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Achieving nitrogen fixation in visible light-driven using metal-free and eco-friendly semiconductors at acceptable temperature and pressure still remains a big challenge. In the field of artificial photosynthesis, reported semiconductors for nitrogen fixation have large band gap around 3.0 eV and requires high temperature and pressure which results the catalytic nitrogen fixation is navigate under visible light, consume supply of global energy, and emit global greenhouse gas. In conflict this report illustrates a metal free catalyst EBCNDG with a band gap of ∼2.64 eV at room temperature and pressure indicate photocatalytic campaign toward nitrogen fixation in visible light without producing any harmful gases. The EBCNDG photocatalyst has a vacancy of high active oxygen which helps adsorb and stabilize the intermediate and increases the rate of nitrogen fixation. The EBCNDG photocatalyst was prepared by coupling of an eosin B (EB) with N-doped graphene (NDG) via amide linkage. This unique combination opens a new trial for nitrogen fixation as well as NADH regeneration under acceptable conditions using visible energy. The amount of ammonia obtained by EBCNDG is 0.513 mM and the regeneration yield of NADH is 90.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated global pollution level is the prime reason that contributes to the onset of various harmful health diseases. The products of Biginelli reaction are enormously used in the pharmaceutical industry as they have antiviral, antibacterial, and calcium channel modulation abilities. This work reports a novel eosin Y sensitized boron graphitic carbon nitride (EY‐Ben‐g‐C3N4) as a photocatalyst that efficiently produced 3,4‐dihydropyrimidine‐2‐(1H)‐one by the Biginelli reaction of benzaldehyde, urea, and methyl acetoacetate. The photocatalyst EY‐Ben‐g‐C3N4 showed a successful generation of 3,4‐dihydropyrimidine‐2‐(1H)‐one (Biginelli product) in good yield via photocatalysis which is an eco‐friendly method and has facile operational process. In addition to the production of Biginelli products, the photocatalyst also showed a remarkable NADH regeneration of 81.18%. The incorporation of g‐C3N4 with boron helps increase the surface area and the incorporation of eosin Y which is an inexpensive and non‐toxic dye, and in Ben‐g‐C3N4, enhanced the light‐harvesting capacity of the photocatalyst. The production of 3,4‐dihydropyrimidine‐2‐(1H)‐one and NADH by the EY‐Ben‐g‐C3N4 photocatalyst is attributed to the requisite band gap, high molar absorbance, low rate of charge recombination, and increased capacity of the photocatalyst to harvest solar light energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A solvent‐free sulfur‐bridge‐eosin‐Y (SBE‐Y) polymeric framework photocatalyst was prepared for the first time through an in situ thermal polymerization route using elemental sulfur (S8) as a bridge. The addition of a sulfur bridge to the polymeric framework structure resulted in an allowance of the harvesting range of eosin‐Y (E‐Y) for solar light. This shows that a wider range of solar light can be used by the bridge material's photocatalytic reactions. In this context, supercharged solar spectrum: enhancing light absorption and hole oxidation with sulfur bridges. This suggests that the excited electrons and holes through solar light can contribute to oxidation–reduction reactions more potently. As a result, the photocatalyst‐enzyme attached artificial photosynthesis system developed using SBE‐Y as a photocatalyst performs exceptionally well, resulting in high 1,4‐NADH regeneration (86.81%), followed by its utilization in the exclusive production of formic acid (210.01 μmol) from CO2 and synthesis of fine chemicals with 99.9% conversion yields. The creation of more effective photocatalytic materials for environmental clean‐up and other applications that depend on the solar light‐driven absorption spectrum of inorganic and organic molecules could be one of the practical ramifications of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aloe vera‐derived graphene (ADG) coupled system photocatalyst, mimicking natural photosynthesis, is one of the most promising ways for converting solar energy into ammonia (NH3) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) that have been widely used to make the numerous chemicals such as fertilizer and fuel. In this study, we report the synthesis of the aloe vera‐derived graphene‐coupled phenosafranin (ADGCP) acting as a highly efficient photocatalyst for the generation of NH3 and regeneration of NADH from nitrogen (N2) and oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). The results show a benchmark instance for mimicking natural photosynthesis activity as well as the practical applications for the solar‐driven selective formation of NH3 and the regeneration of NADH by using the newly designed photocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In-situ boron-fluorine functionalized sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride (BFx-SGCN) as a multifunctional heterogeneous synergistic photocatalyst for cyclization reactions along with cofactor regeneration engineering. • Modification of SGCN where boron (B) and fluorine (F) atoms are intentionally introduced or vacancies of these atoms are created within the SGCN structure. • The current research work provides a benchmark example of a BF1.0-SGCN photocatalyst for NADH regeneration cofactor with excellent yield (73.47 %) and triggered synthesis of 3,5-diphenyl 1,2,4-thiadiazole derivatives via N-S bond activation with high yield 94 % under ambient conditions. • The goal of the research is to investigate how the photocatalyst's constituent parts can work together to improve performance in certain applications. In-situ boron-fluorine functionalized sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride (BF x -SGCN, x = 1, 1.5, and 2.0 ml) as a multifunctional heterogeneous synergistic photocatalyst for the cyclization reactions and cofactor regeneration engineering. This refers to a modification of SGCN where boron (B) and fluorine (F) atoms are intentionally introduced, or vacancies of these atoms are created within the SGCN structure. This modification is likely aimed at altering the electronic properties and surface chemistry of SGCN to enhance its photocatalytic activity. It was verified that the numerous active sites and enhanced BF vacancies worked in concert to improve the band gap, photoinduced carrier carriers, and visible light absorption efficiency. In this context, the current research work provides a benchmark example of a BF 1 -SGCN photocatalyst for NADH regeneration with excellent yield (73.47 %) in 90 minutes and triggered oxidative cyclization of aromatic primary thioamides (synthesis of 3,5-diphenyl 1,2,4-thiadiazole derivatives) via N-S bond activation with high yield 94 % in 6 hours under ambient conditions. The goal of the research is to investigate how the photocatalyst's constituent parts can work together to improve performance in certain applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A photo bio-reactor system has been constructed consist of light harvesting complex formed via poly-condensation method. • The photocatalyst synthesized is a metal-free, cost effective and light harvesting moiety which have capability to perform photocatalytic activities. • The light harvesting photocatalyst have ability to regenerate NADH from NAD+ co-factor. • Bio-transformation of aldehyde (benzaldehyde and formaldehyde) to respective alcohols (reduction) takes place simultaneously with NADH regeneration. • This work also deals with performing organic transformation i.e. benzylamines to imines in an effective manner. Photo-bio enzyme coupled biotransformation solar radiation driven processes grasp promising in the production of solar driven organic chemicals. Here we reported the synthesis and development of (NH 2) 4 TPP@BODIPY photocatalyst, which was constructed from 5,10,15,20 tetrakis (4 amino phenyl) porphyrin and BODIPY {5,5-difluoro-3,7-bis((E)-4-nitrobenzylidene)-10-(4-nitrophenyl)-5,7-dihydro-3H-4l4,5l4-dipyrrolo[1,2-c:2′,1′-f][1,3,2]diazaborinine} molecule through poly-condensation mechanism resulting in the composite formation which manifest excellent light harvesting properties and photocatalytic reactions with suitable satisfactory band gap and formation of huge electrons channels which bears the organic transformation (98 %) and photo-regeneration of NADH (66.92 %) in 60 min which further enhances reduction of aldehyde resulting alcohol production. The highly selective aldehyde hydrogenation process is proposed via coordination of alcohol dehydrogenase with (NH 2) 4 TPP@BODIPY assistant reduces from the coupling process; regeneration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Our results show an excellent benchmark for the NAD+ co-factor coupled solar-driven alcohol production via (NH 2) 4 TPP@BODIPY photocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on the fabrication and application of in situ boron and selenium-doped carbon nitride nanosheets as effective photocatalysts using sun spectrum irradiation to convert turbocharged benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol. To optimize the doping method for enhanced activity, the effect of changing dopant concentrations on catalytic efficiency was thoroughly investigated. Furthermore, a through analysis of the reactive species involved in the conversion process helped to clarify the photocatalytic process. Based on charge transfer and low recombination, the results indicate that boron and selenium dopants work synergistically to improve catalytic efficiency. This research helps to improve the development of new photocatalytic materials for the sustainable and ecologically friendly transformation of organic molecules under solar spectrum irradiation. The regeneration of NADH using B,Se-CN photocatalyst demonstrates very good efficiency. It also demonstrated the high conversion efficiency of benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol. This study emphasizes the possible use of B,Se-CN composite in the area of photoinduced conversion-based organic transformation. The knowledge gathered from this research opens up new avenues for the development and enhancement of effective photocatalysts that might be used in a range of solar-powered organic transformation processes. [Display omitted] • B,Se-CN photocatalyst was synthesis via two-step process through thermal polycondensation of M, B and SU. • The light harvesting photocatalyst had the capacity to photo-regenerate the 1,4 NADH and bio-transformation. • The synthesized photocatalyst potential as stable catalyst for production of 1,4 NADH (yield and benzyl alcohol. • Demonstrated synergistic enhancement of catalytic efficiency by dopants, contributing to sustainable alcohol formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalysis has emerged as a promising approach for generating solar chemical and organic transformations under the solar light spectrum, employing polymer photocatalysts. In this study, our aim is to achieve the regeneration of NADH and fixation of nitroarene compounds, which hold significant importance in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, biology, and chemistry. The development of an in-situ nature-inspired artificial photosynthetic pathway represents a challenging task, as it involves harnessing solar energy for efficient solar chemical production and organic transformation. In this work, we have successfully synthesized a novel artificial photosynthetic polymer, named TFc photocatalyst, through the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction between triptycene (T) and a ferrocene motif (Fc). The TF C photocatalyst is a promising material with excellent optical properties, an appropriate band gap, and the ability to facilitate the regeneration of NADH and the fixation of nitroarene compounds through photocatalysis. These characteristics are necessary for several applications, including organic synthesis and environmental remediation. Our research provides a significant step forward in establishing a reliable pathway for the regeneration and fixation of solar chemicals and organic compounds under the solar light spectrum. Bio-inspired In-Situ Synthesis of Polymer Photocatalyst for Selective Enzymatic 1,4-NADH Regeneration and Nitroarene Fixation. [Display omitted] • Polymer Photocatalyst for Selective Enzymatic Regeneration and Nitroarene Fixation. • Photocatalyst exhibits exceptional optical properties. • Photocatalyst exhibits exceptional photocatalytic performance and selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This manuscript focuses on how structural ordering can facilitate the formation of formic at ultra-low potential, which is a critical challenge via photocatalysis. • Human dependency on fossil fuels not only spikes the CO2 levels in the atmosphere but also depletes the limited energy resources. • The photocatalyst-enzyme integrated artificial system emerged as a benchmark for CO2 fixation solving both the energy crisis and carbon emission simultaneously. • Herein a TBE-Y photocatalyst designed by coupling triptycene (T) with eosin-Y (EY) through friedel craft reaction shows excellent solar light harvesting property, high molar extinction coefficient, and appropriate band-gap. • The as-synthesized 3D polymeric TBE-Y photocatalyst exhibits high NADH regeneration (78.77%) which when consecutively coupled with enzyme (formate dehydrogenase) via electron mediator produces HCOOH from CO2 in high yield. Carbon dioxide, one of the primary greenhouse gasses leading to global warming, ocean acidification, and climate change is an obnoxious concern. Human dependency on fossil fuels not only spikes the CO 2 level but also depletes the limited energy resources. The horrendous impact of carbon footprint has made the reduction of CO 2 into solar fuel an indispensable task. The photocatalyst-enzyme integrated artificial system has emerged as a benchmark for CO 2 fixation solving both the energy crisis and carbon emission simultaneously. Herein a TBE-Y photocatalyst designed by coupling triptycene (T) with eosin-Y (EY) through Friedel Craft reaction shows excellent solar light harvesting property, high molar extinction coefficient, and appropriate band-gap. The as-synthesized 3D polymeric TBE-Y photocatalyst exhibits high NADH regeneration (78.77%) which when consecutively coupled with enzyme (formate dehydrogenase) via electron mediator produces HCOOH (189.34 μmol) from CO 2 in high yield in 2 h. The graphical abstract shows the formation and regeneration of HCOOH from CO 2 and NADH respectively through TBE-Y photocatalyst under solar light irradiation. The TBE-Y photocatalyst was formed through Friedel craft reaction by the coupling of Triptycene and Eosin-Y, which is utilized for HCOOH formation from CO 2 in the presence of Solar light. Formic acid and NADH regeneration have a wide application in pharmaceutical companies. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Functionalized ITO electrodes are used to regenerate NADH using [Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+ (Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, bpy=2,2′-bipyridine) electrochemically in a buffer solution. Amino- and mercapto-functionalized electrodes featured higher activity and stability for electrocatalytic generation of NADH than a bare ITO electrode. Effect of metal nanoparticles was also studied on modified ITO electrodes and the addition of platinum nanoparticles even resulted in improved activity. The electrochemical regeneration was somewhat affected in the presence of dioxygen, but not significantly. In addition, a conversion of carbon dioxide was carried out utilizing the electrochemically generated NADH and formate dehydrogenase to produce formic acid. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Highly efficient protein/graphitic carbon nitride/sulfur hydrogel photocatalyst. • Artificial photosynthetic system for mimicking natural photosynthesis. • 86.78% Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide regeneration in 2 h. • 90.0% l -Glutamate production from α-ketoglutarate under visible light irradiation. Artificial photosynthesis process is a nature inspired process that can convert solar energy to important value added chemicals. Here, we report the synthesis of a self-assembled protein and carbon nitride/sulfur hydrogel (Fmoc- d -PheA/g-C 3 N 4 /S) as a visible light active hydrogel photocatalyst for 86.78% reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) regeneration and 90.0% l -Glutamate production under solar light irradiation. The present work represents a new benchmark example for NADH regeneration and solar chemical production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]