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Background: We have shown that the foveal contour was asymmetrical after idiopathic macular hole (MH) closure by pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these morphological changes differ in eyes after PPV without ILM peeling. Methods: Ten eyes of 10 patients that underwent PPV without ILM peeling and 12 eyes of 11 patients with ILM peeling were studied. The MH in all eyes was <400 µm in diameter. Six months after the PPV, the macular thickness and foveal slope around the closed MH were determined by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. The thickness of the ganglion cell complex was measured by another spectral-domain optical coherence tomography instrument >6 months after the surgery. Results: The mean parafoveal retinal thickness in the non-peeled group was 367.1 µm in the nasal (N), 353.0 µm in the temporal (T), 366.9 µm in the superior (S), and 357.3 µm in the inferior (I) sectors. The T, S, and I sectors were significantly thicker than the corresponding sectors in the ILM peeled group (p=0.0008, 0.003, and 0.03, respectively). The mean ganglion cell complex was thicker not only in the N sector but also in the T sector in the non-peeled group. The mean retinal slopes in the non-peeled group (N, 40.2°; T, 37.6°; S, 41.2°; I, 39.5°) were flatter than those in the peeled group (N, 52.3°; T, 43.6°; S, 50.8°; I, 51.9°; p=0.009, 0.09, 0.008, and 0.017, respectively). Conclusion: The symmetrical fovea after MH surgery in the non-ILM peeled eyes indicates that the asymmetrical fovea after ILM peeling was probably due to the ILM peeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To identify sectors of the optical coherence tomography (OCT) macular map that could be used to effectively assess structural progression in patients with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG). Methods: This study examined 117 eyes of 117 NTG patients to establish axonal tract-dependent macular sectors, and also examined a separate group of 122 eyes of 81 NTG patients to evaluate the ability of these sectors to reveal glaucoma progression. Longitudinal data, including macular maps from at least 5 OCT examinations performed over at least 2 years, was available for all patients in this group. Circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (cpRNFLT), temporal clockwise sector scans (from 7 to 11 o’clock), macular retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (mRNFLT), and macular ganglion cell layer plus inner plexiform layer thickness (mGCIPLT) were measured with spectral-domain OCT (3D OCT-2000, TOPCON). The axonal tract-dependent macular sectors were identified by calculating Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient for each point on a grid overlaid on the macular map and cpRNFLT in each clockwise scan sector. Trend and event analyses for the slope of progression in each sector and macular map were performed. Visual field progression in the macula was defined by the presence of more than 2 progressive test points in the 16 central test points of the Humphrey field analyzer SITA standard 24–2 program, evaluated with Progressor software. Results: The slope of progression in the entire macular area was -0.22 ± 0.58 μm/year for mRNFLT and -0.35 ± 0.52 μm/year for mGCIPLT. The fastest-progressing mRNFLT sector (-1.00 ± 0.84 μm/year, p < 0.001) and mGCIPLT sector (-1.16 ± 0.63 μm/year, p < 0.001) progressed significantly faster than the overall macula. Classifying patients according to visual field progression showed that baseline mRNFLT in the inferior hemifield, 7 and 8 o’clock sectors, as well as baseline mGCIPLT in the overall macular map, inferior hemifield, and 8 o’clock sector, were significantly lower in progressors (22 eyes) than non-progressors (100 eyes). There were significant differences in mRNFLT slope in 8 o’clock sector and in the fastest progressing sector in progressors and non-progressors, but mGCIPLT did not differ, even in the fastest-progressing sector. Event analysis showed that progression occurred most frequently in inferior mRNFLT and superior mGCIPLT in this study. Conclusion: Axonal tract-dependent OCT macular sectors could effectively reveal structural change in patients with NTG. Furthermore, mRNFLT slope was consistent with visual field progression. This method promises to open new avenues for the OCT-based evaluation of glaucoma progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the sub-classification of myopic glaucomatous eyes by optic disc and peripapillary features. Methods: Optic disc tilt and torsion were determined from retinal nerve fiber layer photographs. Based on the location of the Bruch’s membrane (BM) opening within the β-zone of the peripapillary atrophy (PPA) area, the widths of β-zone PPA (PPA1W), PPA+BM (PPA2W), and PPA-BM (PPA3W) were measured with enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Cluster analysis that employed partitioning around medoids was performed with these parameters, the presence of inward rotation of BM ending axial length (AXL), and central corneal thickness. Results: A total of 115 eyes (AXL≥24 mm) were included. Two clusters produced maximum overall silhouette widths (average = 0.43). Visual field (VF) mean deviation was not different between cluster 1 (52 eyes; -4.02±3.01 dB) and cluster 2 (63 eyes; -5.21±5.62 dB; p = 0.174). In cluster 1 compared to cluster 2, optic disc tilt was significantly greater, PPA1W and PPA3W were longer, and AXL was longer (all p<0.001). The presence of an inward rotation of BM ending was more frequent in cluster 2 (p = 0.043). Forty-one eyes (78.8%) in cluster 1 had superior VF defects while 10 eyes (19.2%) had inferior defects, and only one eye (2%) had defects in both hemifields. Eyes in cluster 2 were more evenly distributed: 55.6% had superior defects, 34.9% had inferior defects, and 9.5% had defects in both hemifields (p = 0.023). Conclusions: Myopic glaucomatous eyes characterized by optic disc and peripapillary configurations can be classified as two distinct types, and the most distinct difference between the two was degree of optic disc tilt and width of PPA. The location of VF defects were also significantly different between two clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) showed that the outer nuclear layer (ONL) in eyes without a history of optic neuritis (ON) was thinner than that of healthy controls. It remains unclear whether the ONL thinning is caused by a direct attack on the retina by an autoantibody or a retrograde degeneration. Objective: To determine the mechanisms involved in the retinal damage in eyes with NMOSD without ON. Methods: SD-OCT was used to determine the thicknesses of the different retinal layers of 21 eyes of 12 NMOSD patients without prior ON and 19 eyes of 10 healthy controls. Eyes with peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning were excluded to eliminate the confounding effects of retrograde degeneration. Microperimetry was used to determine the central retinal sensitivity. The data of the two groups were compared using generalized estimated equation models to account for inter-eye dependencies. Results: The ganglion cell plus inner plexiform layer and the inner nuclear layer plus outer plexiform layer thicknesses of the NMOSD eyes were not significantly different from that of the control eyes (P = 0.28, P = 0.78). However, the ONL and average macular thickness (AMT) in the NMOSD eyes were significantly thinner than that of the control eyes (P = 0.022, P = 0.036). The retinal sensitivity in the central 10°, 10° to 2°, and 2° sectors were significantly lower in the NMOSD eyes than in the control eyes (P = 0.013, P = 0.022, P = 0.002). Conclusions: The ONL thinning, AMT thinning, and reduced retinal sensitivity in eyes with NMOSD without significant peripapillary RNFL thinning are most likely due to direct retinal pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To report an asymmetry analysis of macular inner retinal layers using swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) and to evaluate the utility for glaucoma diagnosis. Design: Observational, cross-sectional study. Participants: Seventy normal healthy subjects and 62 glaucoma patients. Methods: Three-dimensional scans were acquired from 70 normal subjects and 62 open angle glaucoma patients by swept-source OCT. The thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL), ganglion cell complex, and total retina were calculated within a 6.2×6.2 mm macular area divided into a 31×31 grid of 200×200 μm superpixels. For each of the corresponding superpixels, the thickness differences between the subject eyes and contra-lateral eyes and between the upper and lower macula halves of the subject eyes were determined. The negative differences were displayed on a gray-scale asymmetry map. Black superpixels were defined as thickness decreases over the cut-off values. Results: The negative inter-ocular and inter-hemisphere differences in GCIPL thickness (mean ± standard deviation) were -2.78 ± 0.97 μm and -3.43 ± 0.71 μm in the normal group and -4.26 ± 2.23 μm and -4.88 ± 1.46 μm in the glaucoma group. The overall extent of the four layers’ thickness decrease was larger in the glaucoma group than in the normal group (all Ps<0.05). The numbers of black superpixels on all of the asymmetry maps were larger in the glaucoma group than in the normal group (all Ps<0.05). The area under receiver operating characteristic curves of average negative thickness differences in macular inner layers for glaucoma diagnosis ranged from 0.748 to 0.894. Conclusions: The asymmetry analysis of macular inner retinal layers showed significant differences between the normal and glaucoma groups. The diagnostic performance of the asymmetry analysis was comparable to that of previous methods. These findings suggest that the asymmetry analysis can be a potential ancillary diagnostic tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the choroidal structure of the subfoveal area in the eyes of children with anisohypermetropic amblyopia to that of the fellow eyes and to age-matched controls using a binarization method of the images obtained by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). Methods: This study was performed at Nara Medical University Hospital, Tokushima University Hospital, and Kagoshima University Hospital, Japan. Forty amblyopic eyes with anisohypermetropic amblyopia and their fellow eyes (5.9 ± 2.1 years, mean ± standard deviation), and 103 age-matched controls (6.7 ± 2.4 years) were studied. The control eyes were divided into myopic, emmetropic, and hyperopic eyes. The total choroidal area, luminal area and stromal area of the subfoveal choroid were measured by the binarization method. The luminal/stromal ratio and the axial length of the amblyopic eyes were compared to that of the control eyes. Results: The total choroidal area in the amblyopic eyes was significantly larger than that of the fellow eyes (P = 0.005). The luminal/stromal ratio was significantly larger in the amblyopic eyes than that of the fellow eyes (P<0.001) and the control hyperopic eyes (P<0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between the luminal/stromal ratio and the axial length in the control eyes (r = -0.30, P = 0.001), but no significant correlation was found in the amblyopic eyes. Conclusions: The choroidal structure of the amblyopic eyes was different from that of the fellow and the control hyperopic eyes. The choroidal changes are related to amblyopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retinal and intra-retinal layer thicknesses are routinely generated from optical coherence tomography (OCT) images, but on-board software capabilities and image scaling assumptions are not consistent across devices. This study evaluates the device-independent Iowa Reference Algorithms (Iowa Institute for Biomedical Imaging) for automated intra-retinal layer segmentation and image scaling for three OCT systems. Healthy participants (n = 25) underwent macular volume scans using a Cirrus HD-OCT (Zeiss), 3D-OCT 1000 (Topcon), and a non-commercial long-wavelength (1040nm) OCT on two occasions. Mean thickness of 10 intra-retinal layers was measured in three ETDRS subfields (fovea, inner ring and outer ring) using the Iowa Reference Algorithms. Where available, total retinal thicknesses were measured using on-board software. Measured axial eye length (AEL)-dependent scaling was used throughout, with a comparison made to the system-specific fixed-AEL scaling. Inter-session repeatability and agreement between OCT systems and segmentation methods was assessed. Inter-session coefficient of repeatability (CoR) for the foveal subfield total retinal thickness was 3.43μm, 4.76μm, and 5.98μm for the Zeiss, Topcon, and long-wavelength images respectively. For the commercial software, CoR was 4.63μm (Zeiss) and 7.63μm (Topcon). The Iowa Reference Algorithms demonstrated higher repeatability than the on-board software and, in addition, reliably segmented all 10 intra-retinal layers. With fixed-AEL scaling, the algorithm produced significantly different thickness values for the three OCT devices (P<0.05), with these discrepancies generally characterized by an overall offset (bias) and correlations with axial eye length for the foveal subfield and outer ring (P<0.05). This correlation was reduced to an insignificant level in all cases when AEL-dependent scaling was used. Overall, the Iowa Reference Algorithms are viable for clinical and research use in healthy eyes imaged with these devices, however ocular biometry is required for accurate quantification of OCT images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the factors influencing the anterior lamina cribrosa (LC) surface depth (LCD) in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG), focusing on the association between LCD and the position of the central retinal vessel trunk (CRVT) at the anterior LC surface. Methods: Optic nerve heads of 205 OAG eyes were scanned using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). After processing the images using adaptive compensation, the LCD was determined from 11 horizontal B-scan images that divided the optic disc vertically into 12 equal parts. Eyes were divided into two groups (central or peripheral) according to where the CRVT exits from the anterior LC surface. The influence of CRVT position on LCD was evaluated, taking into account age, gender, untreated intraocular pressure (IOP), IOP at optic-disc scanning, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, visual-field mean deviation, central corneal thickness, and axial length. Results: Patients in the peripheral CRVT group were younger and more myopic, and had a larger mean LCD and thinner global RNFL than those in the central CRVT group (all P≤0.023). On multivariate analysis, the peripheral CRVT location was significantly associated with a larger LCD (P = 0.002), together with the significant association of younger age (P<0.001), higher untreated IOP (P = 0.010), and thinner RNFL (P = 0.003) on the larger LCD. Conclusion: In OAG, CRVT location was an independent factor influencing the LCD, together with age, untreated IOP, and global RNFL thickness. The data indicate that the CRVT may contribute to the resistance of the LC against deformation. A longitudinal prospective observation is required to clarify this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To apply M-CHARTS for quantitative measurements of metamorphopsia in eyes with acute branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and to elucidate the pathomorphology that causes metamorphopsia. Methods: This prospective study consisted of 42 consecutive patients (42 eyes) with acute BRVO. Both at baseline and one month after treatment with ranibizumab, metamorphopsia was measured with M-CHARTS, and the retinal morphological changes were examined with optical coherence tomography. Results: At baseline, metamorphopsia was detected in the vertical and/or horizontal directions in 29 (69.0%) eyes; the mean vertical and horizontal scores were 0.59 ± 0.57 and 0.52 ± 0.67, respectively. The maximum inner retinal thickness showed no association with the M-CHARTS score, but the M-CHARTS score was correlated with the total foveal thickness (r = 0.43, p = 0.004), the height of serous retinal detachment (r = 0.31, p = 0.047), and the maximum outer retinal thickness (r = 0.36, p = 0.020). One month after treatment, both the inner and outer retinal thickness substantially decreased. However, metamorphopsia persisted in 26 (89.7%) of 29 eyes. The posttreatment M-CHARTS score was not correlated with any posttreatment morphological parameters. However, the posttreatment M-CHARTS score was weakly correlated with the baseline total foveal thickness (r = 0.35. p = 0.024) and closely correlated with the baseline M-CHARTS score (r = 0.78, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Metamorphopsia associated with acute BRVO was quantified using M-CHARTS. Initial microstructural changes in the outer retina from acute BRVO may primarily account for the metamorphopsia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To ascertain whether the pupillary response amplitude shows spatial summation of responses with increasing size of retinal stimulation, and to examine the pupillary responses for evidence of surround inhibition, analogous to that found in the receptive fields of the retinal ganglion cells. Methods: By means of infrared-video-pupillography, the pupil reaction to stimuli of increasing size (1-15°) was measured in 30 normal subjects. Four different retinal locations (0°, 20° and 40° eccentricity on the upper temporal retina and 20° eccentricity on the lower nasal retina) were examined at four different stimulus luminances (17, 47, 87 and 140 cd/m). Results: When the average log amplitude of the pupil light reaction from the 30 subjects is plotted as a function of the log area of the stimulus, a bi-linear response is observed, which is most pronounced for the two higher luminances. The intersection points of the two linear responses are 2.01° in the fovea, 2.80° at 20° upper temporal retina, 2.85° at 20° lower nasal retina and 4.86° at 40° upper temporal retina. Conclusions: This study suggests that pupillomotor summation areas consist of both summation and inhibitory zones. They show larger diameters than receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells and do not appear to reflect pupillary summation areas of the pretectal olivary nucleus luminance neurons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the interaction between corneal topographic and tomographic parameters and dry eye syndrome (DES) in keratoconus (KC) patients. Methods: Seventy-seven eyes of 49 patients with KC (age 34.4 ± 11.6 years) were enrolled in this study. In these 77 eyes we recorded surface regularity index (SRI), surface asymmetry index (SAI) and Klyce/Maeda KC index (KCI) using the Topographic Modeling System (TMS-5, Tomey, Tennenlohe, Germany), Index of Surface Variance (ISV), Index of Vertical Asymmetry (IVA), KC Index (KI), Center KC Index (CKI), Index of Height Asymmetry (IHA) and Index of Height Decentration (IHD) using Pentacam (Pentacam HR, Oculus, Germany). Patients were subdivided into mild (grade 1-2) and severe stage (grade 3-4) KC groups according to Pentacam grading. To analyse tear film parameters we assessed in 77 KC eyes McMonnies questionnaire, Schirmer test and break-up time and in 26 eyes (10 eyes with mild KC, 16 eyes with severe KC) high-speed videokeratoscopy (during interblinking interval) using a novel commercially not available system (Tear Inspect). With Tear Inspect the analysed tear film parameters were (1) time of first irregularities of Placido rings and (2) time of eyelid closure. Patients were also subdivided into McMonnies questionnaire positive and negative groups. Results: We did not find significant difference between patients with mild and severe KC in any of the examined tear film parameters ( p > 0.66). There was no significant difference in SRI, SAI, KCI, ISV, IVA, KI, CKI, IHA and IHD in McMonnies test positive and negative KC patients ( p > 0.07). There was no correlation between SRI, SAI, KCI, ISV, IVA, KI, CKI, IHA and IHD and any of the examined tear film parameters (without high-speed videokeratoscopy) neither in 77 KC patients nor in mild or severe KC eyes ( r < 0.3). Conclusions: There is no interaction between DES and topographic/tomographic changes in KC-patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the etiological factors, diagnosis, follow-up and treatment procedures in cases of orbital cellulitis. Material and Method: A retrospective review was performed on medical records of patients with orbital cellulitis treated between 2009 and 2011 in our clinic. The patients were studied for age, ophthalmologic examination features, laboratory and radiology results, treatment modalities and the response to these treatments. Results: Eleven patients (7 male, 4 female) having an average age of 9.7 years (6 months-25 years) participated in the study. All patients had eyelid oedema, hyperemia and ocular pain; with chemosis in 3, gaze restriction in 6, relative afferent pupillary defect and proptosis in 4 cases. Orbital cellulitis was observed to occur secondary to paranasal sinusitis in 10 patients (90.9%) and 1 patient had only history of superior respiratory tract infection. Sinus infection was localized in ethmoid and maxillary sinuses in all except one case. Laboratory tests showed leukocytosis in 8 patients. Surgical drainage was performed in 7 of 8 patients with abscess formation observed with radiological imaging. The remainder of the patients were followed with sole medical treatment. All patients recovered without any vision loss or life-threatening complication. Discussion: Orbital cellulitis cases must be followed with radiologic imaging for any complication that may occur and patients with abscess should be evaluated for surgical drainage besides antimicrobial treatment.(Turk J Ophthalmol 2012; 42: 284-7) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this case report a 20-year-old patient who had primary scleral reparation after perforating trauma to the right eye is presented. During the follow-up period a traumatic macular hole was detected. After one month, the macular hole was seen to have spontaneously closed and this was shown with optical coherence tomography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of the non-contact tonometer has increased greatly over the last decade owing to the advent of hand-held devices, which match the accuracy under normal clinical conditions of standard Goldmann contact techniques. One paper presents results of a single-centre retrospective analysis of IOP values recorded from the right and left eyes of middle-aged and elderly at risk but assumed non-glaucomatous subjects. The data were collated on the basis of each subject's gender. A study was prompted by the findings of previous reports that there exists a significant right versus left eye asymmetry in non-contact measures of IOP for non-glaucomatous females.