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An electrical tree discharge model of multilayer insulation paper was prepared, and a voltage of 20 kV was used for electrical tree cultivation and initiation tests. Based on the microscopic image information and partial discharge (PD) information during the aging of the electrical tree, the development of electrical tree discharges between layers of paper comprising epoxy resin-impregnated paper insulation was studied. The results show that, by analysing PD information such as the discharge volume phase spectrum and the discharge repetition rate phase spectrum, the development of the electrical tree branch progresses in four stages: initial, growth, stagnation, and bursting. During the growth and stagnation stages, the main discharge paths of the electrical tree are mainly formed, and there are many filamentous fibres on the path edge. During the burst stage, more branches will be formed on the electrical tree, which will cause the greatest damage to the insulation. With the extension of the electrical tree path, the discharge magnitude and discharge times also increase. There are specific discharge patterns in different growth stages of the electrical tree, and the number of discharge events in each positive half-cycle is significantly greater than that in a negative half-cycle. Combining the microscopic image information and PD information during the aging of such an electrical tree, a theoretical basis for evaluating insulation state by PD monitoring is realised. The long-chain molecules of cellulose and epoxy resin break bonds and oxidise, which decompose into a large number of free radicals, monosaccharides, and other low-molecular-weight products.

Hygroscopicity affects the chemical and physical stabilities of paper-based historical relics. In this research, the moisture sorption behavior of naturally aged bamboo paper dating from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, and artificially aged and untreated modern bamboo paper was investigated using dynamic vapor sorption analysis (DVS). The results were fitted by sorption models to analyze the regularities of changes in the moisture absorption of aged bamboo paper. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the chemical and physical structures of aged bamboo paper. It was found that untreated and aged bamboo paper showed similar moisture sorption isotherms at 25 °C, indicating that aging did not alter the sorption mechanism of paper. Guggenheim Anderson de Boer (GAB) and Hailwood Horrobin (H–H) models provided good fits to the experimental data and meaningful physical parameters regarding the effective sorption surface area (S GAB), monolayer water content (W 0), and multilayer water content (W s), showing that the S GAB , W 0 , and W s of naturally and artificially aged bamboo paper were decreased. Results of FTIR demonstrated that the levels of hydrophilic groups decreased, causing a reduction in the effective adsorption sites of naturally and artificially aged bamboo paper, which was the principal reason for a decrease in their hygroscopicity. The fiber structure damage of naturally and artificially aged bamboo paper was observed through microscopic morphology, which has different influences on the capillary adsorption of paper depending on the extent of degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MoO 3 -based anodes for lithium storage have attracted more attentions due to the relatively high specific capacity of 1117 mAh g–1 and good chemical stability. Compound MoO 3 with other functional materials and construction of unique micromorphologies have been proved to be efficient strategies for improving the electrochemical performances of MoO 3 -based anodes. Herein, MoO 3 /TiO 2 composites were successfully biosynthesized with different micromorphologies. In the preparation processes, the hydrothermal and solvothermal treatments were carried out successively in the presence of cellulosic filter paper as the biotemplate, followed by calcination of the as-obtained composites in air, resulting in the final MoO 3 /TiO 2 composite materials. The two microstructures of the MoO 3 microfiber with entire TiO 2 nanoparticles coating and the MoO 3 microrod formed by stacking the microsheets with loosely TiO 2 nanoparticles covering were prepared under different pH values of the precursor. Compared with the bare MoO 3 materials, the corresponding MoO 3 /TiO 2 composites showed enhanced electrochemical performances as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Especially the MoO 3 /TiO 2 composite with core-shell microfibrous structure derived from cellulosic filter paper presented relatively better test results for lithium storage, delivering an initial discharge capacity of 1297.6 mAh g−1 with the first Coulombic efficiency of 65.8%, and a reversible specific capacity of 403.6 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles. It is demonstrated that a well-defined TiO 2 coating layer can effectively inhibit the volume variations of MoO 3 matter in the lithiation/delithiation processes. Combined with the porous microfibrous structure that alleviates the stress, provides more reaction sites and reduces diffusion paths of lithium-ion, a promising MoO 3 -based anode material was achieved. This work provides a facile biotemplate-based strategy for the design and fabrication of metal oxide-based composites with adjustable microstructures for energy storage. [Display omitted] • Cellulosic filter paper derived MoO 3 /TiO 2 composites with variable micromorphologies were biosynthesized. • Microfibrous MoO 3 was coated by TiO 2 nanoparticles uniformly using the precursor with original pH value. • It showed enhanced reversible capacity, cycling stability and rate capability as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. • The microstructural feature of biotemplate and the entire TiO 2 coating contribute to the improved lithium storage property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper researched the rheological properties of activated rubber powder–modified asphalt after aging. However, current aging methods only consider the aging of asphalt binder itself, ignoring the effect of asphalt mixture's performance and morphology. Hence, this paper proposes a new approach by conducting short-term aging of rubber asphalt from a different perspective. By utilizing the rotating flask method, coating activated rubber asphalt, grafting activated rubber asphalt, and rubber asphalt were recovered from short-term aged rubber asphalt mixtures. A temperature scanning test, multistress recovery creep test, and bending beam rheometer test were used in the study. The aging resistance of rubber asphalts was quantified by infrared spectroscopy test, and the microstructure of aged rubber asphalts was analyzed by utilizing a scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the activation could alleviate the negative impact of aging on the properties of rubber asphalt, especially the grafting activation. The activation could enhance the surface energy of rubber powder, allowing it to continuously swell during the aging process, absorb more light components, and reduce the oxidizable components of rubber asphalts. In addition, grafting activation rubber powder could react with the asphalt, and this reaction made the molecular chain of rubber asphalt fully expanded, limiting the flow of rubber asphalt. The area of contact between the rubber asphalt and air was reduced, and the aging degree was further alleviated. A stable structure was developed inside the activated rubber asphalts, enhancing the antiaging ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of New Building Materials / Xinxing Jianzhu Cailiao is the property of New Building Materials Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The continuous upgrading of the automobile industry has put forward higher requirements for the performance and lightweight effect of aluminum alloys. Heat treatment is an effective way to improve the performance of aluminum alloy, but how to obtain the optimal combination of heat treatment process parameters is an urgent problem. In this paper, the influence of heat treatment process parameters (solution temperature, solution time, aging temperature, aging time) on mechanical properties was systematically studied, and the relationship model between mechanical properties and heat treatment process parameters was established. The micromorphology under different process parameters were analyzed by ESDB and SEM. The results show that when the solution temperature was 530 ℃, the solution time was 1 h, the aging temperature was 170 ℃, and the aging time was 6 h, the mechanical property of 6082 aluminum alloy profiles was the best. The yield strength was 313 MPa, the tensile strength was 350 MPa, and the elongation after break was 13.21%. The relationship model between Y value (yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation after fracture) and key process factors was established, in which the solution temperature had the greatest influence. When the solution temperature was 530 ℃, the grain size was the smallest, and the mechanical properties of the precipitated fine Mg2Si phase and Al(FeMnSi) phase were the best, and the tensile fracture was mainly the dimpled fracture. This paper provides theoretical basis and practical guidance for the optimization of heat treatment process parameters of aluminum alloy profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ptilagrostis (false needlegrass) is a genus of high-mountain grasses distributed in Central and North-East Asia, as well as in North America. The phylogenetic position of the genus Ptilagrostis within the Stipeae is well defined based on micromorphological patterns of lemma epidermis and moleculs. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the genus in its entire distribution range. In this study, we performed comprehensive analyses using integrative taxonomic methods, aiming at both micromorphological and macromorphological analyses, and molecular analyses based on SNPs obtained from DArT genome-wide sequencing, in which we considered all taxa representing the genus in order to establish phylogenetic relationships between its members. We analysed all species possessing the characteristic 'Ptilagrostis pattern' of the lemma epidermis, with a particular reference to species possessing the terminal segment of the awn (seta) covered by short (up to 1 mm long) hairs that, until now, were treated as representatives of the genus Achnatherum. Following with the result of our molecular, morphological and anatomical analyses, the genus Ptilagrostis is represented by 15 species, one subspecies and five varieties organised in three well supported phylogenetic clades corresponding to the three sections: Ptilagrostis, Barkworthia and Chenella. In this paper, we provide an original key to identifying false needlegrass species, together with a checklist containing the intrageneric species-organisation. In addition, for each species, we present the data regarding nomenclatural types, morphological description, and information on the geographical distribution, habitat preferences and altitudinal ranges. We proposed two new varieties within the genus Ptilagrostis, P. glabrifolia var. himalayensis and P. concinna var. xizangensis, and the new section Chenella comprising three species with awns scabrous or covered by very short hairs up to 0.3 mm long. Additionally, we transfer Stipa chingii to Ptilagrostis chingii, Achnatherum chingii var. laxum to P. chingii var. laxum, and Ptilagrostis concinna subsp. schischkinii to P. junatovii var. schischkinii. Lectotypification was made for three taxa, Stipa mongholica var. minutiflora, P. czekanowskii, and P. tibetica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species of the family Polycephalomycetaceae grow on insects or entomopathogenic fungi and are distributed from tropical to subtropical regions. This study proposed four new species of hyperparasitic fungi from China based on six molecular markers (ITS, SSU, LSU, TEF-1α, RPB1 and RPB2) phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics. The four new species, i.e. Pleurocordyceps litangensis, Polycephalomyces jinghongensis, Po. multiperitheciatae and Po. myrmecophilus, were described and illustrated. Pl. litangensis, exhibiting a hyperparasitic lifestyle on Ophiocordyceps sinensis, differed from Pleurocordyceps other species in producing subulate β-phialides and ovoid or elliptic α-conidia. Po. jinghongensis was distinct from Polycephalomyces other species, being parasitic on Ophiocordyceps sp., as producing oval or long oval-shaped α-conidia and columns of β-conidia. Po. multiperitheciatae differed from Polycephalomyces other species as having synnemata with fertile head, linear β-conidia and parasitic on Ophiocordyceps multiperitheciata. Po. myrmecophilus was distinct from Polycephalomyces other species, being parasitic on the fungus Ophiocordyceps acroasca, as producing round or ovoid α-conidia and elliptical β-conidia without synnemata from the colonies. These four species were clearly distinguished from other species in the family Polycephalomycetaceae by phylogenetic and morphological characteristics. The morphological features were discussed and compared to relevant species in the present paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of the growth and properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on pulp fibers was investigated. ZnO-NPs were grown on pulp fiber surface via an in situ chemosynthesis method at different concentrations. The modified pulp fibers were characterized by different analytical tools including field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray power diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. Ultraviolet (UV) absorption and antibacterial properties of the paper made from treated and untreated pulp fibers were analyzed. The results revealed that the rod-like ZnO-NPs were successfully grown onto the fiber surfaces without aggregation. As the precursor concentration increased from 0.01 to 0.07 mol l−1, the ZnO loading on the fibers increased from 4.2 to 23.4%, respectively. Compared to the untreated fibers, paper made from ZnO-treated fibers had a better UV absorption ability and antimicrobial effect against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. However, the ZnO-treated pulp fiber reduced the zero span tensile index of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stratigraphic sequence of an archaeological site constitutes its biography, which details what was deposited, when it was deposited, and how the deposition occurred. However, many current methods of recording archaeological stratigraphy do not allow for a full reconstruction of a site's biography. This paper introduces a theoretical framework for analysing a site's formation and deformation processes, emphasizing the integration of different temporal, spatial, geological, and archaeological information elements. This approach offers a way to study change and dynamics by deciphering successive episodes, depositional events, their temporal and causal ordering, and, when possible, the speed and rhythm of such depositions. The integration of micromorphological data and absolute dating can increase the chronological resolution of a site's biography by formally defining the temporal boundaries of depositional events. Additionally, the use of multidimensional geometric analysis of occupational floors and sedimentary volumes enhances the understanding of the complex relationships between stratigraphic depth and temporality. These tools enable archaeologists to create multidimensional visualizations, make inferences, and enhance interpretations of archaeological sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current context of the global climate changes, in the Romanian Carpathians strong pressures exercises on mountain ecosystems due to the massive and uncontrolled deforestation, expansion of the urban areas and land restitution (followed mostly by the land use changing). In these circumstances, the soils mountain sensitivity increased. The paper investigates the biota functionality in providing ecosystem services in a highly sensitive soil environment (with highly acidity and hydromorphic threats) located in Pădurea Craiului Mountains. The studied area is an island of acid rocks located in a massive of limestones. The absolute altitude is 600 - 800 m and the land use is secondary grassland. The analytical results of the studied soil profile showed a very low (5.14 - 5.76) pH, as a result the vegetation is acidophilic. The organic matter content is low, as well as the N, P, K values. The micromorphological investigation showed textural, depleted, and redoximorphic pedofeatures generated by the strongly influence of the coastal spring water. In such a highly sensitive mountain soil, the biota (less studied in hydromorphic soils) is adapted to the hard-environmental conditions, its functionality being limited and specialized. Consequently, melioration is required to improve the environment and further biota functionality to provide higher-value ecosystem services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a detailed study of a deformed sequence of Late Devensian glacifluvial sands, gravels and diamictons exposed within river cliff sections cut by the Allt (river) Cuaich, northeast of Dalwhinnie in the Grampian Highlands of Scotland. Macroscale sedimentological and structural field observations are combined with micromorphological and microstructural analysis to investigate the ice-marginal processes which led to the deposition and subsequent deformation of these glacifluvial to glacilacustrine deposits. Sedimentological evidence indicates that water-lain deposits in the area are capped by till and record the eastward progradation of ice-proximal fans into water ponded by an ice margin that advanced up valley from the west/southwest. These glacifluvial/ice-marginal fan sequences were deformed and subsequently overridden by ice that advanced (at least 6 km) into the Cuaich catchment. A suite of similar, but undeformed ice-marginal fans and laminated glacilacustrine deposits were laid down during the subsequent withdrawal of ice down-valley. Microstructures present within the variably glacitectonised (folded, faulted) laminated sands, silts and clays reveal a complex history of local glacial readjustments in a dynamic ice-marginal aqueous setting. Brittle–ductile shearing, liquefaction and remobilisation, and extensional brittle faulting accompanied the deposition of an overlying till. A detailed model of brittle–ductile shearing and glacitectonite formation during the overriding of water-rich ice-marginal deposits involves initial proglacial thrusting and folding, followed by continued submarginal to subglacial brittle–ductile shearing and extensional faulting. The study supports growing evidence that in Scotland the British Ice Sheet underwent localised expansion towards the end of the main Late Devensian glaciation (Dimlington Stadial, 26–13 ka radiocarbon years BP). In addition, it clearly demonstrates that the complex polyphase deformation recorded by glacitectonised sequences may not simply be a product of intense subglacial deformation, but a result of progressive proglacial to submarginal deformation, followed by subglacial shear as the ice progressively overrides a preexisting sedimentary sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel-based superalloy (DZ411), which has excellent physical and mechanical properties at high temperature, is widely used in the manufacture of high-temperature components in the aerospace field. Laser processing is an advanced special processing technology that can be used to improve the surface properties of nickel-base superalloys. In this paper, a new laser processing technology was investigated by using the line spot formed by the adjustment of diffractive optical elements. The influence of defocus amount on the line spot ablation of nickel-based superalloy was analyzed. The characteristic sizes, surface morphologies, and elements distribution of line spot ablation were observed. The results show that the groove ablated by the line spot is the longest at the focused position, while the narrowest and deepest groove is produced at the − 0.5 mm defocus position instead of the focused position, which is caused by the plasma shielding effect. And the machining trace of the groove processed at the − 0.5 mm defocus position is the most uniform one and rich in Ni at the center of the groove, making the − 0.5 mm defocus position the most suitable machining position. Under the observation of the electron scanning microscope, the grooves ablated by the line spot in the focus and the nearby areas are relatively flat. As the defocus amount increases, the irregular spherical melts begin to appear in the center of the groove formed by the line spot ablation. Thermal cracks occur on the workpiece surface at the position where the defocus amount is too large. EDS analysis shows that the vicinity of Al, Ti, and Ta elements in the focus increased significantly, and it is easy to form intermetallic compounds with Ni in the matrix. The edge of the line spot is in full contact with the air, resulting in obvious oxidation of the material, and the Al element is significantly increased. According to this data, it is speculated that Al2O3 oxide protective film is formed in this specific area. This work can provide guidance for the process optimization of line spot high efficiency processing of nickel-based superalloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic research on the separation method and characteristic properties of different coal lithotypes is of great significance for coal precision utilization. Based on the separation process of coal lithotypes and the characterization of the physical and chemical properties of the separation products, this paper aims to explore the relationship between the selection of lithotypes differential separation methods and their own physical and chemical properties. Firstly, a combined process of manual picking, density liquid centrifugation and shaking table separation was used to separate and purify fusain, vitrain and durain. Then, the properties of high purity single lithotype (fusain: 88.95%, vitrain: 91.74%, and durain: 85.33%) are analyzed to micromorphology analysis, surface properties, thermal stability analysis, elemental composition and functional group analysis. The product characterization results showed that the difference some physical and chemical properties, thermogravimetric parameters, surface finish and flatness, surface wettability, elemental content (C, O, S), degree of aromatization, and oxygen-containing functional, are obviously different and have certain internal correlation for different coal lithotypes. Comprehensive comparative analysis demonstrated that several parameters (the degree of surface finish and aromatization, as well as the content of oxygen-containing functional groups) have significant positive effects on wettability of coal lithotypes. These properties determine that the separation methods of different lithotypes should be different. Besides, we also verify the above conclusion through the combined separation process experiment of centrifugation, flotation and shaking table. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Diamond & Abrasives Engineering is the property of Zhengzhou Research Institute for Abrasives & Grinding and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society is the property of Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The exploration of coarse-grained WC cemented carbide has become a research hotspot for its application in the fields of rock cutting and mining; a key issue is how to achieve uniform dispersion and densification of the sintered phase, as well as how to obtain better mechanical properties. In this paper, chemical co-precipitation, combined with hydrogen reduction, was adopted. CoCl2·6H2O and CeCl3 were used as precursors to coat Co nanoparticles on the surface of WC powder while introducing different contents of cerium; the samples were then sintered and densified to obtain WC-Co(Ce) hard alloy materials. On the surface of the obtained WC particles, the distribution of Co(Ce) nanoparticles was uniform and dense, and the average particle size after sintering was 4.2 μm, which lies in the coarse-grained range. The addition of cerium elements significantly improves the flexural strength and impact toughness; when the cerium content was 0.5% and 0.6%, they increased to 2487 MPa and 36.1 kJ/m2, respectively. The addition of Co(Ce) through the co-precipitation method could achieve a uniform coating of the Co phase, along with the uniform dispersion and densification of the sintered phase, giving the WC-Co(Ce) cemented carbide excellent properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incineration fly ash contains a large amount of chloride, which limits the scope of its resource utilization. Water washing effectively removes chlorides and soluble substances, increasing the ability to dispose of them. The properties of incineration fly ash after multi-level water washing have been studied, providing theoretical guidance for the safe disposal of water-washed ash at all levels. Taking a practical project as an example, this paper analyzed the impact of three-stage countercurrent water washing on the physicochemical properties and toxicity leaching of incineration fly ash with different washing grades by XRD, BET, XRF, SEM, and ICP-MS. The results showed that with the improvement of washing grade, the removal rate of chloride ions was more than 86.96%. However, due to the removal of soluble substances, dioxins enriched from 98 ng-TEQ/kg of raw ash to 359 ng-TEQ/kg of tertiary washed incineration fly ash. Cr, Cu, and Zn also increased from 40.35 mg/L, 356.55 mg/L, and 3290.58 mg/L of raw ash to 136.30 mg/L, 685.75 mg/L, and 5157.88 mg/L, respectively. Pozzolanic activity had increased from 40.56% of the raw ash to 74.12% of the tertiary-washed incineration fly ash. There was no risk of excessive heavy metal leaching, and the dioxin content was lower than the raw ash in the primary washed incineration fly ash. After multi-stage water washing, incineration fly ash accumulated heavy metals, so more attention must be paid to the issue of heavy metal content in the safe disposal process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Materials & Technologies / Materiali in Tehnologije is the property of Institute of Metals & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The hydro-fluctuation belt is the most sensitive part of the reservoir bank slope. The rock mass in the hydro-fluctuation belt has been affected by the cyclic dry–wet process. The water infiltrates into the rock mass through its pores and cracks. Through time, the cyclic dry–wet process is posing a significant impact on the evolution and seepage characteristics of jointed sandstone. In this paper, a series of tests such as seepage test, scanning test of the joint surface morphology, and measurement test of ion concentration were conducted to investigate the impact of the cyclic dry–wet condition on a single-jointed sandstone. The following conclusions were made based on the experimental results: (1) There is a positive correlation between the hydraulic conductivity (kf) and the number of dry–wet cycles (n). Initially, the trend was steep. Gradually, it reached a plateau. (2) The fractal dimension D was slightly decreasing when the number of dry–wet cycles increased. A considerable drop in the fractal dimension was observed within the first eighth dry–wet cycles. (3) A negative correlation between the hydraulic conductivity and the fractal dimension was established by the logistic model with four parameters. (4) On the one hand, calcareous cement was dissolved and disintegrated by the water. On the other hand, feldspar minerals underwent physical and chemical reactions. In the meantime, the water–rock interaction altered the ion concentrations, microstructures, and the permeability of sandstone. The findings of this paper provide a theoretical basis for the stabilization of the reservoir bank slope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Scutellaria L. comprises about 400 - 500 species, some of which are of practical value due to their biological activities. To prevent misidentification and contamination of plant material harvested from species of this genus, knowledge of the morphological and micromorphological characters of the seeds has proved useful. The present paper aims to perform a morphological and micromorphological characterization of seeds belonging to 12 taxa of the genus Scutellaria L., with the idea of completing the literature data and discussing the importance of these characters. The seeds of the analysed taxa showed different colours (yellow, black, brown) and ornamentations (generated by the arrangement and shape of the epidermal papillae). In some taxa, the seeds were glabrous (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, S. resinosa Torr., S. suffrutescens S. Watson., S. incana Spreng., S. integrifolia L.), others showed tector hairs concentrated in the apical region of the epidermal papillae (S. altissima L.) or distributed over the entire surface (S. orientalis L., S. supina L., S. orientalis L. var. pinnatifida Rchb.), covering the whole or part (S. pontica K. Koch.) of the seed surface. Sessile glands were observed in S. galericulata L., among the papillae, whereas S. alpina L., presented stellate hairs. Seed sizes also varied between the taxa. The results obtained confirm the taxonomic importance of the analysed features but indicate that the correct identification of Scutellaria species cannot be performed based only on seed characteristics, requiring additional research and observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a detailed macro- and microscale structural study of the glacitectonised sequence at Kilcummin Head on the western side of Killala Bay, County Mayo, northwest Ireland. The sequence comprises two laterally extensive, thrust-stacked rafts of Carboniferous limestone and mudstone emplaced upon the in situ bedrock of the Ballina Limestone Formation. Restored cross-sections reveal that the glacitectonised sequence has undergone extensive deformation and shortening of 61 %. This accompanied the formation of a prominent thrust-moraine associated with a northward ice advance across Killala Bay during the Midlandian (Devensian). A five-stage model is proposed to describe the deformation. Stage 1 comprises detachment of the rafts, and the majority of the sequence shortening. North-directed transport of the rafts occurred on a major décollement surface located at the base of the rafted sequence, marked by a mudstone-rich glacitectonite. Stage 2 accommodated further shortening via a series of imbricate thrusts leading to the stacking of the bedrock rafts (Stages 3 and 4). Stage 5 saw final stacking of rafts within a prominent thrust-block moraine, followed by the deposition of a sequence of coarse-grained, ice-marginal glacigenic deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around the world, poorly preserved buildings and occupation deposits often represent the primary evidence for archaeological structures and settlements. Integrated geoarchaeological methods, such as soil chemistry and micromorphology, can be used to maximise the information obtained from such deposits regarding site preservation and the use of space. However, archaeologists are often reluctant to apply these methods if they suspect that preservation is poor or stratigraphy is not visible in the field. To assess the role that geoarchaeology can play in the interpretation of fragmented and poorly preserved structures, this paper presents the results of two case studies in which multiple geoarchaeological methods (microrefuse analysis, pH, electrical conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, loss‐on‐ignition, portable XRF and micromorphology) were applied to poorly preserved occupation deposits and fragmented buildings in early medieval coastal settlements in northeast Scotland. Micromorphology proved to be fundamental for recognising and understanding the composition of occupation deposits that had formerly been floor surfaces. It also aided interpretations for the use of space and maintenance practices and improved an understanding of the post‐depositional processes that had affected stratigraphic visibility at the macroscale. When subjected to principal component analysis, the geochemical, magnetic and microrefuse data were able to provide new details about activity areas, and successfully identified and filtered out the effects of post‐medieval contamination. Most significantly, the integrated approach demonstrates that fragmented buildings and poorly preserved occupation surfaces can retain surviving characteristics of the use of space, even if the floor surfaces were not preserved well enough to be clearly defined in the field or in thin section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological deposits are often complex and illustrative of an intricate interplay between geogenic and anthropogenic inputs and formation processes. Even for those archaeologists—particularly prehistorians—who consider the basic principles of natural stratigraphy to excavate their sites, they nonetheless typically underutilize the observations and data available at the microstratigraphic level. The technique of soil micromorphology—or archaeological micromorphology as referred to throughout this paper—has seen an astounding increase in its use to answer archaeological questions and archaeological sediments in the last decades. However, we consider that this tool is still quite underutilized and not as mainstream as other techniques. In this paper, we briefly reflect on what can be some of the causes underlying this situation and how we (that is, both producers and consumers of micromorphology data) can go about to change it. The main idea is that we need to establish a better and more approachable way to present micromorphological results and be better at integrating them with the macroscopic archaeological data and research questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the seed morphology and anatomy of 32 wild Indian Musaceae by using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This is the first comprehensive investigation into the seed micro-morphological and anatomical aspects of two genera of the family. Seed characters including shape, size, surface sculpturing (LM and SEM), seed coat thickness, layer characters and chalazal chamber column were considered. Seed characters play a significant role in the delimitation of taxa as they are more stable than vegetative (anatomical) and pollen features. Four types of seeds (oblate, ovoid, sub-globose and ellipsoid) were observed in the family, oblate seeds being the most common. LM revealed that most of the seeds have verrucate surface sculpturing, but some are smooth-verrucate or smooth. Seed size also plays an important role in the identification of the taxa to some extent. Number of layers and seed coat thickness are directly proportional to seed size. However, the thickness of endotesta, tegmen and inner endosperm layers (aleurone layers) differ in small and large seeds. The present study revealed eight types of outer sculpturing and three inner sculpturing patterns with diverse nature of anticlinal and periclinal cell walls. Based on the seed characters, a phenetic analysis was also carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal is a carrier of carbon enrichment, so it has the potential for the preparation of coal-based carbon materials. In this paper, LT anthracite and TSG bituminous coal were selected, and the corresponding graphitized samples were prepared from high-temperature treatment. The effects of silicon-containing minerals on coal evolution during the high-temperature pre-graphitization stage were investigated by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and SEM. The results showed that with increasing temperature, the silicon-containing samples showed smaller d002 and ID1/IG, and higher Lc, while La presented a slight increase. It was found by SEM that the micromorphology of all samples was mainly massive structures. Meanwhile, irregular polyhedral structures also were observed in silicon-containing samples at 1300 °C, which were related to the formation and deposition of SiC. The carbothermal reactions of silicon-containing minerals continued to generate SiC and precipitate with increasing temperature, resulting in the gradual transformation of the needle-like structures into polyhedral structures. However, SiC was completely decomposed at 2800 °C. These changes indicated that during the pre-graphitization stage, silicon-containing minerals form SiC to advance the reduction of the interlayer spacing and the increase of longitudinal layer stacking height, thereby enhancing structural ordering and graphitization degree, while it had less effect on the lateral size. This will help to further understand the role of silicon-containing minerals in the coal pre-graphitization stage and also provide useful information about synthetic coal-based graphite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Praehistorische Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a micro-geoarchaeological study carried out on the sedimentary sequence exposed at the entrance of Sefunim Cave, Israel, a sequence that spans from the Middle Paleolithic to the early Epipaleolithic periods. Using FTIR and micromorphological techniques, we investigated the stratigraphic sequence to reconstruct patterns of site use and archaeological formation processes. We identified formation processes that are common among Paleolithic caves sites in the Southern Levant, mainly the deposition of local terra rossa through colluvial sedimentation. Taphonomic disturbances of the deposits range from minimal to moderate, exhibited mainly by root and burrowing activity, but with no evidence for significant transport of archaeological materials. While the upper layers (II–III) are decalcified, the precipitation of secondary calcite results in increasing cementation of the sediments with depth in the lower layers (V–VII). We observed variation at the microscopic scale and identified an inverse correlation between human and carnivore activity throughout the layers. We observed human activity by the presence of micro-archaeological materials such as chert, bone, charcoal, rubified clay, burnt bone and shell, and wood ash. We observed carnivore activity by the presence of phosphatic grains and coprolite fragments as well as chewed and digested bones. We conclude that human activity at the site was characterized by episodes of varying intensity, based on the frequency of archaeological finds within the different layers. The alternating episodes of human and carnivore activity at Sefunim Cave may demonstrate the close-knit interactions and reciprocal relations that humans and carnivore shared at Paleolithic caves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chasing is one of the main decorative techniques found in metal work. The imprints left by different chasing tools are unique not only to the tool, but also to the chaser. The analysis and characterisation of toolmarks provide vast information that is valuable for the understanding of an object. Microtopography is a non-contact imaging technique that allows a metrical analysis of a surface on a microscopic scale. In this paper, metal mock-ups made using different chasing tools were scanned using microtopography, and their morphological features were used to classify the tools used for their fabrication. The mock-ups were artificially aged to replicate conditions of real archaeological metal objects. The overall classification accuracy obtained for the non-aged mock-ups was 91% for brass and 84% for copper mock-ups. After ageing, the classification accuracy was 65% for brass and 68% for copper. The change in classification accuracy before and after ageing was caused by the corrosion on the aged mock-ups. These results show that this is a promising methodology that could be applied on real chased metal objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For geoarchaeologists the use of multiproxy and multimethod integrative approaches has become common for studying the sedimentary context of archaeological materials. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach that combines rock magnetic analysis with micromorphological analysis. We first conduct a brief examination of the magnetic properties of organic resins used in micromorphology to understand the potential impact of the resin and manufacturing process on the magnetic signature. It is crucial to understand the original production of the samples to ensure that endothermic reactions do not compromise the magnetic data. We illustrate the advantages of this approach through a case study of a pit hearth from the Neanderthal archaeological site of El Salt in Alcoi, Spain. This study utilises archived micromorphological samples of a pit hearth (combustion structure H77) initially described by Leierer et al. (J Archaeol Sci 123:105237, 2020). Rock magnetic analysis of multiple magnetic parameters—including magnetic susceptibility, natural remanent magnetization, and progressive isothermal remanent magnetization—reveals that each microfacies type exhibits a unique magnetic pattern, even if there is overlapping in signatures across some magnetic parameters. The interpretation of the magnetic data aligns with the results and microfacies descriptions previously provided by Leierer et al. (J Archaeol Sci 123:105237, 2020), further supporting the interpretation of the combustion feature as being in situ with a history of repeated use. The approach presented here offers an enhanced tool for micromorphologists to better understand the magnetic characteristics of microfacies units in higher resolution and establish direct connections to the micromorphological results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ancient faecal material is becoming a highly valuable more frequently investigated proxy with which to address a wide range of research questions. With advancing scientific methodologies it is becoming easier to identify and to analyse. The aim of this paper is to use a set of archaeological and ethnographic case studies to illustrate and evaluate the range of methods that can be used in conjunction with each other to aid investigation of archaeological faecal material. This multi-scalar and multi-method approach uses portable x-ray fluorescence (pXRF), spot sampling and smear slide analysis, micromorphology, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), environmental scanning microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (ESEM-EDX), and phytolith analysis. The case studies presented here focus on the Neolithic because of this unique opportunity to examine concentrations of animal dung from managed or early domesticated herds. This research illustrates a range of the methods that can be used in conjunction with each other to locate, identify and analyse faecal material. The results demonstrate that an integrated, multi-scalar, multi-methodological approach enables detection, identification, and investigation of a range of faecal attributes and provides new insights into key issues and themes on environment, animal management, diet, health, the built environment and energy sources. This integrated methodology and pilot study highlights two main recommendations. Firstly, modern faecal comparative material should always be consulted within the study region as a baseline for identifying and classifying different types of faecal material. Secondly, micromorphology and GC-MS samples are always vital proxies in further investigations to confirm the nature and identity of the dung sources once potential sample locations have been identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-altitude island environments, with their characteristic strong seasonal contrast and limited resources, are challenging contexts for human subsistence. However, although archaeological contexts in this kind of setting hold great potential to explore the diversity of human biological and cultural adaptations, such sites are rare. In this paper, we present the results of a microcontextual geoarchaeological study carried out at Roques de García Rockshelter, the highest altitude cave archaeological site in the Canary Islands (Spain). The site was inhabited by the aboriginal population of the island and has yielded a rich archaeological context derived from combustion activity. We carried out soil micromorphology to characterize site function and lipid biomarker analysis to investigate the natural and anthropogenic organic record. Our data indicate that the aboriginal groups that occupied the site kept goats with them (in the rockshelter) and probably used Juniperus turbinata (sabina) wood, a current distant fuel source. These results suggest that the aboriginal societies of Tenerife occupied the highlands regularly, taking their herds and firewood with them. Further research is necessary to explore the use and exploitation of fuel sources, the seasonality of these occupations and their differences with lowland sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana is the property of Sociedad Geologica Mexicana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystal & Displays is the property of Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystal & Displays and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dumped deposits are a valuable source of information for inferring past behaviour. They provide insights into site maintenance, social organization and settlement dynamics. Hohle Fels Cave in SW Germany offers a unique opportunity to investigate the importance of dumping and site maintenance during the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic of the Swabian Jura. In this paper, we analyse anthropogenic deposits at Hohle Fels employing micromorphology and fabric analysis in order to reconstruct their formation and understand the human behaviours behind their accumulation. Our study indicates that dumping residues from combustion features in the interior of Hohle Fels Cave has a long history extending back to Neanderthal occupation at the site during the Middle Palaeolithic. Despite some reworking via down-slope movement, most of the features demonstrate that the site’s inhabitants dumped burnt material, which was previously the fuel for domestic hearths, in specific locations within the cave. The intentionality of the action and the characteristics of the features provide important information for reconstructing the mode and spatial organization of occupations at the site. The combustion features from the Middle Palaeolithic allow us to reassess the hypothesis that Neanderthals’ use of the site was less intense and documented a lesser degree of spatial patterning than subsequent Upper Palaeolithic occupations. This research also provides insight for examining the regional variability of pyrotechnology and site maintenance during the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the influence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solutions used as dentin pretreatments on microtensile bond strength (µTBS), as well as the dentin/restoration interface micromorphology of a universal adhesive in etch-and-rinse or self-etch mode. Materials and Methods: Eighty blocks of dentin were submitted to acid conditioning with 35% phosphoric acid (etch-and-rinse), or not (self-etch), and distributed among the treatments (n = 10): CON: Scotchbond Universal/3M Oral Care; DMSO: pretreatment with DMSO; DMSO/water: pretreatment with DMSO in water (1:1); DMSO/ethanol: pretreatment with DMSO in ethanol (1:1). Microtensile bond strength and failure tests were performed after 24-h and 6-month storage. The tooth-restoration interface was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy to assess the hybrid layer formed. Results: The interaction between treatments, storage time, and etching modes was not significant for µTBS (p = 0.2469). The DMSO, DMSO/water and DMSO/ethanol pretreatments did not affect µTBS values at either time point (p = 0.8732). Aging decreased µTBS over time only for the etch-and-rinse strategy, although the groups presented higher microtensile bond strengths in etch-and-rinse mode than in self-etch mode at both time points (p < 0.0001). The micromorphological images of the interface showed that different DMSO pretreatment solutions did not impair hybrid layer formation. Conclusion: The use of dentin pretreatments containing DMSO did not improve the bonding or the micromorphology of a universal adhesive in etch-and-rinse or self-etch modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve problems such as insufficient energy and effective arc burning during the injection of a working medium in a short arc discharge channel, the application of a W-Cu alloy as the electrode material in short electrical arc machining (SEAM) is explored in this paper. Using the surface roughness, material removal rate, and tool electrode wear rate as technical indices, the effects of voltage, frequency, and duty cycle on W-Cu alloy materials are studied to explore machining characteristics in SEAM. Contrast experiments on a graphite electrode were conducted using a SU8010 scanning electron microscope and energy spectrum analysis to study the erosion mechanism of the W-Cu alloy material. This paper addresses applications of copper-based composites in SEAM and provides a theoretical basis for the development of electrode materials in the SEAM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new type of internal curing agent, porous hollow microspheres, was obtained by chemical etching of fly ash hollow particles produced by coal-fired power plant to conduct inner curing of high performance concrete. The water absorption rate of porous hollow microspheres can reach 120%wt, and the internal curing water can be easily released from the hollow microspheres under low curing humidity. When 5% porous hollow beads are added into the cement mortar for internal curing, the autogenous shrinkage phenomenon of the mortar is basically eliminated, and the compressive strength at 7 d and 28 d is 6%~16% higher than that of the reference group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the first to use an innovative multi-proxy approach to obtain insights into hitherto unknown Mithraic cult practices. Using soil micromorphology, zooarchaeology and histotaphonomy, we investigated two mithraea (Biesheim FR, Kempraten CH) and one cult cave (Zillis CH). This was also the first study to include micromorphological and histotaphonomic approaches within the context of Mithraic research. The systematic evaluation of thermal alteration and bioerosion (in particular bacterial attack) on the animal bones, in combination with zooarchaeological results, allows a differentiation between various (cult) practices involving animals. Thanks to the micromorphological investigations, it was possible to demonstrate that repeatedly spreading combustion residues and renewing the floor were important parts of the cult practices of Mithraism. Our results suggest that a cult practice consisting of several stages was carried out on all three sites. Our study highlights that multiple floor constructions as well as the related sediments and (micro-) artefacts of cultic indoor features are important sources of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 technology has been progressively used in the development of shale oil. After injection, CO2 can react with formation water to form carbonic acid, which then reacts with carbonate and silicate minerals, resulting in changes in porosity and permeability. However, there are some debates as to whether the effect of CO2 improves or damages porosity and permeability. So, in this paper, systematic experiments were carried out to clarify the interaction between CO2 and shale in different lithofacies and to draw a pertinent conclusion. The results showed that the shale in Qingshankou Formation could be divided into three main lithofacial types: foliaceous shale, laminated feisic shale and laminated diamictic shale. There were relatively more pores, some natural microfractures and small mineral particles in foliaceous shale, a few micropores and large mineral particles in laminated feisic shale, some biogenic calcium carbonate minerals and hardly any micropores in laminated diamictic shale. Due to the diversity of micromorphology and mineral composition, the effects of CO2 treatment had significant differences. For foliaceous shale, CO2 treatment had both improving and damaging effects on porosity and permeability; for laminated shale, both porosity and permeability improved significantly. So, it is necessary to identify the main lithofacies of target formation before the application of CO2 technology in shale oil reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tempo and mode of Homo sapiens dispersal in Eurasia and the demise of Neanderthals has sparked debate about the dynamics of Neanderthal extinction and its relationship to the arrival of H. sapiens. In Italy, the so‐called 'Transition' from Neanderthals to H. sapiens is related to the Uluzzian technocomplex, i.e. the first archaeological evidence for modern human dispersal on the European continent. This paper illustrates the new chronology and stratigraphy of Uluzzo C, a rock shelter and Uluzzian key site located in the Uluzzo Bay in southern Italy, where excavations are ongoing, refining the cultural sequence known from previous excavations. Microstratigraphic investigation suggests that most of the deposit formed after dismantling of the vault of the rock shelter and due to wind input of loess deflated by the continental shelf. The occasional reactivation of the hydrology of the local karst system under more humid conditions further contributed to the formation of specific layers accumulating former Terra Rossa‐type soil fragments. Superposed on sedimentary processes, strong bioturbation and the mobilization and recrystallization of calcite have been detected. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages from Uluzzo C Rock Shelter are congruent with previously published radiocarbon ages obtained on shell beads and tephrachronology from adjacent sites preserving the Uluzzian technocomplex such as Grotta del Cavallo, confirming the onset for the Uluzzian in the area to ca. 39.2–42.0 ka. The OSL chronology from Uluzzo C also provides a terminus post quem for the end of the Mousterian in the region, constraining the disappearance of the Neanderthals in that part of Italy to ≥46 ± 4 ka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soil fertility is induced and sustained by the soil constituents. In this respect, the clay is one of the main nutrient bearing. The presence of the clay pedofeatures (coatings and pore infillings) generally shows an intense leaching process of the constituents from the rooting zone. The leaching process also includes the nutrients depletion, and consequently a pH decreased. The results of the micromorphological investigation of the Phaeozems shows the presence of many impure clay coatings (consisting of clay and a large amount of colloidal humified organic matter), in all the pedogenetic horizons. The richness of the humic substances created a favourable environment for the microbiota. As a result, many microorganisms developed on the impure clay coatings, the evidence being the presence of many fungi spores, as well as the black mycelium of the mycorrhizal fungi on these coatings. The micromorphological investigation pointed out another facet of the intimate mechanisms of the Phaeozems related to fertility (as one of the most important ecosystem services). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]