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The current article offers a comparative account of the address system of two dialects of Arabic, Najdi and Tunisian Arabic. Capitalizing on the theory of Idealized Cognitive Model, the article defends the view that the two systems display Idealized models, which are central to the system, and non-Idealized models, which are peripheral to it. Najdi Arabic includes Idealized terms such as first names, teknonyms, and kinship terms while non-Idealized models include a battery of terms of address. Tunisian Arabic Idealized models hinge on Si/Lalla + first names, first names, and kinship terms while non-Idealized models make use of endeared first names, kinship terms, and diminished kinship terms. The two systems are shown to differ at the level of types of encounter (including formality, closeness, and deference), availability of address options, social horizontality-verticality, and use of metaphor and metonymy.

In a 2017 landmark reform, Saudi authorities decided to lift the ban on women driving in this conservative society. In tribute to women's newly-gained freedom to drive, major automakers turned to Twitter to launch creative femvertising campaigns that vividly articulate the female empowering motto 'driving is feminine'. Building on the eloquence of visual rhetoric, which combines the communicative force of figurative language with the expressive potential of visual imagery, automobile advertisers resorted to visual metaphtonymy to efficiently target prospective female consumers. The selection of this visual compound, which emerges from the intricate interplay between metaphor and metonymy, allows for a dynamic interaction between the highlighting function of metonymy and the mapping role of metaphoric thought to establish informed parallels between femininity and automobility. Analysis of survey data on the likeability, complexity and effectiveness of a representative sample of four digital automobile advertisements asserts the role and value of visual metaphtontonymy in automobile femvertising.

The author examines semantic-syntactic models of predicates according to Stanislaw Karolak’s conception of semantic-based grammar. From the list of first-order bivalent predicates provided by S. Karolak, the author analyses some of them from the point of view of the number and quality of the implied argument positions. During the analysis it often turns out that more than one model refers to one form of predicate (one signifiant). This phenomenon is due to the polysemous nature of words in natural language and, therefore, to the ambiguity of uses of predicates in different contexts (more than one signifié). In order to determine the number and type of arguments semantically implied by a given predicate, the author applies the test of negation, contraposition, and paraphrase leading to a semantic decomposition and emphasises the role of the metaphor and metonymy in their interpretation.

Pretendo, com este estudo, por meio do cotejo, sobretudo, dos textos de Michel Pêcheux, Metáfora e Interdiscurso ([1984] 2011) e Observações para uma Teoria Geral das Ideologias ([1967] 1995), verificar como os conceitos de metáfora e de metonímia são concebidos pelo autor francês, compreender como é pensada a interrelação estabelecida entre eles, tematizar a imbricação, de um lado, entre metáfora, semântica e ideologia empírica e, de outro, entre metonímia, sintaxe e ideologia especulativa, abordar estas questões com exemplos que sirvam como dados e compreender como elas, pautando-se, respectivamente, na concepção de linguagem como sistema de signos ou como meio de comunicação, recalcam, num caso, a gênese da ordem do simbólico e, no outro, o efeito da sociedade sobre o efeito da linguagem.

Gorsel metaforlar ve metanomilerle tasarlanan islerin (afis, fotograf, resim vs.) yaraticiligi guclu ve anlam olusturmada oldukca etkili araclar oldugunu dusunulmektedir. Bu calismada dunyanin unlu tasarimcilarindan biri olan grafik sanatcisi Yossi Lemel’in 2020 yilinda dunyayi etkisi altina alan koronavirus (Covid-19) pandemisi sirasinda yapmis oldugu koronavirus (Covid-19) konulu afis tasarimlarindan secilen ornekler incelenecektir. Calisma gorsel metaforlar ve metanomilerle sinirlandirilmistir. Kavramlar arasindaki benzerlikleri kullanarak yapilan bu yaratici calismalar, gorsel gostergebilim cozumlemelerinde aranmasi gereken en onemli gostergelerdir. Kuskusuz semboller, kodlar, mitler, gorsel oxymoronlar (zitliklar) metinde aranmasi gereken diger gostergelerdir. Ancak calismamizi sadece benzerlikler uzerinden yaratilan metafor ve metanomilerle sinirlandirarak konuyu derinlemesine tartismayi hedeflemekteyiz. Genellikle sozlu ve yazili metinlerde aciklanan “metafor” kavraminin gorsel metinler uzerinden aciklanmasina ise “gorsel metafor” denmektedir. Amacimiz zihnimizde olusan/ olusturulan kavramlarin gorsel metaforlar ve metanomileri kullanarak nasil gorsellestirildigini ve bu gostergelerin gorsel tasarimlara kattigi estetik lezzeti gozler onune sermektir. Metaforlari bulup kullanmak, anlami farkli bir noktadan ele alip alicinin daha kolay okumasini saglayan, onemli bir yaraticilik etkinligidir. Bunlar yan anlami guclu, dolayisiyla yaraticiligi guclu eserlerin ortaya cikmasini saglayan cok onemli gostergebilim elemanlaridir. Keza Lemel’in sosyal ve siyasal icerikli afislerini onemli yapan da kullandigi bu yaratici dildir.

Traditional rhetoric theory regards metaphor and metonymy as two literary rhetoric devices. Modern cognitive linguistics believes that metaphor does not only exist in the field of literature. Metaphor is not only a rhetorical device but also a way of thinking. However, the current research on metaphor and metonymy is still limited to the English language world. Hence, there is a lack of knowledge and research on metaphor and metonymy across languages and cultures. This paper begins with an overview of metaphor from the perspective of modern cognitive linguistics. Then, it expounds on the differences between metaphor and metonymy from two aspects of structure and function. Besides, this paper analyzes the differences between metaphor and metonymy with examples based on the Chinese cultural background.

Este trabajo es una revision teorica del concepto de metafora, mas alla de su concepcion como figura retorica. El punto de partida es la recuperacion de los conceptos de metafora y metonimia, tal y como los concibe Jakobson, es decir, como terminos dicotomicos no restringidos a la poesia, pero fundamentales para el analisis poetico. En “Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances”, Jakobson observa una preponderancia del proceso metaforico en las tendencias romantica y simbolista del arte y una preferencia por la metonimia en la tendencia realista. Se expone, tambien, la critica de Ruegg y su analisis de la teoria de Lacan en torno a la metafora. Se incluyen las aportaciones de Edeline a la relacion metafora-mito y de Cohen a la relacion logica- figuras retoricas. Finalmente, se menciona la critica de A. Johnson a Jakobson, seguida de un breve analisis de dos textos de Eco. Discussion about the metaphor Abstract This work is a theoretical review of metaphor concept beyond its conception as a rhetorical figure. The starting point is the recovery of the concepts of metaphor and metonymy as conceived by Jakobson, that is, as dichotomous terms not restricted to poetry, but fundamental to poetic analysis. In “Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances”, Jakobson observes a preponderance of metaphorical process in the romantic and symbolist tendencies of art and a preference for metonymy in the realist tendency. Ruegg’s critique and his analysis of Lacan’s theory around metaphor are also exposed. Edeline’s contributions to metaphor-myth relationship and Cohen’s to logic-figures of speech are included. Finally, A. Johnson’s critique is made, followed by a brief analysis of two texts by Eco.

This paper displays the process and the results of a doctoral research, which was been developed at the National University of Cuyo and whose public defense took place in May of 2019. The thesis establishes a close relationship between recategorization and conceptual metaphor/metonymy. The hypothesis was that metaphor and metonymy operate as primary factors in lexical recategorizations or word classes’ changes. The issue is addressed from a cognitive-functional approach. The research focuses on a particular category change, nominalization. Theoretical studies are complemented with the analysis of nominalized units that are extracted from a corpus of argumentative journalistic texts. The methodology consisted in describing and explaining categorical changes found in these units by showing metaphorical and metonymic processes that caused them. The analysis result is the hypothesis validation, since the metaphorical and metonymic basis could be determined in all cases. The metaphors found are THE ACTION IS A SUBSTANCE, THE PROCESS IS A SUBSTANCE and THE STATE IS A SUBSTANCE. The metonymies that gave rise to the nominalizations were THE QUALITY STANDS FOR THE ENTITY, THE RELATIONSHIP STANDS FOR THE ENTITY and THE VOCATIVE STANDS FOR THE ENTITY.

Conceptual Metaphor Theory’s central idea that metaphor is a figure of thought rather than a figure of language has led to the examination of non-verbal and multimodal manifestations of metaphor. Over the past twenty years, the verbal trope of metonymy has similarly been theorized from a conceptual point of view, but the implications of this work for visual studies have only begun to be examined. Investigating visual manifestations of metonymy will moreover also improve our understanding of visual metaphor, as often these latter depend on, and interact with, metonymies. In this paper we propose to explore the interaction of metaphor and metonymy in the visual/multimodal realm of print advertising, using Francisco Ruiz de Mendoza and Olga Díez’ (2002) typology, and building on Paula Peréz-Sobrino’s (2017) applications of this typology. Our twofold aim is (1) to see if, and if so, how, all patterns of this typology appear in ads; and (2) to investigate a number of Iranian and Dutch print advertisements in which metaphor and metonymy interact. Analyzing ads from two cultures will enable us to demonstrate how cultural background knowledge is essential for understanding metaphor-metonymy interactions.

In this article I intent to show the application of hermeneutics to discourse analysis. In semiotics, Roman Jakobson says that the two columns of discourse are metaphor and metonymy. Octavio Paz adds that those two types of tropes are the two faces of analogy. And, according to Ricoeur, symbol has the structure of metaphorical analogy. Symbolism is found both in poetry and prose, for instance, in theatre and in narrative. Therefore, from semiotics and from hermeneutics, they have to be approached with an analogical spirit. Because of that the necessity of an analogical hermeneutics is alleged.

Introduction. The study focuses on the analysis of lexico-semantic and stylistic means of oppositions’ verbalization in Ray Bradbury’s texts.Purpose. The aim of this paper is to examine the basic views of scholars on the linguistic means of expressing oppositions and illustrate them with examples from Ray Bradbury’s novel“Fahrenheit 451”.Methods. The paper applied the methods of stylistic analysis, semantic and contextual analysis.Results. Systemic relation in language representing oppositions of different kinds have been studied by many scholars in different genres of texts but fiction. In Ray Bradbury’s science fiction novel “Fahrenheit 451” opposition relations are created with the help of such lexical means as synonymy, antonymy on the levels of separate words, lexical and semantic groups and lexical and thematic fields. The study of lexico-semantic and stylistic means of opposiitons’verbalization approved that among the dominant means there are antithesis, metaphor and metonymy as stylistic means to represent the conceptual opposition “HUMAN BEING – TECHNOLOGY” which is one of the crucial in creating the unique idiostyle of the writer.Conclusions. Oppositions on the lexico-semantic level are verbalized through the synonymic and antonymic relations of the separate words, lexical and semantic groups, lexical and thematic fields. The stylistic means manifesting the oppositions in the Ray Bradbury’s woks are antithesis to show the contrast; metaphor and metonymy to create opposition on the basis of common characteristics. The further research will be aimed at the in-depth analysis of the verbalization means of the conceptual opposition “HUMAN BEING – TECHNOLOGY” in Ray Bradbury’s works for classifying the peculiarities of the writer’s idiostyle.

Over the last few years there has been a rapprochement between Cognitive Linguistics and semantic theories of humour based on the notion of script or frame. By drawing on Ritchie’s version of the theory of frame-shifting (2005) and reviewing the cognitive linguistic account of humour, we shall demonstrate how the interpretation of jokes containing a metaphor or a metonymy involves two cognitive-pragmatic tasks: the completion of the metaphorical/metonymic mapping that results in a new frame, and the resolution of the joke’s incongruity via a contrast with the surrounding frames of the joke. We also develop a classification of frame shifts according to their ontological structure (non-metaphorical/metonymic shifts and shifts based on metaphorical and/or metonymic reasoning) and the degree of the interpreter’s inferential activity (conceptual filling out and metaphor/metonymy replacement). In doing so, we attempt to identify some of the defining features of humorous metaphors and metonymies, as well as other phenomena that may also characterise jokes.

espanolDebido a la necesidad de dictar una clase sobre la metafora y la metonimia en una diplomatura en correccion de textos, surgio la pregunta por el grado de utilidad didactica de este recurso en particular. Se fundamentara por que puede resultar de utilidad la ensenanza de la metafora y la metonimia en el ambito de la correccion de textos. Se presentara un caso particular de adaptacion de esta tematica, materializado en una clase para una diplomatura en correccion de textos en Mendoza, Argentina, en el ano 2018. Por ultimo, se reuniran los hallazgos de la experiencia desarrollada y se haran algunas consideraciones sobre las implicancias didacticas de la inclusion de la metafora y la metonimia en el curriculum sobre correccion de textos, debido a que acrecientan la motivacion de los alumnos y adjudican significatividad a las clases. Las conclusiones cerraran con la proyeccion de una investigacion futura que continue las lineas discutidas. EnglishDue to the need of giving a class on metaphor and metonymy in a diplomacy about proofreading, it arose the question of the degree of pedagogical usefulness for this particular issue. In this article, it will be explained why teaching metaphor and metonymy in the field of proofreading can be useful. A particular case of adaptation of this subject will be presented, which took place in a class for a diplomacy about proofreading in Mendoza, Argentina, in 2018. Finally, findings of this experience will be collected and some considerations will be made on pedagogical implications of the inclusion of metaphor and metonymy in the curriculum about proofreading. It is concluded that metaphor and metonymy position themselves, indeed, as very useful notions in the field of proofreading teaching, mainly because they increase student’s motivation and provide significance to classes. Conclusions will be close with the projection of a future investigation that continues along the lines discussed in this article.

This essay considers metonymy in dance from the perspective of cognitive science. My goal is to unpack the roles of metaphor and metonymy in dance thought and action: how do they arise, how are they understood, how are they to be explained, and in what ways do they determine a person's doing of dance? The premise of this essay is that language matters at the cultural level and can be determinative at the individual level. I contend that some figures of speech, especially metonymic labels like ‘bunhead’, can not only discourage but dehumanize young dancers, treating them not as subjects who dance but as objects to be danced. The use of metonymy to sort young dancers may undermine the development of healthy self-image, impede strong identity formation, and retard creative-artistic development. The paper concludes with a discussion of the influence of metonymy in dance and implications for dance educators.

Metaphor and metonymy are likely the most common forms of non-literal language. As metaphor and metonymy differ conceptually and in how easy they are to comprehend, it seems likely that they also differ in their degree of non-literalness. They frequently occur in idioms which are foremost non-literal, fixed expressions. Given that non-literalness seems to be the defining criterion of what constitutes an idiom, it is striking that no study so far has focused specifically on differing non-literalness in idioms. It is unclear whether and how metaphoric and metonymic structures and their properties are perceived in idioms, given that the comprehension of idioms is driven by a number of other properties that are connected. This study divides idioms according to their metonymic or metaphoric structure and lets participants rate their non-literalness, familiarity, and transparency. It focuses on non-literalness as key property, finds it strongly connected to transparency, and to be the one key factor in predicting idiom type. Specifically, it reveals that metonymies are generally perceived as rather or even extremely literal, while metaphors are generally perceived as highly non-literal.

One of the most debated topics in figurative language studies is whether the access to non-literal meanings is direct or indirect. Although models that argue for longer processing times for figurative compared to literal meanings have been largely criticized, figurative language is often associated with increased cognitive work. We investigated whether such greater cognitive work is indicative of more time-consuming processes or rather lower availability of figurative meanings, and whether there are differences between figurative types. We used a multi-response Speed-Accuracy Trade-off paradigm, where a meaningfulness judgment task was combined with a response deadline procedure to estimate speed and accuracy independently for metaphorical (Those dancers are butterflies) and metonymic sentences (That student reads Camilleri), compared with literal equivalents. While both metaphors and metonymies showed lower asymptote, that is, they were judged less accurately than literal counterparts, only metonymies were associated with a processing delay. Moreover, the difference in asymptote with respect to the literal condition was greater for metaphor than for metonymy. These findings indicate that the process that derives metaphor and metonymy is more complex than the process that derives literal meanings, even more so for metaphor. The processing delay, however, is present only in the case of metonymies. Taken together, our study offers key findings that reconcile a lively debate on the time course of figurative language comprehension, showing that the cost of non-literal meaning is not always a matter of time, and depends also on the figurative type. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

This chapter recognizes some special features in a Chinese concept, bi-xing, in the poetic use of metaphor. It suggests that bi-xing (inspired metaphor or metonymic metaphor) as a dual concept for poetic expression should be studied in relation to Western conceptions of metaphor and metonymy. It compares and contrasts Chinese and Western concepts from an interdisciplinary perspective that integrates literary analysis, rhetorical study, and conceptual thinking. With the aid of recent achievements in research on metaphor and metonymy, it reconceptualizes Chinese notions of bi-xing and on the basis of the reconception, advances a new model for understanding Chinese bi-xing in particular and metaphor and metonymy in general.

Political cartoons make meaning by drawing on scenarios that must be immediately recognizable by their intended audience. Crucial meaning-making mechanisms in these scenarios are verbo-visual ensembles of metaphors and metonymies. In this paper we investigate 69 Chinese and 60 American political cartoons published in 2018 and 2019 that pertain to the two nations’ trade conflict. By examining the cross-cultural similarities and differences between metaphors and metonymies, we chart how Chinese and American cartoonists portray this trade conflict. We end by showing how a complete interpretation of the cartoons requires enrichment with insights provided by yet other analytical instruments.

Metaphtonymy is identified as a special rhetoric figure that specifies the interaction between metaphor and metonymy and which is pervasive in literary works. How and why do trainee translators translate metaphtonymy? Using task analysis, semi-structured discourse-based interviews, and a questionnaire survey among 30 master of translation and interpreting (MTI) trainee translators, this study investigates their translation approaches adopted when translating the metaphtonymies in Chinese extracted prose and explores the effects of their choices. It is found that they mainly employed three approaches: omission, modification, and retainment, with omission being the most, and retainment the least frequent. The main factors attributing to each approach range from the prominence degrees and cross-cultural adaptation abilities of the metaphtonymies, rhetorical awareness of translators, and transference competence to their translation knowledge sub-competence. This study suggests that trainee translators should be instructed to systematically construct rhetoric knowledge, and the teaching design should emphasize the competence of trainees of identifying rhetorical devices and their competence of shifting rhetoric between languages.

This chapter considers the role of metaphor and metonym in visual representation by conjoining Alfred Gell’s two primary modes of agency. Metaphor and metonymy stimulate the mind, provoking the imagination and creating understanding in sometimes new and unexpected ways. The physical characteristics of tamau, plus the contexts in which they appeared, suggest that the skeins of braided hair indexed the lineage of the artist and the wearer through visual metaphors and metonyms. The tamau works metonymically to represent the lineage because each body, each person, was both the summation and the dissemination of the lineage in Tahitian society. Like metaphor, metonymy exercises the imagination in that it asks the viewer to follow the artist’s creative process of selection. Metaphor and metonymy make clear the contextual and interpretative nature of even such a fundamental process as identifying the prototype represented by the indexical artwork.

Internet memes of the type composed of an image macro and text, have a strong form-meaning correlation that is shared among users of social media. Their frequency of usage and the immediacy of their broad reach around the world make them an interesting field of investigation for linguistic studies. I will argue in this article that Internet memes resemble linguistic signs. Users develop a literacy, i.e. a command of their usage through convention and shared usage history. Popular Internet memes can be found in a multiplicity of variations, where details of the shown picture are changed, while the general mood or topic of the meme, mostly expressed in the caption, remains broadly the same. This article will discuss cases where the development of meme variations works along the lines of known cognitive mechanisms like metaphor and metonymy, and their prerequisites, like abstraction. Some meme variations can be represented as grammaticalisation paths that lead to the emergence of grammatical features like morphemes.

To date, research in advertising has focussed almost exclusively on metaphor, with linguists and marketing scholars paying very little attention to alternative types of figurative expression. Beyond the finding that metaphor leads to an increased appreciation of advertisements, there has been surprisingly little research into how consumer response is affected by metonymy, or by metaphor–metonymy interactions. In this article, we present findings from a study that investigated the depth to which participants (n = 90) from a range of cultural and linguistic backgrounds (the UK, Spain, and China) were found to process 30 real-world adverts featuring creative metaphor and metonymy in multimodal format. We focus on the cross-cultural variation in terms of time taken to process, appreciation and perceived effectiveness of adverts, and on individual differences explained by different levels of need for cognition. We found significant variation in the understanding of advertisements containing metaphor, metonymy, and combinations of the two, between subjects and across nationalities in terms of (i) processing time, (ii) overall appeal, and (iii) the way in which participants interpreted the advertisements.

Theories on metaphor and metonymy make different claims about the nature of the underlying processes in the computation of these two types of language use, i.e., whether they differ or not. Experimental investigations of metonymy and metaphor have generally not compared these two phenomena in a straightforward manner among others due to structural variability. To overcome this shortcoming, we conducted a study in German that used adjective–noun combinations to contrast metaphor and metonymy directly in an ERP-study during reading for comprehension. By combining three different nouns with one adjective in predicative position we construed adjective–noun pairs with literal (the baby was lively), metonymic (the eyes were lively) or metaphoric (the speed was lively) relations. The data revealed a more pronounced N400 for the metaphoric relations in comparison to the literal controls. We argue that the enhanced cost for metaphors reflects the activation process of two unrelated domains via mapping or extended predication. The metonymic adjective–noun pairs only showed a small trend to differ from the other two conditions. This might indicate that metonymies require mapping processes or shifts only within a single domain or domain matrix. Moreover, in contrast to previous studies, we did not find a Late Positivity. We explain this result with regard to different discourse representational consequences arising during combinatorial processing.

This paper looks at the phrasal verbs get through, get along, and get by in the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). It attempts to explain how their non-literal meanings are created through combinations of metaphor and metonymy - and shows that different senses of the same phrasal verbs, especially the rigid forms, can have different degrees of metaphoricity. This study shows that phrasal verbs with the same verbal component can have different meanings, depending on the meaning of the particle and on the semantics of the collocates the phrasal verb is used with. The discussion suggests that a combination of corpus search and analysis based on the semantics of prepositions should be used to define the processes of generating the metaphoricity of phrasal verbs.

This study aims to identify the metaphors and metonymies used to describe economic concepts in Jordanian economic discourse pre- and post-Arab Spring in order to examine whether the events of the Arab Spring have had an impact on these figurative devices. This study also examines whether metaphor and metonymy can be affected by the social and cultural setting in which they are used and by politico-economic factors. In addition, this study aims to explore the notion that economic discourse uses many of the same conceptual metaphors regardless of the language and culture. To achieve this, I compiled a corpus of economic articles published in 2005 and 2008 (i.e. pre-Arab Spring) and 2012 and 2015 (i.e. post-Arab Spring) from two daily Jordanian newspapers. Frequency counts of metaphorical expressions representing the source domains and metonymies were compared to assess their saliency in the two periods and the two newspapers.

This study provides an analysis of Arabic metaphorical and/or metonymical compounds, extracted from a 20,000-word corpus, based on Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Conceptual Blending Theory. The analysis focuses on the semantic transparency of these compounds, on the one hand, and their linguistic creativity, on the other. In line with Benczes (2006,2010), we suggest that the comprehension of Arabic metaphorical and/or metonymical compounds is possibly one of degree depending on which element is affected by metaphor and metonymy. Here, it is proposed that there are compounds which are more creative than others. We argue that in addition to the degree of semantic transparency and linguistic creativity of Arabic metaphorical and/or metonymical compounds, there are other factors that can influence the comprehension of these compounds; namely, the frequency of the compound, the conventionality of the metaphors involved in the compound and whether conceptual metonymy acts on the compound. Our proposal is supported by the judgments of 12 native-speaker informants, who were asked to provide the meaning of 35 Arabic metaphorical and/or metonymical compounds. The study concludes with recommendations for further research.

A tanulmany celja, hogy feltarja, milyen fogalmakat takarnak a metafora, metonimia, illetve pragmatikai kovetkeztetes terminusok a grammatikalizacios jelentesvaltozas irodalmaban, es megmutassa, hogy ezek ertelmezese nemcsak az egyes elmeleti megkozelitesekben lehet mas es mas, hanem a szinkron ertelmezestől is kulonbozik. Az elmeleti fejtegetest az angol „be going to + főnevi igenev” mozgasiges szerkezetből kialakulo kozeljovő grammatikalizaciojanak kulonboző elemzesei illusztraljak. A vizsgalat, amely alapjan a metaforanak es metonimianak egy szinkron es egy diakron megkozelitese bontakozik ki, azt latszik alatamasztani, hogy metonimia es metafora a grammatikalizacios jelentesvaltozasban egymast kiegeszitő pragmatikai folyamatokkent osszeegyeztethetőek. A kognitiv metaforak hattereben allo, a vilag tapasztalati megismereseből adodo tudason alapulo kovetkeztetesi semaink a grammatikalizacios jelentesvaltozas iranyat is megszabjak. This paper aims to reveal the notions covered by the terms metaphor, metonymy and pragmatic inference in the research on semantic change in grammaticalization. It highlights that these are not only conceived of in different ways in the grammaticalization literature, but also cover notions that are different from their synchronic interpretation. Theoretical considerations are illustrated by presenting different approaches to the development of the English immediate future be going to from a motion verb construction. The study argues that approaches based on the concepts of metaphor and metonymy are complementary in describing semantic change in grammaticalization. However, the diachronic notions of metaphor and metonymy are distinguished from their synchronic concepts. The paper concludes that universal similarities of inferential mechanisms, based on our knowledge that comes from the way we experience the world, shape similar pathways of semantic change in grammaticalization.

This paper aims to investigate the relevance of metaphor and metonymy to ancient dream interpretation in Islamic-Iranian culture. To this end, a most-referenced book of dream interpretation is analysed according to the conceptual metaphor theory. The results show that metaphor and metonymy play an important role in this ancient discourse. The metaphorical dream is based either on a resemblance between the dream as the source domain and its interpretation as the target domain, or on some symbolic metaphors arising from cultural conventions. The metonymic dream is formed by a contiguous relationship between the dream as the vehicle entity and its interpretation as the target entity. Concerning metaphorical dream interpretation, it can be argued that the overt content of the dream is mapped onto the latent content by resemblance or cultural convention. As regards metonymic dream interpretation, it can be said that the overt content of the dream is mapped onto the latent content by a conceptual metonymy based on socio-physical context. In addition, there are two other procedures of dream interpretation based on realistic representation and the technique of reversion. These cases do not apply figurative devices like metaphor and metonymy. Also, the dreamer’s personal knowledge of his or her life does not play a significant role in the discourse of dream interpretation in Islamic-Iranian culture.

Metaphor has long been a subject of interest for biblical scholarship; however metonymy, which is closely related to metaphor, has received far less attention. Metaphor and metonymy are distinct in their conceptual processes, metaphor juxtaposes two conceptually distinct domains and metonymy creates relationships within one conceptual domain, but they share many similarities and often function in concert in poetry. Although metaphor has received the lion’s share of our attention, further study of metonymy will enrich our knowledge of metaphor and the poetics behind biblical poetry (i.e., the mechanisms and principles that govern poetry). This article introduces the two main forms of metonymy: taxonomic and partonomic. Taxonomic metonymy is based upon relationships between a more comprehensive and less comprehensive category (e.g., SPECIFIC FOR GENERAL), and partonomic metonymy is based upon contiguous relationships (e.g., PART FOR WHOLE). It surveys the various poetic functions of partonomic metonymy (semantic compaction, oblique reference, and semantic multivalency), and concludes by illustrating how accounting for metonymy can aid in solving the interpretive difficulties in the poetic passage of Jr 5:15-16.

The aim of the paper1 is to discuss the linguistic and conceptual devices employed for the expression of the emotion of pride in English and Greek culture. The focus will be (a) on the way the emotion of pride is conceptualized in the two cultures, (b) on the way it is expressed, not only in terms of lexical entities but also in terms of expressions in which the two cognitive processes, metaphor and metonymy, feature, and moreover, how the interplay between them is realized, and (c) on the role of the emotion of pride in the English and Greek cultural framework.

This article centres on the life is a game and death is the end of the game metaphors in various (often unrelated) cultures around the world and the linguistic manifestations of the metaphors in various natural languages. First, it explains why and how metaphor and metonymy are used as conceptual and linguistic ‘fig leaves’ to hide or tone down unpleasant or threatening concepts. Metonymy allows us to either zoom in on one aspect of a domain, or zoom out to de-emphasize the unpleasant details. Metaphor, on the other hand, lets us conceptualize death in terms of a completely different concept. One ‘completely different’ concept that is sometimes used in such a way is the concept of game. We argue that game lets us distance ourselves from the most terrifying aspects of death in a number of ways. Firstly, it may occasionally (although not very often) structure the concept of death or the final moments before death. Secondly, game may make death more approachable as an offshoot of a life structuring metaphor (e.g., life is a game or life is a sport, or more broadly life is a form of entertainment). Such cases are quite common, although there are naturally certain cross-linguistic differences in terms of the frequency of usage as well as the selection of specific games/sports as source domains. Finally, sometimes the calming effect achieved by the concept of game may only be explained within the framework of conceptual integration theory. In this article we argue that in examples like to dice with death the effect is achieved because the concept of death (whether or not in the form of the Grim Reaper) is enriched with an additional input space of a player. In this way, the frame of game playing (which is normally perceived a leisurely activity) and the domains of players (who do not treat the outcome of the game very seriously) overlap and tone down the other, rather gloomy input spaces. The metaphoric blend therefore permits us to think and talk about one of the most negatively evaluated human experiences, dying, in terms of one of the most positive experiences, playing a game. The obvious emotional appeal of this blending strategy helps explain its popularity across languages and cultures.

The study of metaphorization processes in scientific texts is essential in terminological studies and the conceptual representation of specialized knowledge. It is considered to be a prolific tool in the creation of neologisms. Many cognitive models tried to study metaphorisation processes by drawing on metaphor and metonymy based on linguistic evidence. However, recent studies have highlighted the necessity of carrying out empirical tests in order to provide refined results that go beyond the traditional theories of conceptual metaphor and metonymy. This paper analyzes the underlying metaphor in the ‘carbon capture and sequestration’ event in both English and Arabic. It also discusses the influence of English, the lingua franca, in the transfer of the neologism ‘carbon capture and sequestration’, via translation processes, and its role in the so-called domain loss in the target language. Results were obtained through a corpus-based contrastive terminological analysis, extracted from specialized texts in English and Arabic in the subdomain of climate change. Data analysis was approached from the perspective of Frame-Based Terminology and Conceptual Complexes., FFI2017-89127-P Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness

La metaphore est reconnue comme un mecanisme important de changement lexical et semantique et est un outil particulierement productif pour creer de nouveaux euphemismes afin de mentionner des sujets tabous (Crespo Fernandez [2006]). Cet article se concentre sur les metaphores de la mort, et plus particulierement sur l’influence possible qu’ont les interactions entre la metaphore et la metonymie sur la nature X-phemistique (Allan & Burridge [1991], [2006]) des metaphores de la mort et sur leur utilisation euphemistique continue en langue anglaise. Il s’appuie sur 122 occurrences metaphoriques tirees de trois series televisees differentes (Six Feet Under, House, M.D. et Grey’s Anatomy), recueillies selon les recommandations du groupe Pragglejaz [2007]. Un nombre important d’occurrences de metaphores de la mort (principalement celles utilisant des domaines sources tels que journey, loss, ou rest, par exemple) ont tendance a etre figees et plutot euphemiques, ce qui semble confirmer ce qui etait indique ou suggere dans des travaux anterieurs (voir Allan & Burridge [1991], [2006], Bultinck [1998] ou Crespo Fernandez [2006]). Il semble que les interactions entre metonymie et metaphore (voir Goossens [2002], Geeraerts [2002], Ruiz de Mendoza & Galera-Masegosa [2011], Kovecses [2013]) expliquent en partie la nature euphemique de ces metaphores : en raison de l’omnipresence de la dichotomie corps-esprit dans les religions et les cultures occidentales, les metaphores de la mort sont souvent combinees a des metonymies dans lesquelles une personne decedee est soit conceptualisee comme un corps mort, soit comme une âme. Les conceptualisations du corps mort ont tendance a etre dysphemiques (comme dans les realisations des metaphores a dead body is rotting food) tandis que les conceptualisations de l’âme du defunt ont tendance a etre euphemiques (comme dans les realisations des metaphores death is a journey). Il s’agit egalement de prendre en compte la dimension diachronique des X-phemismes dans la mesure ou certains emplois sont attestes depuis le XIIe siecle ; le processus d’usure de l’euphemisme (qui pourrait etre defini comme le phenomene de changement lexical resultant de l’evolution semantique des euphemismes existants) semble etre plus lent pour les metaphores de la mort, qui ont tendance a etre combinees a des metonymies (comme a person is a soul), que pour les metaphores d’autres domaines tabous.

Although the Afrikaans word beker carries strong religious and other connotations, among them references to the Eucharist cup, the contribution of this article is to highlight, within a cognitive semantics framework, the role that cognitive mechanisms such as metaphor and metonymy played in the creation of this symbol. The article aims to illustrate the following: that the two signs of the Christian Eucharist, the bread and the wine, are grounded in conceptual metaphors of eating and drinking; that two conceptual drink metaphors are present when the symbol of the cup is analysed; that a related concept, that of metonymy, acts as a cognitive trigger, thus enabling the realisation of the symbol; and that other factors such as culture and religious symbolism played a significant role in the whole process. A corpus linguistics methodology is used to identify expressions containing the word beker . In analysing the expressions, Conceptual Metaphor Theory is used as a theoretical framework. It is found that conceptual metaphors such as nourishment is drinking and suffering is drinking underlie metaphoric expressions with beker . The metonymy container [the cup] for contained [the wine or blood] plays an important role in enabling the metaphors. In the images of the Eucharist cup and the broken bread, powerful metaphors arising from our bodily experience, denoting suffering and death on the one hand, and joy, nourishment and life on the other hand, are united to form the symbol.

Drawing on Cognitive Linguistic theories of metaphor and metonymy, in this paper we deal with the interaction between metaphor and metonymy in non-idiomatic Greek expressions. Data from (self-compiled and electronic) corpora show that metonymy functions together with metaphor as a realization of metaphtonymy, and the interaction patterns revealed here are closer to the ‘metaphor from metonymy’ type of interaction (Goossens 1995). It is also argued that a specific construction is instantiated in addition to metaphor and metonymy.

On the basis of corpus data and in consonance with cognitively-oriented constructionist approaches to language, mainly the work by Goldberg (1995, 2006) and the developments in Ruiz de Mendoza and Mairal (2008, 2011), we ofer a fine-grained analysis of some specific instantiations of the resultative pattern based on the prepositional phrase to death. The analysis starts of from the classification of verb classes made by Levin (1993). The verbs in some of these classes are readily available for fusion into the resultative configuration. Others call for reconstrual in terms of high-level metaphor and/or metonymy before they can conform to the requirements of the pattern mentioned above. Thus, we focus on the way in which the resultative pattern overwrites the properties of some lexical groups of verbs through the licensing activity of such cognitive mechanisms as high-level metaphor and metonymy. Additionally, the prepositional phrase to death is shown to perform two key communicative functions from among those put forward by Boas (2003): placing emphasis on an end point or rendering a vague point clear. Finally, the paper examines the hyperbolic load of the PP to death in some contexts where this PP is seen as converting an argument-structure construction into an implicational one conveying the speaker's (usually negative) reaction to a given state of affairs. © John Benjamins Publishing Company.

In recent work, idioms have in many traditions been assimilated to the study of metaphor. An idiom such as ‘spill the beans’ is understood against the conceptual metaphors, THE MIND IS A CONTAINER and IDEAS ARE ENTITIES for instance. Such a treatment implies that idioms are processed online, calling up in their production the conceptual metaphors which support them. In this article an alternative treatment is put forward whereby idioms are lexical in nature. The argument has two parts. First, the constituent collocates of idioms share a number of key grammatical properties with non-idiomatic lexemes. Even in their idiomatic usage they must in some sense be normal lexemes. Secondly, at the same time, idioms are shown to be distinctive in terms of their discourse properties, in particular the fact of idiomaticity restricting the referentiality of idiomatic nouns. Drawing broadly on ideas developed within psycholinguistic treatments of idiomaticity, a model of idioms is developed whereby idioms are seen as lexically compositional against a rich polysemy of their stipulated, constituent lexemes. While, it may be inferred, metonymic and metaphoric associations led to the lexical polysemy of the constituent collocates, metonymy and metaphor play no necessary role in their online production and processing. The argument is developed on the basis of a detailed discussion of idioms in Nigerian Arabic. The data derives from a large, oral corpus (400,000 words), in which the conventional nature of idiomaticity is underscored by the quantitative preponderance of idiomatic meanings among basic body part nouns such as ṛaas ‘head’ and gaḷb ‘heart’.

The traditional view of idioms suggests that they are expressions with arbitrary meanings. The cognitive linguistics view however, has it that the meanings of idioms can be interpreted by some cognitive operations. This study, using Igbo idioms pertaining to body-parts, attempts to ascertain the cognitive operations that apply in Igbo idiomatic meaning interpretation. Data for the study were extracted from Igbo textbooks and analysed based on the cognitive linguistics framework. The study shows that the figurative meanings of the selected body-part idioms are generally achieved by conventional knowledge, metaphor and metonymy. It equally reveals that conventional knowledge is a basic tool in idiomatic meaning interpretation as it can solely account for the meaning of an expression. Finally, it can be concluded that a single cognitive mechanism or a combination of two or more of such mechanisms can be employed in the figurative meaning interpretation of Igbo body-parts idioms.Keywords: Conventional knowledge, Idioms, Metaphor, Metonymy

In this paper I analyze the role of metaphor and metonymy in framing conflict events. In particular, when framing a terrorist attack in media discourse these two linguistic elements are crucial for the interpretation of the event. The data from two Russian newspapers, the “Novaja Gazeta” and the “Rossijskaja Gazeta”, show how metaphorical and metonymical processes are used to promote a particular interpretation and modify the structure of the event itself.

This article examines the interpretations of high school students from different socioeconomic locations (in terms of socioeconomic class and ethnicity) with regard to the text Brown Morning, used as a didactic tool for antiracism education within the framework of Civics courses. The research findings uncover differences in the students’ interpretations of the text. An in-depth understanding of these differences will be attained through clinical analyses based on the distinctions between metaphor and metonymy made by linguist Roman Jakobson. Among students from low socioeconomic locations, interpretations related to racism were dominated by metonymic characteristics, while that of students from higher socioeconomic locations were predominantly metaphoric. Study findings do not only show the different interpretations among the students, but also the various ways in which metaphorical and metonymic language affect teachers. These analyses will focus on the reasons for these differences and their imp...

This article focuses on the interplay between metaphor and metonymy in the construction of organization theory. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the relationship between the use of metaphor as a way of thinking and a way of being, and the specific metaphors that are produced through this process. It suggests that too much emphasis is often placed on metaphors as abstracted epistemological constructs rather than on understanding the more dynamic and changing role they play in the interactive modes of engagement through which people seek to grasp, concretize and act on their world. Developing the approach and ideas first presented in Images of Organization, this article suggests that a flexible use of metaphor can help us engage and understand the multidimensional and paradoxical nature of organizational life and help us to deal with the emerging issues shaping the contemporary socio-political–technological–organizational landscape. The article suggests that because most current approaches in social science are overly-focused on the study of abstracted metonymical constructs, they will have difficulty dealing with the multidimensional complexity we now face.

Since newspapers is a one way communication where they provide information and people receive it, the readers have to be able to understand the whole messages without the chance to clarify and to ask the other parties. This paper aims at revealing the type of metonymy and metaphor used in five selected news articles related to sports in The Jakarta Post, and describing why metonymy and metaphor are used in the news articles. Furthermore, this research is a qualitative research which aims at describing and discussing about the use of metaphor and metonymy in the news articles related to sports. The result revealed that there are only two types of metonymy found in the news articles namely represented entity for representative and whole for part where the most dominant type is represented entity for representative. Furthermore, all types of metaphor can be found in the data, but the most dominant type is structural metaphor. These articles tend to use represented entity for representative since it discusses about athletes and teams which play as the representative of their country. Meanwhile, the dominant use of structural metaphor because the writer tend to describe the athletes and teams as another concrete object.

This chapter discusses and reflects on the contributions in the “metaphor analysis in multimodal discourse” part of the current book, and sketches developments and challenges in CMMT (Conceptual Metaphor & Metonymy Theory). Specifically, aspiring multimodality scholars are exhorted to invest time and energy in learning about other modes and media than the one they have been trained to analyze; to familiarize themselves with other theoretical paradigms; to investigate other tropes besides metaphor and metonymy; and to be aware of the crucial importance of genre.

In recent decades, the development of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, put forward by Lakoff and other scholars. In this light, metaphor and metonymy have been found to provide a semantic motivation for a considerable number of idiomatic expressions. Within this framework, the present contribution explores the cognitive motivation of food idioms in English (e.g., &lsquo, be a cup of tea,&rsquo, &lsquo, bread and butter,&rsquo, walking on eggshells&rsquo, ) and Spanish (e.g., darse pisto, tener mala uva, cortar el bacalao). The analysis reveals that idiomatic meaning often relies on metaphoric amalgams and metonymic chains, or on the interaction between metaphor and metonymy.

In general, this article aims at exploring a selected fragment of the Ancient Greek language, namely the metaphors and metonymies related to food and feasting to be found in Old Attic Comedy. More specifically, the aim of the present article is twofold. First, it is to show how food and feasting were indirectly referred to in Ancient Greece by means of metaphor and metonymy. Second, it aims at investigating how food and feasting were used to metaphorically and metonymically talk and, more importantly, think about other spheres of life. In other words, the article is to show how food and feasting were used in Ancient Greece as both sources and targets of metaphoric and metonymic operations. Bearing in mind the Cognitive Linguistic principle of the embodiment of language, in order to analyze the selected linguistic expressions, the authors of this article also shed some light on the culture and the way of thinking of Ancient Greeks, or figuratively speaking, as Goethe would have put it, the authors “go to the poet’s land”.

В статье представлены современные лингвистические теории, которые рассматривают метафтонимию в когнитивном и лингвокультурологическом аспектах., The article presents a review of the modern linguistic theories of metaphtonymy in the cognitive and linguoculturological aspects and studies the interaction between metaphor and metonymy. Metaphtonymy does not only have a contextual meaning but, as a global method of conceptualization of reality and a way of reasoning, is capable of expressing and forming the national linguistic worldview, national mentality and national image. The article specially focuses on multimodal (multimedia) metaphtonymy which is created through using various methods of content representation (juxtaposition of texts, images, music, films, etc.)., Политическая лингвистика, Issue № 4 (76), Pages 129-133