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Background: We previously reported an increased prevalence of asthma among patients who had lived in temporary housing after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. We investigated the prognosis of asthma in former residents of temporary housing after allergen avoidance., Methods: Asthma was diagnosed in adults ≥ 15 years from 2014 to 2019 who had lived in temporary housing in Ishinomaki City for at least 1 year. The disease prognosis after the intervention of allergen avoidance in cases that were followed for more than 3 years during the 6-year study period was analyzed. We measured the Dermatophagoides farinae -specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in serum, and the amount of Dermatophagoides group 1 ( Der 1) antigen on their futons or mattresses. We instructed residents in an allergen avoidance strategy that included 32 tasks, including using microfiber bedding covers., Results: Of the 202 examinees who were followed for at least 3 years during the 6-year study period, 72(35.6%) were asthmatic during at least one examination. Of these 72 asthmatics, 55(76.4%) developed the disease after the earthquake, and more than half of the cases that we diagnosed at the examination were mild intermittent asthma. After the allergen-avoidance intervention, both the Der 1 level on the futons or mattresses of residents who were diagnosed with asthma but who were nonasthmatic at the final screening and their serum Der f -specific IgE levels significantly decreased (P < 0.01) at the final examination., Conclusion: Antigen avoidance ameliorated mild asthma that was prevalent among residents of temporary housing after the earthquake., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Housing recovery is an unequal and complex process presumed to occur in four stages: emergency shelter, temporary shelter, temporary housing, and permanent housing. This work questions the four-stage typology and examines how different types of shelter align with multiple housing recovery stages given different levels of social vulnerability. This article also presents a Markov chain model of the postdisaster housing recovery process that focuses on the experience of the household. The model predicts the sequence and timing of a household going through housing recovery, capturing households that end in either permanent housing or a fifth possible stage of failure. The probability of a household transitioning through the stages is computed using a transition probability matrix (TPM). The TPM is assembled using proposed transition probability models that vary with the social vulnerability of the household. Monte Carlo techniques are applied to demonstrate the range of sequences and timing that households experience going through the housing recovery process. A set of computational rules are established for sending a household to the fifth stage, representing a household languishing in unstable housing. This predictive model is exemplified on a virtual community, Centerville, where following a severe earthquake scenario, differences in housing recovery times exceed four years. The Centerville analysis results in nearly 5% of households languishing in unstable housing, thereby failing to reach housing recovery. These findings highlight the disparate trajectories experienced by households with different levels of social vulnerability. Recommendations are provided at the end for more equitable postdisaster recovery policies., (© 2020 Society for Risk Analysis.)

In industrial clusters that are affected by earthquakes and tsunamis, advance countermeasures are necessary to ensure the continuity of business operations of companies. This article presents the results of a questionnaire survey of small- and medium-sized enterprises in Amagasaki City, Hyogo Prefecture, to determine the current status of disaster countermeasures, and a questionnaire survey of residents' awareness of risks and their current countermeasures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Japan, natural disasters have historically caused massive damage, and the importance of emergency temporary housing is increasing. In this paper, the summer thermal environment at the Shirahata temporary housing site in Kousa Town was assessed. The site was constructed following the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake. The site was improved by applying a design methodology called "Kumamoto Type D," "D" stands for "Default & Design." Field measurements and computational fluid dynamics simulations were conducted to investigate the influence of the building arrangement on the outdoor thermal environment for the Kumamoto Type D layout. The results indicated that the impact of wind was reduced using this layout. However, when the surface temperature in the parking lot and other areas increased, hot air could be transmitted to the site, even under reduced wind conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Prefabricated temporary houses (PTHs) are extensively used for temporarily accommodation disaster victims. However, the thermal environment inside PTHs can be intolerable in summer. Previous related studies showed the success of applying a movable phase change material (PCM) design to PTHs for improving indoor thermal environments in Chengdu, China; it only represented the "warm temperate‐fully humid‐hot summer" climate. Since various natural disasters may occur around the world, it became necessary to study the effectiveness of applying the movable PCM design to PTHs installed in other climate regions globally. Therefore, following the previous experimental and numerical studies where only one climate condition was considered, in the current article, a numerical study is reported on applying the movable PCM design to PTHs in 12 selected cities in different climate regions to improve their indoor thermal environments in July. The results from the numerical study showed that, in all the 12 selected cities in July, after introducing the movable PCM design to the PTHs, both the maximum indoor air temperature, the monthly averaged air temperature inside the PTHs, the daily peak and daily average indoor air temperature on the hottest day were lowered. It was further demonstrated that on the hottest day in July, the difference between the daily peak air temperature values inside the disaster‐relief PTH with and without incorporating the movable PCM design varied from 2.12°C to 5.34°C, and that between the daily air temperature values varied from 1.53°C to 3.56°C. In all the 12 selected cities, although applying the movable PCM design to disaster‐relief PTHs in July was functional, it was more effective for the following seven cities, that is, Singapore, Miami, Bangkok, Chengdu, Damascus, Hanoi, and Urumqi (with Δ values being not less than 300°C·h and Δ′ being not less than 46%), with six of the seven cities located in both tropical and temperate climate regions, based on the evaluating criteria proposed in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural disasters are responsible for causing significant damage to built environments and its consequent homelessness. This subject is notable in developing countries, specifically when they are located in earthquake-prone areas. After extensive destruction due to such incidents, authorities are confronted with numerous economic, social, and environmental complications in the implementation of housing solutions. Temporary housing (TH) is a short-term solution enabling communities to return to their routine activities by providing a minimum level of housing requirement. To accelerate the recovery procedure, resources should be carefully managed and a sustainable plan concerning economic, social, and environmental complexities should be developed. Therefore, this paper investigates the shortcomings of the existing TH solutions and uses prior experiences to propose a sustainable TH solution for an extensive area of Iran with a hot-arid climatic condition. Accordingly, the result is a TH system using earthquake rubbles in modular gabion containers. It was found that such a method could increase the occupants comfort level up to 8.61% while reducing a project's carbon footprint compared with the existing solutions. The proposed system assists authorities in confronting disasters with a more sustainable TH plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article aims to identify who are the affected people and what is the State's responsibility in the face of natural disasters arising from inadequate housing in uninhabitable places. Based on the dignity of the human person and the right to housing, we seek the path through which it is possible to find the appropriate way to achieve these rights. Understanding how, and in what way, these rights are violated, and how the State positions itself through the right to housing, and the disasters that occurred in these areas, can represent a way to manifest the constitutional essence and promote effective access to the right. Emphasizing that the State's omission of the right to a dignified life, causes low-income and homeless people to settle in these inappropriate places, exposed to the most different weather conditions and without the due protection of the public authorities, the lives of countless families are put at risk. About that, this article aims to verify what happens to people who are installed in these places in the event of an environmental disaster, their immediate right to temporary housing, and finally fixed housing. We will also analyze how the State should act to prevent the occupation of these types of land and what methods are used to prevent inadequate housing. Because of what was said before, it is intended to find the best way to protect the individual, the family, and society, so we can improve dignity, and citizenship of the society which is the central objective of the Federal Constitution of 1988. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main challenges in assisting displaced persons who have lost their homes as a result of a natural hazard is the provision of adequate post-disaster accommodations, such as temporary housing. Although the need for temporary housing has increased around the world in recent years, it has been criticized on economic, environmental, and social grounds. A universal approach to post-disaster accommodations cannot successfully deal with this issue because each recovery process involves a unique set of conditions. Therefore, rather than defining a specific strategy, this study aims to present an approach capable of producing customized strategies based on contextual and social conditions. To this end, first, the main factors influencing the choice of post-disaster accommodations are identified through five case studies. It is concluded that all of the factors can be organized into three main vertices to simplify the highly complex issues involved in post-disaster accommodations. The case studies also show that the decision-making process consists of two main parts. To date, a recurring failure to distinguish between these two parts has led to unsuitable outcomes. Thus, this paper presents a new decision-making methodology, consisting of multiple steps, phases, and indicators based on the main vertices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Currently, few studies have thoroughly investigated the socioeconomic factors related to sleep problems among evacuees following a disaster.Objectives: To examine sleep problems in evacuees using data from a large-scale cohort survey of evacuees conducted after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE).Methods: In sum, 73,433 residents who were living in evacuation zones responded to The 2011 Fukushima Health Management Survey. We excluded 16,659 participants who did not answer the question about sleep problems or those younger than 20 years. Thus, data from 56,774 participants (24,959 men and 31,815 women) were used for this analysis. Evacuees' self-reported sleep dissatisfaction was determined based on their response to the question 'Are you satisfied with the quality of your sleep? '. The response options 'Unsatisfied' and 'Very unsatisfied' were considered as the outcome for the present study. Prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the prevalence of self-reported sleep disturbance were estimated using modified Poisson regression models.Results: Of the qualifying survey respondents, 20.3% (4387 men and 7128 women) reported sleep dissatisfaction. Compared with participants living in their own or a relative's home (PR = 1), those living in temporary housing or rental accommodation had a higher prevalence of sleep dissatisfaction (1.47; 95% CI 1.44-1.50 and 2.16; 95% CI 2.07-2.26 in men; 1.39; 95% CI 1.36-1.41 and 1.92; 95% CI 1.86-1.99 in women). Higher educational attainment was also associated with a higher prevalence of sleep dissatisfaction in men, as were job loss and decreased income in both men and women.Conclusion: Self-reported sleep dissatisfaction after the GEJE was associated with a deteriorated socioeconomic status among evacuees. However, future longitudinal studies are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing risk and exposure of people and assets to natural hazards and disasters suggests an increasing need for temporary housing following disasters. Resilience to natural hazards is dependent on the resources available to families or communities to prepare for and mitigate risk, influenced by social vulnerability. This study seeks to quantify the total environmental impact of temporary housing deployment in New Orleans, using the catastrophic impact of Hurricane Katrina in southern Louisiana in August 2005 as a case example. We employ a novel approach to estimate displacement period and take into account social vulnerability across New Orleans neighborhoods to better understand the scale of post-disaster relief and its global warming potential. The methodology implemented in this study comprises three steps: a risk assessment, a life cycle assessment, and a resulting total impact assessment. We demonstrate the considerable risk of greenhouse gas emissions and energy impacts from temporary housing deployment linked to hurricane hazard. Furthermore, we show that environmental impact is highly sensitive to displacement period and find the current methodology of anticipating temporary housing use by hazard alone to be inadequate. Additionally, the approach presented in this article provides tools to politicians and disaster risk professionals that allow for resource investment planning to decrease social vulnerability, thus enhancing resilience and adaptive capacity in a more homogeneous way at the urban scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The Great East Japan Earthquake and subsequent tsunami cause large‐scale destruction in the north‐eastern coastal areas in Japan, and forced many survivors to relocate to prefabricated temporary housing, a typical emergency accommodation. Based on the hypothesis that higher toothache prevalence among the disaster survivors is associated with postdisaster distress, we determined the impact of temporary residential environment as potential stressor on the subjective toothache prevalence. Methods: A repeated cross‐sectional health survey based on self‐reported questionnaire was conducted in 2776 disaster survivors, of whom 1446 participants underwent dental examination by dentists. Housing type was categorized into three groups including the same housing as before the earthquake, temporary housing and rented/new housing. The association of housing type with subjective toothache prevalence was examined using multivariate logistic regression analysis in all subjects and subgroup analysis in dental examination applicants. Stratified analysis by survey wave was applied with inclusion of covariates such as the socio‐demographic factors, and presence of insomnia and psychological distress. In subgroup analysis, presence of dental caries and gum problems in dental examination were included as factors of direct exposure to subjective toothache. Results: In the first survey wave, the participants living in the temporary housing had significantly higher odds ratio (OR) for toothache prevalence compared to the participants living in the same housing (OR: 3.76, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.85‐7.65, P < 0.001); whereas in all other survey waves, there was no significant difference. Subgroup analysis of dental examination applicants confirmed the presence of significant association of subjective toothache prevalence in the temporary housing group alone (OR: 3.27, 95% CI: 1.38‐7.76, P = 0.004), but not in the rented/new housing group (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 0.57‐3.91, P = 0.411), even after adjusting for covariates related to oral findings. Conclusion: Temporary housing may be a factor to increase the risk of subjective toothache among disaster survivors only at postdisaster acute phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the association between winter morning surge in systolic blood pressure (SBP) as measured by ambulatory BP monitoring and the housing conditions of subjects in an area damaged by the Great East Japan Earthquake. In 2013, 2 years after disaster, hypertensives who lived in homes that they had purchased before the disaster (n = 299, 74.6 ± 8.1 years) showed significant winter morning surge in SBP (+5.0 ± 20.8 mmHg, P < 0.001), while those who lived in temporary housing (n = 113, 76.2 ± 7.6 years) did not. When we divided the winter morning surge in SBP into quintiles, the factors of age ≥75 years and occupant-owned housing were significant determinants for the highest quintile (≥20 mmHg) after adjustment for covariates. The hypertensives aged ≥75 years who lived in their own homes showed a significant risk for the highest quintile (odds ratio 5.21, 95% confidence interval 1.49-18.22, P = 0.010). It is thus crucial to prepare suitable housing conditions for elderly hypertensives following a disaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building permanent accommodation after a disaster takes time for reasons including the removal of debris, the lack of available land, and the procurement of resources. In the period in-between, affected communities find shelter in different ways. Temporary houses or transitional shelters are used when families cannot return to their pre-disaster homes and no other alternative can be provided. In practice, families stay in a standard interim solution for months or even years while trying to return to their routines. Consequently, they adapt their houses to meet their midterm needs. This study analysed temporary houses in Chile and Peru to illustrate how families modify them with or without external support. The paper underlines that guidance must be given on how to alter them safely and on how to incorporate the temporary solution into the permanent structure, because families adapt their houses whether or not they are so designed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we explored the predictors of quality of life and depressive features in older people living in temporary housing 13 months after the Wenchuan earthquake in western China. Anonymous data were collected via questionnaires in a cross-sectional survey of 189 older people living in temporary housing 13 months after the earthquake. To explore the predictors of the outcomes of interest, Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used. The results indicated that interests/hobbies, subjective support, and family function were positive predictors of quality of life, whereas instrumental activities of daily living and depressive symptoms were its negative predictors. In addition, we found that a higher level of instrumental activities of daily living predicted a greater likelihood of depression. These results suggested that developing strategies to decrease the instrumental activities of daily living score of these people helps improve their quality of life and depression. To enhance the quality of life of these individuals, healthcare providers should also focus on developing their interests/hobbies and provide them with adequate social support, especially subjective support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How can social participation by older people support their wellbeing? We explore the elder-focused community support system developed in Minamisanriku town after the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011. Many elderly people lost all their material possessions and were moved from their devastated home communities to temporary housing. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 17 participants including 14 community workers and three members in the Minamisanriku Council of Social Welfare (MCSW) in a programme framed by the MCSW's disaster-response model. Thematic analysis highlighted how older people's involvement in the visiting programme of their temporary community, and conducting twice-daily visits to other vulnerable elders, enabled them to provide valued social support to isolated and homebound peers. It also helped reconstruct their own social identities shattered by the dissolution of former communities, the shock of displacement and loss of possessions. This positive social participation was heavily influenced by strong bridges between their temporary community and MCSW support staff and infrastructure that promoted and supported their visits. Our study highlights how strong and empowering relationships amongst older people can be facilitated by an active government-funded support agency that is immediately responsive to the needs and deeply respectful of the world-views of vulnerable groups. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on the development of various architectural design that can withstand different natural disasters after the earthquake disaster in 2011 in Japan. It offers brief overview of the introduction a temporary wood housing design following the disaster to house the people who lost their homes after the tragedy. It also details the design of the proposed housing and the materials they use.

Aim: This cross‐sectional study aims to explore the relationship between different types and sources of social support and psychological distress by age and sex among survivors living in temporary housing 10 months after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Methods: Self‐reported questionnaires/structured interviews administered from January to March 2012 recorded demographic characteristics, damage involving participants' families, social support, and psychological distress. Results: Data on 296 participants aged 20 years or more from nine temporary housing complexes in Otsuchi were analyzed; K6 scores indicating psychological distress averaged 5.1 (standard deviation, 5.9; range, 0–24). Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated differences among types and sources of social support with regard to psychological distress by age and sex among disaster survivors. For men aged less than 65 years, social support by family was related to lower psychological distress. For women aged 65 years or more, emotional support from family, informational and instrumental support, and social companionship from friends in their own temporary housing complexes were related to less psychological distress. Conclusion: Differences in age and sex were related to different sources of social support in relation to psychological distress. It is necessary to pay more attention to those who lost family members in the disaster, especially men aged less than 65 years. It may also be necessary to support survivors in making friends when they relocate to temporary housing, especially women aged 65 years or more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humanitarian logistics refers to the processes and systems involving the mobilization of people, resources and expertize to help vulnerable communities affected by natural disasters and complex emergencies, reducing the loss of lives and relieving human suffering. With regard to disaster management, one of the most important tasks is decision making. The lack of criteria with respect to the selection and location of temporary shelters, for example, can lead to unforeseen factors, threatening the quality of the logistics operation as a whole. A decision-making process can be aided by several models such as multi-criteria models, which address problems whose objectives require a global and comprehensive view of the situation. Among the possible perspectives of analysis, there is the identification of criteria that are relevant to decision making. In that sense, this paper presents the criteria and important aspects that should be addressed by a multi-criteria model for risk management, specifically in regard to moving and temporary sheltering the population affected by a disaster. Qualitative and quantitative aspects were identified, summing up to ten criteria. These criteria and their sub-criteria were hierarchically structured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The number of natural disasters has drastically increased, causing great damages on buildings. Large amount of houses have suffered damages and become unusable, causing a high number of homeless people. Housing reconstruction programmes play a decisive role on the disaster recovery and providing temporary housing is a crucial step of these programmes. During the reconstruction of permanent housing, it allows victims to have a private and secure place to return to their normal life. It has been widely used after the largest scale disasters but it has also been greatly criticized, mainly for being unsustainable and culturally inadequate. The study aims to present a state-of-the-art survey on the topic, as well as to identify the main problems, their origin and the existing proposals to avoid them. The research also proposes some guidelines that can reduce the effects of those problems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The widespread destruction that follows large-scale natural disasters, such as Hurricane Katrina in August 2005, challenges the efficacy of traditional temporary housing methods in providing adequate solutions to housing needs. Recognising these housing challenges, the Congress of the United States allocated, in 2006, USD 400 million to the Department of Homeland Security to support Alternative Housing Pilot Programs, which are intended to explore the possibilities of providing permanent and affordable housing to displaced families instead of traditional temporary housing. This paper presents a new methodology and optimisation model to identify the optimal configurations of post-shelter housing arrangements to maximise the overall net socioeconomic benefit. The model is capable of quantifying and optimising the impacts of substituting temporary housing with alternative housing on the social and economic welfare of displaced families as well as the required additional costs of doing so. An application example is presented to illustrate the use of the model and its capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the aftermath of catastrophic natural disasters such as hurricanes, tsunamis and earthquakes, emergency management agencies come under intense pressure to provide temporary housing to address the large-scale displacement of the vulnerable population. Temporary housing is essential to enable displaced families to reestablish their normal daily activities until permanent housing solutions can be provided. Temporary housing decisions, however, have often been criticized for their failure to fulfil the socioeconomic needs of the displaced families within acceptable budgets. This paper presents the development of (1) socioeconomic disruption metrics that are capable of quantifying the socioeconomic impacts of temporary housing decisions on displaced populations; and (2) a robust multi-objective optimization model for temporary housing that is capable of simultaneously minimizing socioeconomic disruptions and public expenditures in an effective and efficient manner. A large-scale application example is optimized to illustrate the use of the model and demonstrate its capabilities ingenerating optimal plans for realistic temporary housing problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the aftermath of large-scale natural disasters, emergency management organizations are expected to provide safe temporary housing for a large number of displaced families and to ensure that these housing arrangements are not located in hazardous areas. Potential postdisaster hazards can take many forms such as earthquake aftershocks, landslides, postearthquake soil liquefaction, flooding, hazardous material releases, etc. This paper presents the development of a multiobjective optimization methodology to support decision-makers in emergency management organizations in optimizing postdisaster temporary housing arrangements. The developed methodology incorporates (1) a safety model to measure and quantify temporary housing safety in the presence of multiple potential postdisaster hazards; (2) a cost model to minimize total public expenditures on temporary housing; and (3) a multiobjective optimization model to simultaneously maximize temporary housing safety and minimize public expenditures on temporary housing. An application to a large region is presented to illustrate the use of the models and demonstrate their capabilities in optimizing postdisaster temporary housing arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the aftermath of natural disasters, emergency management agencies need to provide adequate temporary housing solutions to accommodate the large number of displaced families. Disaster impact software systems, such as HAZUS-MH (FEMA) and MAEviz (MAE Center), enable emergency planners to estimate the expected displacement of families after natural disasters; however they lack the capability of providing temporary housing solutions. This paper presents the development of an automated system to support decision-makers in optimizing post-disaster temporary housing arrangements. The system has been integrated in MAEviz and provides the capability of optimizing a number of important objectives, including minimizing negative socioeconomic impacts, maximizing housing safety, minimizing negative environmental impacts, and minimizing public expenditures; in addition to other user-defined objectives. The system consists of three main models: (1) data collection; (2) automated optimization; and (3) output analysis and visualization. A large-scale application example is optimized to illustrate the use of the system and demonstrate its unique capabilities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Earthquakes and tsunamis often cause significant damages in civil infrastructure systems and housing units, leading to large-scale displacement of families. These displaced families need temporary housing arrangements, such as travel trailers and leased hotels, until permanent housing solutions are available. This article presents a multi-objective optimization model to support decision-makers in identifying optimal temporary housing arrangements for displaced families after natural disasters. The model is developed using weighted linear programming and is capable of optimizing four possibly conflicting objectives, namely: (1) minimizing negative socioeconomic impacts on displaced families; (2) maximizing safety of displaced families; (3) minimizing adverse environmental impacts; and (4) minimizing total public expenditures. The model was used to analyze and optimize a case study of temporary housing arrangements after the 1994 Northridge Earthquake. The analysis of this case study illustrates the potential use of the model by emergency management agencies and demonstrates its capabilities in optimizing temporary housing arrangements after earthquakes and other natural disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural cataclysms (earthquakes, hurricanes and so forth) become natural disasters when they coincide with vulnerabilities; unfortunately, informal settlements in developing countries are only too often highly vulnerable – a reality amply and unhappily confirmed by available statistics. In this context, reconstruction projects are sandwiched between the short‐term necessity to act promptly and the long‐term requirements of sustainable community development – a situation that is currently reflected in alternative and conflicting paradigms at the policy level. Adopting a case‐study approach, we explore the use of temporary housing within two post‐disaster environments, where the impact of different organizational designs leads to fundamentally different solutions to the short‐term housing problem. Our research adopts a dynamic systems approach, associating strategic organizational team design with the development of tactical technical proposals. Two case studies from Turkey and Colombia show that a coherent approach to the sequential stages of providing immediate shelter, temporary housing and permanent reconstruction is not always obtained. The research results emphasize that the performance of reconstruction projects is directly linked to the design and management of the project team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hurricane Katrina created an unprecedented need for sheltering and temporary housing across a four-state area along the Gulf Coast. This article reviews the disaster literature with respect to sheltering and temporary housing and contrasts how these needs actually developed with respect to both the preimpact and postimpact evacuation situations. The article also investigates the ways that intergovernmental planning failed to anticipate the need for shelter/housing solutions or to implement effective measures to put those plans into operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporary housing plays a critical role in disaster response and recovery by providing a temporary home for displaced people before they return to their permanent residence. In recent years, temporary housing has faced three primary dilemmas related to design type, site selection, and cost. Significant contributions have been made in research and in practice to improve temporary housing management. However, gaps still exist in resolving the dilemmas, and a critical review and evaluation of current methods is needed to determine the path forward and identify priorities of future research. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of prior methods developed and applied towards temporary housing management and identifies future pathways for success in temporary housing research and implementation. The literature review reveals that temporary housing requires further research in proactive management, storage, sustainability, and community resilience to effectively enhance post-disaster temporary housing. This study finds that programs such as the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and the Sheltering and Temporary Essential Power (STEP) program provide methodologies which can benefit temporary housing implementation, designs, and modeling. In addition, circular economy thinking can enable the recyclability of temporary housing to reduce economic and environmental impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The physical properties of the mixture of loess and perlite / vermiculite are presented. • The energy performance of buildings with mixtures was evaluated by climate zone. • Appropriateness of application of mixtures according to climate. • The performance of the mixture according to the insulation thickness was analyzed. • It has been found that applicability of porous materials in air-conditioned areas is appropriate. Anthropogenic or natural disasters occurring worldwide have created the need for migrants to build new homes. To fulfill this need, temporary houses have been provided in various forms, and new houses have been constructed. However, these newly produced houses have poor energy efficiency and properties that could adversely affect the health of the occupants. Therefore, these houses are as unsustainable. In this study, the use of soil in construction is explored, which can improve the energy efficiency and thermal performance of houses owing to its porous nature. We analyzed the energy impact of houses constructed with soil, and found that the energy consumption of the houses decreased as the mixing ratio of the porous material increased. In some four-seasonal climates, energy consumption was lower when porous materials were not used. Additionally, in regions where energy is widely used for heating, insulation was believed to be necessary, and the usage of insulation was found to considerably increase energy savings. In areas where energy is widely used for cooling, the effectiveness of insulation was not much lower than that of cooling, and the amount of energy conservation increased with the amount of insulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and living conditions has not been studied after natural disasters. We compared the incidence of DM between individuals living in temporary housing (TH) and those living in other types of accommodation (non-TH) five years after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. Longitudinal follow-up was conducted from 2011 to 2015 in a cohort of 7,491 residents of coastal communities in Iwate Prefecture directly impacted by the 2011 disaster (mean age, 61.6 years; men, 36.0%). We calculated the odds ratio of new onset of DM in the TH group (n = 2,372) compared with the non-TH group (n = 5,119) using discrete-time logit models stratified by sex and age classes (64 years or younger and older than 65 years). The TH group showed a significantly higher odds ratio (OR) for DM in men aged 64 years or younger (OR [95% confidence interval (CI)], 1.71 [1.03–2.85]; P-value = 0.040). In women, living conditions were not significantly associated DM. Survivors relocated to TH appeared to be at an increased risk of new onset DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]