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2. The Nexus of Public Diplomacy, Soft Power, and National Security: A Comparative Study of International Education in the U.S. and Canada
- Author
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Desai-Trilokekar, Roopa and El Masry, Hani
- Abstract
This paper examines how international education (IE), as an important tool of public diplomacy (PD) and soft power (SP), faces unique challenges as issues of national security (NS) become more prominent in this era of new geopolitics. It presents a model to understand the relationship between PD, SP and NS and then applies this model to a comparative study. The contrasting histories, approaches and perspectives of IE as it operates as a component of foreign policy and at the nexus of PD, SP and NS in both the U.S. and Canada are analysed. The paper concludes with three challenges faced by IE in the contemporary context: first, the diminishing role of the university as a distinct and valued non-state actor; second, the weakening of foreign policy as an outward looking, distinctly international investment; and third, the problem with choosing isolation over engagement as a strategy.
- Published
- 2022
3. Power, Politics, and Education: Canadian Universities and International Education in an Era of New Geopolitics
- Author
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Trilokekar, Roopa Desai, El Masr, Amira, and El Masry, Hani
- Abstract
This paper focuses on the recent political spars between Canada and Saudi Arabia as well as China and their impact on Canadian universities. It asks three questions: (1) What key issues did Canada's political strains with Saudi Arabia and China raise for Canadian universities' international education (IE) initiatives and what issues were absent? (2) What do these key issues suggest about Canada's approaches to IE in an era of new geopolitics? and (3) What implications can be drawn from these cases about Canadian university-government relations in the context of new geopolitics? Given the powerful role media plays in education policy, a systematic study was conducted across three main media sources to identify 74 articles and news releases between August 2018 and November 2019. Three dominant themes are identified and analyzed, each vividly illustrating the close ties between global politics, government foreign policy and IE within Canadian Universities. On the one hand, the narratives speak to concerns about IE as a risk to national security and, on the other, as a vehicle for Canada's economic prosperity. However, what the media has not achieved is a broader discussion on how Canada needs to revisit its IE objectives and approaches in light of broader geopolitical shifts. Using the theoretical framework of soft power, the paper speaks to the limitations and short-sightedness of Canada's approach to IE as soft power in this era of new geopolitics and concludes with three recommendations for Canada.
- Published
- 2020
4. Higher Education Institutions as Eyes of the State: Canada's International Student Compliance Regime
- Author
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Brunner, Lisa Ruth
- Abstract
As immigration polices increasingly entangle with those of higher education (HE), institutions are being positioned as migrant surveillance actors. HE's participation in state-managed international student compliance regimes (ISCRs), for example, raises political and ethical questions, including those concerning the core mission of HE. This paper traces the Canadian ISCR context over the past decade, focusing on the introduction of the Designated Learning Institution (DLI) student compliance reporting requirement in 2014. It argues that Canadian HE's role in surveilling temporary residents on behalf of the state is a problematic bordering practice. It also posits that this new form of surveillance is not necessarily a novel compromise of HE's values, but rather connected to historical patterns of HE's involvement in border imperialism. It questions the benevolence of both Canada's immigration policies towards international students and, ultimately, higher education itself.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. The securitisation of foreign disinformation.
- Author
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Jackson, Nicole J.
- Subjects
DISINFORMATION ,CANADIAN federal government ,GOVERNMENT policy ,NATIONAL security ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
This paper analyses the Canadian government’s foreign and security policy responses to Russian disinformation in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian war. It asks whether, how, and why the government has securitised the “crisis of Russian disinformation.” The paper first briefly reviews literature on the Copenhagen’s School’s “securitisation” theory and how it has been used to explain responses to other crises. It then adopts the framework to contextualise the Canadian federal government’s official rhetoric, and then to categorise government policies and actions. The sources consulted include government actors’ reports and stated intentions and policies from 2022 to 2024. Adopting a securitisation framework reveals that Russian disinformation has been rhetorically securitised by government actors as an existential threat to national security and democratic integrity which requires urgent action. Within a context of cascading risks, the government has taken a range of distinct yet reinforcing policies and actions, some more comprehensive than others. The paper argues that together this “pervasive rhetorical securitisation” and “ad hoc practical securitisation” comprise the Canadian government’s ongoing process of partial securitisation. This process is legitimising different methods of governance: security and warfare communications (to address threats to national defence and security), democratic resilience (to address threats to democracy), and, most controversially, blocking and sanctioning (to signal discontent to the Russian regime). The analysis further reveals that each approach has different benefits and limits. The paper concludes that the securitisation process is incomplete compared to the government's rhetoric, with no over-arching organisation or strategy. It outlines implications for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. The Geopolitics of Canadian Defense White Papers: Lofty Rhetoric and Limited Results.
- Author
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Chapman, Bert
- Subjects
MILITARY readiness ,GEOPOLITICS ,NATIONAL security ,MILITARY spending ,MILITARY policy ,DEFENSIVE (Military science) - Abstract
As the United States northern neighbor, Canada serves as a NATO ally and a strategic partner with Washington through the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Canadian forces have fought honorably and bravely in concert with American forces in many wars. Canada's Government, however, has been less consistent in promoting a credible vision of Canadian national security policy and geopolitical interests in its defense white papers. These documents have often contained idealistic rhetoric about adhering to a rules-based international order and defending freedom. In reality, Canadian governments of varying political parties have consistently failed to provide the sustained funding and coherent national security strategy to make Ottawa an effective partner with the U.S. and the NATO alliance in addressing historical and emerging national security threats. This article examines Canadian defense white papers for several decades and recommends ways Canada can ensure its defense policy planning can have greater credibility in the national security policymaking corridors of its allies and with potential adversaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Towards a Critical Pedagogy of Comparative Public Diplomacy: Pseudo-Education, Fear-Mongering and Insecurities in Canadian-American Foreign Policy
- Author
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Nelles, Wayne
- Abstract
Little research has examined public diplomacy as a comparative education issue, particularly regarding social-psychological, economic and political fears or personal and national insecurities. This paper discusses American public diplomacy as a mostly Cold War strategy adapted to post-9/11 national security interests, fears and desires. It further explores differences, similarities, and debates in Canadian media, policy documents and academia, in response to American political, economic and military pressures or demands for a "North American" (i.e. joint American-Canadian) security approach. From a critical pedagogy perspective the paper argues that modern public diplomacy has been a dubious, pseudo-educational, fear-mongering concept nurtured by academics, politicians and military leaders as part of an American foreign policy, military security and propaganda strategy. The paper further shows that post-9/11 Canada, problematically, adapted its own public diplomacy policies to serve American interests. Further research is needed to examine more closely public diplomacy's impacts on Canadian education. (Contains 1 note.)
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
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8. Rethinking the 1971 White Paper and Trudeau's Impact on Canadian Defense Policy.
- Author
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Keeble, Edna
- Subjects
CANADIAN foreign relations, 1945- ,CANADIAN politics & government ,NATIONAL security ,20TH century Canadian military history ,TWENTIETH century - Abstract
The article explores the political history of Canada during the administration of prime minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Emphasis is given to aspects of foreign policy such as procurement for the armed forces, Canada's commitment to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and collective defense against the Soviet Union.
- Published
- 1997
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9. Language Policy: Lessons from Global Models (1st, Monterey, California, September 2001).
- Author
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Baker, Steven J.
- Abstract
These papers come from a 2001 conference that explored language policy issues at the global, U.S. national, and California regional levels. There are 15 papers in five sections. Section 1, "National Language Policy," includes (1) "Language and Globalization: Why National Policies Matter" (Chester D. Haskell) and (2) "Real World Language Politics and Policy" (Joseph Lo Bianco). Section 2, "Language Policy, Migration, and Indigenous Peoples," includes (3) "Immigrant Integration: The Ongoing Process of Reform in France and Quebec" (James Archibald) and (4) "Education Language Policies in Francophone Africa: What Have We Learned from Field Experiences?" (Hassana Alidou and Ingrid Jung). Section 3, "National Security and Language Policy," includes (5) "The Language Crisis in the United States: Language, National Security and the Federal Role" (Richard D. Brecht and William P. Rivers); (6) "Meeting Current and Future Language Needs of the German Public Sector, with Special Emphasis on Defense" (Herbert Walinsky); and (7) "Heritage Languages and the National Security: An Ecological View" (Bernard Spolsky). Section 4, "Linguistic Rights and Language Policy," includes (8) "Linguistic Rights, Language Planning and Democracy in Post-Apartheid South Africa" (Neville Alexander); (9) "The Other Languages of Multicultural Europe: Perceptions, Facts and Educational Policies" (Guus Extra); (10) "Quebec's Language Policy: Perceptions and Realities" (Guy Dumas); and (11) "Language Policy for Multicultural Japan: Establishing the New Paradigm" (John C. Maher). Section 5,"Language Policy and Foreign Language Education," includes (12) "Foreign Language Policies in Europe, with Special Reference to the Roles of the Council of Europe and the European Union" (John L.M. Trim); (13) "Fish Bowl, Open Seas and the Teaching of English in Japan" (Yoshida Kensaku); (14) "Language Policy and Planning in Tunisia: Accommodating Language Policy" (Mohamed Daoud); and (15) "English Language Education in China" (He Qixin). (Papers contain references.) (SM)
- Published
- 2002
10. The Triangle of Population, Poverty, Resources and Environment and Its Relationship to Security.
- Author
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Halliday, Bruce
- Abstract
Reprint of an address to the Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture and Environment of the Committee on Science, Space and Technology, Washington, D.C., March 2, 1989 by Bruce Halliday, Member of Parliament, House of Commons, Ottawa, Canada. Discusses national and global problems and the Canadian perspective. (LZ)
- Published
- 1993
11. Racializing Terror: Reassessing the Motive of the Motive Clause.
- Author
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SINGH, PRABJOT
- Subjects
LEGISLATIVE histories ,CRIMINAL justice system ,JUSTICE administration ,CRIMINAL law - Abstract
This paper reviews the legislative history and application of the Criminal Code's definition of terrorist activity to trace how the "motive clause" reinforces systemic racism within Canada's criminal justice system. By outlining this process, this paper argues that the motive clause contributes to a dynamic that racializes terror offences as a specific type of criminal offence committed by racialized individuals--marking terrorism as a unique social characteristic of racialized communities. This occurs mainly due to the legislative requirement to prosecute the ideas of accused persons, which, in practice, has increased the likelihood of courts admitting otherwise prejudicial evidence against the accused and the problematic ways in which expert evidence has (or has not) been used in terrorism trials. Although discrimination may not be an inevitable or intended outcome of the drafted legislation, it creates a framework that encourages discriminatory prosecutorial strategies, facilitates bias in the admission and treatment of some evidence, and potentially contributes to the exclusive use of the provisions against racialized communities specifically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
12. The Universities and Canada's International Relations. A Brief from the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada to the Joint Committee on Canada's International Relations.
- Author
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Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, Ottawa (Ontario).
- Abstract
Presented is a brief written in response to a government discussion paper on competitiveness and security in Canada's international relations. The brief emphasizes that the universities must play a vital role in the development and pursuit of foreign policy and that the knowledge on which the nation's social and economic development increasingly depends transcends national boundaries. It agrees with the discussion paper that productivity and competitiveness are closely linked, and proposes that the universities contribute to productivity in a variety of important ways. The role of foreign students in enriching Canadian students' educational experience and contributing to the economy is stressed, but it is noted that differential fees for foreign and Canadian students and lack of long-term planning have caused foreign student enrollments to decline. The university's role in international relations is also found in the potential of its international studies programs, its support of development assistance efforts, and its ability to assist the national government in foreign aid policy development. (MSE)
- Published
- 1985
13. Canadian peace and security spending: An update on the 5 Ds.
- Author
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Hamzo, George and Regehr, Ernie
- Subjects
DEFENSIVE (Military science) ,MILITARY strategy ,NATIONAL security ,WORKING papers ,MILITARY policy - Abstract
The article discusses the results of the 2004 Ploughshares working paper "Reshaping the Security Envelope," which explored the extent of the Canadian military and non-military spending. The paper found that a Canadian approach to international peace and security required attention to and funding for five basic elements (5Ds) which included development, democracy, and defence. It claimed that the country can support a 5D response to security threats.
- Published
- 2008
14. The Rise of Foreign Direct Investment Regulation in Investment‐recipient Countries.
- Author
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Ufimtseva, Anastasia
- Subjects
FOREIGN investments ,COUNTRIES ,NATIONAL security - Abstract
This research paper seeks to explain why investment‐recipient countries, like Australia and Canada, reject certain investments in strategic industries and shield some domestic business from foreign acquisitions. Existing studies suggest that the decision to restrict FDI is driven by national security concerns, which are often conceptualized as a catch‐all concept. This paper develops a novel theoretical construct – 'FDI acceptability threshold' (a maximum point of political tolerance for any given foreign investment) – to provide a more nuanced understanding of government decisions to reject FDI. This theoretical construct is based on four factors – nature of the domestic firm/industry, nature of the acquirer, external opposition, and domestic backlash. Drawing on two cases of Chinese SOEs' investment in the energy sector in Australia and Canada, this paper demonstrates that investment‐recipient countries are more likely to protect a domestic business where foreign ownership threatens domestic industry by exceeding FDI acceptability thresholds. Given that these thresholds are often not directly identified in the host country's policies, this paper proposes that host countries should clarify these conditions to ensure that they continue to attract FDI. The theory of 'FDI acceptability thresholds', developed in this paper, can be used to explain which companies or industries may be eligible for protection from the home government. In broader terms, these thresholds explain the theoretical link between national security concerns and FDI protectionism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Reconsidering the Right to Privacy in Canada
- Author
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Shade, Leslie Regan
- Abstract
This article argues that post-September 11 political debates and legislation around security necessitates a reconsideration of a right to privacy in Canada. It looks at the proposal for a Canadian Charter of Privacy Rights promoted by Senator Sheila Finestone in the late 1990s and the current challenges of emergent material technologies accelerated by digitization and political technologies of regulation and governance.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Politics and intelligence analysis: the Canadian experience.
- Author
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Juneau, Thomas and Carvin, Stephanie
- Subjects
PARTISANSHIP ,POLITICAL science ,ACADEMIC debating ,PRACTICAL politics ,CIVIL service ,NATIONAL security - Abstract
Academic debate on the interplay between politics and intelligence is dominated by the U.S. experience. Our research, based on interviews with over sixty individuals in the Canadian intelligence and national security community and including political staffers, provides a new case study: that of Canada, a middle power with considerable access to intelligence through the Five Eyes partnership. We found that cases of hard politicization of intelligence analysis are virtually non-existent in Canada. The most important factor explaining this finding is Canada's structural position in the world, or how its geography shapes the broader context of interactions between intelligence and politics. Beyond this, six more specific factors at the domestic level also matter: the relative unimportance of foreign and security policy as political issues, few opportunities, a lack of political benefits, low intelligence literacy generally among policy makers, poor transparency in national security decision making, and a tradition of non-partisanship in the civil service. The paper concludes by reflecting on this assessment: while hard politicization remains a rarity in Canada, the shields that have prevented the emergence of politicization will likely be increasingly tested in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Books Received.
- Subjects
CANADIAN history ,NATIONAL security ,MASS media - Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Middle Power Leadership on Human Security.
- Author
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Behringer, Ronald M.
- Subjects
- *
MIDDLE powers , *LEADERSHIP , *PEACEKEEPING forces , *NATIONAL security - Abstract
My study examines the conditions under which middle power states, such as Canada, the Netherlands, and Norway, may exercise effective leadership in the realm of human security. I hypothesize that a middle power-led human security initiative is more likely to be successful if the initiative does not threaten the fundamental principles of the superpower. My paper demonstrates that although it is possible for a human security initiative to overcome American opposition that is based on political or military interests, an initiative will be less likely to succeed if it challenges the core principles of the United States. I test the hypothesis by conducting a qualitative analysis of four cases of human security initiatives where the middle powers have played leadership roles. The cases include the endeavor to create a United Nations rapid deployment peacekeeping force, which led to the formation of the Standby High Readiness Brigade for United Nations Operations (SHIRBRIG) in 1996; the campaign to ban anti-personnel landmines, which resulted in the 1997 Ottawa Convention; the struggle to establish the International Criminal Court, which came into existence in 2002; and the unsuccessful attempt to regulate the legal trade in small arms and light weapons. The United States has taken different positions on these issues. The U.S. approved of the idea of a standby UN rapid response force, but did not participate in the establishment of SHIRBRIG. Washington objected to the Ottawa Convention on the basis of a conflict with U.S. military interests, and opposed the International Criminal Court due to the influence of certain groups in the American foreign policy establishment. Finally, the U.S. rejected the adoption of restrictions on the licit small arms trade due to a clash with an American principle protected by the U.S. Constitution: the right to bear arms. By illustrating that smaller states can assume leadership on global security, my paper counters the trend in international security studies of focusing almost exclusively on great power leadership, a tendency which has been reinforced by the decades-long predominance of the realist approach to international relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. State Mass Spying as Illegalism.
- Author
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Leman-Langlois, Stéphane
- Subjects
SPIES ,NATIONAL security ,STATE power ,LEGISLATIVE amendments - Abstract
Periodic revelations about the workings of data interception, analysis and collection in Canada have each time prompted successive administrations to amend laws and regulations in order to calm public opinion. This has been referred to as “accountability through scandal” and has, for the most part, produced cosmetic changes rather than significant reform. Most of the practices and the ethos of the organizations have remained the same, setting the stage for the next scandal. This paper reviews the last scandal to befall the Canadian Security Establishment, caused by the Snowden revelations, and the subsequent political response. Approached with part of Foucault’s toolbox it becomes clear that the business of the state and state security requires a particular form of “management of illegalisms,” or differential treatment of rule-breaking, at the higher echelons of state power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Canada and Human Security: Examining the Trajectory of an Idea in Domestic and International Politics.
- Author
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Girshick, Rachel
- Subjects
- *
HUMAN security , *COLD War, 1945-1991 , *NATIONAL security , *INTERNATIONAL security - Abstract
After the Cold War, a variety of actors embraced the concept of âhuman securityâ in an explicit effort to redefine security policy in the international system. Defined in a 1994 UNDP report as âsafety from chronic threatsâ¦[and] protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions in the patterns of daily life.â Using content analysis of international news media from 1992-2006, this paper examines the trajectory of an idea through the international system. This analysis compares the development, diffusion and usage of human security within Canada â" an early adopter and promoter â" against the behavior of other actors in the international system. To examine this overarching trend, I analyze the sources and geographic regions of articles discussing human security, the actors articulating the concept, and the issues and actions labeled with the human security frame. By employing the language of âhuman security,â actors signal a shared analytic frame, an alternative to the conceptualization of security as national security. This paper offers a novel empirical study of how Canadaâs use of, and focus on human security has changed, shedding new light on the prospects for one central concept among observers and policymakers. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
21. Do Parties Matter? Canada's Foreign Trade Policy With the United States, 1968-2008.
- Author
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Gecelovsky, Paul and Kukucha, Christopher
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *NATIONAL security , *GOVERNMENT policy , *CANADA-United States relations - Abstract
Conventional wisdom holds that governments matter. That a new government, particularly one of a different political party, will make substantial changes to the policies of the state they were elected to lead. The focus of this paper is on whether party affiliation matters in determining Canada's priorities and policies in its trade relationship with the United States (US). It will compare policy statements and performances of Liberal, Progressive Conservative, and Conservative governments from 1968 to the present and it will argue that party affiliation has had little impact on Canada's US trade policy over this period. The analysis will proceed in four parts. In the first part, the role of political parties in Canada will be outlined briefly. This will be followed by an overview of Canada's exports to the US. The third section of the paper will examine the economic priorities of Canadian governments concerning the US from 1968 to present as gleaned from major policy statements (e.g. white papers and speeches). The final part of the paper will set out some of the reasons why party affiliation has had little substantive impact on Canada's trade policy with the US over the last forty years. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
22. National Security and Domestic Structures in North America: Comparing Three Trajectories.
- Author
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Santa-Cruz, Arturo
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL security , *INTERNATIONAL cooperation , *NATIONAL security , *SEPTEMBER 11 Terrorist Attacks, 2001 - Abstract
Despite renewed interest in international security cooperation after 9-11, security coordination between Mexico, Canada and the United States has been limited. Lack of policy coordination between these three countries is no surprise. They all have developed different security doctrines and practices that are not likely to be changed in the near future. Hence, this paper will analyze the security policies of three North American countries from the end of World War II to the September 11 attacks. Post-World War II analysis will allow me to analyze how structural conditions regarding bipolarity interacted with the domestic conditions of each country. The second period to be analyzed, pre-September 11, will illustrate how structural changes are not immediately translated into new security doctrines, at least not in the near future. Policy adaptation tends to be slow and not always progressive. This paper will be structured in five sections. The first three sections will examine each countryâs security doctrines during the Cold War period, focusing on the interaction between international and domestic politics. The fourth section will compare and contrast how each country reacted differently vis-Ã -vis the end of the Cold War. Finally, the last section will evaluate the implications of these findings and its impact on North American security cooperation. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
23. "Foreign Policy in a Turbulent Age: Canada's Capacity and the Principles of Peace, Order, and Good Government.".
- Author
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MacLean, George A.
- Subjects
- *
NATIONAL security , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *PEACE ,CANADIAN foreign relations - Abstract
This paper examines Canadian foreign and security policy in an era of turbulence. It considers the "3D" approach to capacities in Canadian foreign relations (diplomacy, defence, and development), and draws two inter-related conclusions: first, Canada's changing foreign policy has been significantly affected by a turbulent international environment; and, second, the principles of that foreign policy over time have reflected the constitutional foundation of "peace, order, and good government," or "POGG" (Sec 91, Constitutional Act, 1867). The paper's primary contributions to the literature are the connection it makes between the 3D approach and POGG, and its evaluation of turbulence and foreign policy. At a time when Canada is re-drafting its foreign, defence, and security policies, this kind of conceptual analysis is especially opportune. Turbulence is undoubtedly one of the most influential concepts in International Relations in the post-Cold War era. It suggests that there has been a shift in the nature of international politics. Traditional modes of state-to-state relations, with defined rules and norms of behaviour, have been set upon by unpredictable and irregular conditions. The old "order" of territory and state has been augmented to include a variety of threats and responses that necessitate sub-state, state, and institutional actors. New issues and new modalities affect the capacity of states to provide satisfactory solutions, and to consider alternate means of response. Additionally, the increasing relevance of sub-system actors, such as regional entities, groups, and individuals, presents another multivariate dimension to the problem. Peace, order, and good government (POGG) represents the core Canadian national value. Rule of law, equality, diversity, tolerance, freedom, and democracy are all predicated on POGG. It is a sui generis definition of the package of rights and responsibilities of a society, and is about more than "government," it is also about "governance." It is more than an ideal for setting up institutions of authority and allocation; it is also an active concept (governance), and set of standards. The connection that is made between the 3D capacities of Canadian foreign relations, and the primary principles of POGG will significantly influence the outline of Canada's foreign policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
24. The new politics and legislation regarding the Canadian security: a closer look at Smuggling of Migrants.
- Author
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Jimenez, Estibalitz
- Subjects
- *
HUMAN smuggling , *UNDOCUMENTED immigrants , *IMMIGRATION law , *TRANSNATIONAL crime , *NATIONAL security , *CRIMINAL justice system - Abstract
Numerous debates on smuggling of migrants, transnational organized crime and on clandestine immigrants have emerged these past years through out the world. The General Assembly adopted on November 2000 The United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime and two additional protocols supplementing the above mentioned convention: The Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air; and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in persons Especially Women and Children. Canada ratified the three instruments in May 2002. In the aftermath of September 11th some remarkable changes have been observed in the security measures and the migratory control stakes. Since then, illicit immigration is seen as a high menace and a priority to the western governments. The measures against smuggling immigrants have never been as streaked which brings higher control at the borders. George W. Bush and his government are leaning forward a harmonization of the immigration laws and procedures, security and customs between the United States and Canada. Both nations have chosen to close all entries to illegal migrants by enforcing border control. Canada adopted on October 2001 a strategy part of the Antiterrorist Plan that will strengthen all immigration measures against the terrorism. All these changes have a negative impact on the respect of the rights of immigrants and refugees. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how Canada applied the UN Convention and its protocols. We will explore the impact of 9/11 on the Canadian legislation of immigration and also the pressures felt by Canada to conform to the measures taken to fight against illegal immigration. All trough this critical analysis we will study how the immigrants and refugees haves seen their rights and liberties diminished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
25. National Defence vs Foreign Affairs: Culture Clash in Canadian Security Policy.
- Author
-
Dewitt, David B.
- Subjects
- *
NATIONAL security , *INTERNATIONAL security , *SPECIAL operations (Military science) , *SPECIAL forces (Military science) - Abstract
The concept of strategic culture as employed in this project is constructed from two factors, the concept of security and operational principles. Together these serve, along with the socio-historic environment, as intervening variables which mediate between the independent variable of relative power and the dependent variable of grand strategy. The key question which informs this paper is whether the evolution, presentation, and interpretation of human security within the relevant departments of the Government of Canada (notably DFAIT and CIDA) then carried over to inform and affect the definition of mandate and of threat as well as the policies, procedures, planning, deployment, and operating principles and practices of Canada?s Department of National Defence and the Canadian Forces? In particular we are interested in whether and, if so, in what ways the discourses on security and the operational principles informing the deployment and application of military force (and other forms of coercive means such as police or special forces) incorporated or were affected by the emergence of the ideas of human security and their incorporation into the international security discourse of DFAIT, the department which leads on Canada?s role in international affairs. Further, it will be of interest to explore the extent to which the internationalization of the human security discourse and policy objectives, as they were adopted and enunciated by a variety of countries including those who are members of the Human Security Network, contributed to the saliency of human security thinking within both policy and operational branches of the Canadian government. Did this have any impact on the security or strategic culture within the Department of National Defence? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
26. Media, Global Mobilization, and the War on Terrorism: Comparing Bush’s Speech Frames in US, Canada, and European News Reports.
- Author
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Frensley, Nathalie and Michaud, Nelson
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *COUNTERTERRORISM , *NATIONAL security , *CHI-squared test - Abstract
Constructivist theories of securitization are built on a foundation of communicative action tenets. While this represents an important and innovative advance in international relations theory, securitization ignores some of the components involved in a successful communicative act. Williams (2003) calls for securitization theory to incorporate the hitherto ignored effects of mass media and in this paper we answer this call. We first show that securitization's specification of leaders' speech acts and audiences' legitimative discourse presumes mass media actors are indifferent in how they convey leader representations and justifications of crises. We take this presumption as an empirical question and execute a study of whether the national presses of ally countries differently emphasized the frames Bush invoked in their news coverage of key September 11th speeches. We show from comparisons of chi-square distributions and regression analyses that, far from being passive conveyers of speech frames, the national presses of the US, Canada, France, Britain and Ireland (1) did not convey all of Bush's securitizing problem representations and response justifications proportionate to the extent Bush invoked them in his speeches, and (2) that for each national press factors based on professional norms and/or organizational routines increased the likelihood that a speech sentence would be conveyed in a news story. We discuss the implications of our findings for how securitization theory should conceptualize media actors when redressing this gap in its explanatory models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Archives, Open Government and National Security Balancing Concepts of Public Ownership with Security and Intelligence in Canada.
- Author
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German, Daniel
- Subjects
NATIONAL security ,GOVERNMENT ownership ,FEDERAL government - Abstract
Starting in 1967, with the issuance of an Order-in-Council by Canada’s Privy Council, the concept of providing Canadians access to their Federal Government Records was promulgated through their National Archives (now Library and Archives Canada - LAC). In the intervening decades, LAC has reviewed millions of pages of Security and Intelligence Records and, whenever possible, released them. Now, as the Canadian Federal Government examines changes to the Access to Information Act, as well as changes to Canada’s National Security systems, there is a new commitment to National Security Transparency. The intent of this paper is to examine the historic provision of archival access to the records of Canada’s Federal Security and Intelligence Records, in particular to the archival records of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS). Through a proper application of the terms of the Access to Information Act to the Canada’s Federal Security and Intelligence files, carried out in consultation with Canada’s intelligence community, Library and Archives Canada has embraced its responsibilities to Governmental Openness and the needs and requirements of National Security. In doing so, LAC has worked to balance  legislatively mandated commitment to chart a course between desirable accessibility and the operational needs of Canada’s Security/Intelligence community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. POWER, POLITICS, AND EDUCATION: CANADIAN UNIVERSITIES AND INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION IN AN ERA OF NEW GEOPOLITICS.
- Author
-
TRILOKEKAR, ROOPA DESAI, EL MASRI, AMIRA, and EL MASRY, HANI
- Subjects
GLOBAL studies ,GEOPOLITICS ,EDUCATION policy ,NATIONAL security - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Higher Education is the property of Canadian Society for the Study of Higher Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
29. Canada, the America First agenda, and the western security community.
- Author
-
Payne, Rodger A.
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations theory ,CHANGE theory ,INTERNATIONAL organization ,NATIONAL security ,SOCIAL cohesion ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Foreign Policy Journal (CFPJ) is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Canadian Cannabis: Marijuana as an Irritant/Problem in Canada-U.S. Relations.
- Author
-
Gecelovsky, Paul
- Subjects
CANADA-United States relations ,DRUGS of abuse ,MARIJUANA ,PUBLIC administration ,MARIJUANA abuse ,NATIONAL security - Abstract
The article focuses on the electronic, peer-reviewed Occasional Papers on Public Policy series published by the Association for Canadian Studies in the United States (ACSUS). These papers are intended to highlight ongoing research in Canadian domestic and foreign policy at the federal, provincial and city levels. One of the research presented in this article concerns the marijuana issue in terms of the growing volume of the drug being smuggled into the U.S. from Canada, the increased potency of the strains of marijuana grown in Canada, and the differences in judicial deterrents adopted to penalize possession and cultivation.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Falling walls and lifting curtains: analysis of border effects in transition countries.
- Author
-
Kandogan, Yener
- Subjects
SOCIAL systems ,SOCIALIST societies ,SYSTEMS theory ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,NATIONAL security ,SOCIOLOGY - Abstract
Since McCallum's (1995) finding of surprisingly high border effects on trade between the US and Canada, there have been a number of studies on other parts of the world, and improvements made to the gravity model to measure this effect accurately. This paper suggests some other modifications to the model, and applies it to a region of the world that presents a distinctly interesting case. Changes in border effects of formerly socialist countries in Central and East Europe, and countries in the former Soviet Union are analyzed during 1976-2002 at country and sectoral levels, and also with respect to blocs of countries. A discussion on cross-country variations in border effects follows the computations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. A Fragile and Failed Consensus on Failed and Fragile States: Canada and the Bureaucratic Politics of State Fragility.
- Author
-
Desrosiers, Marie-Eve and Lagassé, Philippe
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *WAR on Terrorism, 2001-2009 , *BUREAUCRACY , *NATIONAL security , *THREATS , *ARMED Forces - Abstract
This paper traces how Canada's engagement with failed and fragile states has been shaped by shifts in the relative power and influence of Canada's foreign affairs and defence departments. The paper argues that, despite the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade's (DFAIT) rhetorical commitment to benevolent norms for intervention in fragile and failed states, Canada's approach to these states has been co-opted and recast by the Department of National Defence (DND), which is using the discourse of failed and fragile states to promote a Canadian participation in the war on terror, justify increased defence spending, and bolster the case for the maintenance and deployment of combat-capable armed forces. In its 2005 International Policy Statement (IPS), the Canadian government declared that "Among the greatest contemporary security threats are those resulting from a large number of fragile and poorly governed states." Meant to unify Canada's future diplomatic, development, and defence activities under a single set of policy objectives, the IPS's focus on fragile and failed states represented a rare instance of rhetorical harmony between the DFAIT and DND. By expressing their shared commitment to address failed and fragile states, the two departments appeared to have bridged their recognized disagreements over the direction of Canadian international affairs. In practice, however, this has not led to unified policies or a harmonious approach to the problem. The consensus, if ever there really was one, has failed. Current bureaucratic relations and policies reflect the defence department's ascendancy. Due to the Canadian government's current focus on the war on terror, rebuilding the Canadian Armed Forces, and strengthening relations with the United States, DND's reading of the fragile and failed state problematic has dominated and supplanted DFAIT's. Though DFAIT and the public pronouncements of the defence department still emphasize an approach to failed and fragile states that reflects benevolent norms, these declarations have been reduced to 'window dressing'. Due to the Canadian government's current focus on the war on terror, rebuilding the Canadian Armed Forces, and strengthening relations with the United States, DND's reading of the fragile and failed state problematic has dominated and supplanted DFAIT's. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
33. THE FOREIGN FIGHTER CRISIS: A RENEWED CANADIAN APPROACH.
- Author
-
CARLSON, BRETT, BOGETTI, SAMUEL, and BURSHTEIN, NOAH
- Subjects
SYRIAN Civil War, 2011- ,NATIONAL security ,CRIMINAL codes ,TERRORISM - Abstract
The Syrian Civil War and the rise of the Islamic State have attracted thousands of foreign fighters from Western countries. One hundred and ninety of these individuals have a nexus to Canada, and approximately 60 have returned home. To date, despite concerns that these returning foreign fighters pose a national security threat in Canada, only three have been convicted of the Criminal Code's terrorism offences--a meager figure that exposes a legal and policy vacuum in Canada's approach to the foreign fighter phenomenon. Canada's terrorism offenses were designed to prosecute domestic offenders and are ill-equipped to effectively impose criminal sanctions on returning foreign fighters. Prosecutions are hamstrung by the inherent difficulty of extracting courtroom-worthy evidence from foreign war zones. As a result, Canada is left with an incomplete toolbox that is overly reliant on community de-radicalization programs, reintegration, and surveillance. While these are indispensable tools, exclusive reliance on this approach neglects the important deterrent and denunciatory effects of criminal sanctions, particularly for high-risk individuals who remain hostile and ideologically engaged. To address this legislative gap, this paper proposes two Criminal Code offences that prohibit (1) travelling to a declared conflict zone for non-legitimate purposes, and (2) engaging in "hostile activities" while in a foreign country. Both offences are designed to address the challenge of collecting war-zone evidence and facilitate effective prosecution of foreign fighters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
34. Returning foreign fighters: the law and implications for Canadian national security policy.
- Author
-
Fejes, Mike G.
- Subjects
NATIONAL security ,PUBLIC safety - Abstract
With the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) now appearing as if it has lost the ability to control territory and many of its members fleeing the region, the Canadian government must now address the possibility of citizens who have become "foreign fighters" returning home, radicalized and prepared to commit acts of terror. This compels officials from Public Safety Canada to ask important questions about who these radicals are, what they will do next, and what can be done to protect Canadians if they come home. This paper reviews the international and domestic legal framework as applied in Canada and discusses how authorities are seeking to apply the law to returning foreign fighters. The paper then inquiries into the legal implications of returning foreign fighters. It is contended that while Canada's legal system offers an adequate response for the time being, it does not guarantee security and may have significant loopholes which could constrain its application. To counter this, authorities must continue to develop and adapt broader policy approaches in order to deal with an undefined and emerging threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. The Impact of Professional Military Education on the Evolution of Canadian Civil-Military Relations.
- Author
-
Stone, Craig
- Subjects
- *
MILITARY education , *CIVIL-military relations , *MILITARY sociology , *NATIONAL security - Abstract
This paper draws upon research conducted on the Canadian professional military education system and how that education has evolved since the end of the Cold War. Using this research, an assessment will be made about how the dynamics of civil-military rel ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
36. Interest and Internationalism in Foreign Policy: The Future for Human Security.
- Author
-
MacLean, George
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *NATIONAL security , *GOVERNMENT policy , *INTERNATIONALISM ,CANADIAN foreign relations - Abstract
In this paper, I argue that in the Canadian context, human security descended from a grand design of foreign policy premised on national values and interests, and an internationalist approach. However, human security became immersed in an unnecessary struggle to distinguish a new 'paradigm,' alienating many who may otherwise have come to see the term as useful and constructive. It became a polarizing theme in Canadian foreign policy as the government presented it as a novel approach, rather than one grounded firmly in the strategy of Canada's foreign relations. Despite the ensuing controversy over its use, and the current Conservative government's attempt to set itself apart from the Liberal legacy, I conclude that the human security agenda remains largely intact with the current government, though without explicit reference to the term. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
37. Popular Written Media as Securitizing Actor? The Case of Migration.
- Author
-
Bourbeau, Philippe
- Subjects
- *
EMIGRATION & immigration , *NATIONAL security , *MASS media , *IMMIGRANTS - Abstract
One often reads that popular written medias bare a special responsibility in the linkage between migration and security. The argument is that medias often (if not always) portray the movement of people as negative; thus, fostering a sense of threat and insecurity. As well, scholars have argued that medias have created a "migration crisis" inducing the securitization of migration in Western countries. In addition, several senior analysts/bureaucrats interviewees for this study have ranked media as a highly significant actor in the process of securitizing migration. In fact, the argument is often presented with such a level of ubiquitousness that it is rarely unpacked. Yet, I demonstrate in this paper that such a conclusion is grossly incomplete. Proceeding within a sociological constructivist perspective, I have investigated editorials of two major newspapers in Canada and France between 1989 and 2005 to show that the role of media varies considerably within and across cases. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
38. Canada's New Militaristic Role in the Empire of Capital.
- Author
-
Skinner, Michael
- Subjects
- *
POST-Cold War Period , *NATIONAL security , *GEOPOLITICS , *IDEOLOGY - Abstract
During the post Cold War era and accelerating after 9/11, Canada adopted a more aggresive militaristic role in order to secure a more intimate and ultimately rewarding position beside the US as a subdominant player in the expanding New World Order - a states system Wood evocatively labels the Empire of Capital. In this paper, I theorize the more aggressive militaristic role of the Canadian state within this Empire of Capital. First, I examine geopolitical and economic rationales for the war in Afghanistan. Second, I examine ideologies of race, class, and gender undergirding the militarism of the empire. Third, I examine how the Bush and R2P doctrines instituionalize and legitimize empire. Finally, I examine the mythology that Canada is a peaceful state. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
39. Caveat Emptor: Efforts to Control Contributions to Multilateral Military Interventions.
- Author
-
Saideman, Stephen, Auerswald, David, and Tierney, Michael
- Subjects
- *
SPECIAL operations (Military science) , *COMMAND of troops , *NATIONAL security , *MILITARY requisitions , *INTERVENTION (International law) - Abstract
: This paper seeks to understand the dilemmas and constraints facing leaders as they seek to manage their military's participation in multilateral operations. The problem of caveatsânational restrictionsâhas been a central concern in Afghanistan, limiting the ability of various countries to contribute to the effort. We develop some implications from principal-agent theory to understand the challenges facing civilian and military leaders. We then focus primarily on the case of Canada in Afghanistan since it has participated in both the unilateral ad hoc Operation Enduring Freedom and the multilateral, NATO International Security Assistance Force. We consider how command and control have evolved over time with commanders on the ground having varying levels of discretion and authority. We find that the key influence on any military officer is the home country, even if the troop contributing nation has the most robust rules of engagement and delegates the most authority to the operational commanders. All coalitions are, ultimately, of the willing. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
40. Dangerous Liaisons: Human Security, Neoliberalism, and Corporate (Mis)Conduct.
- Author
-
Grayson, Kyle
- Subjects
- *
NATIONAL security , *NEOLIBERALISM , *INTERNATIONAL business enterprises , *COMMON sense - Abstract
Human security has been presented by a growing collection of states as a concept that is transforming global governance structures in significant ways by broadening and deepening understandings of security to address the needs of common people. Yet the entrenchment of the human security paradigm within several members of the human security vanguard has been accompanied by a renewed commitment to the principles of neoliberalism both domestically and within the international sphere. Thus, the dominance of neoliberal economic ideology has created various 'common-sense' propositions with respect to human security that has made it possible for rights, responsibilities, problems, and solutions to be defined in particular ways that narrow the policy spaces in which states with human security agendas are prepared to act while maintaining other unequal power/relations that benefit national economic interests. As such, this paper will examine how human security has been reconciled with reductions in other forms of stateled social regulation and an increasing deference to market imperatives that are constitutive of a geopolitical gaze that enables and disables particular types of policy actions through the identification of threats, opportunities, and moments that necessitate the evasion of responsibility. The specific empirical focus will be centred around the discursive relations of the human security agenda in Canada that have thus far left Canadian-based transnational corporations unaccountable for gross misconduct that contributes to human insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
41. Suspenders and a Belt: Peritmeter and Border Secutity in the Canada-U.S. Relationship.
- Author
-
Lagassé, Philippe and Sokolsky, Joel J.
- Subjects
- *
NATIONAL security , *INTERNATIONAL relations ,FOREIGN relations of the United States, 2001-2009 ,CANADIAN foreign relations, 1945- - Abstract
This paper examines the evolution of the Canada-U.S, continental security relationship since September 2001. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
42. France, the North Atlantic Triangle and negotiation of the North Atlantic Treaty, 1948–1949: a Canadian perspective.
- Author
-
Mackenzie, Hector
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,NATIONAL security ,COLD War, 1945-1991 ,DIPLOMACY ,TREATIES - Abstract
On the basis of a study of American, British and Canadian records, this article examines the relationship of France to the negotiation of the North Atlantic Treaty from the perspective of the ‘ABC’ countries, particularly Canada. How did the perceived vulnerability of France influence the approach of the members of the ‘North Atlantic Triangle’ to the justification, timing and contents of the proposed pact? How did France's inclusion in Western Union and its exclusion from the preliminary talks in the Pentagon affect American, British and Canadian attitudes to the development of the draft alternatively known as the ‘Pentagon Paper’ or the ‘State Department Draft’? These questions are addressed, as well as the impact on the later ambassadorial talks of France's priority to immediate rearmament and its determination to include the departments of Algeria within the defensive perimeter of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. Finally, the article assesses the extent to which France and its requirements influenced the policies and actions of the Canadian government throughout the negotiation of the North Atlantic Treaty. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. United West, divided Canada? Transatlantic (dis)unity and Canada's Atlanticist strategic culture.
- Author
-
Massie, Justin
- Subjects
STRATEGIC culture ,MILITARY policy ,NATIONAL security ,MILITARISM ,IRAQ War, 2003-2011 ,AFGHAN War, 2001-2021 ,CANADIAN politics & government, 1980- ,SOCIAL conditions in Canada, 1991- ,QUEBECOIS politics & government, 1960- - Abstract
Could a growing transatlantic rift regarding the use of military force outside Europe propel the political break-up of Canada? The first part of the paper argues that, in addition to its liberal-democratic values, Canada's bicultural national identity accounts for much of its Atlanticist international security policy. The second part of the paper examines the prevalence of this Atlanticist strategic culture in the face of two contemporary cases of transatlantic (dis)unity, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, in order to assess the potentially disruptive nature of transatlantic discord on Canada's political unity. It finds, somewhat counter-intuitively, that transatlantic unity - rather than disunity - could more probably generate national unity crises in Canada in the event of continuing 'out-of-area' military operations undertaken by NATO allies. This is mainly because of a growing tendency among Quebec's sovereignist political elites' to mobilise Quebecers' distinct attitudes regarding overseas military expeditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Notes on the Canadian exception: security certificates in critical context.
- Author
-
Aitken, Rob
- Subjects
NATIONAL security ,SECURITY management ,ETHICS ,GOVERNMENT policy ,EMIGRATION & immigration - Abstract
This paper attempts to place the Canadian security certificate program in critical context. The program is a mechanism of arbitrary detention targeted to non-citizens the state has certified as 'threats' to national security. As a mechanism of arbitrary detention the program fully locates Canadian policies inside of, and not in some manner external to, the worst abuses and 'exceptional practices' associated with the 'global war on terror'. To place this program in critical context, the author draws upon the notion of 'exception'. Although the security certificate program does invoke an exceptional practice in the terms made legible in recent discussions in critical security studies, it also points to ways in which critical discussions of 'exception' might be deepened and complicated. To this end, the paper put forwards the notion of the 'legal complex' to highlight the mundane and often contested ways in which the exception is invoked to certify which racialized bodies might be governed as political citizens and which will be governed as 'bare life'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Towards an Explicative Understanding of Strategic Culture: The Cases of Australia and Canada.
- Author
-
Bloomfield, Alan and Nossal, Kim Richard
- Subjects
SECURITY management ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,NATIONAL security ,BALANCE of power - Abstract
Strategic culture remains a highly contested but potentially vital concept in the analysis of security policy. This paper contributes to the strategic culture debate by using the cases of Australia and Canada to assess the utility of strategic culture as an explanatory tool. Much of the debate over strategic culture hinges on the proper relationship between the ideational and material variables in analyzing a country's security policy, and the attendant difficulties of distinguishing between strategic culture and strategic behaviour. We argue that if strategic culture is defined in an inclusive way to include ideational factors, material factors, and strategic behaviour, one will develop a richer understanding of a country's strategic situation. Using this approach, this paper undertakes a long-range historical survey of strategic culture in these two countries. We show that in both countries, strategic culture remains relatively stable for extended periods of time, usually changing only when patterns of global power shift, and provides a better explanation for contemporary security policy in both countries than perspectives that focus on purely material or ideational factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. A Question of Defense: How American Allies are Responding to the US Missile Defense Program
- Author
-
Richter, Andrew
- Subjects
ANTIMISSILE missiles ,TREATIES ,NATIONAL security ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation - Abstract
The US decision to withdraw from the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty in June 2002 was a watershed development in international politics. Deciding that the threat from rogue states outweighed concerns about how Russia (and the larger international community) would respond, the Bush administration revealed that in the post-September 11 environment, it was not prepared to give other states an effective veto over US security policy. However, the announcement had enormous repercussions for allies as well as adversaries. This paper will examine how two close US allies—Canada and the UK—have reacted to the missile defense program. It will demonstrate that, while both have moved progressively closer to formal participation, the two countries have resisted making specific commitments because of political considerations. With initial deployment of the missile shield scheduled for later this year, the paper reveals that the US can expect allies to continue to react with caution, but that wariness should not necessarily be confused with opposition and/or defiance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Racial Profiling amidst Geopolitical Tension: Chinese Faculty in Canada.
- Author
-
Qiang Zha and Xiaojie Li
- Subjects
GEOPOLITICS ,COLLEGE teachers ,NATIONAL security - Abstract
Our survey reveals that Chinese-origin faculty in Canadian universities used to work in the frontiers of collaborating with China, leveraging their cultural and linguistic competencies, as well as personal networks. Now, they are caught in geopolitical conflicts and even become victims of implicit or explicit racial profiling, as a result of policies that link research collaboration with China to national security concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
48. Mimic writing: On Rammowalia’s fictional narrative of Air India Plane tragedy.
- Author
-
Tatla, Darshan S.
- Subjects
SIKHS ,NATIONAL security ,AIRCRAFT accidents - Abstract
This paper presents a reading of Iqbal Rammowalia’s novelWhat the Judges Wouldn’t See?[2005]. It is a fictional narrative of post-1984 events in a Canadian Sikh household, which, readers are invited to believe, bears closely upon the crashing of Air India plane in June 1985. The plot devised by Rammowalia turns out to be a caricature of gross distortion. Its tall claim of portraying a realistic scenario of a conspiracy is unconvincing – knowing Canada’s two national security agencies could not substantiate such a contention. As it stands, Rammowalia’s creative work only lends its weight to a shelf-load of prejudiced writings concerning the Canadian Sikhs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Institutionalizing ambiguity: the management review group and the reshaping of the defence policy process in Canada.
- Author
-
Bland, Douglas L.
- Subjects
CANADA. Dept of National Defence ,MILITARY readiness laws ,ARMED Forces ,NATIONAL security ,PUBLIC administration ,BUREAUCRACY ,MANAGEMENT science ,ARMIES - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Public Administration is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 1987
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. From Smart Borders to Perimeter Security: The Expansion of Digital Surveillance at the Canadian Borders.
- Author
-
Topak, Özgün E., Bracken-Roche, Ciara, Saulnier, Alana, and Lyon, David
- Subjects
BORDER security ,ELECTRONIC surveillance ,NATIONAL security ,HUMAN rights - Abstract
Since 2001, border security policy between Canada and the US has morphed from “smart borders” to the present “beyond the border” (perimeter security) agreement resulting in the expansion of new techniques of border surveillance including pre-emptive profiling of travellers and biometric data sharing. In this paper, we argue that these border agreements have increasingly resulted in a changing experience of sovereign power for those crossing the border. This is demonstrated through a discussion of: the major border policies between Canada and the US since 11 September 2001, developed under the influence of US hegemony; how these policies perpetrate a generalised state of exception; and how these policies affect refugees, migrants, and citizens. Reading Agamben’s insights from a sociological perspective, we argue that the presumption of security-through-surveillance erodes border crossers’ human rights, and that some people – those from disadvantaged race/class backgrounds – are more affected than others by the implementation of the evolving border regime. We also emphasise the contingencies and unintended consequences of the ongoing projects. The conclusion offers brief comments on the consequences of these developments on Canadian identity and points out the directions for future research in this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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