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Simple Summary: Chrysopidae are the second largest group of Neuroptera. Their larvae can prey on various agricultural and forestry pests. In this study, we sequenced two mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of Ankylopteryx in Ankylopterygini for the first time. Comparative analyses of the mitogenomes of Chrysopidae were conducted. The arrangements of the mitogenomes were consistent with the other Chrysopidae species. The phylogeny of Chrysopidae was reconstructed and the divergence time within Chrysopidae was estimated. Chrysopinae were recovered as the sister group to Apochrysinae + Nothochrysinae. Within the subfamily of Chrysopinae, Nothancylini were recovered as the sister group to (Leucochrysini + Belonopterygini) + (Ankylopterygini + Chrysopini). The three extant subfamilies of Chrysopidae diverged from each other during the Early Cretaceous. Nothancylini diverged from other Chrysopinae in the Early Cretaceous. Leucochrysini diverged from Belonopterygini in the Late Cretaceous. Ankylopterygini diverged from Chrysopini in the Middle Cretaceous. Chrysopidae (green lacewings) are a cosmopolitan and species-rich family of Neuroptera, with remarkable significance of biological control against various agricultural and forestry pests. However, the phylogenetic position of Chrysopidae in Neuroptera and the internal relationships within the family remain equivocal among previous studies based on different types of data and sampling. Here we sequenced the mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of two species of the genus Ankylopteryx in the chrysopine tribe Ankylopterygini for the first time. The characteristics of these mitogenomes were analyzed in comparison with other green lacewing mitogenomes published to date. In the phylogeny herein reconstructed based on mitogenomes, Chrysopinae were recovered as the sister group to Apochrysinae + Nothochrysinae. Within the subfamily of Chrysopinae, Nothancylini were recovered as the sister group to (Leucochrysini + Belonopterygini) + (Ankylopterygini + Chrysopini). The divergence time estimation suggested an Early Cretaceous initial divergence within the extant Chrysopidae. Within Chrysopinae, the four tribes except Nothancylini diverged around mid-Cretaceous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Plecoptera (stoneflies) is a hemimetabolous order of insects, whose larvae are usually used as indicators for fresh water biomonitoring. Herein, we describe the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of a stonefly species, namely Acroneuria hainana Wu belonging to the family Perlidae. This mt genome contains 13 PCGs, 22 tRNA-coding genes and 2 rRNA-coding genes that are conserved in most insect mt genomes, and it also has the identical gene order with the insect ancestral gene order. However, there are three special initiation codons of ND1 , ND5 and COI in PCGs: TTG, GTG and CGA, coding for L, V and R, respectively. Additionally, the 899-bp control region, with 73.30% A + T content, has two long repeated sequences which are found at the 3′-end closing to the tRNA Ile gene. Both of them can be folded into a stem-loop structure, whose adjacent upstream and downstream sequences can be also folded into stem-loop structures. It is presumed that the four special structures in series could be associated with the D-loop replication. It might be able to adjust the replication speed of two replicate directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Micromus paganus (Linnaeus, 1767) (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae: Microminae) was assembled and the phylogenetic analysis of Chrysopoidea was conducted. The mt genome was 16,607 bp long including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and a control region (CR). Twelve PCGs started with typical ATN, but COI initiated with TCG. The control region was 1335 bp long and the base composition was 89.66% of A + T. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that M. paganus was the sister group to Micromus sp. + M. angulatus. Hemerobiinae and Microminae were recovered monophyletic with high support values. However, the monophyly of Drepanepteryginae was not recovered, which needed more samplings from this subfamily in the further study. The closer relationship between Microminae and Drepanepteryginae was supported. Hemerobiidae was demonstrated monophyletic and being the sister group to Chrysopidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Nothochrysa sinica Yang (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Nothochrysinae) is reported in this work. It represents the first complete mt genome of the subfamily Nothochrysinae. The whole mt genome is 16,166 bp long and contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and an AT-rich region. Most PCGs used the typical ATN as initiation codons. The AT-rich region is 1,271 bp long with 90.24% of A + T. The results show that N. sinica is closely related to N. californica. Chrysopidae was demonstrated monophyletic being the sister group to Hemerobiidae. Within Chrysopidae, the sister-group relationship between Nothochrysinae and Apochrysinae was supported and together being the sister group to Chrysopinae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Hemerobius simulans Walker (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) is reported in this work. The whole mt genome is 17,985 bp long and contains 37canonical genes and an A + T-rich region, which is the same with insect ancestral mt genome arrangement. All 13 PCGs used the typical ATN as initiation codons. The control region of H. simulans mt genome is 1,416 bp long and the base composition is 90.0% of A + T. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that Hemerobiidae was monophyletic and was the sister group to Chrysopidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Erotylid beetles are phytophagous and mycophagous. Phylogenetic studies on this family were mainly based on morphological characters or several gene fragments. Research on the mitochondrial genome of Erotylidae is rare. Therefore, we sequenced and analyzed three complete mt genomes of Erotylinae with a comparative mt genomic analysis of Erotylinae and Languriinae for the first time to reveal mitochondrial genome characterizations and reconstruct phylogenetic relationships of this group. The comparative analyses showed the mt genome characterizations of Erotylinae are similar to Languriinae. These results provided a comprehensive framework and worthy information for the future research of this family. The family Erotylidae belongs to the superfamily Cucujoidea, which are phytophagous and mycophagous. So far, only two representative complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes of Erotylidae have been sequenced. Mitochondrial genomes of Tritoma metasobrina, Neotriplax arisana, and Episcapha opaca, which all belong to the subfamily Erotylinae, were sequenced using next-generation sequencing technology to better understand the diversity of mt genomes of Erotylidae. A comparative mt genomic analysis was conducted on the three sequenced representatives of Erotylinae and Languriinae sp. (Languriinae). The size of the complete mt genome of the 4 species ranged from 15,581 bp to 16,502 bp in length, including 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and 2 ribosomal RNAs) and the control region. The arrangements of their mt genomes are highly consistent with other Coleoptera species. The start codons of two PCGs (ND1 and ND5) and the stop codons of one PCG (ATP8) were illustrated differences between Languriinae sp. and the other three species. All tRNAs of these 4 species exhibited cloverleaf secondary structures except that the dihydorouridine (DHU) arm of tRNASer(AGN) was absent. The phylogenetic analyses using both Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods all supported that Erotylidae as monophyletic. Erotylinae was monophyletic being the sister group to Xenocelinae. Languriinae was closely related to 'Erotylinae-Xenocelinae'. Our results recovered Languriinae nested within Erotylidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Monolepta occifuvis Gressitt & Kimoto (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) was sequenced with 15,998 bp long. The sequenced genome has the standard metazoan complement of 37 genes and an A + T-rich region which is consistent with insect ancestral genome arrangement. All protein-coding genes (PCGs) initiate with ATN except that nad1 initiates with TTG. The control region occupied 1,407 bp with two conserved blocks. The phylogenetic results support Alticinae as a separate subfamily and being the sister group to Galerucinae while the monophyly of Galerucinae was not recovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culicomorpha is a monophyletic group containing most bloodsucking lower dipterans, including many important vectors of pathogens. However, the higher-level phylogenetic relationships within Culicomorpha are largely unresolved, with multiple competing hypotheses based on molecular sequence data. Here we sequenced four nearly complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes representing four culicomorph families, and combined these new data with published mt genomes to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of all eight extant culicomorph families. We estimated phylogenies using four datasets and three methods. We also used four-cluster likelihood mapping to study potential incongruent topologies supported by the different datasets and phylogenetic questions generated by the previous studies. The results showed that a clade containing Ceratopogonidae, Thaumaleidae and Simuliidae was the sister group to all other Culicomorpha; in another clade, the Dixidae was basal to the remaining four families; Chaoboridae, Corethrellidae and Culicidae formed a monophyletic group and the Chironomidae was the sister group to this clade; Culicidae and Corethrellidae were sister groups in all trees. Our study provides novel mt genome data in Culicomorpha for three new family representatives, and the resulting mt phylogenomic analysis helps to resolve the phylogeny and taxonomy of Culicomorpha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genomes ofMusca domestica(Muscidae) andScathophaga stercoraria(Scathophagidae) are circular molecules of 16,108 bp and 16,223 bp in length, respectively. The first complete mitochondrial genome of Scathophagidae is reported here. Both genomes contain all 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and a large control region, with conserved arrangement pattern reported in all cyclorrhaphan flies. All PCGs start with standard ATN codons except for theCO1which starts with TCG in both species. All PCGs terminate with the common stop codons TAA or TAG, except for theCO2andND5in both species andND4inS. stercorariawhich end with a single T. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mt genome of a fishfly species,Dysmicohermes ingens(Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Chauliodinae), was sequenced. The 16,271 bp long genome has the standard metazoan complement of 37 genes and an A+T-rich region, in the insect ancestral genome arrangement. All protein coding genes (PCGs) initiate with ATN except thatcox1initiates with CGA andnad1initiates with TTG. This is the first report thatcox1uses CGA as the start codon in Neuropterida. The control region occupying 1495 bp is comparatively simple, with no conserved blocks or long tandem repeats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phauda flammans Walker belongs to Phaudidae (Lepidoptera), which is a holometabolous and leaf-eating pest that harms trees. So far, there is no mitochondrial (mt) genome reported of Phaudidae. Herein, we sequenced and annotated the complete mt genome of P. flammans representing the first mt genome of Phaudidae and predicted the secondary structures of its RNAs in this study. This mt genome is 15470 bp long consisting of 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs and the control region, which are usually conserved in insects. Most PCGs used the standard ATN start codons and complete TAA/TAG termination codons. Almost all of tRNA genes exhibited cloverleaf secondary structures except that the dihydorouridine (DHU) arm of tRNA Se r(AGN) was absent. The phylogenetic analyses using both Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods all supported that Phaudidae was a single family being the sister group to Zygaenidae. More mt genomes are needed to better understand the phylogenetic relationships within Zygaenoidea in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]