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Strain YIM 102744-1 T was isolated from Rhinopithecus roxellanae fecal sample collected at Yunnan Wild Animal Park, Yunnan province, PR China. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and irregular rods. Optimal growth occurred in the presence of 0-1.0% (w/v) NaCl, at pH 7.0-8.0, and at 30 °C. The predominant ubiquinone was Q-10. The major cellular fatty acids (> 10.0%) were C 18:1 ω7c and C 16:1 ω7c/C 16:1 ω6c. The dominant polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. The DNA G + C content was 62.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that YIM 102744-1 T belonged to the family Rhodobacteraceae and shared the highest similarity with the type strain Gemmobacter intermedius 119/4 T (96.6%). In addition, phylogenetic trees indicated that strain YIM 102744-1 T formed a distinct clade together with the closest relative G. intermedius 119/4 T . Based on the results of polyphasic taxonomic analysis, strain YIM 102744-1 T is considered to represent a novel species within a new genus Falsigemmobacter, for which the name Falsigemmobacter faecalis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Falsigemmobacter faecalis is YIM 102744-1 T (= KCTC 52106 T  = CCTCC AB 2016031 T ). Because Gemmobacter intermedius 119/4 T formed a branch with YIM 102744-1 in the phylogenetic trees and was clearly separated from the other members within the genus Gemmobacter, it is also proposed to transfer into the genus Falsigemmobacter as Falsigemmobacter intermedius comb. nov. (type strain 119/4 T  = CIP 110795 T  = LMG 28215 T  = CCM 8510 T ). The type species of the genus Falsigemmobacter is Falsigemmobacter intermedius gen. nov., comb. nov.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, ovoid-rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain SM1903 T , was isolated from surface seawater of the Mariana Trench. The strain grew at 15-37 °C (optimum, 35 °C) and with 1-15 % (optimum, 4 %) NaCl. It hydrolysed aesculin but did not reduce nitrate to nitrite and hydrolyse Tween 80. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SM1903 T formed a separate lineage within the family Rhodobacteraceae , sharing the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with type strains of Pseudooceanicola antarcticus (95.7 %) and Roseisalinus antarcticus (95.7 %). In phylogenetic trees based on single-copy OCs and whole proteins sequences, strain SM1903 T fell within a sub-cluster encompassed by Oceanicola granulosus , Roseisalinus antarcticus and Histidinibacterium lentulum and formed a branch adjacent to Oceanicola granulosus . The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C 18 : 1  ω 7 c and/or C 18 : 1  ω 6 c ), C 16 : 0 and 11-methyl-C 18 : 1  ω 7 c . The polar lipids mainly comprised phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, one unidentified lipid, one unidentified aminolipid, and one unidentified glycolipid. The solo respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SM1903 T was 66.0 mol%. Based on the results of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic characterization for strain SM1903 T , it is considered to represent a novel species of a novel genus in the family Rhodobacteraceae , for which the name Pelagovum pacificum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SM1903 T (=MCCC 1K03608 T =KCTC 72046 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, polarly flagellated, straight or curved rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain M1K-6 T , was isolated from deep seawater samples collected from the Mariana Trench. The strain grew at -4 to 37 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), at pH 5.5-10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and with 0.5-14.0  % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2.0 %). It did not reduce nitrate to nitrite nor hydrolyse gelatin or starch. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain M1K-6 T was affiliated with the genus Marinomonas , sharing 93.1-97.0  % sequence similarity with the type strains of recognized Marinomonas species. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1 ω 6 c /C 16 : 1 ω 7 c ), summed feature 8 (C 18 : 1 ω 7 c /C 18 : 1 ω 6 c ), C 16 : 0 , C 10 : 0 3-OH and C 18 : 0 . The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8. Polar lipids of strain M1K-6 T included phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified lipids. The genomic G+C content of strain M1K-6 T was 46.0 mol%. Based on data from the present polyphasic study, strain M1K-6 T was considered to represent a novel species within the genus Marinomonas , for which the name Marinomonas profundi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M1K-6 T (=KCTC 72501 T =MCCC 1K03890 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, facultative anaerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain SM1977 T , was isolated from the surface of coralline algae collected from the intertidal zone at Qingdao, PR China. The strain grew at 10-35 °C, pH 4.5-8.5 and with 1-8.5% (w/v) NaCl. It reduced nitrate to nitrite and hydrolysed Tween 20 and DNA. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SM1977 T was affiliated with the genus Vibrio , having the highest sequence similarity (97.6 %) to the type strain of Vibrio casei , followed by those of another five species (95.6-97.6 %) in the Rumoiensis clade of the genus Vibrio . However, the in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (75.3-75.9 %) and average nucleotide identity (21.6-22.8 %) values of SM1977 T against these close relatives were all below the corresponding thresholds to discriminate bacterial species. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C 16:1  ω 7 c and/or C 16:1  ω 6 c ), C 16:0 and summed feature 8 (C 18:1  ω 6 c and /or C 18:1  ω 7 c ). The predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The sole respiratory quinone was Q-8. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SM1977 T , determined from the obtained whole genomic sequence, was 42.3 mol%. On the basis of the polyphasic results obtained in this study, strain SM1977 T is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Vibrio , for which the name Vibrio algicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SM1977 T (=MCCC 1K04351 T =KCTC 72847 T ).

A novel Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming, irregular short rod-shaped actinobacterial strain, designated YIM 102482-1 T , was isolated from the faeces of Macaca mulatta . Strain YIM 102482-1 T grew optimally at 30-37 °C, at pH 8.0 and in the presence of 1.0-3.0% (w/v) NaCl. Similarly, analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YIM 102482-1 T was a member of the genus Gulosibacter and most closely related to Gulosibacter feacalis NBRC 15706 T (97.6 %), Gulosibacter bifidus NBRC 103089 T (97.6 %), Gulosibacter chungangensis KCTC 13959 T (96.4 %) and Gulosibacter molinativorax DSM 13485 T (96.0 %), respectively. Furthermore, phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and genomic sequences demonstrated that strain YIM 102482-1 T formed a distinct branch with all type strains of the genus Gulosibacter . The major whole-cell sugars and cellular fatty acids (>10.0 %) were ribose and rhamnose, and anteiso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 and C 16 : 0 , respectively. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9, and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid and ornithine were the diagnostic diamino acids in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The dominant polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and unidentified glycolipid. The DNA G+C content of YIM 102482-1 T was 63.0 mol%. Based on analysis results of physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic data, strain YIM 102482-1 T represents a novel species of the genus Gulosibacter , for which the name Gulosibacter macacae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 102482-1 T (=DSM 102156 T =CCTCC AB 2016023 T ).

Huge numbers of bacteria reside in the digestive tract of most animals. During an investigation into the bacterial diversity of primates, strain YIM 102668 T was isolated. When neighbour-joining phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences was conducted, strain YIM 102668 T formed a cluster within the family Flavobacteriaceae and in a lineage not associated with any known group of previously proposed genera. Closely related genera were Algoriella (94.8 %), Chishuiella (94.8 %), Empedobacter (highest 94.6 %), Moheibacter (90.9 %) and Weeksella (90.6 %). In addition, strain YIM 102668 T contained MK-6 as the predominant respiratory quinone and iso-C 15 : 0 as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine and the genomic DNA G+C content was 30.6 mol%. These chemotaxonomic characterizations confirmed that strain YIM 102668 T belonged to the family Flavobacteriaceae . Supported by the results of phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses, we propose that strain YIM 102668 T represents a novel genus, for which the name Faecalibacter macacae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 102668 T (=KCTC 52109 T =CCTCC AB 2016016 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, pink-pigmented, rod-shaped, non-flagellated, aerobic bacterium, designated strain SM1701 T , was isolated from a rotten seaweed collected off Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, West Antarctica. The strain grew at 4-30 °C, pH 6.0-8.0 and with 0.5-5 % (w/v) NaCl. It hydrolysed gelatin and Tweens (40, 60 and 80), but did not reduce nitrates to nitrites. The major cellular fatty acids of strain SM1701 T were iso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 15 : 1 G, iso-C 16 : 1 G, C 16 : 0 and iso-C 17 : 0 3-OH. Polar lipids included phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid, two unidentified glycolipids and one unidentified aminoglycolipid. The major respiratory quinone was MK-7. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SM1701 T was 34.1 mol%. It showed high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Crocinitomix algicola (93.8 %) and Crocinitomix catalasitica (92.5 %) and less than 91 % sequence similarities to other known members in the family Crocinitomicaceae . Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SM1701 T constituted a distinct lineage within the family Crocinitomicaceae . The phylogenetic trees based on concatenated 261 protein sequences from genome sequences showed that strain SM1701 T occupied a branch separated from those of known genera in the family of Crocinitomicaceae , indicating it may belong to a new genus. On the basis of the polyphasic characterization of strain SM1701 T in this study, it is considered to represent a novel species in a new genus in the family Crocinitomicaceae , for which the name Putridiphycobacter roseus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SM1701 T (=KCTC 62302 T =NBRC 113201 T =CGMCC 1.16510 T ).

A yellow, Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-gliding, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped strain, designated YIM 102600 T , was isolated from the faeces of Macaca mulatta dwelling in the Yunnan Wild Animal Park, Yunnan Province, South-West PR China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YIM 102600 T was a member of the genus Flavobacterium , and closely related to Flavobacterium qiangtangense F3 T (96.9 % similarity) and Flavobacterium noncentrifugens R-HLS-17 T (96.0 % similarity). Phylogenetic trees showed that strain YIM 102600 T formed a clade with F. qiangtangense F3 T and F. noncentrifugens R-HLS-17 T . Growth occurred at 4-30 °C (optimum, 28 °C), pH 7.0-8.0 (pH 7.5) and NaCl concentration 0-2 % (w/v; 0-1 %, w/v). The major fatty acids were iso-C 15:0 and summed feature 3 (comprising C 16:1 ω 7 c and/or C 16:1 ω 6 c ). The predominant polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine and the sole respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6. The DNA G+C content was 36.4 mol%. The calculated digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain YIM 102600 T and other species of Flavobacterium ranged from 70.0 to 75.0 % and average nucleotide identity values were in a range between 13.7 to 23.5 %. Based above the consensus of phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses as well as whole genome comparisons, strain YIM 102600 T (=KCTC 52099 T =CCTCC AB 201632 T ) is proposed to represent type strain of a novel species, Flavobacterium macacae sp. nov.

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated and ovoid- or rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain SM1902 T , was isolated from the sediment sampled at the Jia River estuary, Yantai, PR China. The strain grew at 10-37 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), pH 6.0-10.0 (pH 7.0) and with 0.5-13.0 % (w/v) NaCl (2.5%). It reduced nitrate to nitrite, but did not produce bacteriochlorophyll a . The results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SM1902 T constituted a separated lineage within the family Rhodobacteraceae and was closely related to Meridianimarinicoccus roseus TG-679 T and Phycocomes zhengii LMIT002 T with 96.1 and 94.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, respectively. The predominant cellular fatty acid was summed feature 8 (C 18 : 1 ω7 c and/or C 18 : 1 ω6 c ). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, an unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified lipid. The sole respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10. The in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain SM1902 T and Meridianimarinicoccus roseus TG-679 T and Phycocomes zhengii LMIT002 T were 19.6 and 19.5 %, respectively; and the average nucleotide identity values between them were 76.1 and 74.2 %, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SM1902 T was 58.2 mol%. Based on the phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data obtained in this study, strain SM1902 T is considered to represent a novel species in a new genus within the family Rhodobacteraceae , for which the name Fluviibacterium aquatile gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SM1902 T (=KCTC 72045 T =MCCC 1K03596 T =CCTCC AB 2018346 T ).

A Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic, flagellated and coccoid-shaped bacterial strain, designated SM1702 T , was isolated from Antarctic intertidal sediment collected off Ardely Island, West Antarctica. The strain grew at 0-30 °C and with 0.5-5.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and single-copy orthologous clusters both showed that strain SM1702 T , together with Poseidonibacter lekithochrous , occupied an independent phylogenetic branch, sharing the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with type strain of the latter (95.6 %). The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1 ω 7 c and/or C 16 : 1 ω 6 c ), summed feature 8 (C 18 : 1 ω 7 c and/or C 18 : 1 ω 6 c ), C 16 : 0 , and summed feature 2 (C 14 : 0 3-OH and/or iso-C 16 : 1 I). Polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SM1702 T was 27.1 mol%. Based on the results of the polyphasic characterisation for strain SM1702 T , it is identified as the representative of a novel species of Poseidonibacter , for which the name Poseidonibacter antarcticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Poseidonibacter antarcticus is SM1702 T (=MCCC 1K03471 T =KCTC 62796 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, flagellated, rod-shaped bacterial strain, SM1705 T , was isolated from a surface seawater sample collected from the South China Sea. The strain grew at 10-40 °C and with 0.5-13.0 % (w/v) NaCl. It hydrolysed Tweens 20, 40 and 60, but did not hydrolyse starch or Tween 80 nor reduce nitrate to nitrite. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SM1705 T was affiliated with the genus Parvularcula, sharing the highest sequence similarity (96.0 %) with type strain of Parvularcula bermudensis and forming a coherent branch together with the latter within the clade of Parvularcula. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and C18 : 0. Polar lipids included three unidentified glycolipids and one unidentified lipid. The major respiratory quinone of strain SM1705 T was Q10. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SM1705 T was 59.3 mol%. Based on the polyphasic evidence presented in this paper, strain SM1705 T represents a novel Parvularcula species, for which the name Parvularcula marina sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SM1705 T (=KCTC 62795 T =MCCC 1K03505 T =CCTCC AB 2018345 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, oxidase- and catalase-positive, non-flagellated, non-gliding, yellow-pigmented, and rod-shaped bacterium with appendages, designated strain SM1704 T , was isolated from surface seawater collected from the South China Sea. The strain grew at 15-42 °C and with 1-10 % NaCl. It hydrolysed aesculin, but did not hydrolyse gelatin and Tween 80 nor reduce nitrate to nitrite. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain SM1704 T was affiliated with the genus Muricauda, sharing 94.1-95.9 % sequence similarities with type strains of recognized Muricauda species. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and the main polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified lipids and three unidentified aminolipids. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SM1704 T was 40.7 mol%. On the basis of results from polyphasic analysis of strain SM1704 T , it is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Muricauda, for which the name Muricaudananhaiensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SM1704 T (=KCTC 62797 T =MCCC 1K03557 T ).

A Gram-stain-positive strain designated MDB1-42 T was isolated from ice collected from Midui glacier in Tibet, PR China. Strain MDB1-42 T was catalase-positive, oxidase-negative and grew optimally at 25-28 °C and pH 7.0. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that MDB1-42 T represented a member of the genus Arthrobacter. The highest level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.86 %) was found with Arthrobacter agilis NBRC 15319 T . Multilocus sequence analysis revealed low similarity of 91.93 % between MDB1-42 T and Arthrobacter agilis NBRC 15319 T . Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between MDB1-42 T and the most closely related strain, Arthrobacter agilis DSM 20550 T , were 81.36 and 24.5 %, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content was 69.0 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids of MDB1-42 T were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17:0. The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, one unidentified glycolipid and one unidentified lipid. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H2). On the basis of results obtained using a polyphasic approach, a novel species Arthrobacter ruber sp. nov. is proposed, with MDB1-42 T (=CGMCC 1.9772 T =NBRC 113088 T ) as the type strain.

A psychrophilic, Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain Hh31 T , was isolated from Xinjiang No. 1 Glacier in China. Strain Hh31 T was catalase-positive, oxidase-negative and able to grow at between 0-18 °C. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain Hh31 T belonged to the genus Cryobacterium and was most closely related to the type strains of Cryobacterium levicorallinum, Cryobacterium luteum and Cryobacterium flavum. DNA-DNA hybridization, calculation of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization revealed that strain Hh31 T was distinct from its closest phylogenetic neighbours. The major cellular fatty acids of strain Hh31 T were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 1, iso-C15:0, iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. The predominant menaquinones of strain Hh31 T were MK-9 and MK-10. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified phospholipid, one unidentified glycolipid and another unidentified lipid. Physiological tests such as carbon source utilization, showed phenotypic differentiation of strain Hh31 T from the closest related phylogenetic neighbours. Based on a polyphasic approach, a novel species, Cryobacterium aureum sp. nov., is proposed, with Hh31 T (=NBRC 107882 T =CGMCC 1.11213 T ) as the type strain.

A Gram-negative, aerobic, yellow pigmented, non-flagellated, non-gliding, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated SM1355 T , was isolated from Antarctic intertidal sediment collected near the Chinese Antarctic Great Wall Station. The strain grew at 4-35 °C and with 0.5-7.0 % (w/v) NaCl. It hydrolysed aesculin but didn't reduce nitrate to nitrite. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SM1355 T formed a distinct phylogenetic lineage within the family Flavobacteriaceae, sharing the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Flaviramulus ichthyoenteri (96.3 %) and fairly high sequence similarities (95.0-96.0 %) with over 20 recognized species in eight genera of the family Flavobacteriaceae. The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 1 G. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SM1355 T was 36.2 mol%. Based on the results of the polyphasic characterization for strain SM1355 T , it is identified as the representative of a novel species in a new genus of the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Changchengzhania lutea gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Changchengzhania lutea is SM1355 T (=JCM 30336 T =CCTCC AB 2014246 T ).

Two novel actinobacteria, designated YIM 121936 T and YIM 121940 T , were isolated from alkaline sediment in Yuanjiang, China. The cells of the novel strains were Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, motile, non-spore-forming and coccus-shaped. The two strains both contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. The whole-cell sugars were arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose and ribose. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H2). The polar lipid profile of both strains comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, one unknown phosphoglycolipid and five unknown phospholipids. The predominant fatty acids of both strains were anteiso-C15 : 0. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains YIM 121936 T and YIM 121940 T were 74.7 and 75.2 %, respectively. Strain YIM 121936 T was closely related to Kineococcus aurantiacus IFO 15268 T (97.19 %), Kineococcus gypseus YIM 121300 T (97.00 %) and Kineococcus mangrovi NBRC 110933 T (97.00 %). Strain YIM 121940 T was closely related to K. aurantiacus IFO 15268 T (97.41 %), Kineococcus endophytica KLBMP 1274 T (97.18 %), Kineococcus rhizosphaerae RP-B16 T (97.09 %), Kineococcus radiotolerans SRS 30216 T (97.09 %), K. gypseus YIM 121300 T (97.00 %) and K. mangrovi NBRC 110933 T (97.00 %). Strain YIM 121936 T shared high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99 %) with YIM 121940 T . Similarities of two strains with other species of the genus Kineococcus were <97 %. The DNA-DNA hybridization values were below 70 % among all the strains studied. YIM 121936 T and YIM 121940 T are representatives of two new species in the genus Kineococcus, for which names Kineococcus terreus sp. nov. (type strain YIM 121936 T =KCTC 39738 T =DSM 102155 T ) and Kineococcus aureolus sp. nov. (type strain YIM 121940 T =KCTC 39739 T =DSM 102158 T ) are proposed, respectively.

Halopolyspora alba AFM10251T was proposed to represent a novel species of a new genus belonging to the family Actinopolysporaceae in a previous study. The family Mzabimycetaceae , containing one genus, Mzabimyces, was proposed subsequently and Mzabimyces algeriensis H195T was the type strain. However, analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity showed that the two strains were highly similar (99.2 %). Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data, as well as DNA-DNA hybridization confirmed that the two strains are different genomic species of the same genus, Halopolyspora. Mzabimyces algeriensis should be classified in the genus Halopolyspora as Halopolysporaalgeriensis comb. nov. The type strain of Halopolysporaalgeriensis is H195T (=DSM 46680T=CECT 8575T).

A novel actinobacterium, designated YIM 101593T, was isolated from the faeces of a primate (Rhinopithecus roxellanae) living in Yunnan Wild Animal Park in Yunnan province, south-west China. The isolate was Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccus-shaped, oxidase-negative and motile. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as its diagnostic diamino acid, and mannose, ribose, glucose, galactose and arabinose were detected as the main whole-cell sugars. The predominant menaquinone was MK-8(H2). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, two glycolipids, three unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified lipids. The major fatty acids were C17 : 1ω8c, C15 : 0 and summed feature 4 (anteiso-C17 : 1 B and/or iso-C17 : 1 I). The DNA G+C content was 69.8 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain YIM 101593T and Mobilicoccus pelagius was 97.9 %, and the two strains formed a distinct lineage stably on the basis of phylogenetic analysis. In addition, DNA-DNA relatedness between the two strains was 49.0±5.1 %. On the basis of chemotaxonomical and physiological characteristics and the phylogenetic analysis, strain YIM 101593T should be considered to represent a novel species of the genus Mobilicoccus, for which we propose the name Mobilicoccus caccae sp. nov., with the type strain YIM 101593T (=DSM 27611T=CCTCC AB 2013229T).

A Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic, oxidase- and catalase-positive, yellow-pigmented, non-flagellated, rod-shaped bacterium, designed strain SM1501T, was isolated from surface seawater of the South China Sea. SM1501T grew at 7-42 °C and with 0-11 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that SM1501T represented a member of the genus Erythrobacter, sharing the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (97.4 %) with Erythrobacter luteus and 94.2-96.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to other species of the genus Erythrobacterwith validly published names. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) value and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization value between SM1501T and E. luteus were only 74.6 and 20.0 %, respectively. The predominant cellular fatty acids of SM1501T were C17 : 1ω6c, C18 : 1ω7c and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH). The major polar lipids of the strain were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, sphingoglycolipid, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine and the main respiratory quinone of was Q-10. Polyphasic data presented in this paper support the notion that SM1501T represents a novel species in the genus Erythrobacter, for which the name Erythrobacter xanthus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Erythrobacterxanthus is SM1501T (=KCTC 42669T=CCTCC AB 2015396T).

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, strain F01T, was isolated from leaves of Tamarix chinensis Lour. The isolate grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0 and with 5.0 % (w/v) NaCl, and showed a high tolerance to manganese, lead, nickel, ferrous ions and copper ions. The major fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c and C16 : 0, and the predominant respiratory quinone was Q-9. Polar lipids were dominated by diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, unidentified aminoglycolipids and phospholipids. The DNA G+C content was 65.8 %. Based on multilocus phylogenetic analysis, strain F01T belonged to the genus Salinicola, with highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Salinicola peritrichatus CGMCC 1.12381T (97.7 %). The level of DNA-DNA hybridization between strain F01T and closely related Salinicola strains was well below 70 %. According to the phenotypic, genetic and chemotaxonomic data, strain F01T is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Salinicola, for which the name Salinicola tamaricis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is F01T (=CCTCC AB 2015304T=KCTC 42855T).

A novel halophilic, filamentous actinomycete strain, designated AFM 10258T, was isolated from a sediment sample collected from the Dead Sea of Israel. The isolate grew with 10-35 % NaCl and did not grow without NaCl. The isolate formed white aerial mycelium and long spore chains, and two spores were separated by sterile mycelium. The spores were non-motile, spherical and rugose-surfaced. The isolate contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid and galactose and arabinose as the major whole-cell sugars. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and three unknown phospholipids. Major fatty acids were anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. MK-9(H4) was the predominant menaquinone and the DNA G+C content was 62.8 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain AFM 10258T shared low sequence similarity with the closely related representatives of the families Pseudonocardiaceae (below 94.47 %) and Actinopolysporaceae (below 93.76 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain AFM 10258T formed a robust clade with members of the family Actinopolysporaceae. On the basis of analysis of phenotypic, chemical and molecular characteristics, strain AFM 10258T is considered to represent a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Haloactinomyces albus gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is AFM 10258T (=DSM 45977T=CGMCC 4.7115T).

A Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, non-motile and yellow-pigmented bacterium, designated strain SM1504T, was isolated from Arctic seawater. It hydrolysed aesculin and gelatin but did not reduce nitrate to nitrite. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SM1504T constituted a distinct phylogenetic line within the family Cytophagaceae and was closely related to species of the genera Lacihabitans, Emticicia, Fluviimonas and Leadbetterella, with respect to which low sequence similarities between 88.9 and 91.6 % were observed. The major fatty acids of strain SM1504T were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH) and iso-C15 : 0. The predominant polar lipids of strain SM1504T were phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid. The only respiratory quinone detected in strain SM1504T was MK7. The DNA G+C content of strain SM1504T was 40.8 mol%. On the basis of the phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic characterization in this study, strain SM1504T is considered to represent a novel species in a new genus of the family Cytophagaceae, for which the name Arcticibacterium luteifluviistationis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SM1504T (=KCTC 42716T=CCTCC AB 2015348T).

A novel, yellow, aerobic strain, YIM 101168T, isolated from the faeces of a dove (Columba livia), was studied to determine its taxonomic position. Cells were Gram-stain-positive, short rod-shaped, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive and non-motile. The strain could grow at 7-37 °C, at pH 6-10 and in the presence of 0-13 % (w/v) NaCl. The strain had a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and DNA-DNA hybridization relatedness value with Microbacteriumgubbeenense NCIMB 30129T of 97.8 % and 41.5±8.7 %, respectively. Ornithine was detected as the diagnostic amino acid in the hydrolysate of the cell wall. Whole-cell sugars were found to be galactose, glucose, rhamnose, mannose and ribose. Major fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. Major menaquinones were identified as MK-10, MK-11 and MK-12. The polar lipids included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, glycolipids and four unidentified lipids. The phylogenetic analyses as well as the chemotaxonomic and phenotypic characteristics indicate that strain YIM 101168T represents a novel species of the genus Microbacterium; the name Microbacterium faecale sp. nov. is proposed for the novel species and the type strain is YIM 101168T (=DSM 27232T=KCTC 39554T=CGMCC 1.15152T).

A novel aerobic, non-motile, Gram-positive, rod-shaped actinobacterium, designated YIM 100951(T), was isolated from the faeces of civets (Viverra zibetha) living in the National Nature Protect Region in Selangor, Malaysia. Strain YIM 100951(T) shows high similarities with Microbacterium barkeri DSM 20145(T) (97.6 %), Microbacterium oryzae MB10(T) (97.3 %), Microbacterium lemovicicum ViU22(T) (97.1 %) and Microbacterium indicum BBH6(T) (97.0 %) based on their 16S rRNA genes. However, phylogenetic analysis showed that strain YIM 100951(T) formed a clade with Microbacterium halotolerans YIM 70130(T) (96.7 %), Microbacterium populi 10-107-8(T) (96.7 %) and Microbacterium sediminis YLB-01(T) (96.9 %). DNA-DNA hybridization was carried out between strains YIM 100951(T) and M. barkeri DSM 20145(T), the result showed a value of 23.2 ± 4.5 %. In addition, some of the physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain YIM 100951(T) are different from the closely related strains. Thus, we suggest that strain YIM 100951(T) represents a novel species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacterium gilvum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 100951(T) (=DSM 26235(T) = CCTCC AB 2012971(T)).

A Gram-negative, orange-pigmented, aerobic, non-flagellated, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain SM1214T, was isolated from Arctic intertidal sand collected from Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. The strain grew at 10-30 °C and with 0.5-5 % (w/v) NaCl. It hydrolysed casein and aesculin but did not reduce nitrate to nitrite. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SM1214T was affiliated with the genus Subsaxibacter in the family Flavobacteriaceae, exhibiting 96.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the type strain of Subsaxibacter broadyi, the only recognized species of the genus. The major cellular fatty acids of strain SM1214T were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 1 G, C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), anteiso-C15 : 0 and C17 : 0 2-OH. The genomic DNA G+C content of the strain was 35.4 mol%. On the basis of the polyphasic analysis performed in this study, strain SM1214T represents a novel species of the genus Subsaxibacter, for which the name Subsaxibacter arcticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SM1214T ( = JCM 30334T = CCTCC AB 2014245T).

A yellow-pigmented, rod-shaped, non-flagellated, aerobic and Gram-reaction-negative bacterium, designated strain SM1212T, was isolated from intertidal sand of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SM1212T constituted a distinct lineage within the family Flavobacteriaceae. It shared highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with the type strains of Bizionia echini (96.0 %), Lacinutrix jangbogonensis (95.8 %) and Psychroserpens damuponensis (95.7 %) and < 95.6 % sequence similarity with other recognized species in the family Flavobacteriaceae. The strain grew at 4-35 °C and with 0-6.0 % (w/v) NaCl. It hydrolysed gelatin, DNA, starch and Tween 80 but did not reduce nitrate to nitrite. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, anteiso-C15 : 1 A, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, C17 : 0 2-OH and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and the major respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-6. Polar lipids included phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phospholipid, one unidentified aminophospholipid, three unidentified aminolipids and nine unidentified lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SM1212T was 36.6 mol%. On the basis of data from this polyphasic study, strain SM1212T represents a novel species in a new genus in the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Arcticiflavibacter luteus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Arcticiflavibacter luteus is SM1212T ( = MCCC 1K00234T = KCTC 32514T).

A novel Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic, pale-orange-pigmented bacterium, designated strain SM1216T, was isolated from Arctic intertidal sand. Cells of strain SM1216T were dimorphic rods with a single polar prostheca or flagellum. The strain grew at 4 − 30 °C (optimum at 25 °C) and with 0.5 − 6 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum with 2 − 3 %). It reduced nitrate to nitrite but did not hydrolyse gelatin, DNA or Tween 80. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SM1216T was affiliated with the genus Algimonas in the family Hyphomonadaceae, sharing 97.5 and 96.3 % similarity with Algimonas ampicilliniresistens 14A-2-7T and Algimonas porphyrae 0C-2-2T, respectively, the two known species in the genus Algimonas. However, the level of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain SM1216T and the type strain of A. ampicilliniresistens, the nearest phylogenetic neighbour, was 57.9 %. The major cellular fatty acids of strain SM1216T were C18 : 1ω7c and C18 : 1 2-OH. The main polar lipids of strain SM1216T were monoglycosyldiglyceride (MGDG), glucuronopyranosyldiglyceride (GUDG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and three unidentified phospholipids (PL1–3). The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone 10 (Q10). The genomic G+C content of strain SM1216T was 60.6 mol%. On the basis of the evidence from this polyphasic study, strain SM1216T represents a novel species in the genus Algimonas, for which the name Algimonas arctica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SM1216T ( = MCCC 1K00233T = KCTC 32513T). An emended description of the genus Algimonas is also given.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, aerobic bacterium, designated strain SM1351T, was isolated from surface seawater of the Atlantic Ocean. This strain grew at 4-45 °C and with 5-90 g NaCl l- 1. It did not reduce nitrate to nitrite and could not hydrolyse starch or DNA. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the strain was affiliated with the genus Haliea in the family Alteromonadaceae, with sequence similarities with the type strains of Haliea salexigens and Haliea mediterranea, the two recognized species of the genus Haliea, of 96.2 and 94.6 %, respectively. The major fatty acids of strain SM1351T were C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH, C17 : 1ω8c, C18 : 1ω7c and C16 : 0 and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q-8. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SM1351T was 62 mol%. On the basis of the polyphasic characterization of strain SM1351T in this study, it is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Haliea, for which the name Haliea atlantica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SM1351T ( = CCTCC AB 2014266T = JCM 30304T). Moreover, the transfer of Haliea mediterraneaLucena et al. 2010 to Parahaliea gen. nov. as Parahaliea mediterranea comb. nov. (type strain 7SM29T = CECT 7447T = DSM 21924T) and an emended description of the genus Haliea are also proposed.

A novel Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, motile, non-spore-forming coccus-shaped actinomycete, designated strain YIM 121300T, was isolated from alkaline sediment in Yuanjiang, Yunnan province, south-west China. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain YIM 121300T was affiliated to the genus Kineococcus, and was closely related to Kineococcus aurantiacus IFO 15268T (97.3 % similarity). 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to other species of the genus Kineococcus was < 97 %. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. The whole-cell sugars contained arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose and ribose. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H2). Mycolic acids were not detected. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside and an unknown phospholipid. The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 1 A. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 75.1 mol%. DNA–DNA relatedness (55 ± 4 % to K. aurantiacus IFO 15268T) and differential phenotypic data demonstrated that strain YIM 121300T was distinguished from all related species of the genus Kineococcus. On the basis of data from the present polyphasic study, the organism should be assigned to a novel species of the genus Kineococcus, for which the name Kineococcus gypseus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 121300T ( = CCTCC AA 2013232T = DSM 27627T).

A Gram-stain-negative, yellow-pigmented, aerobic, non-flagellated, non-gliding bacterial strain, designated SM1203(T), was isolated from surface seawater of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SM1203(T) was affiliated with the genus Bizionia in the family Flavobacteriaceae. The strain shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (>96%) with the type strains of Formosa spongicola (96.8%), Bizionia paragorgiae (96.3%), B. saleffrena (96.3%) and B. echini (96.1%) and 95.4-95.7% sequence similarity with the type strains of other known species of the genus Bizionia. The strain grew at 4-30 °C and in the presence of 1.0-5.0% (w/v) NaCl. The major fatty acids of strain SM1203(T) were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1, anteiso-C15 : 0 and C15 : 0 and the main polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified lipid. The major respiratory quinone of strain SM1203(T) was menaquinone 6 (MK-6). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SM1203(T) was 34.8 mol%. Based on the polyphasic characterization of strain SM1203(T) in this study, the strain represents a novel species in the genus Bizionia, for which the name Bizionia arctica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SM1203(T) ( = CGMCC 1.12751(T) = JCM 30333(T)). An emended description of the genus Bizionia is also given.

A novel halophilic, filamentous actinomycete, designated strain AFM 10251(T), was isolated from a sediment sample collected from the Dead Sea, Israel. The isolate grew with 10-35% multi-salts, and did not grow without NaCl or MgCl2. The isolate formed a white aerial mycelium, and long chains of arthrospores with more than 10 spores per chain. The spores were spherical or oval with warty surfaces, and sterile mycelium was present between individual spores. The isolate contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and a small proportion of LL-diaminopimelic acid as cell-wall diamino acids, and galactose and arabinose as whole-cell sugars. The major menaquinone was MK-9(H4). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and three unknown phospholipids. Major fatty acids were iso-C(16 : 0), iso-C(17 : 0), iso-C(15 : 0) and anteiso-C(17 : 0). The DNA G+C content of strain AFM 10251(T) was 66.7 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain AFM 10251(T) and the genus Actinopolyspora formed a distinct lineage. Analysis of the secondary structures of variable areas of the 16S rRNA gene showed that strain AFM 10251(T) was different from all recognized species of the genus Actinopolyspora and members of the family Pseudonocardiaceae. Analysis of the signature nucleotides of the 16S rRNA gene showed that strain AFM 10251(T) and Actinopolyspora halophila formed a single group, but with base pair differences at positions 127 : 234 and 183 : 194. On the basis of analysis of chemical and molecular characteristics, strain AFM 10251(T) is considered to represent a novel species of a new genus in the family Actinopolysporaceae, for which the name Halopolyspora alba gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Halopolyspora alba is AFM 10251(T) ( = DSM 45976(T) = CGMCC 4.7114(T))., (© 2014 IUMS.)

A Gram-staining-positive, aerobic and non-motile strain, 0704P10-1(T), was isolated from hydrothermal sediment of the Indian Ocean. Phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data for the organism supported that it belonged to the genus Janibacter. Strain 0704P10-1(T) showed 97.2-98.7% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to the type strains of recognized members of the genus Janibacter. It contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell wall. MK-8(H4) was the only menaquinone detected. The major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, C17 : 1ω8c and 10-methyl C17 : 0. Meanwhile, the results of DNA-DNA hybridization studies and other physiological and biochemical tests allowed the genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain 0704P10-1(T) from closely related species. Thus, strain 0704P10-1(T) represents a novel species of the genus Janibacter, for which the name Janibacter indicus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 0704P10-1(T) ( = LMG 27493(T) = CGMCC 1.12511(T))., (© 2014 IUMS.)

A Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain SM1211T, was isolated from Antarctic seawater. The isolate grew at 4-35 °C and with 0-10% (w/v) NaCl. It could produce bacteriochlorophyll a, but did not reduce nitrate to nitrite or hydrolyse DNA. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SM1211T constituted a distinct phylogenetic line within the family Rhodobacteraceae and was closely related to species in the genera Litorimicrobium, Leisingera, Seohaeicola and Phaeobacter with 95.1-96.0% similarities. The predominant cellular fatty acid was C18:1ω7c. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, an unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified phospholipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SM1211T was 60.7 mol%. Based on the phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data obtained in this study, strain SM1211T is considered to represent a novel species in a new genus within the family Rhodobacteraceae, for which the name Puniceibacterium antarcticum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Puniceibacterium antarcticum is SM1211T (=CCTCC AB 2013147T=KACC 16875T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, oxidase- and catalase-positive, flagellated, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated SM1222(T), was isolated from the deep-sea sediment of the South China Sea. The strain grew at 4-35 °C and with 0.5-8 % NaCl (w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SM1222(T) was affiliated with the genus Oceanisphaera in the class Gammaproteobacteria. It shared the highest sequence similarity with the type strain of Oceanisphaera ostreae (96.8 %) and 95.4-96.6 % sequence similarities with type strains of other species of the genus Oceanisphaera with validly published names. Strain SM1222(T) contained summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 0, C12 : 0 and summed feature 2 (C14 : 0 3-OH and/or iso-C16 : 1 I) as the major fatty acids and ubiquinone Q-8 as the predominant respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SM1222(T) was 51.5 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain SM1222(T) represents a novel species of the genus Oceanisphaera, for which the name Oceanisphaera profunda sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Oceanisphaera profunda is SM1222(T) ( = CCTCC AB 2013241(T) = KCTC 32510(T)). An emended description of the genus Oceanisphaera Romanenko et al. 2003 emend. Choi et al. 2011 is also proposed.

A Gram-negative, orange-colony-forming, aerobic and non-flagellated bacterium, designated strain SM1202(T), was isolated from marine sediment of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SM1202(T) was phylogenetically closely related to the genus Polaribacter. It shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with the type strain of Polaribacter dokdonensis (94.2 %) and 92.7-93.9 % sequence similarity with type strains of other known species of the genus Polaribacter. The strain grew at 4-35 °C and with 1.0-5.0 % (w/v) NaCl. It contained iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, iso-C13 : 0, C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and C15 : 1ω6c as predominant cellular fatty acids and menaquinone-6 (MK-6) as the major respiratory quinone. The polar lipids of strain SM1202(T) were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified lipid, two unidentified aminophospholipids and one unidentified aminolipid. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SM1202(T) was 36.4 mol%. On the basis of the data from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain SM1202(T) represents a novel species in the genus Polaribacter of the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Polaribacter huanghezhanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Polaribacter huanghezhanensis is SM1202(T) ( = CCTCC AB 2013148(T) = KCTC 32516(T)). An emended description of the genus Polaribacter is also presented.

An actinomycete with well-branched mycelia, designated strain YIM 120521(T), was isolated from soil collected from the banks of the Nujiang River, Yunnan Province, south-west China. Both aerial and substrate mycelia were white and non-pigmented. Growth was observed at 4-40 °C (optimum 28 °C), pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum 7.0) and in 0-4 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0 %). Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain YIM 120521(T) belongs to the genus Allokutzneria with the highest sequence similarity to Allokutzneria albata DSM 44149(T) (98.4 %). However, the mean DNA-DNA relatedness value between the two strains was below 70 %. Chemotaxonomic characteristics supported the inclusion of strain YIM 120521(T) in the genus Allokutzneria, with rhamnose, arabinose, glucose, galactose and mannose as the whole-cell sugars, meso-diaminopimelic acid as the cell-wall diamino acid and MK-9(H4) as the predominant menaquinone. On the basis of physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain YIM 120521(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Allokutzneria, for which the name Allokutzneria multivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 120521(T) ( = JCM 17342(T) = DSM 45532(T)).

Two novel isolates of rapidly growing, Gram-stain-positive, non-chromogenic species of the genus Mycobacterium, strain YIM M13028(T) from a sediment sample collected from the South China Sea (19° 30.261' N 111° 0.247' E) at a depth of 42 m and strain YIM 121001(T) from a coastal zone sand sample collected in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, were obtained in our laboratory. Their taxonomic positions were determined by a polyphasic approach. Good growth of the two strains was observed at 28 °C and pH 7.0 with 0-2 % NaCl on tryptic soy agar medium. Both strains formed round orange-red colonies, strain YIM M13028(T) had a rough surface, while YIM 121001(T) was smooth. Cellular fatty acids, whole-cell protein profiles and TLC analysis of their mycolic acids show significant differences from reference stains. Phenotypic characteristics and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of 16S rRNA gene, hsp65, rpoB and 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences indicated that both strains YIM M13028(T) and YIM 121001(T) belong to the genus Mycobacterium. DNA-DNA hybridization values revealed a low relatedness (<70 %) of the two isolates with the type strains Mycobacterium neoaurum DSM 44074(T) and Mycobacterium hodleri DSM 44183(T). The low DNA-DNA hybridization values (40.4±3.5 %) between strains YIM M13028(T) and YIM 121001(T) and phenotypic distinctiveness indicated that the two strains were representatives of different novel species of the genus Mycobacterium. The names proposed for these novel species are Mycobacterium sediminis sp. nov. and Mycobacterium arabiense sp. nov., and the type strains are YIM M13028(T) ( = DSM 45643(T) = KCTC 19999(T)) and YIM 121001(T) ( = DSM 45768(T) = JCM 18538(T)), respectively.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, non-flagellated, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain P-50-3(T), was isolated from seawater of the Pacific. The strain grew at 10-40 °C (optimum at 30 °C) and with 0-12 % (w/v, optimum 2 %) NaCl. It reduced nitrate to nitrite but did not hydrolyse gelatin, starch or Tween 80. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain P-50-3(T) clustered tightly with the genus Albimonas and shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (94.3 %) with the type strain of Albimonas donghaensis. The major respiratory quinone was Q-10 and the major cellular fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c, C18 : 0, 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c and C16 : 0. Polar lipids included phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), two unidentified aminolipids and an unidentified lipid. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain P-50-3(T) was 69.0 mol%. On the basis of the data obtained in this polyphasic study, strain P-50-3(T) represents a novel species within the genus Albimonas, for which the name Albimonas pacifica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Albimonas pacifica is P-50-3(T) ( = KACC 16527(T) = CGMCC 1.11030(T)). An emended description of the genus Albimonas Lim et al. 2008 is also proposed.

A yellow, rod-shaped, Gram-negative, facultatively aerobic, gliding bacterium, designed strain P7-3-5(T), was isolated from intertidal sand of the Yellow Sea, China. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain P7-3-5(T) formed a distinct lineage within the family Flavobacteriaceae, sharing 94.2-96.9 % sequence similarity with type strains of species of the most closely related genera, including Hyunsoonleella, Jejuia, Marinivirga and Algibacter. The strain grew at 4-40 °C and with 0.5-5.0 % (w/v) NaCl. It reduced nitrate to nitrite and hydrolysed gelatin and DNA. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G and anteiso-C15 : 0 and the major respiratory quinone was MK-6. Polar lipids included phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), three unidentified aminolipids (AL1-3) and four unidentified lipids (L1-4). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain P7-3-5(T) was 32.1 mol%. Data from this polyphasic study suggest that strain P7-3-5(T) represents a novel species in a new genus in the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Arenitalea lutea gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Arenitalea lutea is P7-3-5(T) ( = CGMCC 1.12213(T) = KACC 16457(T)).

A marine prosthecate bacterium, designated strain P-1 km-3(T), was isolated from deep seawater from the Pacific. Cells of strain P-1 km-3(T) were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, dimorphic rods with a single polar prostheca or flagellum. The strain hydrolysed gelatin and grew at 6-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C) and with 0.5-12% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2%). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain P-1 km-3(T) belonged to the family Hyphomonadaceae in the class Alphaproteobacteria and represented a separate lineage, located between the genera Oceanicaulis and Woodsholea. Sequence similarities of strain P-1 km-3(T) with type strains of species of the genera Oceanicaulis and Woodsholea were 93.2-93.9%. The predominant cellular fatty acids in strain P-1 km-3(T) were C18:1ω7c, C18:0, 11-methyl C18:1ω7c, C17:0 and C19:0 cyclo ω8c. The major respiratory quinone of strain P-1 km-3(T) was Q-10. The polar lipids of strain P-1 km-3(T) comprised glucuronopyranosyldiglyceride (GUDG), monoglycosyldiglyceride (MGDG), sulfo-quinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), an unidentified phospholipid (PL) and an unidentified lipid (L). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain P-1 km-3(T) was 66.0 mol%. On the basis of the polyphasic data presented in this study, strain P-1 km-3(T) is proposed to represent a novel species in a new genus, Marinicauda pacifica gen. nov., sp. nov., within the family Hyphomonadaceae. The type strain of the type species is P-1 km-3(T) (=KACC 16526(T)=CGMCC 1.11031(T)).

A Gram-negative, motile, aerobic, oxidase- and catalase-positive rod, designated P10-2-4(T), was isolated from an intertidal sand sample collected from a coastal area of Qingdao (Yellow Sea), China. The isolate reduced nitrate to nitrite and grew at 4-33 °C and with 0.5-12 % (w/v) NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), C18 : 1ω7c and C16 : 0. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The major respiratory quinone was Q-8. The genomic DNA G+C content was 45.1 %. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain P10-2-4(T) belonged to the genus Neptunomonas. The isolate shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (98.1 %) with Neptunomonas japonica JAMM 0745(T) and 96.9, 96.5 and 95.9 % sequence similarities with N. antarctica S3-22(T), N. concharum LHW37(T) and N. naphthovorans NAG-2N-126(T), respectively, strains of the other three recognized species in the genus. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain P10-2-4(T) and N. japonica JCM 14595(T) was 35.6 %. Furthermore, strain P10-2-4(T) could be distinguished from the representatives of the genus Neptunomonas by a combination of phenotypic characteristics, such as temperature and NaCl concentration for growth, nitrate reduction, DNase activity and assimilation of substrates. The data from this study suggests that strain P10-2-4(T) represents a novel species in the genus Neptunomonas, for which the name Neptunomonas qingdaonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is P10-2-4(T) ( = CGMCC 1.10971(T)  = KCTC 23686(T)).

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, pink-pigmented and rod-shaped strain, designated ZS3-33(T), was isolated from Antarctic intertidal sandy sediment. The strain grew optimally at 15 °C and with 1.0 % (w/v) NaCl. It reduced nitrate to nitrite and hydrolysed Tween 20. It could not produce bacteriochlorophyll a. The predominant cellular fatty acid was C18 : 1ω7c and the predominant respiratory quinone was Q-10. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, two unidentified aminophospholipids and an unidentified aminolipid. Analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain ZS3-33(T) belonged to the genus Pseudorhodobacter, showing 97.4 % similarity to the type strain of Pseudorhodobacter ferrugineus and 95.3 % similarity to the type strain of Pseudorhodobacter aquimaris. Levels of gyrB gene sequence similarity between strain ZS3-33(T) and the type strains of P. ferrugineus and P. aquimaris were 87.6 and 81.7 %, respectively. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain ZS3-33(T) and P. ferrugineus DSM 5888(T) was 56.6 %. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain ZS3-33(T) was 57.1 mol%. Based on data from this polyphasic study, strain ZS3-33(T) represents a novel species of the genus Pseudorhodobacter, for which the name Pseudorhodobacter antarcticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ZS3-33(T) ( = CGMCC 1.10836(T) = KCTC 23700(T)). An emended description of the genus Pseudorhodobacter Uchino et al. 2002 emend. Jung et al. 2012 is also proposed.

A Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, motile, oxidase- and catalase-positive, rod-shaped strain, designated ZS2-30(T), was isolated from Antarctic intertidal sandy sediment. The strain grew at 4-35 °C (optimum, 25 °C) and in 0-25% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 3.0-4.0%). It could reduce nitrate to nitrite and hydrolyse Tween 80. The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain ZS2-30(T) were summed feature 3 (C(16:1)ω7c and/or C(16:1)ω6c), C(16:0), C(18:1)ω9c, C(16:1)ω9c, C(12:0) 3-OH and C(12:0). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified aminophospholipid. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain ZS2-30(T) was 55.8 mol%. Analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain ZS2-30(T) was affiliated with the genus Marinobacter. It showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to the type strains of three species of the genus Marinobacter, namely Marinobacter maritimus (98.3%), Marinobacter psychrophilus (98.1%) and Marinobacter goseongensis (97.1%), but the DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain ZS2-30(T) and the above three species were all lower than 45%. Moreover, strain ZS2-30(T) could be distinguished from closely related species of the genus Marinobacter by various phenotypic properties. Based on this taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach, strain ZS2-30(T) is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Marinobacter, for which the name Marinobacter antarcticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Marinobacter antarcticus is ZS2-30(T) ( = CGMCC 1.10835(T) = KCTC 23684(T)).

A taxonomic study was carried out on a cellulase-producing bacterium, strain G21(T), isolated from mangrove soil in Xiamen, Fujian province, China. Cells were Gram-negative, slightly curved rods, motile with a single polar flagellum. The strain grew at 15-40 °C and in 0.5-10% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain G21(T) belonged to the genus Vibrio and formed a clade with Vibrio furnissii ATCC 350116(T) (97.4% sequence similarity), V. fluvialis LMG 7894(T) (97.1%) and V. ponticus CECT 5869(T) (96.1%). However, multilocus sequence analysis (using rpoA, recA, mreB, gapA, gyrB and pyrH sequences) and DNA-DNA hybridization experiments indicated that the strain was distinct from the closest related Vibrio species. Additionally, strain G21(T) could be differentiated from them phenotypically by the ability to grow in 10% NaCl but not on TCBS plates, its enzyme activity spectrum, citrate utilization, oxidization of various carbon sources, hydrolysis of several substrates and its cellular fatty acid profile. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 46.0 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C(16:1)ω7c and/or iso-C(15:0) 2-OH), C(16:0) and C(18:1)ω7c. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol, with trace amounts of diphosphatidylglycerol. The predominant quinones were Q-8 and Q-7. Based on phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics and DNA-DNA hybridization analysis, it is concluded that strain G21(T) represents a novel species of the genus Vibrio, for which the name Vibrio xiamenensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is G21(T) ( = DSM 22851(T)  = CGMCC 1.10228(T)).

UnlabelledA large amount of bacterial biomass is transferred from land to ocean annually. Most transferred bacteria should not survive, but undoubtedly some do. It is unclear what mechanisms these bacteria use in order to survive and even thrive in a new marine environment. Myroides profundi D25(T), a member of the Bacteroidetes phylum, was isolated from deep-sea sediment of the southern Okinawa Trough near the China mainland and had high genomic sequence identity to and synteny with the human opportunistic pathogen Myroides odoratimimus. Phylogenetic and physiological analyses suggested that M. profundi recently transitioned from land to the ocean. This provided an opportunity to explore how a bacterial genome evolved to survive in a novel environment. Changes in the transcriptome were evaluated when both species were cultured under low-salinity conditions and then transferred to high-salinity conditions. Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses showed that M. profundi altered transcription regulation in the early stages of survival. In these stages, vertically inherited genes played a key role in the survival of M. profundi. The contribution of M. profundi unique genes, some possibly acquired by horizontal gene transfer (HGT), appeared relatively small, and expression levels of unique genes were diminished under the high-salinity conditions. We postulate that HGT genes might play an important role in longer-term adaptation. These results suggested that some human pathogens might have the ability to survive in and adapt to the marine environment, which may have important implications for public health control in coastal regions.ImportanceHorizontal gene transfer (HGT) is considered to be important for bacteria to adapt to a different microhabitat. However, our results showed that vertically inherited genes might play more important roles than HGT genes in the nascent adaptation to the marine environment in the bacterium Myroides profundi, which has recently been transferred from land to ocean. M. profundi unique genes had low expression levels and were less regulated under high-salinity conditions, indicating that the contribution of HGT genes to survival of this bacterium under marine high-salinity conditions was limited. In the early adaptation stages, M. profundi apparently survived and adapted mainly by regulating the expression of inherited core genes. These results may explain in part why human pathogens can easily be detected in marine environments.

Deconstruction is an essential step of conversion of polysaccharides, and polysaccharide-degrading enzymes play a key role in this process. Although there is recent progress in the identification of these enzymes, the diversity and phylogenetic distribution of these enzymes in marine microorganisms remain largely unknown, hindering our understanding of the ecological roles of marine microorganisms in the ocean carbon cycle. Here, we studied the phylogenetic distribution of nine types of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes in marine bacterial genomes. First, we manually compiled a reference sequence database containing 961 experimentally verified enzymes. With this reference database, we annotated 9,335 enzyme sequences from 2,182 high-quality marine bacterial genomes, revealing extended distribution for six enzymes at the phylum level and for all nine enzymes at lower taxonomic levels. Next, phylogenetic analyses revealed intra-clade diversity in the encoding potentials and phylogenetic conservation of a few enzymes at the genus level. Lastly, our analyses revealed correlations between enzymes, with alginate lyases demonstrating the most extensive correlations with others. Intriguingly, chitinases showed negative correlations with cellulases, alginate lyases, and agarases in a few genera. This result suggested that intra-genus lifestyle differentiation occurred many times in marine bacteria and that the utilization of polysaccharides may act as an important driver in the recent ecological differentiation of a few lineages. This study expanded our knowledge of the phylogenetic distribution of polysaccharide enzymes and provided insights into the ecological differentiation of marine bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the species diversity and toxin profile of Pseudo‐nitzschia, monoclonal strains were established from Chinese southeast coastal waters. The morphology was examined under light and transmission electron microscopy. The internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA was sequenced for phylogenetic analyses, and the secondary structure of ITS2 was predicted and compared among allied taxa. A combination of morphological and molecular data showed the presence of two new species, Pseudo‐nitzschia hainanensis sp. nov. and Pseudo‐nitzschia taiwanensis sp. nov. Pseudo‐nitzschia hainanensis was characterized by a dumpy‐lanceolate valve with slightly blunt apices and a central nodule, as well as striae comprising two rows of poroids. Pseudo‐nitzschia taiwanensis was characterized by a slender‐lanceolate valve, and striae comprising one row of split poroids. The poroid structure mainly comprised two sectors. Both taxa constituted their own monophyletic lineage in the phylogenetic analyses inferred from ITS2 rDNA and were well differentiated from other Pseudo‐nitzschia species. Morphologically, P. hainanensis and P. taiwanensis could be assigned to the Pseudo‐nitzschia delicatissima and the Pseudo‐nitzschia pseudodelicatissima complex, respectively. Particulate domoic acid was measured using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS), but no detectable pDA was found. With the description of the two new species, the species diversity of genus Pseudo‐nitzschia reaches 58 worldwide, among which 31 have been recorded from Chinese coastal waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argininosuccinate synthase (Ass) and argininosuccinate lyase (Asl) are involved in arginine synthesis for various purposes. The complete cDNA coding sequences of ass and asl from the liver of Protopterus annectens consisted of 1,296 and 1,398 bp, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the deduced Ass and Asl of P. annectens had close relationship with that of the cartilaginous fish Callorhinchus milii. Besides being strongly expressed in the liver, ass and asl expression were detectable in many tissues/organs. In the liver, mRNA expression levels of ass and asl increased significantly during the induction phase of aestivation, probably to increase arginine production to support increased urea synthesis. The increases in ass and asl mRNA expression levels during the prolonged maintenance phase and early arousal phase of aestivation could reflect increased demand on arginine for nitric oxide (NO) production in the liver. In the kidney, there was a significant decrease in ass mRNA expression level after 6 months of aestivation, indicating possible decreases in the synthesis and supply of arginine to other tissues/organs. In the brain, changes in ass and asl mRNA expression levels during the three phases of aestivation could be related to the supply of arginine for NO synthesis in response to conditions that resemble ischaemia and ischaemia-reperfusion during the maintenance and arousal phase of aestivation, respectively. The decrease in ass mRNA expression level, accompanied with decreases in the concentrations of arginine and NO, in the skeletal muscle of aestivating P. annectens might ameliorate the potential of disuse muscle atrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Archaea of the Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotic Group (MCG) exist widely in soil, freshwater and marine sediments of both surface and subsurface. However, current knowledge about this group is limited to its phylogenetic diversity. An archaeal 16S library was constructed from a sediment sample from the South China Sea, which was dominated by MCG and Marine Group I (MG-I). A metagenomic library was constructed from the same sediment sample, and three MCG fosmids (E6-3G, E37-7F and E48-1C) containing 16S rRNA genes were screened. Annotation showed that the three genomic fragments encode a variety of open reading frames (ORFs) that are potentially homologous to important functional genes related to lipid biosynthesis, energy metabolism, and resistance to oxidants. No colinear regions were found between MCG fosmids and reported archaeal genomic fragments or genomes, suggesting that the MCG archaea are quite different from the sequenced archaea in gene arrangement. Analyses of both the phylogenies of 16S rRNA genes and several informational processing genes and nucleotide frequencies showed that MCG archaea are distinct from MG-I plus relatives. In addition, tetranucleotide frequency analysis in combination with phylogenetic analysis suggested that some fragments in the MCG fosmids are probably derived from non-MCG or non-archaeal genomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Gram-negative, nonmotile, aerobic and oxidase- and catalase-positive bacterium, designated D25T, was isolated from the deep-sea sediments of the southern Okinawa Trough area. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain D25T fell within the genus Myroides, with 99.2%, 96.0% and 93.4% sequence similarities to the only three recognized species of Myroides. However, the DNA–DNA similarity value between strain D25T and its nearest neighbour Myroides odoratimimus JCM 7460T was only 49.9% (<70%). Several phenotypic properties could be used to distinguish strain D25T from other Myroides species. The main cellular fatty acids of strain D25T were iso-C15:0, iso-C17:1ω9c, iso-C17:03-OH and Summed Feature 3 (comprising C16:1ω7c and/or iso-C15:02-OH). The major respiratory quinone was MK-6. The DNA G+C content was 33.0 mol%. The results of the polyphasic taxonomy analysis suggested that strain D25T represents a novel species of the genus Myroides, for which the name Myroides profundi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is D25T (=CCTCC M 208030T=DSM 19823T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]