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Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of the present work was to find the relationship between uniformity of irrigation flow and agro-climatic factors with the yield, during pepper growing in greenhouse. The study was carried out in brown soil with carbonates, in a module of three greenhouses, Granma-1 Model, placed at "Valle del Yabú" Agricultural Company, in Villa Clara Province. In each greenhouse, six soil beds were formed with three irrigation branches with non-compensating Twin Drip drippers. For the study, 27 sampling points were taken, evenly distributed in the three greenhouses. The wind speed, temperature and relative humidity were measured with the Kestrel 5000 micro weather station. For the sampling of dripper flow, rain gauges were located at each experimental point and the irrigation coefficient of uniformity was determined. As a result, wind speed, relative humidity and temperature, inside the greenhouse, showed spatial variability values that satisfy the crop requirements. The coefficient of uniformity of irrigation rate was considered as acceptable with value of 71.2%, as a consequence of the obstruction of drippers, denoting a wide variability of irrigation rate without the presence of water flood or dry soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine sorption isotherms of ingredient and poultry diet. The samples were encapsulated in capsules and dehydrated by oven-drying in a desiccator for more than 24 hours. The samples were transferred to desiccator containing water in the base and placed in the oven, with one sample of each material being removed at incremental intervals. The sample was weighed and for determination of water activity and for dry matter. The moisture and water activity data were evaluated by eight mathematical models. The GAB mathematical model fitted the experimental data to constitute the isotherm for each material. Type II sorption isotherms were found, except for BHT: demonstrated values that did not fit the isotherm determination. The hygroscopic behavior of the ingredients were: L-threonine, limestone, BHT, DL-methionine, L-valine, L-tryptophan, phosphate, kaolin, vitamin supplement, salt, mycotoxin deactivator, pelleted rooster diet, mash rooster diet, mash layer diet, pelleted layer diet, corn, bacitracin zinc, vitamin mineral supplement, phytase, rice bran, wheat bran, mineral supplement, soybean meal, coccidiostat, L-Lysine HCl and choline chloride. Ingredients and diets have different hygroscopic behavior: can lead to deterioration and low accuracy in nutritional values of diet, since formulation is based on as-is fed basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of Tanzania grass (Panicum maximum) haylage with varying contents of dry matter (DM) and stored for 90 days. The quality of this grass was evaluated through the lens of a variety of physiochemical properties (e.g., chemical composition, aerobic stability, pH, microbial profile, etc.). A completely randomized design was used with four treatments (in natura, 400, 500, and 600 g kg-1 DM) and five replicates. Treatment with 600 g kg-1 DM yielded the highest DM haylage (p < 0.01) and soluble carbohydrate content (p < 0.01). Treatment in natura resulted in the highest O2 concentration inside the bales (p < 0.01), whereas treatments with 500 and 600 g kg-1 DM resulted in the highest CO2 values. The highest acetic acid concentrations of 36.4 ± 1.6, 38.2±1.6, and 48.9 ± 1.6 g kg-1 DM (p < 0.01) were observed post the in natura, 500 g kg-1 DM, and 600 g kg-1 DM treatments, respectively. Treatment with 600 g kg-1 DM yielded the highest pH value at hour zero (p < 0.01). Tanzania grass with 500 and 600 g kg-1 DM produced the highest quality haylage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciência Florestal (01039954) is the property of Ciencia Florestal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Legado de Arquitectura y Diseño is the property of Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La caracterización de la distribución de la humedad en el suelo situado bajo los edificios es de la máxima importancia para describir su funcionamiento y tiene una gran influencia en patologías criticas como son los asientos diferenciales. El elevado coste y la dificultad de acceder al suelo situado bajo los edificios hace que los ejemplos de monitorización de la distribución del contenido de humedad no sean numerosos. En este trabajo, se presenta un caso práctico de toma de datos para el estudio de las variables impuestas por el medio ambiente (precipitaciones, humedad, temperatura, nivel freático) de cara la caracterización de la respuesta estructural esperada y al mantenimiento preventivo de la edificación. Los resultados obtenidos han puesto de manifiesto el interés de la metodología, ilustrando su capacidad para caracterizar la distribución real del contenido de humedad bajo las edificaciones, con procedimientos muy sencillos que pueden adaptarse fácilmente a nuestros edificios y que pueden servir de herramientas para un mantenimiento preventivo, en un contexto donde se esperan grandes variaciones en el régimen de humedad de los suelos por los efectos del cambio climático. Abstract The characterization of the distribution of humidity in the soil located under the buildings is of the utmost importance to describe their operation and has a great influence on critical pathologies such as differential settlements. The high cost and the difficulty of accessing the ground under buildings means that the examples of monitoring the distribution of moisture content are not numerous. In this work, a practical case of data collection is presented for the study of the variables imposed by the environment (rainfall, humidity, temperature, water table) in order to characterize the expected structural response and preventive maintenance of the building. . The results obtained have shown the interest of the methodology, illustrating its ability to characterize the real distribution of moisture content under buildings, with very simple procedures that can be easily adapted to our buildings and that can serve as tools for preventive maintenance , in a context where large variations in the soil moisture regime are expected due to the effects of climate change.

The stabilizing tower T-201 of the catalytic reforming plant of the Refinería Cienfuegos S.A. it should be able to strip moisture from the naphtha up to 5 ppm. According to the results of the Karl Fisher Coulometric Tritation method, there is a possibility that they do not satisfy the process requirements, which is why in this investigation the performance of the T-201 was evaluated. First, the laboratory results of the moisture content of the inlet and outlet of the tower were statistically analyzed to define the range of the values obtained and their reliability. The PRO/II 9.1 software was used to model the unit and then validated with actual operating parameters. With Matlab software, the sensitivity to the behavior of the temperature of the top of the tower with the variation of humidity in the inlet naphtha was analyzed. Laboratory results showed significant deviations so they are not reliable for measuring moisture content. The model obtained showed deviations below 5%, this being valid for the evaluation of the T-201 tower. In addition, the sensitivity analysis showed a logical behavior of the tower with the variation of temperature and humidity. Finally, that the method used for the analysis of humidity shows errors in its execution and therefore another method of analysis must be used. In addition, the model obtained from the tower can be used to evaluate other operating variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work is focused on the effects on the soil due to the traffic of sugarcane harvesting machines. The investigation took place in areas of three different units of sugarcane production in the UEB "Héctor Rodríguez", located on the north coast of Villa Clara. The CASE IH 8 800 harvesting machine and self-dumping car pulled by the Maxxum CASE 150 tractor were used for the study. The main characteristics of the predominant soils were determined, as well as the variations of soil micro relief, the bulk density and the soil moisture. The results showed soil modifications due to the traffic of the equipment during the harvest, highlighting the effect of the tractor and self-balancing aggregate. The machines introduce considerably modifications in field profile, by moving over and through the furrow, affecting the root zone. Dry bulk density values characteristic of heavy clay soils, were found, increasing this value after the harvesting machinery passing. On the other hand, soil moisture of 64.0% became in serious traffic problems for tractor self-balancing aggregates and causing traffic jam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ESTOA: Revista de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Cuenca is the property of ESTOA Revista de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Cuenca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The moisture degree is one of the most important factors in choosing procedures for obtaining high quality seeds. In most quality control programs, the degree of moisture is determined by laboratory tests, based on the maximum removal of water when the seed is subjected to the application of heat under controlled conditions. The radiographic image is characterized by the generation of images with different levels of gray after the interaction of X-rays with the seed tissues. The objective of this research was to determine the gray scale values of radiographic images of soybean (Glycine max (L.)) seeds with different levels of hydration, aiming to establish relationships with the conventional method of moisture determination. Radiographic images of seeds from two lots were analyzed, with differences in seed size in different periods of hydration. With the images, the gray scale values were determined in different areas of the seed and compared with the humidity test by the conventional method. The gray scale values varied between 120 and 187 and 134 to 215 / pixel for smaller seeds and larger seeds, respectively. The analysis of images according to gray values obtained in different periods of hydration allowed to verify the differences in the shades of the vital structures of soybean seeds of different sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present work, was to determine the main effects on the soil and in the sugar cane stumps, of mechanized activities in the plantations. It was carried out in the Basic Unit of Cooperative Production (UBPC) Máximo Gómez, belonging to the municipality of Camajuaní, Villa Clara. To carry out the research, a characterization of the study area was made; the variations of the furrow profile were determined; resistance to penetration and soil moisture in the root zone and in the street, also damage to the cane strain was identified. The main results showed agglomerations of residues from the previous harvest and clean spaces without stumps and new sprout. The resistance to soil penetration showed values of 0.8 and 1.2 kPa on surface of the street and the area of the stumps respectively, increasing with the depth of the soil up to 30 cm. Soil moisture in the stumps was higher than in the street up to 25 cm deep, with values of 28.6 and 30% respectively on the surface. For its part, the profile of the furrows showed a considerable variability in regarding the geometry and height of the ridges. Limitations were found in terms of the depth of the main roots, their vitality and quantity, the secondary or capillary roots showed low development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of DYNA - Ingeniería e Industria is the property of Publicaciones Dyna SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this preliminary study, two non-filtered virgin olive oils (one freshly produced VOO-N; one VOO-O stored for one year) were subjected to moisture removal with mineral clay (raw or activated) and analyses were performed to attest possible effects on the quality of the product. The results demonstrated that the treatment of oil with mineral clay at 36-38 °C had no negative effect on the basic quality parameters or on the volatile comound profile. On the other hand, a significant decrease in the water amount as well as in pigments was observed in the samples subjected to this kind of treatment, in particular with raw clay. Regarding the colour measurement, the lightness (L) as well as the consumers' acceptability exhibited a marked increase when oils were treated with raw clay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge of the factors that produce the deformations of the wood can help to a suitable selection of the material before its sawing. One way to address the problem of deformation is with the understanding of the mechanisms that regulate it. The objective of the work was to describe the behavior of the movement of water during the drying of wood as an influential factor in the deformations of the same during this process from a theoretical model, which unifica features Newton's dynamics of a system of particles and schemes of the methods of the finite elements. This model allows to establish in detail the qualitative and quantitative influence of the humidity in the nature of the deformations, which facilitates to value the experimental results, to make predictions in the practical activity, and to obtain a considerable saving of resources and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antecedentes: la composición de aminoácidos de las fuentes de proteína en la alimentación animal como las leguminosas varía ampliamente, lo cual implica aumentar el nivel de inclusión para cubrir el requerimiento de aquellos aminoácidos que se encuentran en menor proporción en dichas materias primas. Así, la disponibilidad de aminoácidos sintéticos ha permitido cubrir el requerimiento, aumentar la productividad y disminuir la excreción de nitrógeno al medio ambiente. Recientemente la disponibilidad de arginina e isoleucina ha traído consigo la necesidad de evaluar la respuesta productiva de las aves a estos aminoácidos. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de diferentes relaciones de arginina digestible (dArg) e isoleucina digestible (dIle) sobre el rendimiento productivo y la eficiencia alimenticia en pollos de engorde. Métodos: el experimento se llevó a cabo en el centro de validación de Iluma Alliance con aval comité de ética (CEIUVA- 044, April 7 2022). Un total de 975 pollos machos Ross 308 AP, fueron alojados en corrales de piso; se diseñaron 3 tratamientos, cada uno con 13 réplicas bajo un modelo de bloques completos al azar, con un lado del galpón como factor a bloquear. El periodo experimental tuvo una duración de 42 días y dos fases alimenticias: inicio (0-21 d) y finalización (22-42 d); en los días 21 y 42 se midió la ganancia de peso corporal (GPC), consumo de alimento (CA) y eficiencia en el uso de nutrientes. Los datos fueron analizados mediante un modelo lineal mixto y las comparaciones entre pares se analizaron mediante prueba de Tukey (HSD). Resultados: el incremento en la relación dArg:dIle aumentó significativamente la GPC y disminuyó significativamente la tasa de conversión alimenticia. No se evidenciaron diferencias estadísticas en el CA; sin embargo, la eficiencia en el aprovechamiento de la energía metabolizable y la lisina digestible por kilogramo de peso ganado mejoró de manera significativa. Adicionalmente se evidenció una mejor calidad de las camas. Conclusiones: el aumento en la relación dArg:dIle a lo largo del ciclo productivo puede mejorar la ganancia de peso corporal y la eficiencia en la utilización de nutrientes en pollos de engorde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antecedentes: las muestras de forrajes para análisis de laboratorio deben cumplir con parámetros como representatividad, cantidad y calidad, evitando que se presenten cambios por un inadecuado embalaje o por tiempos prolongados de transporte, lo que puede afectar la calidad de los resultados de laboratorio. Una alternativa para impedir estos daños es el uso de empaques apropiados que permitan mantener su calidad desde la colecta hasta la llegada al laboratorio. Objetivo: diseñar un empaque biodegradable para envío de muestras de forrajes frescos para garantizar su estabilidad en la calidad durante el transporte hasta el análisis de laboratorio. Métodos: se evaluaron cuatro empaques: bolsa de papel Kraft usada convencionalmente, empaques biodegradables Doymetalizado y Doy-pack y bolsa de papel con ventana plástica. Se evaluó la estabilidad de la calidad nutricional en el tiempo (0, 2, 6, y 12 días), considerando el tipo de forraje (gramíneas, leguminosas y arbóreas) y siete ecoregiones de Colombia desde donde se realizaron los envíos, adicionalmente se evaluó la presencia de hongos, mediante una prueba de chi-cuadrado. Resultados: la composición química de los forrajes presentó cambios significativos por efecto del empaque en términos de materia seca, proteína, carbohidratos estructurales y no estructurales. La presencia de hongos fue mayor en los forrajes empacados en Doymetalizada (22,2 %), seguido por bolsa de papel (7,4 %), Doy-pack (7,4 %) y la bolsa con ventana plástica (0 %). La mayor pérdida de humedad de las muestras durante el transporte fue para las empacadas en bolsas con ventana plástica (3,2 %), mientras que en Doy-pack se presentaron menores perdidas (1,2 %). Conclusiones: el empaque que proporcionó mayor estabilidad durante el embalaje de los forrajes frescos, tanto en presencia de hongos como en concentración de nutrientes fue Doy-pack petmet kraft con cierre hermético, al cual se le realizó un diseñó de impresión de información básica en la parte externa y código QR para acceder a trazabilidad. Adicionalmente se agregó una bolsa interior en bopp-bio para facilitar el proceso de secado en el laboratorio y de esta forma ofrecer resultados de calidad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: the relationship between electrolytes (sodium (Na), potassium (K) and chlorine (Cl)) also known as 'dietary electrolyte balance' (DEB), is mainly affected for the inclusion levels of its supplemental salt source and have an important function on osmotic pressure regulation and acid balance. However, high levels of Na and Cl have been related to liquid feces, high litter moisture and foot pad lesions. Objective: assess the effect of different sodium and chlorine levels on performance, water consumption, and litter moisture in broilers. Methods: this experiment was carried out in the experimental broiler farm of Iluma Alliance and with ethical approval record (CEIUVA - 044, April 7, 2022). A total of 4000 Ross AP male broiler chicks were used. Six Na and six Cl levels in the diet were stablished and tested under a randomized block design with 10 treatments and 16 replicates per treatment. Also, three feed phases: pre-stater (0 - 7d), starter (10 - 21d) and finisher (22 - 42d) were used, and birds received a feed restriction of 20 % since day 8 until 35 of experimental period. On days 7, 21 and 42 feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG) and water consumption (WC) were measured, and litter moisture content was assessed on day 42. A linear mixed model was used to analyze data collected and pair-wise comparison were analyzed with Tukey test. Results: dietary values of Na and Cl between 0.16 and 0.28 % with a feed restriction of 20 %, improved BWG, FI and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in whole experimental period. However, increasing values of both electrolytes up to 0.28 % had a negative impact on performance, increased water consumption significatively and consequently the quality of litter decreased due to high moisture content. Considering feed restriction level, the optimum values calculated for Na and Cl in this trial for BWG and FCR were 0.23 and 0.23 % respectively in starter period and 0.20 and 0.17 % respectively in finisher phase for ad libitum fed program. Conclusions: high levels of Na and Cl in broiler diets increase water consumption in the birds and consequently increase the litter moisture impacting the performance, health, and welfare of the birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ESTOA: Revista de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Cuenca is the property of ESTOA Revista de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Cuenca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Facultad de Ciencias Basicas is the property of Revista Facultad de Ciencias Basicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The relationship of ochratoxin A (OTA) with good hygiene practices (BPH) in coffee plantations in Amazonas-Cajamarca, Cusco, Junin, Puno and San Martin was evaluated, using samples of parchment coffee (Coffea arabica L.) from the main processing and storage plants. Fulfillment of good hygiene practices (GHP) were verified through the sanitary evaluation of the coffee storage places, based on a checklist with all the requisites based in the Codex Alimentarius and the national regulation. OTA were analyzed using the fluorometric method. Moisture level were measured using the Peruvian Technical Guidelines. Fulfillment level of the good hygiene practices registered statistically equal values with an average of 68.1% being Puno the region with the best numeric register (70.3%). Moisture in the producing areas did not show statistically differences (p = 0.759), being lower compared with the international standards (11.5% vs 12.5%, respectively). It was found that higher OTA levels are associated with coffee with higher moisture contents (p = 0.023), being significantly higher in samples with moisture above the national and international regulation. Also, were found a negative correlation (p = 0.003) between the good hygiene practices and OTA which links the higher fulfillment of the hygiene guidelines with lower occurrence of mycotoxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to obtain data on the production and verify the adequacy, based on Brazilian legislation, of practices adopted during the processing of bee-pollen collected in nine Brazilian states; and, to identify the perception of the beekeepers about the vegetation visited by bees. The data were obtained from the beekeepersusing a questionnaire and, in the laboratory, the moisture content and the botanical origin of the 69 samples were identified. It was observed that the number of productive hives per apiary ranged from 3 to 300.The frontal type collector was used by all producers who answered this question. The interval between the collection and the dehydration of the samples varied between apiaries and only two samples were lyophilized, while the others were dehydrated in an electric oven. Part of the samples was dehydrated under temperature above the limit established in Brazilian legislation, and 91% of the analyzed products had moisture content above 4%. No food additives were used at any stage of the process. Pollen analysis indicated that, in some cases, the producers were able to identify the plants visited by bees. It is concluded that, the production of bee-pollen was performed by small or medium beekeepers, which adopt different practices of production and processing, respecting the non-use of additives, however, with failures in terms of dehydration temperature and moisture content in the final product. Moreover, when producers carefully observe the collection of pollen by bees, they are able to perceive the polliniferous sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of honey produced in the western part of Turkey was carried out in this study. Fifty honey samples, collected from the local market in this region were analyzed for their physicochemical parameters including hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), electrical conductivity, sucrose, free acidity, moisture and water insoluble impurities, in addition to pathogenic microorganisms present. HMF amounts determined in 47 samples were found to be between 1.9 and 98.0 mg/kg with good reproducibilities (%RSD: 3.2% or better). There were no pathogenic microorganisms in any of the investigated samples. Electrical conductivity that gives information about their mineral contents was measured, and the mean value was found to be 0.33 mS/cm (N=34). In general, most of the samples were considered to meet the requirements of Turkish Food Codex and European Commission Directives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snacks of chontaduro (Bactris gasipaes) were obtained from fruit slices baked at 125°C and physical-chemically characterized by tests of moisture content, titratable acidity and apparent density. The snacks were subjected to water vapor adsorption tests using the gravimetric method at 25°C, by indirect contact with saturated saline solutions that provided a water activity interval between 0,04 and 0,958. The experimental adsorption values were adjusted using the Peleg, GAB, Oswin and Smith mathematical models. Snacks with a moisture content of 2.23%, citric acid of 0.064% and apparent density of 1.273 g/mL were obtained. The results showed that the water vapor adsorption isotherm evidenced convex form to the abscissa axis, classified it as type III. Oswin's model was the best fitted to the moisture adsorption experiment of chontaduro snacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to characterize the morphological and physiological traits of the seeds of five Morus alba L. varieties (cubana, tigreada, universidad, universidad mejorada and yu-62), which were harvested at the Pastures and Forages Research Station Indio Hatuey "Matanzas, Cuba". A completely randomized design was used, and the type of embryo, seed size and mass, moisture content, allocation of biomass to the seed reserves (embryo-endosperm) and desiccation tolerance index, were determined. Simple classification variance analysis was performed on the data. The results indicated that the seeds had ovate to round shape; while the embryo was developed, of folded type. The fresh mass varied between 1,30 and 1,46 mg, and most of the seed resources were aimed at reserve formation (between 62,3 and 68,1 %). The moisture content varied between 11,5 and 13,2 %, and the desiccation tolerance index was lower than 0,5; value which is in correspondence with that of orthodox seeds. It is concluded that the information obtained on the biology of the M. alba seed is highly useful for the conservation of the germplasm bank of this species and for its sexual propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the present work was to determine the main properties of a compost made from bagasse, slowness and ash, obtained from the sugar factory process. To elaborate the mixture a characterization of the raw material was carried out in function of the properties related to the composting process. During the process of anaerobic biodigestion, the control of the main monitoring parameters was carried out, until reaching the maturation state. In the raw material used a bulk density of 0.12 to 0.48 g cm-3 was found, the pH oscillated between 5.2 and 8.7, while the electrical conductivity was in the range of 0,4 to 0,9 S m-1. On the other hand, the contents of P, K, Ca and Mg showed values between 0.3 and 2.8 %. Finally, a bulk density of 0.5 g cm-3 was obtained in the compost. The carbon-nitrogen (C/N) ratio, showed a linear relation with respect to the time of composting, showing a suitable maturation of the mixture. The presence of N, P, K, Ca and Mg with values of 1; 1.3; 1.1; 2 and 1.1 % were also verified. After evaluating the results it is concluded that compost shows a suitable composition to be used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of the main chocolates marketed in Peru was determined. The physical aspect: color (C *, H *, IB), hardness and particle size, as well as physicochemical: water activity (aw), moisture, fat and ash, correlating with the declaration of ingredients presented in the packaging. We evaluated 30 experimental units of chocolates (imported, domestic, dark chocolate and milk) by experimental methods, randomly acquired from different establishments. The difference between color and hardness by origin was attributed to the dairy component. Dark chocolate had lower values of color components (8.75 ± 0.94 C *, 7.60 ± 4.71 H * and 28.46 ± 0.86 IB) than milk constituents (15.04 ± 2.78 C, 34.59 ± 7.46 H * and 34.55 ± 2.87 IB) and in hardness values higher in imported (914 ± 176 g to 20 ± 2 ° C) than in domestic chocolate (788 ± 220 g to 20 ± 2 ° C). The particle size values did not present significant difference (p <0.05) between imported (19.1 ± 3.5 µ) and national (20.2 ± 1.5 µ). 37% of them had values of aw greater than 0.50 and a significant difference (p <0.05) was found between the imported (0.44 ± 0.10) and the national (0.47 ± 0.07). The moisture values were high, the fat content and ash, are within the specified by the normalization. It is necessary to control the quality of these products throughout the process line up to the final point of sale for consumer welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research evaluated the drying process and performance in a microwave oven with 10kW of power at 2,45GHz using strawberry for experiments. The oven consists of four units composed of 4 magnetrons each that turn on and off in an automated way to maintain the desired power in the drying chamber; in each one of the experiments was processed 1kg of sample placed on an aluminum tray. during the process the weight loss, the real-time temperature was measured with five infrared thermometers installed inside the drying chamber, the energy consumption and the environmental conditions of temperature and relative humidity. The treated samples had a moisture content of about 90% and it was possible to remove 85% of the weight during the process, assuming that the other strawberry compounds did not vary. It was found that yields of 0.45 kg/kWh can be achieved during the first 15 minutes of processing reaching temperatures around 335K and removing 60% of the contained moisture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El consumo cada vez más creciente de pasabocas ha estimulado la búsqueda de procesos para mejorar su calidad. En este estudio se evaluó el comportamiento de los parámetros de calidad de un pasabocas frito hecho con mango (Manguifera indica L.), utilizando vacío sobre una pasta elaborada con ese fruto. El proceso de fritura se realizó aplicando diferentes presiones de vacío (0.4, 0.5, 0.6 bar), temperaturas (100, 110 y 120 °C) y tiempos (30, 45, 60, 75 y 90 seg). Los resultados mostraron que el vacío mejora las características de calidad del producto ya que los contenidos de grasa y humedad fueron muy bajos, la actividad de agua fue menor, la textura fue adecuada para las exigencias del mercado y el color presentó cambios muy pequeños en relación con los de la pasta. El mejor tratamiento fue 0.5 bar de presión, 110 °C de temperatura y 90 seg de inmersión.The latest trends in consumption of snacks, have led to the search for processes that enhance the quality of snack. The aim of this study was to observe the behavior of quality parameters of a fried snack made from mango (Manguifera indica L.), using vacuum on a base of mango pulp and starch, in their preparation. The frying process was carried out using different vacuum pressures (0.4, 0.5, 0.6 bar), temperatures (100, 110 and 120 °C) and times (30, 45, 60, 75 and 90s.) The results showed that the vacuum improves the quality characteristics of the snacks, finding a fat and very low humidity contents, lower water activity, and texture, according to market products and a small color variation with respect to paste color. The best treatment was to 0.5 bar, 110 °C y 90s of immersion time.

MACER, S.L, in collaboration with the Institute of Ceramic Technology, has developed a comprehensive control system of the pressing operation called CALIBREUNICO® which keeps constant in time the bulk density of all the ceramic pieces shaped in an industrial press. The CALIBREUNICO® system consists of two subsystems that permit one hand, balance the variations in moisture spray-dried powder by the continuous regulation in real time of the pressure moulding and, secondly, regulate the load individually in each of the holes of the press with de purpose of equalling the bulk density of all pieces obtained in the same press cycle. CALIBREUNICO®, ensuring the constancy of bulk density of all pieces processed, guarantees a single piece size and the minimization of the production problems associated with variability in bulk density of the pieces.MACER, S.L., en colaboración con el Instituto de Tecnología Cerámica, ha desarrollado un sistema de control integral de la operación de prensado denominado CALIBREUNICO® que permite mantener constante en el tiempo la densidad aparente de todas las piezas cerámicas conformadas en una prensa industrial. El sistema CALIBREUNICO® está constituido por dos subsistemas complementarios que permiten, por un lado, compensar las variaciones de humedad del polvo atomizado mediante la regulación continua y en tiempo real de la presión de prensado y, por otro lado, regular la carga individualizada en cada uno de los alvéolos de la prensa con el fin de igualar la densidad aparente de todas las piezas obtenidas en un mismo ciclo de prensado. CALIBREUNICO®, al asegurar la constancia de la densidad aparente de todas las piezas procesadas, garantiza un único tamaño de pieza y la minimización de los problemas de producción asociados a la variabilidad de la densidad aparente de los soportes

The effect of surface properties on the quality of the adhesion was evaluated for coated particleboards. Uncoated UF- and TF-bonded particleboards made using different raw materials were conditioned under 20°C and 65 % relative humidity and coated with a nitrocellulose lacquer primer by a conventional process. The interaction between the primer and surface seems to be a very important factor determining the strength of adherence.Las propiedades de la superficie y su efecto en la calidad de la adhesion fueron evaluadas en tableros pintados. Tableros de partículas sin recubrir encolados con resinas UF y TF hechos utilizando diferentes materias primas fueron acondicionados a clima 20°C and 65 % de humedad relativa fueron pintados con un aparejo nitrocelulósico mediante un proceso convencional. La interacción entre el aparejo y la superficie parece ser un importante factor que determina la fuerza de la adherencia.

La rugosidad superficial es primariamente una función de las propiedades de la materia prima, pero otros factores como la cantidad y el tipo de resina, ciclo de prensado, lijado y contenido de humedad de los tableros pueden afectar la rugosidad y otras propiedades de la superficie. En este estudio los efectos del contenido de humedad de equilibro en superficies de tableros de densidad media (MDF), fueron evaluados usando diferentes materias primas en sus superficies como también diferentes adhesivos. El análisis estadístico confirma que la relación entre el contenido de humedad de equilibrio y la rugosidad media es una compleja función de interacciones entre muchas variables, pero donde tiene un papel relevante desde el punto de vista práctico el tipo de adhesivosThe surface roughness is primarily a function of the raw material properties, but other factors like type and amount of resin, press cycle, sanding and moisture content of the boards may also affect the roughness and other surface properties. In this study the effect of the equilibrium moisture content on medium density fiberboards (MDF) surfaces was evaluate using different raw materials in their surface layers as well as different binders. The statistical analysis confirmed that the relationship between equilibrium moisture content and average roughness are a complex function of interactions between many variables

Models for the prediction of water loss (ML) and solid gain (SG) in osmotic dehydration process based on artificial neural network (ANN) perform better as compared to other models developed for osmotic dehydration, because these models mathematically correlate a wide quantity of processing variables with ML and SG. The main advantage of these models is that they are predictive rather than correlative, also these models can be easily implemented in a spreadsheet, and they are very useful and practical for process design and control. The aim of this work is to use a developed model based on ANN to predict outcomes in osmotic dehydration processes. Predictions were made with different process conditions and were validate by using experimental data reported in literature. Good predictions of ML (MRE 19%) and variable behavior for SG (MRE: 62%) were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar drying processes, allow to preserve the active principles and the organoleptic characteristics of the plants longer, although with an additional economic and energy cost, due to this, it has been decided in some cases to employ solar systems dehydration have less heat to dehydrate than others, which increases the time required in the dehydration. This project uses the principle of using a traditional marquee drying chamber which serves as additional support for the other energy having inside the plant material to be dewatered. The system is completed by a forced air duct with power levels that can be supplied by a solar panel system. The results show reduction of moisture in the chamber dehydrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Investigaciones Agroindustriales is the property of Revista Colombiana de Investigaciones Agroindustriales del Centro Agropecuario Sena Buga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agro Productividad is the property of Colegio de Postgraduados and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La rugosidad superficial es primariamente una función de las propiedades de la materia prima, pero otros factores como la cantidad y el tipo de resina, ciclo de prensado, lijado y contenido de humedad de los tableros pueden afectar la rugosidad y otras propiedades de la superficie. En este estudio los efectos del contenido de humedad de equilibro en superficies de tableros de densidad media (MDF), fueron evaluados usando diferentes materias primas en sus superficies como también diferentes adhesivos. El análisis estadístico confirma que la relación entre el contenido de humedad de equilibrio y la rugosidad media es una compleja función de interacciones entre muchas variables, pero donde tiene un papel relevante desde el punto de vista practico el tipo de adhesivos. Abstract The surface roughness is primarily a function of the raw material properties, but other factors like type and amount of resin, press cycle, sanding and moisture content of the boards may also affect the roughness and other surface properties. In this study the effect of the equilibrium moisture content on medium density fiberboards (MDF) surfaces was evaluate using different raw materials in their surface layers as well as different binders. The statistical analysis confirmed that the relationship between equilibrium moisture content and average roughness are a complex function of interactions between many variables.

Las propiedades de la superficie y su efecto en la calidad de la adhesion fueron evaluadas en tableros pintados. Tableros de partículas sin recubrir encolados con resinas UF y TF hechos utilizando diferentes materias primas fueron acondicionados a clima 20°C and 65 % de humedad relativa fueron pintados con un aparejo nitrocelulósico mediante un proceso convencional. La interacción entre el aparejo y la superficie parece ser un importante factor que determina la fuerza de la adherencia. Abstract The effect of surface properties on the quality of the adhesion was evaluated for coated particleboards. Uncoated UF- and TF-bonded particleboards made using different raw materials were conditioned under 20°C and 65 % relative humidity and coated with a nitrocellulose lacquer primer by a conventional process. The interaction between the primer and surface seems to be a very important factor determining the strength of adherence.

The moisture diffusion in molding mixtures employing in foundry processes is described. Using gravimetric techniques the humectation kinetic behavior of different types of molding mixtures for foundry cores were registered. The mixture higroscopicity is compared using the porcentual increase in wet mass. The kinetic study is ending with the calculations effective coefficients of diffusion of the atmospheric water in the mixtures to different bleakness. For this goal the fitting through non lineal methods was used. The influences of the agglutinative and draw materials in the hygroscope properties of these were analyzed too.Se describe la difusión de humedad en mezclas de moldeo utilizadas en los procesos de fundición. Empleando técnicas gravimétricas se registra el comportamiento de la cinética de humectación de diferentes tipos de mezclas de moldeo para machos de fundición. La higroscopicidad de las mezclas es comparada usando el criterio del incremento porcentual en masa húmeda. El estudio cinético se concluye con los cálculos de los coeficientes efectivos de difusión del agua atmosférica en las mezclas a distintas intemperies. Para este propósito se emplean métodos de ajuste no lineal. También se analiza la influencia de los materiales aglutinantes y desarenantes en las propiedades higroscópicas de estas mezclas.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la humedad sobre el fraguado del ProRoot MTA, en sus superficies intraconducto y apical. Materiales y métodos: Se emplearon 20 probetas cilíndricas huecas de silicona transparente, instaladas sobre un block de gomaespuma humedecido con suero fisiológico. Las probetas fueron obturadas con 4 mm de espesor de ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK, Estados Unidos) y divididas al azar en dos grupos de 10 probetas cada uno. En el Grupo 1 se colocó sobre el material una torunda de algodón seco, mientras que en el Grupo 2 el algodón estaba humedecido con agua destilada. Los orificios superiores de las probetas se obturaron con cemento de óxido de zinc reforzado Zoer’s (Laboratorio SL SA, Buenos Aires, Argentina). Los especímenes se mantuvieron a 37 °C de temperatura y 100% de humedad. A las 4 y 6 horas fueron removidos de la gomaespuma, se retiraron el Zoer’s y el algodón, y se registró el fraguado en las superficies del MTA intraconducto –Subgrupos 1A y 2A– y apical –Subgrupos 1B y 2B– empleando una aguja Gillmore. Las muestras no fraguadas a las 4 horas volvieron a ser evaluadas a las 6 horas con idéntico procedimiento. El procesamiento estadístico fue realizado mediante la prueba de Chi cuadrado. Resultados: A las 4 horas, se encontraba fraguado el 50% de las muestras del Subgrupo 1A, el 80% de las del Subgrupo 1B, el 90% de las del Subgrupo 2A y el 100% de las del Subgrupo 2B. A las 6 horas de control, todas las muestras se encontraban fraguadas (100%). Se registraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas –a las 4 horas– entre los Subgrupos 1A y 2A (P0,05). Tampoco hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los Subgrupos 1A y 1B ni entre los Subgrupos 2A y 2B (P>0,05). Conclusión: La presencia de un algodón húmedo en contacto con el MTA acelera el fraguado de la superficie intraconducto del material, en tanto no influye en el fraguado de su superficie apical. Palabras clave: MTA, fraguado, humedad, apexificación. Abstract Aim: To evaluate the effect of moisture on the setting of Pro- Root MTA in intracanal and apical surfaces. Materials and methods: 20 silicone cylindrical transparent test tubes were used and placed in a wet gel foam block with physiological serum. They were filled with 4 mm thickness of Pro-Root MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK, USA) and then randomly divided into two experimental groups of 10 test tubes each. In Group 1 a dry cotton pellet was placed over the material surface, while in Group 2 a cotton pellet wetted with distilled water was used. The upper holes of the tubes were sealed with reinforced zinc oxide-eugenol cement (Zoer’s). The test tubes were stored at 37 °C and 100% relative humidity for four or six hours and then the tubes were removed from the gel foam. The setting times of intracanal (Subgroups 1A and 2A) and apical surfaces (Subgroups 1B y 2B) were then determined using a Gillmore needle. The samples that had not set after four hours were tested again two hours later. A chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results: At the 4 hours observation 50% of samples in Subgroup 1A and 80% in Subgroup 1B were set and after 6 hours all of the unset samples in Subgroups 1A, 1B and 2A were set (100%). At four hours, there were statistically significant differences between Subgroups 1A and 2A (P0.05). Conclusion: The presence of a wet cotton pellet in contact with MTA accelerates the intracanal surface setting of the material, but does not affect its apical surface setting. Key words: MTA, setting time, moisture, apexification.