"Foreign Policy in a Turbulent Age: Canada's Capacity and the Principles of Peace, Order, and Good Government.".

This paper examines Canadian foreign and security policy in an era of turbulence. It considers the "3D" approach to capacities in Canadian foreign relations (diplomacy, defence, and development), and draws two inter-related conclusions: first, Canada's changing foreign policy has been significantly affected by a turbulent international environment; and, second, the principles of that foreign policy over time have reflected the constitutional foundation of "peace, order, and good government," or "POGG" (Sec 91, Constitutional Act, 1867). The paper's primary contributions to the literature are the connection it makes between the 3D approach and POGG, and its evaluation of turbulence and foreign policy. At a time when Canada is re-drafting its foreign, defence, and security policies, this kind of conceptual analysis is especially opportune. Turbulence is undoubtedly one of the most influential concepts in International Relations in the post-Cold War era. It suggests that there has been a shift in the nature of international politics. Traditional modes of state-to-state relations, with defined rules and norms of behaviour, have been set upon by unpredictable and irregular conditions. The old "order" of territory and state has been augmented to include a variety of threats and responses that necessitate sub-state, state, and institutional actors. New issues and new modalities affect the capacity of states to provide satisfactory solutions, and to consider alternate means of response. Additionally, the increasing relevance of sub-system actors, such as regional entities, groups, and individuals, presents another multivariate dimension to the problem. Peace, order, and good government (POGG) represents the core Canadian national value. Rule of law, equality, diversity, tolerance, freedom, and democracy are all predicated on POGG. It is a sui generis definition of the package of rights and responsibilities of a society, and is about more than "government," it is also about "governance." It is more than an ideal for setting up institutions of authority and allocation; it is also an active concept (governance), and set of standards. The connection that is made between the 3D capacities of Canadian foreign relations, and the primary principles of POGG will significantly influence the outline of Canada's foreign policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]