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Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has had a profound impact on the European and thus Hungarian natural gas market, though substantial changes had begun to occur in Europe from 2021, as evidenced by the wholesale price surges for natural gas that year. This paper examines (1) the demand- and supply-side developments in the Hungarian natural gas market before and after the outbreak of Russia's war on Ukraine; (2) how the Hungarian government has intervened in the natural gas sector from February 2022 onwards; and (3) how these measures fit in with pre-war Hungarian energy strategy documents and the energy policies carried out. Secondary analysis of related statistics is combined with documentary analysis of relevant materials. We find that Hungary did not believe it could wean itself off Russian gas, and thus enhanced cooperation with Russia and bought even more Russian gas. There have been only small steps towards gas import source diversification, and quite late, with priority given to affordability. Demand-side measures, prompted by supply and financial constraints, proved to be relatively successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of new natural gas resources in the Eastern Mediterranean fueled the tension in the region and led to a highly complicated crisis involving multiple actors. This study adopts a constructivist approach in analyzing the political economy of the Eastern Mediterranean energy crisis by relying on the role of identities and ideas in shaping economic decisions. The historical enmity between Turkey and Greece over Cyprus is at the heart of the crisis. Thus, the study focuses on the Turkey, Greece, and Cyprus triangle to reveal the impact of Turkey's image constructed by Greece and the Republic of Cyprus, on the political-economic aspect of the decisions of Greece and Greek Cypriots. To accomplish this objective, a two-stage content analysis was conducted by filtering the official statements of Greece and the RoC from their respective foreign ministries, utilizing the keyword "Eastern Mediterranean." By scrutinizing the official discourses and documents, the analysis aims to delve into the image of Turkey held by these actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the required adjustments made by the European Union (EU) to adequately absorb the negative social and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, the EU is once again confronting a crisis. The extended fiscal instability and environmental imbalance resulting from the energy crisis, primarily caused by rising energy prices owing to geopolitical upheavals (the Russian invasion in Ukraine), have been compounded by rising inflation. The main research objective of this paper is the analysis and evaluation of the effects of the current energy crisis on the Greek economy through the perspective of energy poverty, energy dependence, and climate change. Greece has been negatively impacted by the significant rise in energy costs. In 2022, the percentage of the general population that faced difficulties in paying energy bills exceeded the European average, reaching the level of 34.1%, while almost 19% of the population could not keep their homes sufficiently warm. Additionally, in 2022, Greece was one of the countries most energy-dependent on Russia. Greece achieved most of its targets regarding climate change, with the most representative example being the reduction of GHG emissions by 42% from 2000 to 2022. However, this reduction did not come from the successful green transformation of the Greek economy, but instead was due to the reduction in overall energy consumption that came from the prolonged economic crisis, combined with the restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, the majority of Greek buildings are still not considered to be energy efficient, while the transportation industry continues to rely heavily on oil, coal, and natural gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst the global energy crisis in 2022, the Spanish and Portuguese governments introduced a subsidy to natural gas ("the Iberian exception"), attempting to lower the wholesale electricity market prices, with the understanding that gas-fired-combined cycle gas turbines (CCGTs) are price-setting technologies most of the time, directly or indirectly. The subsidy succeeded in lowering the market price but induced several other effects, such as (1) the increase in cleared energy in the Spanish market (mostly produced with gas), (2) the bias in the import/export cross-border position between Spain and France (Spain became a net exporter to France immediately), or (3) the consequent increase in congestion rents, which serve to lightly finance the subsidy, among other effects. This paper provides a framework for clustering the different effects based on the market participation phases: the subsidy, the market bidding, the market results, and surplus and rents. Moreover, this paper builds on the theoretical market models, with and without subsidies, and with and without cross-border exchanges. Based on the real market bids, the subsidies, and the generators' data, we reconstruct the supply and demand curves and simulate the counterfactual market scenarios in order to illustrate and quantify the effects. We highlight the quantification of the theoretical effect of the transfer of rents, from non-fossil to fossil fuel producers, induced by the gas subsidy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ankara Review of European Studies (ARES) / Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi (AAÇD) is the property of Ankara University European Union Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, I set out to present the results of the analysis of the energy sector of the Republic of Moldova, and particularly the field of electricity, natural gas and petroleum products. Although I do not claim exclusivity in terms of the aspects researched through this paper, I consider that these aspects have been insufficiently analyzed over time, which is why I express my hope that the conclusions of the undersigned presented in this paper will bring a certain level of usefulness both theoretically and, as well as practice. In this sense, the scientific novelty and originality of the obtained results is embodied in the making of a clear opinion regarding the development of future strategies regarding the sustainability of the energy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for natural gas (NG) is increasing rapidly due to the world energy crisis. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) technology is one of the most flexible and reliable supply solutions, which has already been a major research hotpot in energy use. However, NG with high-N 2 content lowers the gas calorific value and value of the gas and increases the energy consumption for production and transport. To address this issue, this study established nitrogen removal from the NG process using a single-column cryogenic distillation process based on Aspen HYSYS® in this study. An expanding refrigeration process using N 2 -CH 4 was selected to provide the required cold energy for this plant, and the process power consumption and LNG specific power consumption was used as evaluation indicators. Results from sensitivity analysis showed that by the increase of natural gas feed temperature T 1 , the distillation column operation pressure P c, and refrigerant high pressure P 3 , the LNG specific power consumption also demonstrated an increasing trend. The variables of natural gas inlet pressure P 1 , the outlet temperature of natural gas from pre-cooler T 2 , the ratio of return RR, the methane content Z CH4 , the temperature of refrigerant after pre-cooler T 4 and refrigerant low pressure P 5 had a negative impact on the LNG specific power consumption. After conducting an optimization algorithm, the minimum LNG specific power consumption was determined to be 56.17 kJ/mol. Exergy analysis demonstrated that the total exergy destruction was 2076.13 kW. The compressor and expander components accounted for 31.57% and 26.29% of the total exergy losses respectively. This research provides valuable insights into optimizing LNG production processes by mitigating the impact of high nitrogen content, and it contributes to the advancement of LNG technology and energy efficiency in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the dual crisis of energy shortage and environmental pollution, natural gas has become a promising alternative fuel. However, its application in marine engines still has some problems such as knocking and misfire in the cylinder, especially during the harsh transient condition of the main engine, which the transient speed regulation rate should be less than 15%, and the speed recovery time should be less than 15s to meet the corresponding specification requirements. In this paper, the 8M23G marine four-stroke natural gas engine is taken as the research object. And, the harsh transient condition of the engine under two modes of load characteristics and propulsion characteristics was analyzed through experiment and simulation. The results showed that the cooperative control strategy had the best effect, which decreased the Lambda of the engine to less than 3.5. Furthermore, the speed recovery time under load characteristics can be controlled at about 10 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonia and methanol are essential to modern societies, but their production has been heavily reliant on natural gas, which contributes to supply disruptions and significant CO2 emissions. While low-carbon or green production routes have been extensively researched, their adoption has been hindered by higher costs, making them unsustainable. However, a recent energy crisis in Europe has created a unique opportunity to shift towards greener production technologies. Here we show that, green ammonia, produced through wind-powered water electrolysis, had the potential to outperform its fossil counterpart for six months as of December 2021, while methanol produced through CO2 capture and wind-based water electrolysis became an economically appealing alternative. With a coordinated effort from academia, industry, and policymakers, Europe can lead the grand transition towards more sustainable practices in the chemical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective production of natural gas from hydrate-bearing sediments by using various strategies (such as depressurization) is an important way to solve the current global energy crisis. Nevertheless, hydrate dissociation during gas production can weaken sediment strength, influencing reservoir stability and subsequent gas production. Previous studies focused mainly on the analysis of production behavior of natural gas from hydrates, but few on reservoir stability. In this work, evolution of gas production, reservoir characteristics and sediment deformation were analyzed thoroughly with ABAQUS platform. Investigation on gas production revealed that the average production rate was 5.57 × 104 m3/day, indicating that development strategies mentioned herein can achieve the goal of commercial development of gas hydrates. Although the changes of hydrate saturation and effective stress both affected the characteristics of hydrate reservoir throughout hydrate development operation, hydrate saturation was the main influencing factor. The contour of the distribution nephogram of reservoir characteristics basically coincided with that of the hydrate saturation distribution nephogram. Meanwhile, the yield area around wellbore appearing in the early stage of development operation corresponded to the area prone to sand production. However, the yield area near the seabed appearing in the late stage of development operation corresponded to the area prone to submarine landslide. Finally, investigation on sediment deformation indicated, except for the dissociation area, which experienced significant compaction, the sediments in other areas in the confined space experienced continuous subsidence. This study is expected to lay a theoretical foundation for proposing engineering measures to avoid uncontrollable geological disasters in the process of hydrate development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy crisis in Europe in 2022 and its consequences have brought changes to approaches towards the issue of energy security, energy policy, and the ability to react to crisis phenomena in the energy market in a short period of time. European countries that are dependent on Russian fossil fuels have faced numerous dilemmas and challenges in 2022. This paper aims to analyse the instruments and energy policies introduced as the reactions of European countries, specifically with the examples of Poland and Germany, to the ongoing fossil fuel crisis in the context of a short period. Due to the specificity of the energy market, the countries' energy policies mainly concern long- and medium-term goals. In 2022, there was an unprecedented situation in which many European countries had to make significant changes to their fossil fuel imports quickly. We analyse and evaluate how two European countries that are heavily reliant on imported energy resources responded in a short time to the necessity of modifying their patterns of fossil fuel supply and demand. The results of our research are models that illustrate both countries' reactions to the disturbances in the energy market during the initial months of the energy crisis. As part of the research, we conducted an analysis of the energy mix of Poland and Germany, their import energy dependency, and self-sufficiency. We then compared them with the short-term energy policies of both countries. As a result, we elaborate on a comparative analysis of the models of Poland's and Germany's responses to the crisis. The research also assesses the similarities and differences in the response models in Poland's and Germany's short-term energy security policies. The results of our research may help, in the future, to choose the available short-term instruments in the energy policy of countries in the face of a sudden need resulting from disruptions in supply chains. The article contributes to the future discussion on renewed national and regional energy security, as well as efficiency concepts. Our research findings could be valuable in selecting appropriate short-term energy policy tools for countries during supply chain disruptions. This article provides significant input for future deliberations on enhancing national and regional energy security, and also efficiency strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Trade & Arbitration Law / Uluslararasi Ticaret ve Tahkim Hukuku Dergisi is the property of Journal of International Trade & Arbitration Law / Uluslararasi Ticaret ve Tahkim Hukuku Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Prices of natural gas, coal, and electricity have risen to the highest level of the last ten years in the last quarter of 2021. It's possible to express that energy prices in 2021 were much higher, compared to the crisis of 2020's Covid-19 breakout's historical descent in the first few months. There are a few factors to this rally. The epidemic caused structural fractions on a global scale. But in general, there is no doubt that crisis factors, which mainly concern Europe, are not limited (with) recovery process in the economy. With this notion, the main structure of this work's subject aims to analyze the lead-up to the energy crisis that became apparent in 2021. Also, in the work, the energy crisis that's been occurring will be analyzed thoroughly, with the help of its dynamics and causes. Within the scope of the study, the Hatemi-J (2012) asymmetric causality test was run using the weekly stock closing data of EU natural gas prices (EUGP), Gazprom (XGASPR), and Equinor (XEQUNR) for the period 05.11.2017-28.11.2021. As a result of the analysis, a causal relationship between the variables was determined. However, the work will positively contribute to the literature, being a guide to the current situations and overcoming the similar crisis that might occur in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extending set-point temperatures in residential buildings has a significant impact on energy demand and thermal comfort. European governments have adopted this strategy to mitigate the energy crisis. Previous studies attempting to quantify energy savings by extending set-point temperatures were limited due to a lack of building stock characterisation, poor climate representation, and the absence of uniformity in the reference set-point temperature. In this study, a large-scale simulation was conducted, which included six building models covering 90% of southern Europe Köppen–Geiger climates, where 20 °C and 25 °C were the reference heating and cooling set-point temperatures, respectively. This also accounted for the thermal characteristics of the older building stock, built more than 15 years ago, and the new buildings built under the latest version of Directive 2010/31/EU. The results show that reducing the heating set-point temperature by 1 °C can lead to an average demand reduction of 20%, while raising the cooling set-point temperature by 1 °C can lead to a 25% cooling demand reduction. The oldest building stock shows a higher absolute savings potential. Adjusting thermostats by 1 °C in Spanish homes during the winter season could represent a saved natural gas volume of 1.8 million normal cubic meters, nearly 40% of the gas demand of households in 2022. These findings suggest that extending the set-point temperatures in residential buildings can be a promising strategy towards a more energy-efficient society without compromising the occupant's thermal comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been an increasing consumption of fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas in both industrial production and daily life. This high demand for non-renewable energy sources has prompted researchers to investigate sustainable and renewable energy alternatives. The development and production of nanogenerators provide a promising solution to address the energy crisis. Triboelectric nanogenerators, in particular, have attracted significant attention due to their portability, stability, high energy conversion efficiency, and compatibility with a wide range of materials. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have many potential applications in various fields, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT). Additionally, by virtue of their remarkable physical and chemical properties, two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), MXenes, and layered double hydroxides (LDHs), have played a crucial role in the advancement of TENGs. This review summarizes recent research progress on TENGs based on 2D materials, from materials to their practical applications, and provides suggestions and prospects for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the current energy crisis, a compact, simple, and reliable cooler is required at small-scale natural gas liquefaction stations. In this paper, a thermoacoustic cooler with a bypass expansion cooling for distributed-temperature heat loads is proposed. The bypass expansion configuration is used to carry out multiple refrigeration processes to achieve distributed cooling temperatures, thus realizing the cascade processes of natural gas liquefaction and improving the liquefaction efficiency. Simulations were carried out to investigate the effect of cooling-stage numbers on relative power consumption efficiency, exergy losses of components as well as axial distributions of key parameters. A proof-of-concept porotype of a two-stage thermoacoustic cooler was built, and the feasibility of the distributed heat loads was experimentally tested. Comparisons with a conventional single-stage thermoacoustic cooler without bypass expansion indicate that the proposed bypass expansion system improves the liquefaction cooling efficiency by a factor of 3.28 at 120 K. Experiments were also carried out to investigate the effect of the bypass expansion, an important factor, by verifying the total number of bypass orifices. Results show that increasing the number of bypass orifices with a more uniform gas distribution can improve the cooling performance of the system. The findings demonstrate the promising prospects of the proposed thermoacoustic cooler in the field of natural gas liquefaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the energy crisis intensifies, the global demand for natural gas is growing rapidly. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) technology is among the delivery solutions with flexible and reliable application prospects and is already a significant field of research in energy utilization. The performance of natural gas liquefaction process has a major influence on the production capacity, energy consumption, economics, and safety of the entire supply chain. Many scholars have conducted numerous studies on various LNG processes and designed many classical processes. This paper summarizes and discusses current research status and development level in the design and optimization of natural gas liquefaction processes in recent years, mainly focusing on cascade liquefaction process, expansion liquefaction process, and mixed refrigerant liquefaction process. The advantages and disadvantages of various liquefaction processes are compared and analyzed in terms of liquefaction capacity, energy consumption, economy, safety, and adaptability. In addition, the rapid development of pressurized liquefaction technology in recent years and its application outlooks are also introduced in detail. Finally, the present situation and industrial demand of LNG process are analyzed, and reasonable suggestions and future research prospects are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Russian-Ukrainian dispute over the natural gas transit and the subsequent disruptions in natural gas supply to some countries in South-East Europe (SEE) in 2006 and 2009 attracted considerable public and academic attention and it wouldn't be overstated to say that they have changed the direction of the entire energy policy of the European Union. Sixteen years after the first gas crisis, in light of the current energy crises and the military conflict between Ukraine and the Russian Federation, this paper attempts to illustrate the trends in the natural gas sector development in South-East Europe, to evaluate whether and how the role of the Russian natural gas supplies in the region's energy security has changed and to examine what measures have been taken for the security of natural gas supplies in the region over the years. The results show that although the amount of Russian natural gas delivered to the SEE countries still represents the greatest share of their total gas supplies, concerns over possible disruptions have been addressed by developing the interconnectivity in the region and commissioning new infrastructure creating alternative options for the routes and sources of supply. Nevertheless, there is still what to expect in regard to interconnectivity and market integration of the Western Balkans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the urgent problem of urban natural gas shortage. In order to improve emergency efficiency, enhance emergency efforts, and reduce urban disaster losses, the differential game theory is firstly applied for constructing a tripartite dynamic game model. Then, based on the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation, the optimal effort degree, natural gas energy shortage, and maximum urban loss are obtained in three cases, i.e., spontaneous governance mode, superior dominant mode, and cooperative mode. The results show that the effort of provincial government, local government, and natural gas emergency enterprise is positively related to the emergency shadow, the impact of effort and natural gas energy attenuation coefficient of provincial government, local government, and enterprise, but it is negatively related to the emergency cost coefficient and the discount rate. From the perspective of emergency shortage and total urban loss, the government-enterprise cooperation mode turns out to be the best emergency mode, while the spontaneous governance mode remains the worst. At the same time, the government implements subsidies and incentives for nongovernmental organizations involved in emergency response, which is more conducive to the emergency of natural gas shortage in heavily suffering cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary energy sources are realized through Romania's internal production as well as through imports. The current evolution of the world economy, European and, of course, in Romania, has determinedthe es of the heating of energy prices. In this context, the authors aim to analyse, on the basis of data provided by the National Institute of Statistics, Eurostat and the European Union, the price situation on the oil, natural gas and other renewable sources that exist, such as hydroelectric, wind, solar, nuclear and imported electricity. In the current context, the complex crisis that the economy of the world's states is going through (the health crisis, the economic and financial crisis, the crisis of energy sources, the food crisis, the crisis determined by the unclear state of world security) determines a much more careful thinking. The crises that I have mentioned have imposed restrictive measures on the part of countries with resources in the fields of oil, natural gas, coal, which affect in the short, medium and long term the economic development of all the countries of the world. Using these data with care, using the statistical indicators that characterize these developments (indicators of primary energy resources, indicators of the dynamics of primary energy resources capitalization, structure of primary energy resources, etc.), together with logical analysis, the authors try to highlight the current state in the field of primary energy resources and to suggest possibilities of evolution in the next period. This situation is completed with some analyses that the authors have carried out using some statistical-econometric models that give numerical content to the analysis to which we have referred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lusíada. Economia & Empresa is the property of Fundacao Minerva-Cultura-Ensino e Investigacao Cientifica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Southeast University (English Edition) is the property of Journal of Southeast University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper "Considerations Regarding the Energy Crisis Started in 2021" presents the main causes and consequences of the current energy crisis, as well as a series of measures established by the European Commission, aiming at maintaining the stability on the European natural gas markets, ensuring Europe's independence from the fossil fuels of Russia well before 2030, accelerating the transition to green energy, while increasing the resilience of the EU's energy system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2021 energy crisis comes at an inconvenient time for the green transition agenda and can affect disposable income, unemployment and inflation. This article discusses the likely effects and implications for energy networks and policy. The economic principles behind the crisis may seem intractable, but they are familiar. A combination of known factors has caused the crisis. Europe is dependent on gas imports and a shortage of supplies has contributed to rising gas and electricity prices. The low-price elasticity of energy demand and supply makes them susceptible to price volatility even with modest quantity shocks. Higher CO2 abatement costs have forced some firms to increase their reliance on natural gas, which in turn drives up the gas prices. The crisis has brought forward the need for some overdue measures and policies including a more robust transition management, new transmission capacity, more storage, balance of contract types, and network regulation models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas/diesel dual-fuel engine has become an urgent need to alleviate the energy crisis and reduce emissions. As an additive, reforming gas can improve the combustion process of dual-fuel engines because it improves the combustion rate and compensates for the low reactivity of natural gas. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the ignition characteristics of natural gas diesel blends by adding H2 and syngas. Based on ANSYS Chemkin 17.0 software, the ignition delay time was solved by a closed uniform model. The effects of H2 and syngas on the ignition performance of a natural gas/diesel engine were studied. The results showed that the ignition delay time of the methane/n-heptane mixture was prolonged after adding H2 in the range of medium and low temperatures. This was due to the fact that reaction R3 (OH + H2 = H + H2O) was an endothermic reaction, which consumed OH radicals and inhibited the ignition process. In the high-temperature range, adding H2 reduced the ignition delay time of the mixture system, which was because of the significant increase in the sensitivity coefficients of R1(H + O2 = O + OH) and R3 and the generation of OH radicals. Therefore, the reduction in ignition delay caused by H2 addition in the high-temperature regions was mainly attributed to R3 and R1. In syngas, CO reduced the ignition delay time of methane/syngas/n-heptane. However, the addition of CO could reduce the importance of R3 in the reaction process—resulting in the weakening of the influence of H2 on ignition delay. This study can expand the theoretical basis of ignition characteristics of methane/n-heptane mixture with H2 and syngas under dual-fuel engine-relevant conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of BES Journal: International Journal of Business & Economic Studies is the property of BES Journal - International Journal of Business & Economic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Natural gas is an essential element of the Latvian and the Baltic energy portfolio, so its supply disruption can seriously affect the national economy and energy security of our country. The article focuses on a basic case study of the natural gas supply to one of the Latvian municipalities, when the energy crisis is announced. It also marks potential vulnerabilities factors that may cause the natural gas supply shortages or disruption periods of different length for a wide spectrum of the Latvian natural gas consumers – starting with households and finishing with large industrial consumers and energy producers. A legal framework analysis along with an emergency natural gas supply review has been proposed as well, taking into account the actual distribution of the natural gas consumption among the urban energy users, which can be compared with references included into the Cabinet of Ministers Regulation No. 312 "Procedures for the Supply of Energy Users and Sale of Heating Fuel during Declared Energy Crisis and in Case of Endangerment to the State" (hereinafter – Regulation 312). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the risks and uncertainties for Mexico derived from the excessive dependency on US natural gas. It will take as a reference Btu price fluctuation and the covenants contained on the based contract for sale and purchase of natural gas, particularly in the context of the behaviour displayed by market participants (including governments) during the recent winter storm energy crisis in Texas which consequently forced shortages in Mexico due to a lack of 'available' natural gas to produce power (electricity). The research question includes: Should Mexico exploit its vast natural gas resources although it might not be a sustainable or a cost-effective (economically–socially and environmentally) decision? (The curse of the TEX-MEX-NG). Or instead, would it be better to prepare (within the limits of its financial situation) to address the US natural gas price fluctuations, like price hedging? Or a combination of both? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to analyze energy security policy of Europe and Southern Gas Corridor project as an alternative energy provider for European Union countries. As Russia stopped to deliver gas to Europe, since that period European countries experienced severe energy shortages. After this experience EU attempted to find extra energy sources for themselves. In this regard, Azerbaijan was seen new, alternative and reliable energy provider for EU countries. This article discusses some of the key challenges facing Europe in terms of energy security and EU attempts to develop a shared European energy policy. The article also provides description and role of Southern Gas Corridor Project as one the alternatives for providing Europe’s energy security. Methodological basis and methods of the article: The article was written on a broad scientific, theoretical and methodological basis. Qualitative analysis method was used during the research. The sources and literature on the issue were collected, systematized and critical analysis, generalizations, and important scientific results were obtained. Novelty of the article: First and foremost, the problem and the idea of the article are of scientific novelty. For the first time, national and foreign scientific researches were used to investigate the positions of the USA, Russia and European countries on the Southern Gas Corridor project. Conclusion: The crisis in Ukraine in 2009 showed that there is a necessity for EU and for Gazprom to look through the energy security policy of both sides. The Nord Stream and the Turkish Stream shows that Russia is seeking to find more stable ways to supply its resources to the biggest consumer, the EU. From another perspective, Azerbaijan has growing interest to diversify its energy resources and increase export capabilities. The SGC is one of the significant projects that targets to meet European need for natural gas initially through Azerbaijani gas, as well as other sources. Azerbaijan’s approach on such considerable project is not limited to play as provider role, the state aims to build up solid cooperation with European countries as well. During the 6th Ministerial Meeting of the Southern Gas Corridor Advisory Council, it is announced that “TAP’s implementation has already been completed by 92%” [12]. Furthermore, full implementation of the project will enable Azerbaijan and the EU to benefit reciprocally from existing of such gas corridor. President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev clearly expressed in his speech that “The Southern Gas Corridor project is a project of energy diversification, diversification of energy resources is very important for producers, for consumers, for transistors, and I think we found a very good balance between producers or producer Azerbaijan, consumers, and transistors” [12]. In other words, critical route of the gas through Georgia and Turkey to Italy and rest of Europe, Azerbaijan will become the crucial figure in energy markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russia's invasion of Ukraine fuelled an energy crisis, which considerably impacted Europe given its heavy reliance on Russian natural gas imports. This study uses an ensemble of four global integrated assessment models, which are further soft-linked to two sectoral models, and explores the synergies and trade-offs among three approaches to living without Russian gas in Europe: (a) replacing with other gas imports, (b) boosting domestic energy production, and (c) reducing demand and accelerating energy efficiency. We find that substituting Russian gas from other trade partners would miss an opportunity to accelerate decarbonisation in end-use sectors while risking further fossil-fuel lock-ins, despite featuring the lowest gas price spikes and potentially reducing heating costs for end-users in the near term. Boosting domestic, primarily renewable, energy production on the other hand would instead require considerable investments, potentially burdening consumers. Energy demand reductions, however, could offer considerable space for further emissions cuts at the lowest power-sector investment costs; nonetheless, an energy efficiency-driven strategy would also risk relocation of energy-intensive industries, an aspect of increasing relevance to EU policymakers. • Three 'corner' strategies to replacing Russian natural gas in the EU are explored. • EU climate targets can still be reached in all three strategies, but costs increase. • Promoting energy efficiency or domestic renewables can boost end-use decarbonisation. • An 'energy efficiency first' response may save millions € in annual electricity costs. • Southern Europe is the most vulnerable to high electricity prices across strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrocarbons in the form of natural gas can be used in long-term energy production and could strengthen the defossilisation of the energy sector. However, operational reliability will decrease due to gas shortages in integrated energy systems. Correlations exist among the multiple failure patterns such as overloads of the transmission lines, overloads of the combined heat and power generator, and over-limit operations of gas compressors. The energy reliability assessment problem becomes more difficult to resolve for integrated energy systems than for power systems. This paper proposes an analytical method to address the multiple correlated risks that are caused by the energy network interactions in an integrated energy system. Three case results in MATLAB demonstrate the accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed method. Compared to the Monte Carlo algorithm, which required approximately 550 s to obtain a precise failure probability with 50 thousand samples, the proposed method takes approximately 12.7 s to obtain an exact failure probability. The advantage is that, different from wide-bound theory and narrow-bound theory, the proposed method can offer a certain value rather than two bounds with respect to the failure probability. • The correlations among different failure patterns are established for integrated energy systems. • Theoretical analysis and statistical experiments are presented to estimate IES reliability. • Network constraints are modelled to fully analyse the nonlinearity of the IES failure estimation. • Both the estimation accuracy and efficiency are ensured using the proposed analytical method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]