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A B S T R A C T Introduction and objectives: The left atrium is clinically relevant in patients with mitral valve stenosis. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty on left atrium volumes and the left atrium emptying fraction in symptomatic mitral valve stenosis patients using 2-dimensional and real-time 3-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. Methods: We carried out a prospective study of 28 consecutive symptomatic mitral valve stenosis patients, aged 22-72 (39 (11.5)) years, 24/28 (85.6%) women, who underwent to percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty between March 2009 and May 2011. Patients underwent 2- and 3-dimensional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography (atrial fibrillation) and invasive mitral valve area measurement. Echocardiographic analysis was performed before, 72 h after and 12 months after percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty. The following parameters were analyzed: a) mitral valve area (2-dimensional planimetry, pressure half-time, 3-dimensional echocardiography, invasive hemody- namic measurement); b) indexed left atrium maximum and indexed minimum volumes, and c) left atrium emptying fraction. Results: The 3-dimensional parameters of the mitral valve stenosis patients before and 72 h and 12 months after percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty were as follows: a) mitral valve area: 0.9 (0.1) cm 2 ; 1.8 (0.2) cm 2 (P

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a experiência do Instituto do Coração com a utilização de próteses mecânicas de duplo folheto. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: No período compreendido entre junho de 1989 e agosto de 1998, foram implantadas 323 próteses mecânicas de duplo folheto em 300 pacientes. A idade média foi de 38,7 ± 18,4 anos. Cento e noventa e um (63,7%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino. A etiologia foi reumática em 161 (53,7%) pacientes. Foram realizadas 186 substituições da valva aórtica, 89 da valva mitral, 2 da valva tricúspide, 22 substituições mitro-aórticas e 1 mitro-tricuspídea. Quanto à classe funcional (CF), 73 (24,3%) pacientes se encontravam em CF IV, 165 (55,4%) em CF III e 61 (20,3%) em CF II. RESULTADOS: A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 9% (27 pacientes), sendo de 13,5% no grupo mitral, 7,5% no grupo aórtico e 4,5% no mitro-aórtico. As taxas linearizadas dos eventos no pós-operatório tardio são: 0,2% pacientes/ano (pac./ano) para endocardite, 0,3% pac./ano para escape paravalvar, 0,2% pac./ano para hemorragia relacionada à anticoagulação e 1,0% pac./ano para tromboembolismo. No pós-operatório tardio 213 (91%) pacientes encontram-se em classe funcional I ,16 (6,8%) em CF II e 4 (1,7%) em CF III e 1 (0,5%) em CF IV. A sobrevida actuarial em 9 anos foi de 68,1 ± 15,5% para a posição mitral e 67,5 ± 10,8% para a aórtica. CONCLUSÃO: Concluímos que os resultados com a utilização das próteses mecânicas de duplo folheto são satisfatórios.

OBJETIVO: Analisar os intervalos de tempo entre o início da Fibrilação Ventricular/Taquicardia Ventricular (FV/TV) e os principais procedimentos realizados. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas e filmadas 20 simulações de FV/TV em ambiente hospitalar, utilizando-se manequim estático, ocorridas em dia e hora aleatórios. Todas as equipes tinham o mesmo nível de habilidades. Foram analisados os tempos (em s) relativos ao suporte básico de vida (SBV) - chegada da equipe (TC) confirmação da parada (TCP) início da RCP (TI) e os tempos relativos ao suporte avançado de vida (SAV) - 1º desfibrilação (TD) 1º dose de adrenalina (TA) e intubação orotraqueal (TIOT). As variáveis foram analisadas e comparadas em dois grupos: unidade de cuidados intensivos (UCI) e enfermarias com telemetria (ETL). RESULTADOS: ETL x UCI respectivamente - TC (70,2+38,7 x 38,6+49,2); TCP (89,4+57,1 x 71+63,9); TI (166,8+81,1 x 142+66,2); TD (282,5+142,8 x 108,4+52,5); TA (401,4+161,7 x 263,3+122,8) e TIOT (470,3+150,6 x 278,8+98,8). Apresenta a comparação das médias de tempos entre os dois grupos. CONCLUSÃO: As diferenças observadas em relação a TD, TA e TIOT favoráveis à UCI estão associadas às facilidades de realização das manobras de SAV nesse ambiente. Os tempos relacionados ao SBV foram semelhantes nos dois grupos, reforçando a necessidade do uso de desfibriladores semi-automáticos mesmo em ambiente hospitalar. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the time intervals between the beginning of the Ventricular Fibrilation/Ventricular Taquicardia (VF/VT) and the main procedures made. METHODS: Twenty VF/VT simulations were performed and filmed in a hospital environment, using a static mannequin, on random days at random times. All teams had the same level of skills. The times (in sec.) related to basic life support (BLS) - arrival of the team (AT), confirmation of the arrest (CAT), beginning of the CPR (IT) and the times related to the advanced life support (ALS) - 1st defibrillation (DT), 1st dose of adrenalin (AT) and orotracheal intubation (OTIT). The variables were analyzed and compared in two groups: intensive care unit (ICU) and wards with telemetry (TLW). RESULTS:The results in both groups was in that order (GW x ICU ) - AT (70.2+38.7 x 38.6+49.2); CCA (89.4+57.1 x 71+63.9); SC (166.8+81.1 x 142+66.2); FD (282.5+142.8 x 108.4+52.5); FE (401.4+161.7 x 263.3+122.8) e OI (470.3+150.6x278.8+98.8). Shows the comparison of the average times between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The differences noted in relation to DT, AT and OTIT favorable to ICU are associated to the facility of performance of the ALS maneuvers in such environment. The BLS-related times were similar in both groups, which reinforce the need for the use of semi-automatic defibrillators, even in a hospital environment.

Neste trabalho comparamos os resultados da mortalidade nas reoperações valvares, a fim de estabelecer a gravidade das reoperações conservadoras e das retrocas, analisando a influência do número de procedimentos nos resultados. Foram estudados 296 pacientes cujas idades variaram de cinco a 72 anos, com média de 34,5 anos. Duzentos e oito pacientes foram submetidos à reoperação mitral, sendo realizada recomissurotomia em 23 (7,8%) pacientes, terceira comissurotomia em dois (0,7%), primeira substituição mitral em 26 (8,8%), segunda troca mitral em 127 (42,9%), terceira troca em um (0,3%). Reoperação em valva aórtica foi realizada em 67 pacientes, sendo primeira troca aórtica por reestenose em cinco (1,7%) pacientes, segunda troca em 28 (16,2%), terceira troca aórtica em 11 (3,7%) e quarta troca em três (1%). Retroca mitro-aórtica foi realizada em 19 (6,4%) pacientes, retroca tricúspide em um (0,3%) e retroca mítrotricuspídea também em um (0,3%) pacientes. A mortalidade na recomissurotomia mitral foi de 0% (0/26); na primeira troca mitral foi de 15,4% (4/26); na segunda troca 15,0% (19/127); na terceira troca 15,4% (4/26); na quarta e quinta trocas (4 casos) mitrais não houve mortalidade. Na primeira troca aórtica a mortalidade foi de 40% (2/5); a segunda substituição aórtica foi de 14,6% (7/48); na terceira não houve mortalidade (0/11) e na quarta a mortalidade foi de 100% (3/3). Na segunda substituição mitro-aórtica a mortalidade foi de 10,5% (2/19). A análise estatística dos dados não demonstrou relação entre a mortalidade e o número de operações previamente realizadas. In this paper we analyse the mortality results in the valve reoperation. We compare the results of the conservative procedures and valve replacement, and relating this results to the number of previous operations. Two hundred and ninety-six patients were included in this paper, aged five to 72 years. Two hundred and eigth patients were submitted to mitral reoperations, 23 (7.8%) mitral recomissurotomy, two (0,7%) third comissurotomy, 26 (8.8%) first mitral valve replacement, 127 (42.9%) second mitral valve replacement, 26 (8.8%) third mitral valve replacement, three (1%) fourth mitral valve replacement. Aortic reoperations were performed in 67 patients, five (1.7%) first aortic replacement, 48 (16.2%) second aortic replacement, 11 (3.7) third aortic replacement and three (1%), fourth. Nineteen (6.4%) patients were submitted to mitro-aortic rereplacement, one (0.3%) to tricuspid rereplacement and one 0.3%) to mitrotricuspid rereplacement. The Hospital mortality was 0% (0/26), in mitral recomissurotomies, 15,4% (4/26) in first mitral replacement and no mortality in fourth and fifth mitral valve replacement. Relating to the aortic patients the Hospital mortality was 40% (2/5) in the first replacement, 14.6% (7/48) in the second replacement, no mortality (0/11) in the third replacement and 100% (3/3) in the fourth replacement. Relating to the mitro-aortic patients the statistical analysis showed no relation between mortality and mumber of previous operation.

Introduction: The purpose of this pilot clinical study was to determine if a novel chest compression device would improve hemodynamics when compared to manual chest compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in humans. The device is an automated self-adjusting electromechanical chest compressor based on AutoPulse TM technology (Revivant Corporation) that uses a load distributing compression band (A-CPR) to compress the anterior chest. Methods: A total of 31 sequential subjects with in-hospital sudden cardiac arrest were screened with institutional review board approval. All subjects had received prior treatment for cardiac disease and most had co-morbidities. Subjects were included following 10 min of failed standard advanced life support (ALS) protocol. Fluid-filled catheters were advanced into the thoracic aorta and the right atrium and placement was confirmed by pressure waveforms and chest radiograph. The coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) was measured as the difference between the aortic and right atrial pressure during the chest compression’s decompressed state. Following 10 min of failed ALS and catheter placement, subjects received alternating manual and A-CPR chest compressions for 90 s each. Chest compressions were administered without ventilation pauses at 100 compressions/min for manual CPR and 60 compressions/min for A-CPR. All subjects were intubated and ventilated by bag-valve at 12 breaths/min between compressions. Epinephrine (adrenaline) (1 mg i.v. bolus) was given at the request of the attending physician at 3–5 min intervals. Usable pressure signals were present in 16 patients (68 ± 6 years, 5 female), and data are reported from those patients only. A-CPR chest compressions increased peak aortic pressure when compared to manual chest compression (153 ± 28 mmHg versus 115 ± 42 mmHg, P< 0.0001, mean ± S.D.). Similarly, A-CPR increased peak right atrial pressure when compared to manual chest compression (129 ± 32 mmHg versus 83 ± 40 mmHg, P< 0.0001). Furthermore, A-CPR increased CPP over manual chest compression (20 ± 12 mmHg versus 15 ± 11 mmHg, P< 0.015). Manual chest compressions were of consistent high quality (51 ± 20 kg) and in all cases met or exceeded American Heart Association guidelines for depth of compression. Conclusion: Previous research has shown that increased CPP is correlated to increased coronary blood flow and increased rates of restored native circulation from sudden cardiac arrest. The A-CPR system using AutoPulse technology demonstrated increased coronary perfusion pressure over manual chest compression during CPR in this terminally ill patient population. © 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

OBJECTIVE - To analyze the immediate and late results of mitral valve repair with quadrangular resection of the posterior leaflet without the use of a prosthetic ring annuloplasty. METHODS - Using this technique, 118 patients with mitral valve prolapse who underwent mitral repair from January '84 through December '96 were studied. Age ranged from 30 to 86 (mean = 59.1±11.8) years and 62.7% were males. An associated surgery was performed in 22% of the patients, and coronary artery bypass graft was the most frequently performed surgery (15 patients - 12.7%). In 20 (16.9%) patients other associated techniques of mitral valve repair were used and shortening of elongated chordae tendineae was the most frequent one (6 patients). RESULTS - Immediate mortality was 0.9% (one patient). Long-term rates for thromboembolism, endocarditis, re-operation and death in the late postoperative period were 0.4%, 0.4%, 1.7% and 2.2% patients/year, respectively. The actuarial curve of survival was 83.8±8.6% over 12 years; survival free from re-operation was 91.8±4.3%, free from endocarditis was 99.2±0.8% and free from thromboembolism was 99.2±0.8%. In the late postoperative period, 93.8% of the patients were in functional class 1 (NYHA), with a complete follow-up in 89.7% of the patients. CONCLUSION - Patients with mitral valve prolapse who undergo mitral valve repair using this technique have a satisfactory prognosis over 12 years.

Objetivo: Analisar os resultados tardios da plástica da valva mitral em pacientes reumáticos. Casuística e Métodos: Durante o período de março de 1980 a dezembro de 1997, 201 pacientes portadores de insuficiência mitral secundária a febre reumática foram submetidos à plástica da valva mitral, no Instituto do Coração do HCFMUSP. A idade média foi de 26,9 ± 15,4 anos e 59,7% dos pacientes eram do sexo feminino. Outros diagnósticos estavam presentes em 67,7% dos pacientes, sendo o mais freqüente a insuficiência tricúspide (31,3%). As técnicas de plástica da valva mitral foram: anel de Carpentier em 75 (37,3%), anuloplastia com tira posterior de pericárdio bovino em 68 (33,8%), anuloplastia posterior segmentar em 16 (7,9%), ressecção quadrangular da cúspide posterior com plicatura do anel correspondente em 11 (5,5%), ressecção de segmento da cúspide anterior em 6 (3%), anuloplastia tipo De Vega em 6 (3%), Kay em 5 (2,5%), Reed em 4 (2%) e outras em 10 pacientes. Técnicas associadas de plástica foram empregadas em 94 (46,8%) pacientes, sendo a mais freqüente o encurtamento de cordas (48 pacientes - 23,9%). Cirurgias associadas foram realizadas em 113 pacientes (56,2%). As curvas actuariais de Kaplan-Meier foram comparadas através de análise de regressão linear. Resultados: A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 4 (2,0%) pacientes, e as causas de mortalidade foram a falência de múltiplos órgãos em 2 (50%) pacientes e o baixo débito cardíaco em 2 (50%). No pós-operatório tardio, 83,9% dos pacientes se encontravam em classe funcional I (NYHA). A sobrevida actuarial foi de 93,9 ± 1,9% em 125 meses. Vinte e três pacientes foram reoperados no pós-operatório tardio, com um intervalo médio de 35,7 meses. A sobrevida livre de reoperação foi 43,3 ± 13,7% em 125 meses. Analisando-se separadamente os pacientes segundo a faixa etária, no grupo menor de 16 anos (Grupo 1) a sobrevida actuarial foi de 91,3 ± 3,8%, contra uma sobrevida de 95,6 ± 2,7% no grupo maior de 16 anos (Grupo 2), com uma diferença estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,0001). Com relação à sobrevida livre de reoperação, também houve uma diferença significativa (p < 0,0001), sendo 50,8 ± 16,9% para o Grupo 1 e 47,0 ± 14,9% para o Grupo 2. Conclusão: Os resultados tardios com a plástica da valva mitral na insuficiência mitral reumática são satisfatórios. Purpose: To analyze the late results of mitral valve repair in rheumatic patients. Material and Methods: Between March 1980 and December 1997, 201 rheumatic patients underwent mitral valve repair in the Heart Institute of HCFMUSP. Average age was 26.9 ± 15.4 years and 59.6% were female. Other diagnoses were present in 67.7% of patients and the most common was tricuspid regurgitation (31.3%). The techniques of repair were: Carpentier ring annuloplasty in 75 (37.3%), posterior annuloplasty with pericardial sling in 68 (33.8%), posterior segmental annuloplasty in 16 (7.9%), quadrangular resection of the posterior leaflet in 11 (5.5%), partial resection of the anterior leaflet in 6 (3%), De Vega type annuloplasty in 6 (3%), Kay in 5 (2.5%), Reed in 4 (2%) and others in 10 patients. Associated techniques were employed in 94 patients (46.8%), the most frequent was chordal shortening (48 patients - 23.9%). Associated procedures were performed in 113 patients (56.2%). The actuarial curves (Kaplan-Meier) were compared through linear regression analysis. Results: Hospital mortality was 4 patients (2.0%) and the causes were multiorgan failure in 2 (50%) and low cardiac output in 2 (50%). In the late postoperative period, 83.9% of the patients were in functional class I (NYHA). The actuarial survival was 93.9 ± 1.9% in 125 months. Twenty three patients were reoperated in the post-operative period with a mean interval of 35.7 months. The actuarial freedom from reoperation was 43.3 ± 13.7% in 125 months. Comparing the patients according to age, in the group over 16 years (group 1), the actuarial survival was 91.3 ± 3.8%, against 95.6 ± 2.7% in the group with more than 16 years (group 2), with a statistic difference (p < 0.0001). Freedom from reoperation was 50.8 ± 16.9% in group 1 and 47.0 ± 14.9% in group 2 (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Late results with mitral valve repair in rheumatic mitral insufficiency were satisfactory.

No período de março de 1982 a dezembro de 1995 foram implantadas biopróteses de pericárdio bovino Fisics-Incor em 2259 pacientes. A média de idade foi de 47,2 ± 17,5 anos e 55% eram do sexo masculino. A principal etiologia das lesões foi a febre reumática em 1031 (45,7%) pacientes. Foram realizadas 1073 substituições da valva aórtica, 1085 mitral, 195 mitro-aórtica, 27 tricúspide e 16 substituições combinadas. Cirurgias associadas foram realizadas em 788 (32,9%) pacientes, predominando a plástica da valva tricúspide (9,2%) e a revascularização do miocárdio (7,7%). A mortalidade hospitalar global foi de 194 (8,6%) pacientes, 8,6% na substituição mitral isolada, 4,7% na aórtica e 12,8% na mitro-aórtica. As taxas linearizadas para os eventos calcificação, tromboembolismo, rotura, escape e endocardite são, respectivamente: 1,1%; 0,2%; 0,9%; 0,1% e 0,5% pacientes/ano. A curva actuarial de sobrevida é de 56,7% ± 5,4% em 15 anos. Livre de endocardite foi de 91,9% ± 2%, livre de tromboembolismo de 95 ± 1,7%, livre de rotura de 43,7 ± 19,8%, livre de escape 98,9 ± 4,5% e livre de calcificação de 48,8 ± 7,9% em 15 anos. No pós-operatório tardio 1614 (80,6%) pacientes encontram-se em classe funcional I (NYHA). Podemos concluir que os pacientes submetidos a implante de biopróteses de pericárdio bovino apresentaram evolução satisfatória. Between March 1982 and December 1995, 2607 Fisics-Incor bovine pericardial bioprostheses were implanted in 2259 patients. The average age was 47.2 ± 17.5 years, and 55% were male. Rheumatic fever was present in 1031 (45.7%) patients. We performed 1073 aortic valve replacements, 1085 mitral replacements, 27 tricuspid replacements, 195 mitral-aortic replacements, and other 16 combined valve replacements. There were associated procedures in 788 (32.9%) patients, the most frequent being tricuspid valve repair (9.2%) and myocardial revascularization (7.7%). The hospital mortality was 194 (8.6%) patients, 8.6% for the mitral group, 4.7% for the aortic, and 12.8% for the double valve replacements. The linearized rates for calcification, thromboembolism, rupture, leak and endocarditis were, respectively, 1.1%; 0.2%; 0.9%; 0.1% and 0.5% patient-year. The actuarial survival curve was 56.7 ± 5.4% in 15 years. Free from endocarditis was 91.9 ± 2%, thromboembolism 95 ± 1,7%, rupture 43.7 ± 9.8%, leak 98.9 ± 4.5%, and calcification 48.8 ± 7.9% in 15 years. In the late post-operative period, 1614 (80.6%) patients were in NYHA functional class I. We conclude that the results with the Fisics-Incor bovine pericardial bioprostheses were satisfactory in our group of patients.