Search

We examined the association of biological components in airborne particles, i.e., proteins and endotoxins, in outdoor air with asthma exacerbation in the Fukuoka metropolitan area, Fukuoka, Japan. Data on emergency department (ED) visits for asthma in children (age, 0-14 years) and adults (age, 15-64 years) were collected at a medical center from December 2014 to November 2015. One hundred eighty-one children and 143 adults visited the ED for asthma, and the weekly number of ED visits in children increased in autumn, i.e., September (second week) to November (first week). Fine (aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm) and coarse (≥2.5 µm) particles were collected for 3 or 4 weeks per month, and protein and endotoxin concentrations were analyzed. Protein was largely prevalent in fine particles (0.34-7.33 µg/m3), and concentrations were high in April, May, June, and October. In contrast, endotoxin was mainly included in coarse particles (0.0010-0.0246 EU/m3), and concentrations were high in September (third week), October (first, second, and fourth weeks), February (fourth week), and July (first week). The results of a Poisson regression analysis indicated that endotoxin (in fine and coarse particles alike) was a significant factor for ED visits related to asthma in children, even after adjusting for meteorological factors, i.e., temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. However, there was no association between environmental factors and ED visits for asthma in adults. These results suggest that endotoxin in outdoor air is significantly associated with an increased risk of asthma exacerbation in children.

To investigate the effect of kaolin particles on the flotation performance and froth stability of different particle sizes of bastnaesite, batch flotation tests and froth stability experiments were performed. The results demonstrated that poor froth stability of the coarse particle size bastnaesite led to poor flotation recovery. The medium particle size led to appropriate froth stability and also improved the recovery of bastnaesite. The fine particle size yielded an excessively stable froth, yet did not increase the adherence of bastnaesite particles to the bubbles, but it may have increased the entrainment of kaolin. A longer flotation time may have contributed to improving the recovery of the fine size fraction bastnaesite due to its greater flotation rate. Yet, it had little impact on the recovery of the coarse-grained bastnaesite. In addition, a low proportion (20%) of kaolin improved the recovery and flotation rate of the coarse size fraction bastnaesite. In general, however, the presence of kaolin was detrimental to the flotation performance of bastnaesite. Moreover, the presence of kaolin increased the froth stability of the bastnaesite and resulted in more hydrophilic kaolin particles being entrained into the concentrate products.

A multicamera shadow imaging (shadowgraphy) system is developed to simultaneously capture particle dynamics at multiple locations inside a so called zigzag air separator which is used for separating fine from coarse particle fractions. The adaption of the shadowgraphy system to the specific requirements of the separator apparatus to measure particle sizes and velocities including calibration and particle size correction strategies is described. Measurements reveal the behaviour of glass beads ranging from 1 to 4 mm in diameter with variable particle mass loadings and air flow rates inside the zigzag channel. From the processing of the shadow data, particle flow morphologies and characteristic particle trajectories inside the channel stages are obtained. Furthermore, it is shown that particle mean velocities and particle fluctuation energies depend on the particle mass loading, the air flow rate and the location inside the zigzag channel. The results reveal novel quantitative insights into particle velocities in such an air separator which can be used to better understand the underlying particle mechanisms and foster the development of refined process models.

Particle release from human skin and clothing has been identified as an important contributor to particulate matter burden indoors. However, knowledge about modeling the coarse particle release from skin and clothing is limited. This study developed a new empirically validated CFD modeling methodology for particle release and transport from seated occupants in an office setting. We tested three modeling approaches for particle emissions: Uniform; Uniform + Localized; and Uniform + Localized with Body Motion; applied to four office scenarios involving a single occupant and two occupants facing each other at 1- and 2-m distances. Uniform particle emissions from skin and clothing underpredicted personal inhalation exposure by as much as 55%-80%. Combining uniform with localized emissions from the armpits drastically reduced the error margin to

In the current paper, the analysis of heavy mineral concentrate (Schlich analysis) was used to study the particles of technogenic origin in the samples of urban surface-deposited sediments (USDS). The USDS samples were collected in the residential areas of 10 Russian cities located in different economic, climatic, and geological zones: Ufa, Perm, Tyumen, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Murmansk, and Ekaterinburg. The number of technogenic particles was determined in the coarse particle size fractions of 0.1–0.25 and 0.25–1 mm. The types of technogenic particle were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The amount of technogenic material differed from city to city, the fraction of technogenic particles in the samples varied in the range from 0.01 to 0.43 with an average value of 0.18. The technogenic particles in USDS samples were represented by lithoid and granulated slag, iron and silicate microspheres, fragments of brick, paint, glass, plaster, and other household waste. Various types of technogenic particle differed in morphological characteristics as well as in chemical composition. The novelty and significance of the study comprises the following: it has been shown that technogenic particles are contained in a significant part of the USDS, the quantitative indicators of the accumulation of technogenic particles in the urban landscape have been determined, the contributions of various types of particles to the total amount of technogenic material were estimated for the urban landscape, the trends in the transformation of typomorphic elemental associations in the urban sediments associated with the material of technogenic origin were demonstrated, and the alteration trends in the USDS microelemental content were revealed, taking into account the impurities in the composition of technogenic particles.

The present work compares the flotation recoveries of silica at different particle sizes with oscillatory air supply and conventional steady air supply. The flotation tests were carried out at continuous mode using a 50 mm diameter column equipped with a sparger. Bubble size and gas holdup were measured in the presence and absence of silica particles. The results showed that converting steady air supply to oscillatory air supply could lead to significant improvement of flotation recovery at all particle size fractions tested in the present work, including a 54% increase in flotation recovery for ultrafine particles (−10 μm) and an extension of the upper limit of particle size. The improvement of flotation recovery was linked to decreased bubble size and increased gas holdup. The present study has important implications for research on fine and coarse particle flotation.

Inhalation of particulate matter is associated with adverse health outcomes. The fluorescent portion of supermicron particulate matter has been used as a proxy for bioaerosols. The sources and emission rates of fluorescent particles in residential environments are not well-understood. Using an ultraviolet aerodynamic particle sizer (UVAPS), emissions of total and fluorescent supermicron particles from common human activities were investigated during the HOMEChem campaign, a test-house investigation of the chemistry of indoor environments. Human occupancy and activities, including cooking and mopping, were found to be considerable sources of indoor supermicron fluorescent particles, which enhanced the indoor particle concentrations by two orders of magnitude above baseline levels. The estimated total (fluorescent) mass emission rates for the activities tested were in the range of 4-30 (1-11) mg per person meal for cooking and 0.1-4.9 (0.05-4.7) mg/h for occupancy and mopping. Model calculations indicate that, once released, the dominant fate of coarse particles (2.5-10 micrometer in diameter) was deposition onto indoor surfaces, allowing for the possibility of subsequent resuspension and consequent exposures over durations much longer than the ventilation time scale. Indoor coarse particle deposition would also contribute to soiling of indoor surfaces.

This experimental work on graphite flotation investigated the effect of energy input on flotation performance of three particle size fractions. Results obtained from flotation tests indicated that the required energy input rate increases with the decreasing particle size. The maximum graphite recovery of coarse particles was obtained at 121 J/min, while the optimum recovery of fine particles was obtained at 330 J/min. However, the demand of energy for each coarse particle is slightly higher than that of the fine particle in collision process. Numerical analysis showed that the streamlines have little effect on the trajectories of coarse particles, which can significantly contribute to a higher recovery of coarse particles in comparison with fine particles at the same energy input rate.

While increasing evidence suggested that PM2.5 is the most harmful fraction of the particle pollutants, the health effects of coarse particles (PM10–2.5) have been inconclusive, especially on cerebrovascular diseases, we thus evaluated the effects of PM10, PM2.5, and PM10–2.5 on stroke mortality in six Chinese subtropical cities using generalized additive models. We also conducted random-effects meta-analyses to estimate the overall effects across the six cities. We found that PM10, PM2.5, and PM10-2.5 were significantly associated with stroke mortality. Each 10 μg/m3 increase of PM10, PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 (lag03) was associated with an increase of 1.88% (95% CI: 1.37%, 2.39%), 3.07% (95% CI: 2.35%, 3.79%), and 5.72% (95% CI: 3.82%, 7.65%) in overall stroke mortality. Using the World Health Organization's guideline as reference concentration, we estimated that 3.21% (95% CI: 1.65%, 3.01%) of stroke mortality (corresponding to 1743 stroke mortalities, 95% CI: 896, 1633) were attributed to PM10, 5.57% (95% CI: 0.50%, 1.23%) stroke mortality (3019, 95% CI: 2286, 3777) were attributed to PM2.5, and 2.02% (95% CI: 1.85%, 3.08%) of stroke mortality (1097, 95% CI: 1005, 1673) could be attributed to PM10-2.5. Our analysis indicates that both PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 are important risk factors of stroke mortality and should be considered in the prevention and control of stroke in the study area.

The copper sulfide processing flowsheet has remained virtually untouched for decades and follows a logical progression – crush, grind, float, regrind and refloat to produce a final copper concentrate. This well-defined and proven method of copper sulfide processing has served the industry well for over a century and is based on the particle size range for which conventional flotation is most effective. Work by numerous experts has shown that mechanical flotation works well for a limited size range, from approximately 15 to 150 μm, and is best presented in the well-recognized “elephant curve.” Particles outside this critical size range are typically lost in industrial operations and rejected to tailings due to inherent constraints associated with the physical interactions that occur in the pulp and froth phases of conventional flotation equipment. The underlying mechanisms responsible for the decline in flotation recovery of very fine and very coarse particles have been extensively discussed in the technical literature. For coarser particles, low recovery is typically attributed to both turbulence and buoyancy constraints. To overcome these inherent limitations found in conventional flotation cells, Eriez has developed and successfully implemented a technology, the HydroFloat™, that combines the aspects of fluidized-bed separation and flotation. More recently, this same technology has been demonstrated in sulfides for recovering coarse value from concentrator tails. Other efforts have shown the positive benefit that can be derived from implementation within the concentrator itself. This paper will discuss the theory of operation of fluidized-bed flotation and data from various applications are presented.

In this study, the ultrasound was fixed in the pulp zone of flotation cell and its effect on the true flotation of lignite was analyzed. Flotation results indicated that the simultaneous ultrasound treatment increased the concentrate yield and decreased the concentrate ash content. Screening analysis of flotation products revealed that the ultrasound could crush coarse coal to fine coal and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests indicated that the ultrasound could reduce the coverage of high-ash coal fines on the coarse particle surface. Thus, the flotation recovery of coarse lignite particle was increased. In addition, the true flotation and entrainment of −0.074 mm fine particles were studied by the sink-float test and the method of Trahar. It was found the ultrasound significantly enhanced the true flotation of fine particles and improved the overall water recovery in lignite flotation.

This study presents the particle size distribution and respiratory deposition estimates of airborne perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) during the haze period. Size-segregated haze aerosols were collected from an urban location in Shanghai using an eight-stage air sampler. The samples were analyzed for eight PFAAs using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The quantification results showed that the concentrations of particle-bound Σ 8PFAAs ranged from 0.26 to 1.90 ng m-3 (mean: 1.44 ng m-3). All of the measured PFAAs particle size distributions had a bimodal mode that peaked respectively in accumulation size range (0.4 2.1 μm), but the width of each distribution somewhat varied by compound. The emission source, molecular weight, and volatility of the PFAAs were important factors influencing the size distribution of particle-bound PFAAs. Of these compounds, PFUnDA presented a strong accumulation in the fine size range (average 75% associated with particles

Measures to improve gut health and nutrient digestibility have been sought due to in-feed antibiotics being phased out in poultry. The appropriate physical structure of feed ingredients and addition of dietary fiber may be beneficial in enhancing gut health in poultry. In this study, the effect of a lignocellulose-rich fiber source and corn particle size on broiler performance, gizzard development, nutrient digestibility, cecal microflora, and litter quality was evaluated. A total of 684 day-old male Ross 308 chicks were randomly allocated to 6 treatments with 6 replicate pens, each housing 19 birds. A 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments was applied with the factors of: corn particle size (coarse: 2,982 μm or fine: 941 μm geometric mean diameter), and 3 levels of lignocellulose (0%, 1% or 2%). Significant particle size × fiber interaction was observed for feed conversion ratio (FCR) at d 10 (P < 0.05). The birds fed coarsely ground corn (CGC) had lower FCR than those fed finely ground corn (FGC) only at 2% of lignocellulose but not at 1% or no lignocellulose addition. Birds fed FGC were heavier (P < 0.001) at d 10. In contrast, at d 24 and 35, birds fed CGC had lower FCR than those fed FGC (P < 0.05). Ileal gross energy and protein digestibility increased in birds fed CGC compared with those fed FGC at d 24 (P < 0.05). Relative gizzard weight was higher (P < 0.05) on d 24 and 35 in birds fed CGC as compared to those fed FGC. Birds consumed 2% dietary lignocellulose had decreased counts of cecal Clostridium spp. compared to those with 1% lignocellulose (P < 0.05) at d 24. On d 35, both levels of lignocellulose had significantly decreased (P < 0.05) litter moisture content compared to the control. In conclusion, birds fed pelleted diets containing CGC exhibited improved FCR, and increased nutrient digestibility, which may have been caused by larger gizzards. Furthermore, dietary lignocellulose addition is beneficial to litter quality.

The objective of this study is to relate the flotation of coarse composite particles with their mineral composition. For this purpose, composites of quartz particles in lead borate matrix were fabricated in different size fractions. The quartz in the composite particles was selectively hydrophobised. The composite particles were floated and backscattered scanning electron microscopy was used to measure the number of particles in each flotation product, their size and liberation class. Results showed that the flotation of these composite particles decreased with increasing particle size, and decreasing the quartz (the hydrophobic phase) liberation class. Furthermore, it was also found that diesel oil addition improves the adhesion of composite particles with bubbles, and consequently enhances their flotation recovery. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

The distance between particles (λ) plays a key role in the flowability of fresh cement pastes. λ given in available literatures is an average value and independent with the particle size. Actually, coarse particles in cement paste need a larger λ to achieve same yield stress compared with fine particles. In the present study, relationship between yield stress and λ for single-fraction cement pastes was established by introducing an exponential-type function. Then the function was theoretically deduced to evaluate λ in binary-fraction cement pastes. For cement pastes with yield stress of 30 Pa, distance between coarse particle (48.51 μm) and fine particle (6.63 μm) was 5.00 μm, while distance between mid-sized particle (20.27 μm) and fine particle (6.63 μm) was only 2.57 μm. Finally, the reliability of λ in binary-fraction cement paste was experimentally validated. This method can be applied in multi-fraction cement pastes, and λ in consideration of particle size will give a deeper insight in the flowability and microstructural development of cement pastes.

In this paper, three different rock-soil mixtures were reconstituted in laboratory, which were designed to mimic the proportions of coarse and fine particles in the high fill used at the airport construction sites. The shear strength of the reconstituted mixtures was determined by both large-scale direct shear tests (DSTs) with different plate opening sizes and triaxial compression tests. By comparing the test results, the most appropriate plate opening size for DSTs on coarse gap-graded rock-soil mixtures is discussed. The test results indicate that the opening size has a significant effect on the measured shear strength of gap-graded rock-soil mixtures. For DSTs under the same normal stress, the peak strength decreases with increasing plate opening size. For the gap-graded mixture with a small proportion of coarse particles, a plate opening size of one-third to one-quarter of the maximum particle size (dmax) is suitable. With a higher coarse particle content, the opening size should be increased appropriately. If the percentage of gravels (5.0 mm d dmax is more appropriate.

Graphical abstract, The present study investigated particle size-induced segregation during die filling of binary pharmaceutical blends, consisting of fine and coarse particles in various fractions. Coarse fraction was made of milled and sieved acetylsalicylic acid, whereas the fine fraction was mannitol. The die filling process was carried out in gravity filling and suction filling. The segregation was assessed through determination of the coarse component concentration using UV–Visible spectrophotometry. The obtained values of concentration, determined for ten units of identical volume inside the die, were used to calculate the segregation index (SI), which was an indicator of uniformity of the powder blend deposited into the die. It was found that high segregation tendency was generally observed during gravity filling at a low velocity, due to the effect of air drag, and during gravity filling at a high velocity, as it was carried out through three consecutive filling steps. The lowest segregation tendency was generally observed during suction filling at a low velocity. The horizontal segregation was mostly observed in the top layers of the die, due to mainly two mechanisms: coarse particles cascading down the heap formed by the powder in the final steps of die filling, which produces higher coarse concentration at the near side of the die, observed at low coarse concentration; or coarse particle cascading down the top surface of the flowing powder stream into the die, which increases the coarse concentration at the far end of the die.

Spiral concentrators are one of the most common gravity processing methods extensively used for the concentration of mineral based on their density, particle size and shape. As for every gravity concentration technique, particle size plays a major role in the separation mechanisms within the spiral. Thus, in addition to classical performance indices, such as grade or recovery, partition curves are also a valuable criterion for quantifying the separation efficiency. In this paper, we study and model the influence of wash water additions and pulp density on heavy and gangue mineral partition curves using kaolin residue enriched in heavy minerals and via a design of experiment (DOE). The results show that coarse particle size recovery curves are affected by a systematic decrease, which is mainly impacted by wash water additions. Partition curve modelling through particle size distribution and DOE regression model fitting allow a better understanding of the effect of wash water on the aforementioned phenomenon for each mineral fraction. Gangue minerals are more affected by this phenomenon, which has been interpreted as a result of the Bagnold effect and secondary flows within the spiral. A decrease in the coarse particle recovery represents a significant source of losses, and a better understanding of this phenomenon is necessary to avoid these losses.

Bubble-particle detachment is the main factor to limit the recovery of coarse particle in flotation. A dynamic interaction force apparatus (DIFA) was designed to investigate the bubble-particle detachment process. The DIFA could directly measure the detachment force and visually observe the interfacial behavior during a particle detaching from an air bubble. The detachment process was composed of three sub-processes: bubble stretching process, bubble sliding process, and bubble necking process. Calculated detachment force showed good agreement with measurement force. The critical detachment force, defined as the maximum detachment force during detachment process, was proposed to determine whether a particle completely detached from a bubble. The Bond number was modified using the critical detachment force. The modified Bond number, which considers the bubble-particle detachment process, was more appropriate to evaluate the bubble-particle aggregate stability. It was found that the bubble-particle aggregate stability was enhanced by increasing surface hydrophobicity, whereas the stability was weakened by increasing particle size. The weak stability of bubble-particle aggregate results in a low recovery in coarse particle flotation.

Background The health effects of biological aerosols on the respiratory system are unclear. The purpose of this study was to clarify the association of airborne particle, protein, and endotoxin with emergency department visits for asthma in Kyoto City, Japan. Methods We collected data on emergency department visits at a hospital in Kyoto from September 2014 to May 2016. Fine (aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) and coarse (≥ 2.5 μm) particles were collected in Kyoto, and protein and endotoxin levels were analyzed. The association of the levels of particles, protein, endotoxin, and meteorological factors (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and air pressure) with emergency department visits for asthma was estimated. Results There were 1 to 15 emergency department visits for asthma per week, and the numbers of visits increased in the autumn and spring, namely many weeks in September, October, and April. Weekly concentration of protein in fine particles was markedly higher than that in coarse particles, and protein concentration in fine particles was high in spring months. Weekly endotoxin concentrations in fine and coarse particles were high in autumn months, including September 2014 and 2015. Even after adjusting for meteorological factors, the concentrations of coarse particles and endotoxin in both particles were significant factors on emergency department visits for asthma. Conclusions Our results suggest that atmospheric coarse particles and endotoxin are significantly associated with an increased risk of asthma exacerbation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12199-018-0731-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

An investigation into froth zone recovery in a controlled plant environment is presented. The effect of operating conditions on the froth performance is given in our previous work (Rahman et al., 2015). This paper is primarily concerned with the influence of chemical properties such as frother and collector concentration on the froth behaviour. The results suggested that increasing the collector concentration gave expected results in the collection (pulp) zone, with a significant increase in coarse particle recovery. However, at high collector concentrations, it was observed that there was an increase in bubble coalescence and froth instability as well as a slight decrease in froth recovery. Increasing frother concentration gave a significant improvement in froth recovery and a slight increase in the collection zone recovery was also found. This was attributed to the formation of finer, more stable, bubbles and a corresponding increase in froth stability. Size and grade analysis of the samples suggested that the dropback particles were mainly composite or middling fractions. It appeared that particles whose grade was higher than the feed may be collected into the froth zone, but some particles with grades lower than the concentrate may detach from the froth.

Whole navy bean flour and its fine and coarse particle size fractions were used to completely replace wheat flour in cakes. Replacement of wheat flour with whole bean flour significantly increased the protein content. The protein content was adjusted to 3 levels with navy bean starch. The effect of navy bean flour and its fractions at 3 levels of protein on cake batter rheology and cake quality was studied and compared with wheat flour samples. Batters prepared from navy bean flour and its fractions had higher viscosity than the cake flour. Reducing the protein content by addition of starch significantly lowered the viscosity of cake batters. The whole navy bean flour and coarse bean fraction cakes were softer than cakes made with wheat flour but had reduced springiness. Principal component analysis showed a clear discrimination of cakes according to protein. It also showed that low protein navy bean flour cakes were similar to wheat flour cakes. Navy bean flour with protein content adjusted to the level of cake (wheat) flour has potential as a healthy alternative in gluten-free cakes.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of feed form (meal or pellets) and dietary particle size profile (fine or coarse) in a 2×2 factorial design on finishing pig performance and nutrient digestibility. A simple cereal soya-based finishing pig diet was formulated to provide 13.6 MJ/kg digestible energy (DE) and 167 g/kg crude protein (CP). The coarsely ground diets were made using 2×14 mm+4×10 mm screens and 6×4 mm screens were used to produce the finely ground diets. Diets were then pelleted or not. The effect of feed form and particle size was tested on pig performance (20 pigs per pen, 8 replicates per treatment) and nutrient digestibility (8 pigs/replicates per treatment) in two separate trials. Data were analysed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using Genstat Version 14.0 according to the 2×2 factorial design. There was no significant interaction (P>0.05) between particle size and feed form. However, the ADG and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of pigs between 18 weeks of age and finish was significantly improved (P 0.05) on stomach ulceration. Overall, the results suggest a cumulative effect of feed form and particle size on FCR, nutrient digestibility and DE content of the diet since these parameters were optimized when pigs were offered a pelleted diet with a fine particle size profile but were poorest when meal diets with a coarse particle size profile were offered.

Dry high intensity magnetic separation (DHIMS) is investigated to process a lean hematite ore. It was found that the feed particle size and the drum rotation speed have significant influences on the separation performance, and a magnetic concentrate assaying 36.22% Fe with 75.97% recovery is achievable from the ore assaying 29.14% Fe at a coarse particle size below 10 mm. While the DHIMS is applied to process a lean limonite ore, a similar separation phenomenon is observed to that of the hematite ore. It was concluded that DHIMS may significantly improve the economic viability for exploration of lean iron ores.

The present study investigated the exposure of teenagers, adults, and students to PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10, particle number concentration at two sport facilities of Nazarbayev University including Gymnastics Hall and Multi-purpose Hall. Measurements were conducted during variety of sport training sessions including soccer, basketball, volleyball, Mixed Martial Arts (MMA), boxing, table tennis, etc. A low-cost instrument, Dylos was employed to compare its performance against two TSI instruments. In overall, the Dylos showed acceptable peaks when the source of particle resuspension was present. However, no correlation was observed between Dylos data and Dusttrak fine and coarse particle data. The average PM2,5 and PM10 concentrations were found to be below the WHO limits. The number of participants during the training sessions and sports involving balls including basketball, soccer and volleyball were the two factors responsible for the observed increased particle resuspension.

Nutrient digestibility in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is limited by constraints such as particle size and fiber. Wheat DDGS contains more fiber than corn DDGS that may reduce its nutritional value in swine feeds. Dry fractionation may create DDGS fractions with low and high fiber content; therefore, wheat DDGS was processed sequentially using a vibratory sifter and gravity table. Sufficient material was obtained from 3 wheat DDGS fractions that differed in particle size from fine to coarse (Fraction A [FA], Fraction C [FC], and Fraction D [FD]). Five cornstarch-based diets were mixed that contained either 40% wheat DDGS, 30% FA, 30% FC plus 10% soybean meal (SBM), 30% FD plus 15% SBM, or 35% SBM. A sixth, N-free diet served to subtract basal endogenous AA losses and as control for energy digestibility calculations. Six ileal-cannulated barrows (29 kg BW) were fed 6 diets at 2.8 times maintenance for DE in six 9-d periods as a 6 × 6 Latin square. Feces and ileal digesta were collected sequentially for 2 d each. Wheat DDGS FA, FC, and FD were 258, 530, and 723 μm in mean particle size and contained 44.8, 39.3, and 33.8% CP and 29.1, 35.1, and 37.5% in NDF, respectively. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE was greater (P 0.05) for most AA. The SID of Arg, Lys, Trp, and available Lys was greater (P < 0.05) for FD than wheat DDGS but was similar for FA, FC, and wheat DDGS and was greater (P < 0.05) for FD than SBM. The DE and NE value was greater (P < 0.05) for SBM, FA, and FC than wheat DDGS and did not differ between FD and wheat DDGS. The SID content of indispensable AA and available Lys was greater (P < 0.05) for SBM than wheat DDGS. The SID content of Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, and Val was greater (P < 0.05) for FA than wheat DDGS but did not differ for indispensable AA between FC and wheat DDGS. The SID content of His, Ile, Leu, Met, and Phe was lower (P < 0.05) for FD than wheat DDGS. In conclusion, dry fractionation creates DDGS fractions with a differing chemical composition. Fine particle fractions contain less fiber and more CP than coarse particle fractions, but their AA digestibility was lower, likely due to most of the solubles being fine particles that are more susceptible to AA damage than protein entrapped in particles of larger size.

The effects were determined of the mass ratio of Geldart C particles on the total amount of particles (Mfine/ Mtotal=0-50 wt%), superficial gas velocity (Ug=0.5-1.0 m/s) and coarse particle size distribution (mono, binary, flat, and Gaussian type) on entrainment of Geldart C particles in a bubbling fluidized bed with binary particles (coarse par- ticles: dp=0.512 mm, ρs=2,339 kg/m 3 and Geldart C particles: dp=13µm, ρs=4,455 kg/m 3 ). The initial entrainment rate increases with increasing Ug. At Ug of 0.5 and 0.7 m/s, the initial entrainment rate slightly increases initially and then remains almost constant with increasing mass ratio (Mfine/Mtotal). At higher gas Ug of 0.85 and 1.0 m/s, the initial en- trainment rate increases with increasing the mass ratio (Mfine/Mtotal) up to 30 wt%, after which the increasing slope of the initial entrainment rate decreases with increasing the mass ratio (Mfine/Mtotal). Also, the decrease in the coefficient of entrainment rate is equal to the increase in (Mfine/Mtotal) at the corresponding Ug. The average particle size of the entrained particles is about 12-16 µm at Ug of 0.5-1.0 m/s.

Received 27 June 2013; revised 26 August 2013; accepted 18 September 2013; published 10 October 2013. [1] Mineral aerosols are produced during the erosion of soils by wind and are a common source of particles (dust) in arid and semiarid regions. The size of these particles varies widely from less than 2 μm to larger particles that can exceed 50 μm in diameter. In this study, we present two continuous records of total suspended particle (TSP) concentrations at sites in Mesa Verde and Canyonlands National Parks in Colorado and Utah, USA, respectively, and compare those values to measurements of fine and coarse particle concentrations made from nearby samplers. Average annual concentrations of TSP at Mesa Verde were 90 μ gm � 3 in 2011 and at Canyonlands were 171 μ gm � 3 in 2009, 113 μ gm � 3 in 2010, and 134 μ gm � 3 in 2011. In comparison, annual concentrations of fine (diameter of 2.5 μm and below) and coarse (2.5–10 μm diameter) particles at these sites were below 10 μ gm � 3 in all years. The high concentrations of TSP appear to be the result of regional dust storms with elevated concentrations of particles greater than 10 μm in diameter. These conditions regularly occur from spring through fall with 2 week mean TSP periodically in excess of 200 μ gm � 3 . Measurement of particles on filters indicates that the median particle size varies between approximately 10 μm in winter and 40 μm during the spring. These persistently elevated concentrations of large particles indicate that regional dust emission as dust storms and events are important determinants of air quality in this region.

China is one of the countries with the highest ambient particle levels in the world; however, there have been no epidemiologic studies examining the effects of fine particle (PM2.5), coarse particle (PM10-2.5) and black carbon (BC) simultaneously on morbidity outcomes. In this study, we conducted a time-series analysis to evaluate the acute effects of PM2.5, PM10-2.5, and BC on daily hospital visits in Shanghai, China. During our study period, the mean daily concentrations of PM2.5, PM10-2.5 and BC were 53.9 μg/m(3), 38.4 μg/m(3) and 3.9 μg/m(3), respectively. We found significant associations of PM2.5, PM 10-2.5, and BC with daily hospital visits. An inter-quartile range increase of the average concentrations of the current and previous days in PM2.5, PM10-2.5 and BC was associated with a 1.88% (95% CI: 0.69% to 3.06%), a 1.30% (95% CI: 0.25% to 2.34%) and a 1.33% (95% CI: 0.34% to 2.32%) increase in emergency-room visits, respectively. For outpatient visits, the corresponding estimated changes were -2.44% (95% CI: -6.62% to 1.74%), 1.09% (95% CI: -2.72% to 4.90%) and 3.34% (95% CI: 0.10% to 6.57%) respectively. The effects of BC were more robust than the effects of PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 in two-pollutant models. To our knowledge, this is the first study in China, or even in Asian developing countries, to report the effect of PM2.5, PM10-2.5, and BC simultaneously on morbidity. Our findings also suggest that BC could serve as a valuable air quality indicator that reflects the health risks of airborne particles.

In this study, we demonstrate that regression analysis of trajectories residence time estimates the contributions of geographical sectors to fine and coarse particle mass in urban receptor sites. We applied the methodology to coarse and fine particles in Amsterdam, Athens, Birmingham and Helsinki. The sectors with the highest contributions on PM2.5 and PM10–2.5 for Amsterdam and Birmingham were Central/Eastern Europe and the Atlantic Ocean/North Sea, respectively. For Athens, the four sectors within 500 km accounted for the largest fraction of PM2.5. The Mediterranean Sea and North Africa added more than half of PM10–2.5 in Athens. For Helsinki, more than 50% of PM2.5 and PM10–2.5 were from sources outside Finland. This approach may be applied to assess the impact of transport on particle mass levels, identify the spatial patterns of particle sources and generate valuable data to design national and transnational efficient emission control strategies.

A microtrap inertial impactor has been developed and characterized for use as an area or personal sampler. The microtrap impactor utilizes a high-density multijet plate to direct airflow and a matched multiwell plate to impact and collect particles for extraction with a reduced pressure drop relative to inertial impactors with fewer jets. Reported here is the characterization of the microtrap impactor using a fluidized bed aerosol generator and a small volume nebulizer to generate particles of Arizona Road Dust, potassium chloride, and oleic acid. Collection efficiency was determined by measuring particle size distributions with an aerodynamic particle sizer. Two geometries of the microtrap were tested suitable for a two-stage coarse particle sampler, with 1–4 μm and a 4–10 μm stages. The 1 μm cut-point microtrap stage has a collection efficiency above 97% for particles greater than 2 μm in diameter (at a 10 L/min flow rate and a pressure drop of 0.12 kPa). This stage's collection efficiency was constant ...

This chapter describes the Deposition and Response in the Respiratory Tract (DARRT) model, an improved medical model of particle size effects for bioaerosol inhalation hazards. The DARRT model accounts for variations in human response caused by differences in particle size, in particular for coarse particles that may be present near an aerosol dissemination source and that may remain suspended long enough in an urban environment to expose large numbers of people. Plume dispersion calculations with the US Defense Threat Reduction Agency’s Hazard Prediction and Assessment Capability (HPAC) show that, contrary to common beliefs, particles with aerodynamic diameters as large as 20–40 µm can be a significant hazard tens of kilometers downwind of a release. DARRT predicts the probability of infection or injury from inhalation exposure to bioaerosols with diameters between 0.01 and 100 µm and describes the resulting medical impact. Many current models assume that only 1–5 µm “respirable” particles capable of reaching the pulmonary region of the respiratory system are of concern; however, we find that inclusion of coarse (>5 µm diameter) particle deposition is also important. Coarse particle deposition in the nose, mouth and throat may pose a substantial health risk.

Many studies have examined the effects of air pollution on daily mortality over the past two decades. However, information on the relationship between levels of coarse particles (PM2.5–10) and daily mortality is relatively sparse due to the limited availability of monitoring data. Furthermore, the results are inconsistent. In the current study, the association between coarse particle levels and daily mortality in Taipei, Taiwan’s largest city, which has a subtropical climate, was undertaken for the period 2006–2008 using a time-stratified case-crossover analysis. For the single pollutant model (without adjustment for other pollutants), PM2.5–10 showed statistically significant association with total mortality both on warm and cool days, with an interquartile range increase associated with a 11% (95% CI = 6%–17%) and 4% (95% CI = 1%–7%) rise in number of total deaths, respectively. In two-pollutant models, PM2.5–10 remained significant effects on total mortality after the inclusion of SO2 and O3 both on warm and cool days. We observed no significant associations between PM2.5–10 and daily mortality from respiratory diseases both on warm and cool days. For daily mortality from circulatory diseases, the effect of PM2.5–10 remained significant when SO2 or O3 was added in the regression model both on warm and cool days. Future studies of this type in cities with varying climates and cultures are needed.

Apparent particle size grading is the important characteristic of super-high bench dumping site, and the critical factors with the impact of its stability and disaster prevention are the fragmentation distribution and shear strength parameters of granular. With the copper mine dumping site which had the feature of apparent particle size grading, the thesis carried out the study of on-site particle size investigation and indoor laboratory. The particle-size distribution law with the changing of dumping-site height was analyzed and quantitative relationship between the fragmentation distribution and shear strength parameters of granular was discussed. The research results indicated that coarse-grain contents and maximum grain size were increased significantly according to the decreasing of dumping-site height, which showed that the dumping-site had the feature of apparent particle size grading. The coarse particle content in the grain size composition and internal friction angle φ of shear strength parameters increased with the obvious increment of the distribution value B. The relationship between distribution value B and the internal friction angle φ could be expressed by exponential function curve.

Flash flotation cells are increasingly being employed to recover valuable material present in the grinding circuit, reducing the potential for over-grinding and enhancing plant performance with the added advantage of reduced capital outlay and operating costs. However it is not always possible to quantify the contribution of the flash to overall recovery or to predict how this will alter with changing feed ore properties. This paper is the second in a series of articles written on the topic of coarse particle and flash flotation and examines the nature of the particles being recovered by an industrial flash cell and compares them with those recovered by a laboratory batch flotation cell. The applicability of batch flotation test methods for predicting whether an ore is amenable to the flash flotation process is investigated and shows that a targeted batch flotation test can be used in conjunction with mineralogical analysis to predict the response of the target (valuable) mineral to an industrial flash flotation process. Laboratory tests were conducted on a refractory gold ore taken as a belt cut, allowing the results of the laboratory analysis to be directly compared with the actual plant performance of the same ore. Direct comparison of laboratory flotation test concentrates with that of the plant flash flotation cell shows that the mineralogical response observed in a batch flotation test can be used to predict the nature of the particles that will be recovered in an industrial flash flotation cell. Both the size distribution of the concentrate and upgrade ratios of the coarse size fractions are able to be determined by laboratory methods; however differences in the recoveries and kinetic parameters between laboratory and plant were observed. This paper discusses these results and demonstrates how the tests can be used in conjunction with mineralogy data to predict the amenability of an ore to the flash flotation process.

Coarse particles require distinctly different conditions to their fine and intermediate counterparts for successful flotation and recovery to the concentrate launder. These range from simple operational requirements such as shallow froth depth, reduced impeller speed and higher collector dosage to those that must be optimised specifically for the coarser size fractions such as air addition rate and bubble size, as well as the chemical environment (pH). This paper is the first of a series of publications on the topic of flash flotation and reviews many of the factors that affect coarse particle flotation with a view to how they impact the flash flotation process. A review of the current state of knowledge of the flash flotation process is presented and raises a number of issues in regard to both current operational knowledge and modelling practices.

The objectives of this study were to measure particulate pollution (PM(10), PM(2.5), and PM(1.0)) continuously (24 h/day for 7 day) using real-time exposure monitoring and to estimate total inhalation mass using breathing rate and time-activity. Breathing rates were calculated from measured heart rates. Participants were asked to record a time-activity diary every 15 min. Five microenvironments were defined based on the time-activity diary: home, workplace/school, other indoor, outdoor, and transportation. The average masses of inhaled PM(10) were 530, 316, and 280 μg/day for two office workers, a housewife, and three students, respectively; those of PM(2.5) were 316, 279, and 210 μg/day; and those of PM(1.0) were 251, 264, and 187 μg/day, respectively. We found that home and office/school microenvironments were the main contributors of PM(10), PM(2.5), and PM(1.0) inhaled mass during weekdays and weekends because dwelling time was a determinant factor for inhaled mass. Considering microenvironmental concentration, breathing rate, and dwelling time in each microenvironment, indoor home microenvironments were the largest source of particulate inhalation, followed in order by workplace, transportation, other indoor, and outdoor microenvironments. 34.6% and 69.6% of PM(10) inhalation mass were accumulated in home microenvironments during weekdays and weekends, respectively. The inhaled mass of particulate

This paper is concerned with the flotation behaviour of different particle size fractions in a flotation cell and their response to changes in flotation variables. The flotation behaviour of a particle size range can be estimated by using a common tool, flotation recovery versus particle size curve. However, interaction between the pulp and froth phases makes it difficult to differentiate the performance of the collection zone from the froth zone. In this study, a unique device has been used to measure the flotation efficiency of different particle size ranges in both the collection and froth zones simultaneously. Mixtures of fine (60 G silica, d 80 = 72 μm) and coarse (50 N silica, d 80 = 299 μm) silica were used as feed. The influence of collector concentration, air flow rate, froth depth, and the ratio of fine to coarse particles in the feed on both the collection and the froth zone behaviour with respect to particle size has been investigated. The results show that the overall fine particle recovery is much higher than for coarser particles and less favourable conditions for optimum flotation efficiency are sufficient. The significance of the froth barrier to coarse particle flotation is also established. The important finding of this study is that the presence of fine particles can enhance the collection of coarse particles both in the collection and froth zones.

BACKGROUND: To increase pulse consumption, pita bread was fortified with pulse flours milled from green lentils, navy beans and pinto beans, which were ground to produce fine and coarse flours. Pita breads were prepared using composite flours containing pulse flours (25, 50, 75%) and wheat flour or 100% pulse flours and adjusting the amount of water required for mixing based on farinograph water absorption. Pita bread quality was evaluated according to diameter, pocket height, specific loaf volume, texture and crust colour. RESULTS: Blends made from pulse flours with coarse particle size showed higher rates of water absorption. All composite flours and 100% pulse flours produced pitas with pockets, confirming their suitability for this product. Crust colour of pitas was affected less by navy bean flour than by lentil flour. Pita breads made with pinto bean flour were superior in texture. Overall, navy and pinto bean flours appeared more suitable for pita bread. Flours with coarse particle sizes produced pitas with better colour and texture. Sensory parameters of pitas containing 25% coarse pinto or navy bean flour were as good as or better than those from the wheat control. CONCLUSION: Acceptable pita breads can be made using pulse flours, although the substitution level is limited to 25%. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry

Avaliaram-se o desempenho e a qualidade de ovos de poedeiras semipesadas alimentadas com dietas com diferentes granulometrias do milho em dois sistemas de alimentação (fatorial 4x2) utilizando-se 256 aves em 32 gaiolas, a partir da 46ª semana de idade. As granulometrias do milho utilizadas foram: milho inteiro, milho com 3.198µm, milho com 1254µm e milho com 663µm de diâmetro geométrico médio, e os dois sistemas de alimentação: completo e de livre escolha. O experimento teve duração de quatro períodos de 28 dias. Avaliaram-se consumo de ração (g/ave/dia), produção de ovos (%ovos/ave/dia), peso dos ovos (g), densidade específica (g/cm³), massa de ovos (g), consumo energético (kcal/ave/dia) e consumo proteico (g/ave/dia). No método de livre escolha, as diferentes granulometrias não influenciaram o desempenho. A qualidade do ovo não foi afetada pelas diferentes granulometrias do milho e pelos sistemas de alimentação. No método de livre escolha, houve redução no consumo proteico, com exceção do milho inteiro. Nas granulometrias média e grossa, o sistema completo resultou em maior número de ovos em relação ao de livre escolha. This study aimed to evaluate the performance and egg quality of semi-heavy layers fed diets with different particle sizes of corn in two feeding systems (4x2 factorial) using 256 birds in 32 cages from 46 weeks of age. The particle sizes used were round, 3.198µm, 1254µm and 663µm, and the feed systems complete and of free choice. The experiment lasted for four periods of 28 days. Food intake (g/bird/day), egg production (% eggs/hen/day), egg weight (g), specific gravity (g/cm³), egg mass (g), energy consumption (kcal/bird/day) and protein intake (g/bird/day) were evaluated. In the method of free choice, the different textures did not affect growth performance. The quality of eggs was not affected by the different particle sizes of corn and the feed systems. In the method of free choice there was a reduction in protein intake, except for corn grain. In the medium and coarse particle sizes the complete system provides a higher number of eggs in relation to the free choice system.

The objective of this research was to identify the influence of applied force (AF) and the compressive strength (CS) of concrete on particle exposure concentrations during concrete cutting processes. Five cutting conditions were selected with AF varied between 9.8 and 49 N and CS varied between 2500 and 6000 psi. For each selected cutting condition, the measured total dust concentrations (C tot ) were used to further determine the corresponding three health-related exposure concentrations of the inhalable (C inh ), thoracic (C thor ), and respirable fraction (C res ). Results show that particle size distribution was consistently in a bimodal form under all selected cutting conditions. An increase in CS resulted in an increase in coarse particle generations leading to an increase in the four measured particle exposure levels. An increase in AF resulted in an increase in exposure concentrations with a higher fraction of fine particles (i.e., C tho and C res ) However, for particle exposure concentrations with a higher fraction of coarse particles (i.e., C tot and C inh ), an increase in AF resulted in an initial increase, followed by a decrease in concentration. Finally, the above inferences were further confirmed through the use of fixed-effect models to determine the influence of both CS and AF on the four exposure concentrations. These results provide a reference for industries to initiate appropriate control strategies to reduce the exposure levels encountered by workers.

We investigated the mass concentration, mineral composition and morphology of particles resuspended by children during scheduled physical education in urban, suburban and rural elementary school gyms in Prague (Czech Republic). Cascade impactors were deployed to sample the particulate matter. Two fractions of coarse particulate matter (PM{sub 10-2.5} and PM{sub 2.5-1.0}) were characterized by gravimetry, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. Two indicators of human activity, the number of exercising children and the number of physical education hours, were also recorded. Lower mass concentrations of coarse particulate matter were recorded outdoors (average PM{sub 10-2.5} 4.1-7.4 {mu}g m{sup -3} and PM{sub 2.5-1.0} 2.0-3.3 {mu}g m{sup -3}) than indoors (average PM{sub 10-2.5} 13.6-26.7 {mu}g m{sup -3} and PM{sub 2.5-1.0} 3.7-7.4 {mu}g m{sup -3}). The indoor concentrations of coarse aerosol were elevated during days with scheduled physical education with an average indoor-outdoor (I/O) ratio of 2.5-16.3 for the PM{sub 10-2.5} and 1.4-4.8 for the PM{sub 2.5-1.0} values. Under extreme conditions, the I/O ratios reached 180 (PM{sub 10-2.5}) and 19.1 (PM{sub 2.5-1.0}). The multiple regression analysis based on the number of students and outdoor coarse PM as independent variables showed that the main predictor of the indoor coarse PM concentrations is the numbermore » of students in the gym. The effect of outdoor coarse PM was weak and inconsistent. The regression models for the three schools explained 60-70% of the particular dataset variability. X-ray spectrometry revealed 6 main groups of minerals contributing to resuspended indoor dust. The most abundant particles were those of crustal origin composed of Si, Al, O and Ca. Scanning electron microscopy showed that, in addition to numerous inorganic particles, various types of fibers and particularly skin scales make up the main part of the resuspended dust in the gyms. In conclusion, school gyms were found to be indoor microenvironments with high concentrations of coarse particulate matter, which can contribute to increased short-term inhalation exposure of exercising children. - Highlights: {yields} We studied concentration, composition and morphology of coarse particles in gyms. {yields} Indoor concentration of coarse particles was high during days with pupils activity. {yields} Effect of outdoor coarse dust on indoor levels was weak and inconsistent. {yields} Six main groups of minerals contributing to indoor resuspended dust were determined. {yields} The most abundant coarse particles were human skin scales.« less

This study analyzed the size distribution of airborne particulate matter (PM) and 13 metallic elements associated with it. PM samples were collected using an eight-stage cascade impactor in a busy urban area of an industrial city, Korea during four seasons. Most of the fine and coarse particle mass was concentrated in the size range of 0.7–1.1 µm and 9–10 µm, respectively. PM mass showed two peaks in spring: The first peak was observed for the smallest particles (< 0.7 µm) and the second one was found in the coarse particles (2.1–10 µm). However, fine particles (0.7–2.1 µm) showed the highest PM concentrations in winter. In the distribution analysis of 13 metals in PM, three main groups were determined: (i) heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Mn, Ni and Cr) which were present in high concentrations in fine particles (< 2.1 µm) particularly at the size of 0.4–0.7 µm, (ii) light metals (Na, Ca, K, Al) and Fe which had high concentrations in coarse particles, and (iii) other heavy metals (Pb, Mg and Cu) showing high concentrations at sizes larger than 5.8 µm. The concentrations of Cd, Mn and Ni in the size range of 0.4–0.7 µm of the airborne particles and their total levels obtained by summing up the concentrations of the 8 classified size groups were exceeded the proposed thresholds or tolerance levels of the toxic heavy metals. The mass concentrations of Cd, Mn and Ni decreased with increasing particle size, except the size range of 9–10 µm, in PM10. The levels of Pb in PM10 did not show the size characteristics shown in Cd, Mn and Ni and also was below its tolerance level. Principal sources of 13 metallic elements in PM included natural sources and local anthropogenic sources such as non-ferrous metal smelting, oil combustion, welding, vehicular traffic and road dust.

The influences of particle size and mixing content of coarse cement on the self-healing ability of concrete were researched by ultrasonic method. Damaged degree was measured through the decrease of ultrasonic head wave amplitude (UHA) before and after loading. The relationship between damaged degree and self-healing ratio of concrete was built based on the experimental results as well as the relationship between cement diameter and self-healing ratio of concrete. Analyzing results show that UHA can evaluate the damaged degree of concrete clearly. There exists a damaged threshold of the concrete during loading. Under the same mixing content of coarse cement, when the damaged degree is higher than the threshold, the self-healing ratio of concrete decreases with the increase of damaged degree and increases with the increase of coarse cement diameter, however, while the damaged degree is less than the threshold, the self-healing ratio of concrete increases with both the increase of damaged degree and coarse cement diameter.

Daily and seasonal variation in the total elemental, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) content and mass of PM2.5 were studied at industrial, urban, suburban and agricultural/rural areas. Continuous (optical Dustscan, standard tapered element oscillating micro-balance (TEOM), TEOM with filter dynamics measurement system), semi-continuous (Partisol filter-sampling) and non-continuous (Dekati-impactor sampling and gravimetry) methods of PM2.5 mass monitoring were critically evaluated. The average elemental fraction accounted for 26% of the PM2.5 mass measured by gravimetry. Metals, like K, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb were strongly inter-correlated, also frequently with non-metallic elements (P, S, Cl and/or Br) and EC/OC. A high OC/EC ratio (29) was generally observed. The total carbon content of PM2.5 ranged between 3 and 77% (averages: 1232%), peaking near industrial/heavy trafficked sites. Principal component analysis identified heavy oil burning, ferrous/non-ferrous industry and vehicular emissions as the main sources of metal pollution. This work compares various aerosol monitoring methods to characterize PM2.5 over six locations of different anthropogenic activities over Northern Belgium.

Objectives: The study was aimed to investigate the effects of particle size, vessel used, and extraction time in the preparation of Phaltrikadi kwath.Methods: The particle size of Kwath dravya (solute) was cut into the size of 0.5 cm, 1 cm, 1.5 cm, 2 cm, and coarse powder (pass 60#). The ratios of solvent (water) were 16 times of solute and boiling was done till 1/4th part of the solvent was remain. The provided extraction time was also varied 5.5 to 6 h at temperature range 23C–90°C. Phaltrikadi kwath was prepared as per formula mentioned in “Sharngadhar samhita” Madhyam khand 2/77.Results: Total 15 samples of Phaltrikadi kwath were prepared and analyzed for physicochemical and phytochemical parameters, from obtained value, it was confirmed that extraction procedure with varied particle size significantly affected the yield of active pharmaceutical ingredients in prepared Phaltrikadi kwath. Coarse particle sizes can produce a higher yield. Moreover, a longer extraction time produces a higher yield.Conclusion: Kwath (decoction) prepared by particle size 1.5 cm and 2.0 cm may be more therapeutically effective, as it has total solid content more than 6%, it proves that “Yavakuta” phenomena of Ayurvedic classics.