains to the same species. On the basis of these phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, the strain could be distinguished from closely related species of the genus Streptomyces and thus represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces phyllanthi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PA1-07T (=JCM 30865T=KCTC 39785T=TISTR 2346T).

Five actinomycete isolates, CPB1-1T, CPB2-10, BM1-4, CPB3-1 and CPB1-18, belonging to the genus Streptomyces were isolated from marine sediments collected from Chumphon Province, Thailand. They produced open loops of warty spore chains on aerial mycelia. ll-Diaminopimelic acid, glucose and ribose were found in their whole-cell hydrolysates. Polar lipids found were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. Menaquinones were MK-9(H6), MK-9(H8), MK-10(H6) and MK-10(H8). Major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The taxonomic position of the strains was described using a polyphasic approach. blastn analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that these five strains exhibited the highest similarities with 'Streptomyces mangrovicola' GY1 (99.0 %), Streptomyces fenghuangensisGIMN4.003T (98.6 %), Streptomyces barkulensisRC 1831T (98.5 %) and Streptomyces radiopugnans R97T (98.3 %). However, their phenotypic characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequences as well as DNA-DNA relatedness differentiated these five strains from the other species of the genus Streptomyces. Here, we propose the novel actinomycetes all being representatives of the same novel species, Streptomyces verrucosisporus, with type strain CPB1-1T (=JCM 18519T=PCU 343T=TISTR 2344T).

The taxonomic position of the mountain soil actinomycete, strain CYP1-1BT, was clarified by a polyphasic study. The strain produced a single spore, or occasionally a chain of spores, on aerial mycelium. Chemotaxonomic data supported the classification of CYP1-1BT as representing a member of the genus Actinomadura on the basis of the presence of meso-diaminopimelic acid in the peptidoglycan; galactose, glucose, madurose and ribose as whole cell sugars; MK-9(H6), MK-9(H8) and MK-9(H4) as dominant menaquinones; C16 : 0, 10-methylated C18 : 0 and C18 : 1ω9c as the major cellular fatty acids; and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol manosides as the predominant phospholipids. The DNA G+C content was 74.3 mol%. On the basis of the combination of morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, CYP1-1BT was identified as representing a member of the genus Actinomadura. On the basis of the results of 16S rRNA gene analysis, CYP1-1BT, was shown to be closely related to Actinomadura nitritigenes DSM 44137T (98.9 %). Phenotypic, genotypic and DNA-DNA hybridization data supported the hypothesis that CYP1-1BT represents a novel species of the genus Actinomadura for which the name Actinomadura montaniterrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CYP1-1BT (=JCM 16995T=KCTC 39784T=PCU 349T=TISTR 2400T).