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Introduction Neurological alterations can generate swallowing disorders and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing is one of the tests performed for its diagnosis, as well as assistance in dysphagia management. Objective To identify and describe a fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing standardized protocol for the neurological adult population and its stages. Methods Systematic review registered on the PROSPERO platform (CRD42018069428), carried out on the websites: MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and Scielo; published between 2009 and 2020. Randomized clinical trials, cross-sectional, and longitudinal studies were included. Two independent judges evaluated the study design and extracted the data from the selected studies. Doubts regarding inclusion or not of the studies were evaluated by a third judge. Scientific articles included were those with adult neurological remained patients with outcomes: (1) diagnosis of swallowing disorder (2) change in sensitivity in laryngeal region (3) penetration of food offered (4) aspiration of food offered. Results 3724 articles were initially selected, after personalized search for patients with neurological alterations 101 studies remained. In the end, 21 qualitative studies from 2009 to 2020 remained in the systematic review and they were described in detail and compared. Seven articles used protocols of the institutions in which the research took place and four mentioned using the same protocol. The reliable reproducibility of the protocols is feasible only in three of the articles, even presenting different protocols. Conclusion There is no standard or validated protocol to assess the swallowing function of adults with neurological diseases. Resumo Introdução As alterações neurológicas podem gerar distúrbios deglutitórios e a videoendoscopia da deglutição é um dos exames feitos para o seu diagnóstico e auxílio no manejo da disfagia. Objetivo Identificar e descrever o protocolo para videoendoscopia da deglutição padronizado para a população adulta com transtornos neurológicos e suas etapas. Método Revisão sistemática registrada na plataforma Prospero (CRD42018069428), realizada nos sites: Medline, Cochrane Library e Scielo; publicados entre 2009 e 2020. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos randomizados, estudos transversais e longitudinais. Dois avaliadores independentes analisaram o delineamento do estudo e extrairam os dados dos estudos selecionados. As dúvidas de inclusão ou não dos estudos foram avaliadas por um terceiro avaliador. Artigos científicos incluídos englobam pacientes adultos neurológicos. Os desfechos avaliados: 1) diagnóstico de distúrbio deglutitório ou disfagia; (2) alteração de sensibilidade em região laríngea; (3) penetração laríngea do bolo alimentar ofertado; (4) aspiração traqueal do bolo alimentar ofertado. Resultados Foram selecionados inicialmente 3.724 artigos, após busca personalizada para pacientes com alterações neurológicas permaneceram 101 estudos. Ao final, 21 estudos qualitativos de 2009 a 2020 permaneceram na revisão sistemática e foram descritos detalhadamente e comparados. Sete estudos usaram protocolos das instituições promotoras e quatro citaram usar o mesmo protocolo. A reprodutibilidade fidedigna dos protocolos é viável apenas em três dos artigos, mesmo com protocolos diferentes. Conclusões Não há protocolo padronizado ou validado para avaliar a deglutição da população adulta neurológica.

Los profesionales de la salud de las unidades de endoscopia tienen un posible riesgo de infección por SARS-CoV-2 por diferentes vías: inhalación de gotitas en el aire, aerosoles, contacto conjuntival y transmisión fecal-oral. Objetivo Describir la detección del SARS-CoV-2, en una serie de pacientes, programados para endoscopia digestiva en el Hospital Santa Caterina. Salt. (Girona). Métodos Estudio descriptivo de una serie de casos de pacientes programados para endoscopia durante el mes de mayo de 2020, en el reinicio de la actividad endoscópica después del pico pandémico, siguiendo las recomendaciones de SCD, SEED, AEG y ESGE. Examinamos muestras nasofaríngeas 48-72 horas antes de la cita, mediante RT-PCR a todos los pacientes. La extracción del ARN se hizo mediante kits: Qiagen®-adaptado, BiosSprint®96-DNA-Blood-Kit (384). Para amplificación-detección del SARS-CoV-2 se siguieron métodos recomendados por la OMS y el CDC. Resultados Se programaron 110 pacientes asintomáticos sin contacto estrecho con positivo los 14 días previos; 105 (96,4%) fueron negativos y 5 (4,5%) positivos. Dos pacientes desarrollaron clínica respiratoria después del diagnóstico (presintomáticos) y 3 continuaron asintomáticos. Los 5 pacientes eran casos autóctonos y sin antecedentes de viaje o residencia en otra ciudad o país asociado a alta prevalencia de infección. Cuatro casos fueron mujeres entre 60-81 años. El gen N fue detectado en todos los casos. Conclusiones Se detectó una alta prevalencia de infección por SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes programados por endoscopia digestiva. Dado el riesgo de transmisión a los profesionales, consideramos recomendable realizar RT-PCR del SARS-CoV-2 48-72 horas antes de la exploración en situaciones de alta incidencia poblacional.

To demonstrate our experience in treating pyriform fossa sinus tracts (PFST) using a novel technique of endoscopic cauterisation of the pyriform fossa sinus opening combined with injection of sodium carboxymethylcellulose gel (VoiceGel) lateral to the tract to encourage tight closure.Over a 48-month period, we used this technique on 11 patients who were diagnosed with PFST at BC Children's Hospital, a tertiary paediatric centre in Vancouver, BC, Canada.The 11 patients included 8 males and 3 females, and mean age at presentation was 69 months (range 22-108 months). Mean time from beginning of symptoms till diagnosis was 15 months (range 12-22 months). Ten PFST were on the left side of the neck and one on the right. Nine patients presented with recurrent neck infections and two had suppurative thyroiditis. All patients had endoscopic cauterisation of their PFST opening combined with injection of carboxymethylcellulose lateral to the sinus tract to cause tract collapse. Mean follow up was 15.8 months (range 8-24). All patients are asymptomatic without recurrence at the last follow-up visit. No post-operative complications were reported.Endoscopic management of paediatric PFST combined with the injection of sodium carboxymethylcellulose gel lateral to the sinus tract appears to be a safe and effective treatment option for PFST.Trattamento delle fistole congenite del seno piriforme mediante cauterizzazione endoscopica e iniezione di Voicegel.Descrivere la nostra esperienza nel trattamento delle fistole congenite del seno piriforme (PFST) utilizzando una nuova tecnica di cauterizzazione endoscopica del seno piriforme ed iniezione di gel di sodio carbossimetilcellulosa (VoiceGel) per favorire la chiusura del tramite.Per un periodo di 48 mesi, abbiamo utilizzato questa tecnica su undici bambini a cui è stata diagnosticata la PFST al BC Children’s Hospital, un centro pediatrico terziario di Vancouver, BC, Canada.Il gruppo di bambini includeva 8 maschi e 3 femmine, l’età media era di 69 mesi (range 22-108 mesi). Il tempo medio dall’inizio dei sintomi fino alla diagnosi è stato di 15 mesi (range 12-22 mesi). Dieci PFST erano sul lato sinistro del collo e uno a destra. 9 pazienti soffrivano di infezioni ricorrenti del collo e due avevano tiroidite suppurativa. Tutti i pazienti sono stati trattati mediante cauterizzazione endoscopica ed iniezione di carbossimetilcellulosa per cicatrizzare il tratto fistoloso. Il follow-up medio è stato di 15,8 mesi (range 8-24). Tutti i pazienti sono asintomatici, senza recidive al follow-up. Non sono state riportate complicanze postoperatorie.Il trattamento endoscopico della PFST pediatrica combinata con l’iniezione di gel di carbossimetilcellulosa di sodio sembra essere un’opzione terapeutica sicura ed efficace per le PFST.

Introducción: Las úlceras pépticas son lesiones inducidas por el ácido que se encuentran en el estómago y el duodeno. La prevalencia de la enfermedad de úlcera péptica en los Estados Unidos se estima en 8.4%. Objetivo: Describir una forma de presentación atípica de úlcera duodenal complicada que ocasiona ictericia y realizar una revisión de la literatura. Caso clínico: Paciente masculino de 42 años, que consultó por ictericia generalizada y coluria, asociado a dolor lumbar en tratamiento con antiinflamatorios no esteroideos. En el laboratorio presentaba, bilirrubina total aumentada a predomino directa. Se le realizo una colangiografía por resonancia magnética que reveló engrosamiento duodenal, con disminución de su luz; y una tomografía computada con doble contraste, donde se objetivó engrosamiento en las paredes duodenales, sin fuga de contraste oral. Posteriormente se realizó una video-endoscopía digestiva alta donde se objetivó una úlcera en bulbo duodenal de 30 mm. El paciente presento buena evolución con tratamiento médico, siendo otorgada el alta al quinto día de internación. Discusión: La ictericia puede ser ocasionada por una úlcera duodenal que ocasione la obstrucción del conducto biliar común. El tratamiento médico puede realizarse en pacientes seleccionados. En el presente caso se decidió optar por el tratamiento médico dado que el paciente presentaba estabilidad hemodinámica, sin signos de peritonitis generalizada, con estudios complementarios en favor de una úlcera duodenal contenida sin aire libre. Conclusión: Nos encontramos ante un caso de úlcera duodenal complicada con ictericia que presento buena evolución con tratamiento médico.

Ruolo degli approcci chirurgici multidisciplinari trans-orbitari nella gestione della patologia del basicranio.Sotto il termine “chirurgia trans-orbitaria” viene attualmente indicato un gruppo di procedure chirurgiche volte a raggiungere la base cranica, sfruttando la finestra orbitaria. Questo tipo di chirurgia si è dimostrata sicura ed efficace per la gestione di patologie selezionate della fossa cranica anteriore, della media e della fossa infratemporale. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è quello di effettuare una revisione della letteratura, con lo scopo di veicolare l’attenzione del lettore su quelle che sono le principali caratteristiche di questo tipo di chirurgia, concentrandosi in particolare sul necessario background anatomico e sul setting operatorio richiesto; riassumeremo le attuali indicazioni e controindicazioni ed evidenzieremo le possibili complicanze associate a tale chirurgia e le eventuali alternative da intraprendere. Pur reputando che questa chirurgia sia molto promettente nella gestione di alcune patologie del basicranio, vogliamo tuttavia sottolineare come non esista mai un approccio chirurgico migliore di un altro in termini assoluti, e che la scelta finale debba essere sempre il frutto di considerazioni che valutano molteplici elementi. In ultimo, si vuole sottolineare che, come in altre procedure sul basicranio, i migliori risultati si ottengono con una gestione multidisciplinare.The transorbital approaches are a group of surgical procedures performed passing through the orbital spaces and aimed to reach deeper areas. This kind of surgery has been proved to be safe and effective in the management of selected lesions of the anterior, middle and infratemporal fossa. The aim of the present study is to perform a review of the literature, in order to draw the reader’s attention on the main features of this kind of surgery, focusing on the anatomical background and the surgical setting; we will also summary the current indications and contraindications to this approach and find out the related complications and the possible alternatives. Even if we consider the transorbital approach as a promising route to the skull base, we underline that there is no better approach over another and the choice must always consider several elements. Furthermore, as for every skull base procedure, a multidisciplinary management is strongly advisable.

Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a rare autosomal dominant disease characterised by epistaxis. Surgical procedures for epistaxis vary from diathermocoagulation to nasal closure. The aim of this paper is to report our experience in endoscopic surgical management of epistaxis in HHT patients.This is a descriptive, longitudinal study carried out at the Otorhinolaryngology Department of IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo in Pavia, a reference centre for the treatment and diagnosis of HHT. We retrospectively evaluated HHT patients who underwent surgery for epistaxis from 1996 to 2015, including only those treated with endoscopic surgery.Among the 591 patients hospitalised and screened for HHT, 323 (54.7%) underwent endoscopic surgery for epistaxis, for a total of 679 procedures. General anaesthesia was used in 77.2% of procedures; argon plasma coagulation was the instrument of choice in the majority of patients, followed by lasers and quantum molecular resonance technology.We report one of the largest cohorts undergoing endoscopic treatment of epistaxis in HHT patients. This mini-invasive surgical treatment allowed us to control epistaxis without major complications and nasal packaging and can be repeated over time. For these reasons, we recommend it as first choice in case of epistaxis in HHT patients.Il trattamento endoscopico dell’epistassi nella teleangectasia emorragica ereditaria: la nostra esperienza.L’obiettivo di questo studio è riportare la nostra esperienza nel trattamento endoscopico dell’epistassi nei pazienti con Teleangectasia Emorragica Ereditaria (HHT).Si tratta di uno studio longitudinale retrospettivo svolto presso l’UOC di Otorinolaringoiatria della Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo di Pavia, centro di riferimento per la diagnosi e la cura dell’HHT. Sono stati valutati i pazienti sottoposti dal 1996 al 2015 a trattamento chirurgico delle epistassi ricorrenti, includendo solo quelli trattati con tecnica endoscopica.Dei 591 pazienti ricoverati e sottoposti a screening per HHT, 323 (54.7%) sono stati sottoposti a trattamento chirurgico endoscopico per epistassi, per un totale di 679 procedure. Il 77,2% delle procedure è stato eseguito in anestesia generale; il sistema ad Argon Plasma è stato lo strumento di scelta nella maggior parte dei pazienti, seguito dai laser e dalla quantum molecular resonance.Riportiamo una delle più ampie casistiche nel trattamento endoscopico dell’epistassi nei pazienti con HHT. Tale approccio consente di gestire i pazienti senza necessità di tamponamento nasale, è scevro da complicanze maggiori, ripetibile nel tempo e riteniamo che debba essere preso in considerazione come trattamento di prima scelta in caso di epistassi in pazienti con HHT.

espanolIntroduccion: la hemorragia de vias digestivas altas no varicosa es una causa frecuente de ingresos a urgencias. La identificacion de variables clinicas y paraclinicas que se asocien a mortalidad es muy importante, porque facilita tomar medidas individualizadas y optimizar los recursos. Objetivo: determinar cuales son los factores de riesgo asociados a ocurrencia de mortalidad en pacientes con hemorragia del tracto digestivo superior no varicosa admitidos al servicio de urgencias. Metodos: estudio transversal, retrospectivo en el Hospital Universitario del Caribe de la ciudad de Cartagena, Colombia. Se incluyeron 167 historias clinicas de pacientes que ingresaron al servicio de urgencias con diagnostico de hemorragia de vias digestivas altas no varicosa. Se recolectaron datos demograficos, clinicos y paraclinicos para posterior tabulacion y analisis estadistico. Resultados: la mediana de edad fue de 63 anos, predominio de pacientes de sexo masculino (57.5%). La mortalidad fue del 4,8% (8 pacientes). El antecedente de sangrado de vias digestivas altas (odds ratio [OR], 4.9; IC 95%,1.6-20.1), la presencia de hipotension al ingreso y la presencia de puntaje mayor a tres en la escala de Rockall pre endoscopica (OR, 7.88; IC 95%, 1.9 - 20.1) tuvieron relacion estadisticamente significativa con la ocurrencia de mortalidad por sangrado de vias digestivas altas. Conclusiones: el antecedente de hemorragia digestiva alta, hipotension al ingreso hospitalario y puntajes mas altos en la escala de Rockall son factores relacionados con la ocurrencia de mortalidad por hemorragia del tracto digestivo superior no varicosa. EnglishIntroduction: nonvariceal upper digestive bleeding is a pathology that encourages frequent visits to the emergency room. The identification of clinical and paraclinical which are associated with the occurrence of mortality in patients with upper digestive tract bleeding is very important, because it facilitates individualized measures and optimize resources. Objective: to identify the risk factors associated with the occurrence of mortality in patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding admitted to the emergency room. Methods: a retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Hospital Universitario del Caribe in the city of Cartagena, Colombia. Were included 167 medical histories of patients admitted to the emergency room with a diagnosis of non-variceal bleeding of upper digestive tract. Demographic, clinical and paraclinical data were collected for later tabulation and statistical analysis. Results: the median age of 63 years, predominance of males (57.5%). The mortality was 4.8% (8 patients). The history of upper digestive tract bleeding (odds ratio [OR], 4.9; 95% CI,1.6-20.1), hypotension income and the presence of score greater than three on the scale of Rockall (OR, 7.88; 95% CI, 1.9 - 20.1) had statistically significant relationship with the occurrence of mortality due to bleeding of upper digestive tract. Conclusions: The history of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, hypotension at hospital admission and high scores on the scale of Rockall are factors related to the occurrence of mortality for non-variceal upper digestive bleeding.

Objective: To compare endoscopic and histologic features of pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) responding to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) to those not responding to PPI. Methods: Endoscopic reports and photographs of patients with symptoms of esophageal dysfunction and ≥15 eosinophils per high-powered field (eos/hpf) in esophageal biopsies prior to PPI trial were reviewed. Patients were classified as responsive to PPI (PPIREoE) or non-responsive to PPI (PPINREoE) according to response totreatment (

Background Colon capsule endoscopy (CCE) and CT colonography (CTC) are minimally invasive techniques for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. Our objective is to compare CCE and CTC for the identification of patients with colorectal neoplasia among participants in a CRC screening programme with positive faecal immunochemical test (FIT). Primary outcome was to compare the performance of CCE and CTC in detecting patients with neoplastic lesions. Methods The VICOCA study is a prospective, single-centre, randomised trial conducted from March 2014 to May 2016; 662 individuals were invited and 349 were randomised to CCE or CTC before colonoscopy. Endoscopists were blinded to the results of CCE and CTC. Results Three hundred forty-nine individuals were included: 173 in the CCE group and 176 in the CTC group. Two hundred ninety individuals agreed to participate: 147 in the CCE group and 143 in the CTC group. In the intention-to-screen analysis, sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values for the identification of individuals with colorectal neoplasia were 98.1%, 76.6%, 93.7% and 92.0% in the CCE group and 64.9%, 95.7%, 96.8% and 57.7% in the CTC group. In terms of detecting significant neoplastic lesions, the sensitivity of CCE and CTC was 96.1% and 79.3%, respectively. Detection rate for advanced colorectal neoplasm was higher in the CCE group than in the CTC group (100% and 93.1%, respectively; RR = 1.07; p = 0.08). Both CCE and CTC identified all patients with cancer. CCE detected more patients with any lesion than CTC (98.6% and 81.0%, respectively; RR = 1.22; p = 0.002). Conclusion Although both techniques seem to be similar in detecting patients with advanced colorectal neoplasms, CCE is more sensitive for the detection of any neoplastic lesion. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02081742. Registered: September 16, 2013.

Resumen Introduccion La pandemia por COVID-19 ha conllevado la suspension de la actividad programada en la mayoria de las Unidades de Endoscopia de nuestro medio. El objetivo del presente documento es facilitar el reinicio de la actividad endoscopica electiva de forma eficiente y segura. Material y metodos Se formulo una serie de preguntas consideradas de relevancia clinica y logistica. Para la elaboracion de las respuestas, se realizo una busqueda bibliografica estructurada en las principales bases de datos y se revisaron las recomendaciones de las principales instituciones de Salud Publica y de endoscopia digestiva. Las recomendaciones finales se consensuaron por via telematica. Resultados Se han elaborado un total de 33 recomendaciones. Los principales aspectos que se discuten son: 1) la reevaluacion y priorizacion de la indicacion; 2) la restructuracion de espacios, agendas y del personal sanitario; 3) el cribado de la infeccion, y 4) las medidas de higiene y los equipos de proteccion individual. Conclusion La AEG y la SEED recomiendan reiniciar la actividad endoscopica de forma escalonada, segura, adaptada a los recursos locales y a la situacion epidemiologica de la infeccion por SARS-CoV-2.

Resumen Introducción. El desarrollo de las imágenes diagnósticas hizo posible el diagnóstico topográfico de los tumores de mediastino; sin embargo, aún con los avances actuales de la cirugía, la anestesiología y la reanimación, el acceso quirúrgico a ese espacio medio de la caja torácica continúa siendo el gran reto que enfrentan los cirujanos torácicos. Objetivo. Profundizar en los diferentes aspectos cognoscitivos actualizados sobre los tumores mediastinales. Métodos. Búsqueda documental digital en bases de datos: Scielo, Lilacs, Web of Science, PubMed, realizada en enero de 2019, de publicaciones sobre el tema en la presente centuria. Resultados. Las neoplasias mediastinales son poco frecuentes, pueden aparecer a cualquier edad, aunque son más frecuentes entre la tercera y quinta décadas, y la mayoría se descubren incidentalmente en una radiografía de tórax de rutina en pacientes asintomáticos. Los tumores malignos del mediastino son poco frecuentes, pero los benignos constituyen un desafío diagnóstico para radiólogos y patólogos. En las neoplasias malignas se identifica una amplia gama de variedades histológicas, atribuibles a las características del órgano afectado. Conclusiones. El diagnóstico definitivo generalmente se establece mediante el estudio histopatológico posquirúrgico, si bien la tomografía computarizada, asociada o no a la biopsia percutánea, es el estándar de oro para el diagnóstico preoperatorio. La selección de la vía de entrada al tórax, así como el procedimiento quirúrgico, están condicionados por la localización y el tamaño del tumor en el mediastino. Abstract Introduction. The development of diagnostic images made the topographic diagnosis of mediastinal tumors possible; however, even with current advances in surgery, anesthesiology, and resuscitation, surgical access to this mid-rib cage space continues to be the great challenge faced by chest surgeons. Objective. To deepen in the different updated cognitive aspects about mediastinal tumors. Methods. Digital documentary search in databases: Scielo, Lilacs, Web of Science, and PubMed, performed in January 2019, of publications on the subject in the present century. Results. Mediastinal neoplasms are rare, they can appear at any age, although they are most common between the third and fifth decades, and most are discovered incidentally on a routine chest radiograph in asymptomatic patients. Malignant tumors of the mediastinum are rare, but benign tumors pose a diagnostic challenge for radiologists and pathologists. In malignant neoplasms, a wide range of histological varieties is identified, attributable to the characteristics of the affected organ. Conclusions. The definitive diagnosis is generally established by postoperative histopathological study, although computed tomography, associated or not with percutaneous biopsy, is the gold standard for preoperative diagnosis. The selection of the entry route to the thorax, as well as the surgical procedure, are conditioned by the location and size of the tumor in the mediastinum.

The reconstruction of the orbit has been carried out throughout history using different techniques. However, the persistence of high rates of complications mainly associated with the position of the eyeball and the migration of reconstruction implants have generated the need and importance of continuing to study new techniques, including with the help of technology. Virtual planning combined with endoscopic access and 3D models could decrease the number of complications associated with the aforementioned problems. For this, the aim of this observational retrospective study is to show the authors’ experience of 19 cases in different orbital fractures using endoscopic support and virtual planning as great alternative in orbital reconstruction. Within maxillofacial trauma, one of the greatest functional and aesthetic challenges for the surgeon is the orbital reconstruction, which in the event of not obtaining adequate results, can lead to aesthetic, functional and even occupational problems.1 The walls and orbital floor are commonly involved in maxillofacial trauma generated sensory problems, eye movement limitations, or changes in the position of the eyeball. The reason why one of the objectives of the treatment is the recovery of the anatomy in a matter of volume and position.2 The endoscopic approach has become important in maxillofacial reconstruction due to the direct visualization of fractures, which consequently results in a reduction in the complications associated with the surgical accesses made due to the extension.3 The loss of important anatomical references at the time of the reconstruction has hindered the processes and that is why the use of technology through the creation of software that obtains information to create images through computed tomography that imitate the contralateral orbit are also very useful.4 The main problem to be faced in orbital reconstruction surgery corresponds to recovering the orbital volume.5 Also, due to having complex, narrow anatomy and with important structures, the next problem is the proper visualization of anatomical structures and bone defects and their manipulation at the same time.6 This is why the objective of this study is to show our experience with 19 cases using endoscopic support and virtual planning for the management of traumatic injuries.

Introduction: After the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic, the number of patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) has increased exponentially, and gastroenterologists and other specialists most likely will be involved in the care of those patients. Aim: To evaluate the knowledge Latin American gastroenterologists and endoscopists (staff physicians and residents) have about the characteristics of COVID-19, as well as the prevention measures to be taken during endoscopic procedures. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study that included gastroenterologists and endoscopists from 9 Latin American countries. An electronic questionnaire was applied that was designed to evaluate the knowledge of symptoms, risk groups for severe disease, prevention measures, and the reprocessing of endoscopes utilized in patients with COVID-19. Results: Information was obtained from 133 physicians. Ninety-five percent of them correctly identified the most frequent symptoms of the virus, and 60% identified the 3 risk groups for severe disease. Sixty-six percent of those surveyed did not consider it necessary to use standard precautions during endoscopic procedures, and 30% did not consider contact precautions necessary. Forty-eight percent of the participants surveyed were not familiar with the protocol for reprocessing the endoscopes utilized in patients with COVID-19. Conclusion: The majority of the gastroenterologists and endoscopists surveyed were familiar with the signs and symptoms of COVID-19 and the populations at risk for complications. There was a lack of knowledge about prevention measures (during clinical care and endoscopic procedures) and the reprocessing of endoscopic equipment by 70% and 48%, respectively, of those surveyed. Dissemination and teaching strategies that increase the knowledge of specific biosafety measures must be carried out. Resumen: Introducción: Después de que la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) declaró a la enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemia, el número de pacientes con infección confirmada ha incrementado exponencialmente. Es muy probable que gastroenterólogos y otros especialistas se involucren en la atención de estos pacientes. Objetivo: Evaluar el conocimiento de gastroenterólogos y endoscopistas (adscritos y residentes) en Latinoamérica sobre las características de COVID-19 y las medidas de prevención durante procedimientos endoscópicos. Material y métodos: Realizamos un estudio transversal que incluyó a gastroenterólogos y endoscopistas de nueve países de Latinoamérica. Se aplicó un cuestionario electrónico diseñado para valorar conocimientos sobre síntomas, grupos de riesgo para enfermedad grave, medidas de prevención y reprocesamiento de endoscopios utilizados en pacientes con COVID-19. Resultados: Se obtuvo información de 133 médicos, 95% de los encuestados identificó correctamente los síntomas más frecuentes y 60% identificó los tres grupos de riesgo para enfermedad grave. El 66% no consideró necesario usar precauciones estándar durante procedimientos endoscópicos y 30% no consideró necesarias las precauciones de contacto. El 48% desconoció el protocolo para reprocesamiento de los endoscopios en pacientes con COVID-19. Conclusión: Los signos y síntomas de COVID-19 y las poblaciones de riesgo de complicaciones son conocidos por la mayoría de los gastroenterólogos y endoscopistas. El conocimiento sobre medidas de prevención (durante atención clínica y procedimientos endoscópicos), así como el reprocesamiento del equipo endoscópico son desconocidos por 70 y 48% de los encuestados respectivamente. Se deben realizar estrategias de difusión y enseñanza que incrementen el conocimiento sobre estos aspectos de bioseguridad.

Introduction: Inverted papillomas represent one of the most common benign neoplasic lesions located in the sinonasal tract. Owing to the local erosive behavior, tendency to recur and the potential for malignant transformation, surgical management of inverted papillomas is often challenging. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the surgical outcomes of patients with inverted papillomas, according to the Krouse staging and the different surgical approaches. Methods: Retrospective study of patients diagnosed with sinonasal inverted papillomas who underwent surgical treatment between 2000 and 2016 at a tertiary referral hospital. Cases with follow-up less than 12 months were excluded. The rate and the time of recurrence were the main outcomes. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Thirty-six cases with mean age of 60 years, predominantly male (72%), were included. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 16 years, with an average of 4.5 years. Krouse T1 Stage corresponded to 11.1%; T2 occurred in 50% of cases; while T3 and T4 Stages accounted for 30.6% and 8.3% of patients, respectively. Most cases were approached by an endoscopic technique alone (83.3%), with a recurrence rate of 13.3%. Patients treated via a combined or open approach revealed a recurrence of 16.7%. No differences in the recurrence rate were reported when comparing endoscopic surgery with the open or combined techniques. Krouse Stage T3 had a significant association with inverted papillomas recurrence (p = 0.023). All inverted papilloma relapses occurred up to 2 years post-operatively. One case of malignant transformation was recorded (2.7%). Conclusion: Endoscopic surgery did not increase the recurrence rates and can be a safe and efficient alternative to open or combined techniques. The recurrence of inverted papillomas seem to be related to the persistence of the disease and tend to occur early after primary surgery. Krouse T3 Stages may be associated with a higher recurrence of inverted papillomas. Resumo Introdução: Os papilomas invertidos são uma das lesões neoplásicas benignas mais comuns no trato nasossinusal. Devido ao seu comportamento localmente agressivo, tendência para recidivar e potencial de malignização, o tratamento cirúrgico dos papilomas invertidos constitui frequentemente um desafio. Objetivo: Analisar os resultados cirúrgicos dos papilomas invertidos segundo o estadiamento de Krouse, bem como avaliar as diferentes abordagens cirúrgicas. Método: Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes com diagnóstico de papiloma invertido nasossinusal submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico entre 2000 e 2016 em hospital terciário. Casos com acompanhamento inferior a 12 meses foram excluídos. A taxa e o tempo de recidiva foram os principais resultados analisados desfechos avaliados. Valores p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 36 casos, com média de idade de 60 anos, predominantemente do sexo masculino (72%). O período de acompanhamento variou de 1 a 16 anos, em uma média de 4,5 anos. Relativamente ao estadiamento, 11,1% dos pacientes foram classificados como estadio Krouse T1, 50% como T2, 30,6% como T3 e 8,3% como T4. A maioria dos casos foi tratada exclusivamente por cirurgia endoscópica (83,3%), com taxa de recidiva de 13,3%. Pacientes tratados com uma técnica combinada ou aberta apresentaram recidiva de 16,7%. Não foram observadas diferenças quanto à taxa de recidiva entre os casos abordados por via endoscópica e os casos tratados com técnica aberta ou combinada. Verificou-se uma associação significativa entre o estadio T3 de Krouse e recidiva de papilomas invertidos (p = 0,023). Todas as recidivas de papilomas invertidos foram observadas até dois anos após a cirurgia. Um caso de transformação maligna foi registrado (2,7%). Conclusão: A cirurgia endoscópica não aumentou as taxas de recidiva e pode ser uma alternativa segura e eficiente às técnicas abertas ou combinadas. Os casos de recidiva do papiloma invertido parecem estar relacionados com a persistência da doença e tendem a ocorrer precocemente após a cirurgia primária. Os estadios T3 de Krouse podem estar associados a uma maior recidiva.

Background: The effect of gastrointestinal system disorders on Restless Legs Syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease (RLS/WED) has been previously demonstrated by using serological tests. However, this association has not been supported by histopathological studies so far. Objective: To investigate the relationship between RLS/WED, upper endoscopic imaging and histopathological results in patients diagnosed with RLS who underwent endoscopy because of gastrointestinal system (GIS) complaints. Methods: Case-control study, including 100 patients diagnosed with RLS who presented dyspeptic complaints and underwent upper GIS endoscopy and 106 age- and sex-matched controls. RLS diagnosis was evaluated according to the four main diagnostic criteria determined by the International RLS Study Group. All patients underwent upper GIS endoscopic intervention and at least one gastric and/or antral biopsy. Results: There was no significant difference between patients and controls in relation to endoscopically seen gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) findings and Helicobacter pylori (HP) positivity (p>0.05). Intestinal metaplasia and mucosal atrophy were more common in RLS/WED patients compared to controls (p=0.026 and p=0.017, respectively). Additionally, ferritin levels were found to be lower than the reference value. Conclusions: The detection of increased severity of intestinal metaplasia, mucosal atrophy, and gastric inflammation in RLS/WED patients with dyspeptic complaints may entail the close gastrointestinal system evaluation of these patients. However, larger randomized and controlled trials are required on this subject where patients are evaluated by upper GIS endoscopic biopsy. Resumo Introdução: Os efeitos das doenças do sistema digestório sobre a Síndrome das Pernas Inquietas/doença de Willis-Ekbom (SPI/DWE) foram demonstrados previamente por testes sorológicos. No entanto, até o momento tal associação não foi corroborada por estudos histopatológicos. Objetivo: Investigar a relação entre a SPI/DWE, imagens de endoscopia digestiva alta e resultados histopatológicos em pacientes diagnosticados com SPI/DWE com queixas do sistema digestório. Métodos: Estudo caso-controle incluindo 100 pacientes com SPI/DWE e queixas dispépticas que foram submetidos à endoscopia digestiva alta, e 106 controles emparelhados para idade e sexo. O diagnóstico de SPI/DWE foi determinado com base nos quatro principais critérios do International RLS Study Group. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à intervenção endoscópica do sistema digestório superior e a pelo menos uma biópsia gástrica e/ou antral. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação à úlcera gástrica endoscopicamente observada, úlcera duodenal, doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE) e positividade para Helicobacter pylori (HP) (p>0,05). Metaplasia intestinal e atrofia da mucosa foram mais comuns em pacientes com SPI/DWE em comparação aos controles (p=0,026 e p=0,017, respectivamente). Níveis de ferritina encontravam-se abaixo do valor de referência. Conclusão: A detecção de metaplasia intestinal grave, atrofia de mucosa e inflamação gástrica em pacientes com SPI/DWE com queixas dispépticas pode justificar a avaliação cuidadosa do sistema digestório nestes pacientes. Entretanto, são necessários estudos controlados e com amostras maiores com pacientes avaliados com biópsia por via endoscópica.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic that has severely affected health care systems around the world. During the emergency state declared in Portugal in the months of March and April 2020, there was a severe reduction in medical activity in order to reduce the pressure on health systems. This study aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 in gastroenterology departments across Portugal and the strategies developed to overcome this challenge.This was a cross-sectional study based on an online survey. A detailed questionnaire concerning different aspects of gastroenterology department activity was sent via e-mail to the heads of gastroenterology departments of Portuguese District Hospitals (Núcleo de Gastroenterologia dos Hospitais Distritais). Two periods were assessed, i.e., the emergency state and the recovery period between May and September. The responses were collected between September and October 2020.A total of 21 hospitals were enrolled (80.8% response rate). Twenty-eight percent of the responders reported healthcare professionals from their unit infected with COVID-19. At least 1 member (mostly fellows) of the department was deployed to another workplace in 66.7% of the hospitals. During the emergency state, 47.6% of the hospitals only performed urgent/emergent endoscopic procedures. In 38.5% of the hospitals the need to ration personal protective equipment led to the suspension of endoscopic training. Regarding the recovery period, nonurgent procedures were restarted in almost all of the centers. The same was reported for the colorectal cancer screening program. Remarkably, 81% of the responders confirmed that they had postponed procedures at patients' request for "fear of getting infected." Remote consultation was maintained in 81% of the hospitals. Globally, the fellows had resumed their training.This study provides a snapshot of the impact and consequences of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic across Portuguese hospitals. It is important to understand how the gastroenterology world dealt with the first impact of COVID-19 and what strategies were implemented in order to better prepare for what might follow.A doença por coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) é uma pandemia global que afetou gravemente os serviços de saúde em todo o mundo. Durante o estado de emergência declarado em Portugal nos meses de Março e Abril de 2020, verificou-se uma redução importante na atividade médica. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto da COVID-19 nos Serviços de Gastroenterologia portugueses e as estratégias implementadas para fazer face a este desafio.Tratou-se de um estudo transversal baseado num inquéritoResponderam 21 Hospitais (taxa de resposta: 80,8%). Vinte e oito porcento dos inquiridos tiveram profissionais da sua unidade infectados com COVID-19. Pelo menos um elemento foi mobilizado para outro local de trabalho em 66,7% dos hospitais, maioritariamente internos de formação específica de Gastroenterologia. Durante o estado de emergência, 47,6% dos Hospitais só realizaram endoscopias urgentes/emergentes. Em 38,5%, a necessidade de racionamento de equipamento de proteção individual levou à suspensão do treino em endoscopia. Relativamente ao período de recuperação, os procedimientos não urgentes foram retomados na maioria dos centros. O mesmo se verificou para o programa de rastreio do cancro colorectal. Salienta-se que 81% dos inquiridos confirmaram que adiaram exames a pedido dos doentes por “medo de ficarem infetados”. Mantiveram-se consultas nãopresenciais em 81% dos Hospitais. De modo geral, as atividades de formação dos internos foram progressivamente retomadas.Este estudo oferece o retrato do impacto e consequências da primeira vaga da pandemia nos Hospitais portugueses. É importante compreender como os Serviços de Gastrenterologia nacionais lidaram com o primeiro impacto da COVID-19 e que estratégias foram implementadas de forma a melhor preparar o que se segue.

Introducción: En los pacientes críticos se instala un estado hipermetabólico como respuesta a la agresión recibida, lo que conduce a un rápido proceso de desnutrición, el cual se ha asociado a mayor morbilidad y mortalidad. La vía de alimentación enteral de elección es a través de una gastrostomía endoscópica, y una alternativa es la vía laparoscópica. Métodos: Entre enero de 2016 y marzo de 2019, se colectaron los datos de los pacientes internados en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva del Hospital de Urgencias de Córdoba con indicación de nutrición enteral y sometidos a gastrostomía laparoscópica de alimentación. Se obtuvieron datos demográficos, valoración preoperatoria según la clasificación de American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), complicaciones trans y postoperatorias, comienzo y factibilidad de la alimentación. Resultados: Cumplieron los criterios de inclusión 12 pacientes, edad promedio de 39 años. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio total fue de 39 minutos, no registrando complicaciones perioperatorias Todos pudieron ser alimentados a partir de las 24 hs. Conclusión: En nuestro Hospital la gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea es de elección, utilizando la gastrostomía laparoscópica en casos seleccionados. Es una técnica de escasa complejidad y al alcance del cirujano, pudiendo ser programada en forma inmediata a la indicación.

A foreign body can be intentionally or accidentally ingested. Timing of endoscopy relies on foreign body shape and size, location in gastrointestinal tract, patient's clinical conditions, occurrence of symptoms or onset of complications. In this short case, we present a middle age woman, who accidentally swallowed a portion of a nasopharyngeal swab half-broken during a diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was promptly performed to prevent the swab from crossing the pylorus leading to serious complications and, therefore, risk of surgical intervention. The broken nasopharyngeal swab was detected in the gastric body, and immediately removed with a foreign body forceps. Our hospital performs many nasopharyngeal swabs and to our knowledge, this is only the second reported swab ingestion during SARS-CoV-2 test. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Purpose: To compare the learning curves of the specialists in two different fields without previous endoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy experience as well as to reveal the related complications with surgical success rates. Methods: We retrospectively investigated 90 patients who received consecutive endoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy with mucosa preservation by an ophthalmologist (Group 1, n=45) and an otorhinolaryngologist (Group 2, n=45) between October 2017 and October 2019. Patients who were admitted with epiphora complaints and diagnosed with primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction through lacrimal irrigation test and aged >18 years with at least 6 months of follow-up were included in the study. In all cases, additional pathologies such as septum deviation were evaluated by performing maxillofacial imaging. Patients' medical records were evaluated in terms of surgery duration, complications, and functional achievements. Results: The mean surgical duration of the patients in Group-2 was 36.27 ± 11.61 min, while it was 43.62 ± 16.89 min in Group-1; the difference was statistically significant (p=0.018). Functional achievements in Group 1 was 84.4% (73.3% in the first set of 15 cases, 93.3% in the last set of 15 cases) in Group 2; this rate was 88.9% (80% in the first set of 15 cases, 93.3% in the last set of 15 cases), and the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.53). Septum intervention in addition to endoscopic surgery in both the groups (p=0.03, p=0.005, respectively) and intense bleeding during surgery (for both the groups, p

Healthcare professionals in endoscopy units have a possible risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection by different routes: inhalation of airborne droplets, aerosols, conjunctival contact and faecal-oral transmission. Objective To describe the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a series of patients scheduled for digestive endoscopy at the Hospital Santa Caterina, Salt, (Girona). Methods Descriptive study of a series of cases of patients scheduled for endoscopy during the month of May 2020, when endoscopic activity was resumed after the peak of the pandemic, following SCD, SEED, AEG and ESGE recommendations. We examined nasopharyngeal samples 48−72 h before the appointment, by RT-PCR, in all patients. RNA extraction was performed using the kits: Qiagen®-adapted, BiosSprint®96-DNA-Blood-Kit (384). For amplification-detection of SARS-CoV-2, methods recommended by the WHO and the CDC were followed. Results 110 asymptomatic patients without close contact with a positive case in the previous 14 days were scheduled; 105 (96.4%) were negative and five (4.5%) were positive. Two patients developed respiratory symptoms after diagnosis (presymptomatic) and three remained asymptomatic. Allfive5 patients were autochthonous cases with no history of travel or residence in another city or country associated with high prevalence of infection. Four cases were women aged 60–81 years. The N gene was detected in all cases. Conclusions A high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was detected in patients scheduled for digestive endoscopy. Given the risk of transmission to professionals, we consider it advisable to perform SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR 48−72 h before the examination in situations of high incidence in the population.

BACKGROUND: Achalasia is a neurodegenerative motility esophageal disorder characterized by failure of lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. The conventional treatment option for achalasia has been laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM). However, in 2010, Inoue et al. described peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM), a minimally invasive procedure, as an alternative therapy. To date, some studies with small sample sizes have aimed to compare outcomes of LHM vs POEM. OBJECTIVE: Thus, the aim of this study is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to better evaluate the efficacy and safety of these two techniques. METHODS: Individualized search strategies were developed from inception through April 2019 in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Variables analyzed included operative time, overall adverse events rate, post-procedure gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), hospitalization length, post-procedure pain score, and Eckardt Score reduction. RESULTS: Twelve cohort trials were selected, consisting of 893 patients (359 in POEM group and 534 in LHM.) No randomized clinical trials were available. There was no difference in operative time (MD= -10,26, 95% CI (-5,6 to 8,2), P

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and functional results of endoscopic lumbar discectomy in obese patients. Methods We selected 56 patients with lumbar disc hernia refractory to clinical treatment that underwent endoscopic discectomy. Twenty-five patients with a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 30 kg/m 2 were analyzed through the Visual Analogue Scale and functional evaluation using the Oswestry Disability Index questionnaire and compared to 31 patients in the control group (BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m 2 ). These data were obtained in the preoperative period, in the immediate postoperative period, at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and one year after surgery. Results The mean BMI in the control group was 22.1 kg/m 2 , and in the obese group, 33.6 kg/m 2 . In both groups there was a statistically significant improvement in clinical and functional analyzes. There was no statistical difference between the groups. Conclusions Lumbar transforaminal endoscopic discectomy has been shown to be a safe, effective and minimally invasive alternative for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation in obese patients. Level of Evidence III; Retrospective and Comparative Study. RESUMO Objetivo A meta do estudo foi avaliar os resultados clínicos e funcionais da discectomia endoscópica lombar nos pacientes obesos. Métodos Foram selecionados 56 pacientes portadores de hérnia de disco lombar refratário ao tratamento clínico submetidos à discectomia endoscópica. Através de avaliação clínica - pela Escala Visual Analógica - e funcional - pelo questionário de Oswestry Disability Index. Foram analisados 25 pacientes com índice de massa corpórea (IMC) maior ou igual de 30 kg/m 2 e comparados com 31 pacientes do grupo controle (IMC entre 18,5 e 24,9 kg/m 2 ). Esses dados foram obtidos no período pré-operatório, no pós-operatório imediato, com 1 mês, 3 meses, 6 meses e um ano após a cirurgia. Resultados O IMC médio no grupo controle foi de 22,1 kg/m 2 , e no grupo obeso de 33,6 kg/m 2 . Em ambos os grupos houve melhora estatisticamente significativa nas análises clínicas e funcionais. Não se observou diferença estatística entre os grupos. Conclusão A discectomia endoscópica transforaminal lombar mostrou ser uma alternativa segura, efetiva e minimamente invasiva para o tratamento de hérnia de disco lombar em pacientes obesos. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo Retrospectivo, Comparativo. RESUMEN Objetivo El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los resultados clínicos y funcionales de la discectomía lumbar endoscópica en pacientes obesos. Métodos Se seleccionaron 56 pacientes portadores de hernia discal lumbar refractaria al tratamiento clínico, sometidos a discectomía endoscópica. Se analizaron 25 pacientes con índice de masa corporal (IMC) mayor o igual a 30 kg/m 2 ) por medio de la Escala Visual Analógica y evaluación funcional mediante el cuestionario Índice de Discapacidad de Oswestry y se compararon a 31 pacientes del grupo control (IMC entre 18,5 kg/m 2 y 24,9 kg/m 2 ). Estos datos fueron obtenidos en el preoperatorio, en el postoperatorio inmediato, al mes, a los 3 meses, 6 meses y un año después de la cirugía. Resultados El IMC promedio en el grupo control fue de 22,1 kg/m 2 y en el grupo obeso, de 33,6 kg/m 2 . En ambos grupos hubo una mejoría estadísticamente significativa en los análisis clínicos y funcionales. No hubo diferencia estadística entre los grupos. Conclusiones La discectomía endoscópica transforaminal lumbar se ha mostrado una alternativa segura, eficaz y mínimamente invasiva para el tratamiento de hernia discal lumbar en pacientes obesos. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudio Retrospectivo y Comparativo.

Objectives: Obesity is a public health problem with high morbidity and mortality rates and perioperative complications in the general population. Minimally invasive procedures are promising alternatives to perioperative complications in individuals with a high body mass index (BMI). Endoscopic lumbar discectomy has been gaining popularity in this regard. However, there are few descriptions in the literature about the endoscopic approach to improve pain and quality of life in obese individuals. Likewise, it is not determined whether individuals with a high BMI have more complications in this type of surgical approach. Methods: A longitudinal retrospective case-control study was performed with 63 subjects submitted to endoscopic discectomy, divided into 2 groups according to BMI (Group A, BMI ≥ 30kg/m2 and Group B, BMI

Objective: To evaluate the degree of patient satisfaction and complications after endoscopic surgery for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 94 patients with lumbar disc herniation undergoing endoscopic lumbar discectomy through the MacNab questionnaire and four subjective questions related to the procedure. Results: Approximately 82% of the patients had good and excellent results, and 91.4% reported being satisfied with the surgical result obtained with endoscopy. The rate of complications with the method was 9.5%, with recurrent disc herniation being the most common complication (5.4% of cases). Conclusions: Endoscopic surgery proved to be an effective and safe method, and an alternative to conventional open surgery. Level of evidence; III. Therapeutic studies - Investigation of treatment results. RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o grau de satisfação dos pacientes e as complicações após cirurgia endoscópica para tratamento da hérnia discal lombar. Método: Avaliados, retrospectivamente, 94 pacientes com hérnia discal lombar, submetidos a discectomia lombar endoscópica, através do Questionário MacNab e por meio de quatro perguntas subjetivas relacionadas ao procedimento. Resultados: Aproximadamente 82% dos pacientes tiveram excelentes e bons resultados e 91,4% relataram estar satisfeitos com o resultado cirúrgico obtido com a endoscopia. A taxa de complicações com o método foi de 9,5%, sendo a recidiva da hérnia discal a complicação mais comum (5,4% dos casos). Conclusão: A cirurgia endoscópica se mostrou um método eficaz, seguro e uma alternativa à cirurgia aberta convencional. Nível de evidência; III. Estudos terapêuticos – Investigação dos resultados do tratamento. RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el grado de satisfacción de los pacientes y las complicaciones después de la cirugía endoscópica para el tratamiento de hernia de disco lumbar. Métodos: Se evaluaron retrospectivamente 94 pacientes con hernia de disco lumbar sometidos a discectomía lumbar endoscópica a través del cuestionario MacNab y de cuatro preguntas subjetivas relacionadas con el procedimiento. Resultados: Aproximadamente el 82% de los pacientes tuvieron buenos y excelentes resultados y el 91,4% relató estar satisfechos con el resultado quirúrgico obtenido con la endoscopia. La tasa de complicaciones con el método fue del 9,5%, siendo la recidiva de la hernia de disco la complicación más común (5,4% de los casos). Conclusiones: La cirugía endoscópica demostró ser un método eficaz, seguro y una alternativa para la cirugía abierta convencional. Nivel de evidencia; III. Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

BACKGROUND: The gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common esophageal disease in medical practice, and it is suspected according to patients’ symptoms. GERD can be classified in erosive esophagitis (EE) according to the presence of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy findings. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate endoscopic findings in patients with symptoms suggestive of GERD comparing epicemiological and risk factors. METHODS: Upper endoscopy reports were examined retrospectively from patients with symptoms of GERD such as heartburn, regurgitation, cough, throat clearing, globus and chest pain. EE was determined based on Los Angeles classification. Comparisons between risk factors in EE and non-EE groups were done with statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 984 endoscopic reports were examined and 676 selected for analysis (281 with EE and 395 with non-EE form). Most were female 381 (56.36%) with a mean age of 44.01±15.40 years. Hiatal hernia was present in 47(6.96%) and smoking in 41(6.07%). Univariate logistic regression showed that male (OR=2.24, CI 95%, 1.63-3.06) and hiatal hernia (OR=4.52, CI 95%, 2.30-8.89) were independent predictors of erosions in the EE group. The presence of hiatal hernia (OR=12.04, CI 95%, 3.57-40.62), smoking (OR=8.46, CI 95%, 3.28-31.32) and aged patients (OR=8.01, CI 95%, 2.42-26.49) were also indicated as a risk factor for severe EE (grades C and D of Los Angeles). CONCLUSION Male gender and hiatal hernia were associated with EE. Aged patients, smoking and hiatal hernia were related to severe EE. It is suggested that the risk factors for EE and non-EE types are different. Cohort studies are necessary to identify the exact mechanisms involved in each disease form.

Introduction: Dieulafoy’s lesion (DL) is occasioned by a tortuous, persistent and large caliber artery that emerges the mucosa from the submucosa of an organ, eventually triggering gastrointestinal bleeding in the presence of eroding factors of the mucosa and arterial wall. The presence of DL has been described in many anatomic topographies and although it predominates in the upper digestive tract, the presence of this lesion exactly in the major duodenal papilla is a rare event. Objective: to report a case of upper gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to a major duodenal papilla DL. Case report: a 72 year-old female, admitted to hospital care with a clinical history of two months continuous, painless melena, multiple previous blood transfusions and symptomatic anemia. She was referred by another health service with the diagnostic hypothesis of hemobilia, suggested by two previous esophagogastroduodenoscopies. Her abdominal ultrasound and arteriography were normal. A third esophagogastroduodenoscopy evidenced active bleeding in the duodenal major papilla, and after a carefully analysis a papillar DL was diagnosed. It was treated by endoscopy with adrenaline 1:10000 injection and thermocoagulation. Following this procedure she evolved with severe acute pancreatitis due to papillitis and need of intensive care unit admission. No rebleeding was detected and hospitalar discharge occurred twenty days after hospitalization. Conclusion: The localization of a DL at the major papilla is a rare event and acute pancreatitis is a complication related to its endoscopic treatment. Introducción: La lesión de Dieulafoy (DL) es ocasionada por una arteria tortuosa, de gran calibre y persistente que emerge de la mucosa hasta la submucosa de un órgano, desencadeando finalmente una hemorragia gastrointestinal en presencia de factores erosivos de la mucosa y de la parede arterial. La presencia de DL se há descrito en muchas topografías anatómicas y aunque predomina en el tracto digestivo superior, la presencia de esta lesión exactamente em la papila duodenal mayor es un evento raro. Reporte de Caso: una mujer de 72 años, ingresada en atención hospitalaria con historia clínica de dos meses continuos de melena indolora, multiples transfusiones sanguíneas previas y anemia sintomática. Fue remetida por otro servicio de salud con la hipótesis diagnóstica de hemobilia, sugerida por dos esofagogastroduodenoscopias previas. Su ecografía y arteriografía abdominal fueron normales. Una tercera esofagogastroduodenoscopia evidenció sangrado activo en la papila duodenal mayor, y despues de um análisis cuidadoso se diagnosticó DL papilar. Se trató por endoscopia con inyección de adrenalina 1:10000 y termocoagulación. Despues deste procedimiento evolucionó con pancreatitis aguda grave por papilitis y necesidad de ingreso en unidad de cuidados intensivos No se detectaran nuevas hemorragias y el alta hospitalaria se produjo veinte días después de la hospitalización. Conclusión: la localización de una DL en la papila duodenal mayor es un evento raro y la pancreatitis aguda es una complicación relacionada com su tratamiento endoscópico. Introdução: A lesão de Dieulafoy (DL) é ocasionada pela existência de uma artéria tortuosa, persistente e de grande calibre que emerge da mucosa para a submucosa de um órgão, e pode desencadear hemorragias gastrointestinais na presença de fatores erosivos da mucosa e da parede arterial. A DL já foi descrita em diversas topografias anatômicas e embora predomine no trato digestivo superior sua presença na papila duodenal maior é considerada um evento raro. Objetivo: relatar um caso de hemorragia digestiva alta secundária a uma DL localizada na papila duodenal maior. Relato de caso: uma mulher de 72 anos foi internada com história clínica de dois meses contínuos de melena indolor, múltiplas transfusões sanguíneas e anemia sintomática. A paciente foi encaminhada de outro serviço de saúde para o hospital de referência com hipótese diagnóstica de hemobilia, sugerida por duas esofagogastroduodenoscopias prévias. Sua ultrassonografia abdominal e arteriografia foram normais. Uma terceira endoscopia digestiva alta evidenciou sangramento ativo na papila duodenal maior e após uma análise cuidadosa evidenciou-se uma DL na papila duodenal maior que foi tratada endoscópicamente através de injeção de adrenalina 1:10000 e termocoagulação. Após esse procedimento a paciente evoluiu com pancreatite aguda grave secundária a papilite e necessidade de cuidados em unidade de terapia intensiva. Não foram detectados novos sangramentos e a paciente recebeu alta hospitalar vinte dias após a hospitalização. Conclusão: a presença de uma DL na papila duodenal maior é um evento raro e a pancreatite aguda pode ser uma das complicações relacionadas ao seu tratamento endoscópico.

Objective: to validate a lumbar spine endoscopic flavectomy simulator using the construct method and to assess the acceptability of the simulator in medical education. Methods: thirty medical students and ten video-assisted surgery experienced orthopedists performed an endoscopic flavectomy procedure in the simulator. Time, look-downs, lost instruments, respect for the stipulated edge of the ligamentum flavum, regularity of the incision, GOALS checklist (Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills), and responses to the Likert Scale adapted for this study were analyzed. Results: all variables differed between groups. Procedure time was shorter in the physician group (p < 0.001). Look-downs and instrument losses were seven times greater among students than physicians. Half of the students respected the designated incision limits, compared to 80% of the physicians. In the student group, about 30% of the incisions were regular, compared to 100% in the physician group (p < 0.001). The physicians performed better in all GOALS checklist domains. All the physicians and more than 96% of the students considered the activity enjoyable, and approximately 90% believed that the model was realistic and could contribute to medical education. Conclusions: the simulator could differentiate the groups’ experience level, indicating construct validity, and both groups reported high acceptability. RESUMO Objetivo: validar um simulador de flavectomia endoscópica da coluna lombar por meio do método de constructo e, analisar a aceitação do simulador no ensino médico. Métodos: trinta estudantes de medicina e dez ortopedistas com experiência em videocirurgia realizaram um procedimento de flavectomia endoscópica no simulador. Foram analisados tempo, look-downs, perdas de instrumentos, respeito ao limite estipulado no ligamento amarelo, contorno regular do corte, checklist GOALS (Global Operative Assessment of Laparaoscopic Skills) e respostas à Escala de Likert adaptada para este estudo. Resultados: todas as variáveis diferiram entre os grupos. O tempo do procedimento foi menor no grupo dos médicos (p < 0,001). Look-downs e perdas de instrumentos foram sete vezes superiores entre os alunos do que entre os médicos. Metade dos alunos respeitou os limites de incisão designados, em comparação a 80% dos médicos. No grupo dos alunos, cerca de 30% das incisões foram regulares, em comparação a 100% no grupo dos médicos (p < 0,001). Os médicos tiveram melhor desempenho em todos os domínios da checklist GOALS. Todos os médicos e 96% dos alunos consideraram a atividade prazerosa, e cerca de 90% consideraram que o modelo era realista e poderia contribuir para o ensino médico. Conclusões: o simulador foi capaz de diferenciar o nível de experiência dos grupos, indicando a validade do construto, e ambos os grupos relataram alta aceitação.

Introduction: Since screening programs for gastric cancer are not applicable in Western countries, identification and follow-up of gastric precancerous lesions, such as extensive intestinal metaplasia (IM), are worthwhile to increase the diagnosis of cancer at an early stage. We investigated whether an optimal age threshold to detect extensive IM in a European country exists. Methods: This was a post hoc analysis of prospectively collected data in a nationwide study involving consecutive patients aged between 50 and 65 years who underwent an upper endoscopy with the standard 5 gastric biopsies. The presence of extensive (antral and gastric body) IM on gastric mucosa was considered. Results: Data found that the prevalence of extensive IM was distinctly higher in patients aged 60–65 years, with a 2.28-fold increased probability compared to younger patients. None of the other considered factors (sex, BMI, smoking habit, first-degree family history, and symptoms) emerged as an independent predictor of extensive IM in the stomach. Conclusion: When deciding for an occasional gastric cancer screening in Western populations, the choice of an age range of 60–65 years might be appropriate, allowing detection of a distinctly high prevalence of extensive IM deserving scheduled follow-up.

The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought about a radical change in our working patterns. These changes can affect the training that gastroenterology trainees undergo, especially endoscopy since these are aerosol-generating procedures. The aim of this survey was to assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on gastroenterology training across the European countries.A questionnaire was set up whereby the different elements of training were analysed. The questionnaire (online) was distributed among trainees through the National Representatives of the European Board of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.In total, 86 trainees (females: 55%; mean age: 32.5 years [SD ±4.57 years]; mean training duration of 2.68 years [SD ±1.63]) from 22 different countries were recruited. From the cohort, 10.5% were considered as vulnerable for acquiring COVID-19. During their job, 4.7% acquired the infection and 26.7% were placed in quarantine. Most trainees noted that their various aspects of gastroenterology training were moderately or severely affected during the initial height of the pandemic: clinical gastroenterology training (67.4%), outpatients (75.5%), didactic teaching (88.3%), multidisciplinary team meetings (65.2%) and endoscopy training (75.6%). Later, when the number of COVID-19-related infections decreased across Europe, the above modalities returned to normal for50% of the trainees.This European-wide survey has demonstrated that gastroenterology training has been severely impacted during both the initial height of the pandemic and afterwards. Furthermore, the psychological impact on trainees, in terms of training quality, duration and exposure to COVID-19, is unknown. A re-assessment of each centre training programme should be done as to ensure that a high standard of training is still being delivered.A pandemia SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) trouxe uma mudança radical nas nossas rotinas de trabalho. Estas mudanças afetaram a formação dos internos de gastroenterologia, em particular nas técnicas endoscópicas, uma vez que se tratam de procedimentos geradores de aerossóis. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito da pandemia COVID-19 na formação gastrenterológica em todos os países europeus.Foi elaborado um questionário onde foram analisados dos diferentes componentes da formação. O questionário (online) foi distribuído entre os internos de gastrenterologia através dos Representantes Nacionais do European Board de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia.No total, obtivemos respostas de 86 internos (mulheres: 55%; idade média: 32,5 anos (DP ±4,57 anos); duração média de internato complementar de 2,68 anos (DP ±1,63), provenientes de 22 países, dos quais 10,5% foram considerados de risco para adquirir COVID-19. Durante a sua prática clínica, 4,7% contraíram a infeção e 26,7% foram colocados em quarentena. A maioria dos internos respondeu que vários aspetos da sua formação gastrenterológica foram moderada ou gravemente afetados durante a altura inicial da pandemia: formação gastrenterológica clínica (67,4%), consulta externa (75,5%), formação teórica (88,3%), reuniões multidisciplinares (65,2%) e ensino em endoscopia (75,6%). Mais tarde, quando o número de infeções relacionadas com COVID-19 diminuiu em toda a Europa, as atividades acima descritas voltaram à normalidade para menos de 50% dos internos.Esta pesquisa em toda a Europa demonstrou que a formação dos internos em gastrenterologia foi gravemente afetada durante a fase inicial da pandemia e nos meses seguintes. Além disso, o impacto psicológico nos internos, em termos de qualidade de treino, duração e exposição ao COVID-19, é desconhecido. Deve ser realizada uma reavaliação dos programas de formação de cada centro a fim de garantir a manutenção de um elevado padrão de ensino.

Several gastroenterology societies have created recommendations in order to reduce nonessential exposure to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. Our aim is to evaluate the national gastroenterologists' perspective on the impact of COVID-19 and the impact of reorganization of a gastroenterology department during the COVID-19 pandemic.For the first purpose, an online survey was distributed to gastroenterologists nationwide. For the second purpose, the authors conducted an analysis of some endoscopic procedures performed at the Gastroenterology Department of the Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho (CHVNG/E) between March 16 and May 8 during the years 2019 and 2020.Sixty-seven gastroenterologists answered our survey. Only 14.9% were residents and 86.6% worked in a hospital with COVID-19 patients, with 16.4% assigned to assist those patients. All of the departments suffered modifications. Ninety percent of the residents affirmed that their activity had changed. Ninety-four percent declared having nonessential endoscopic procedures postponed, and 85.1% maintained in-person medical visits, 88.1% were already having remote consultations, and 11.9% did not have any clinical visit. In our gastroenterology unit, the number of endoscopic procedures decreased by 73.1% from 2019 to 2020. In 2020, the proportion of urgent procedures was higher compared to 2019.The advent of COVID-19 has led to important changes in gastroenterology activities in Portugal, and national gastroenterology units are complying with the recommendations. Furthermore, Portuguese gastroenterologists believed that the decrease in endoscopic activity can compromise residents' education and training. The gastroenterology department at CHVNG/E has shown a significant reduction in the number of endoscopic procedures.As sociedades de Gastroenterologia criaram recomendações de modo a reduzir a exposição não necessária ao vírus da síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SARS-CoV-2). O nosso objetivo é avaliar a perspectiva nacional dos gastroenterologistas sobre o impacto da COVID-19 e avaliar o impacto da reorganização do nosso serviço de Gastroenterologia durante a pandemia.Para o 1° objetivo, um inquérito online foi disponibilizado aos gastroenterologistas de todo o país. Para o 2° objetivo, os autores realizaram uma análise dos procedimentos endoscópicos do serviço de Gastroenterologia do Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho (CHVNG/E) entre 16 de Março e 8 de Maio durante os anos de 2019 e 2020.67 gastroenterologistas responderam o inquérito. Destes, 14.9% eram internos. 86.6% trabalharam num hospital com doentes com COVID-19, e 16.4% dos médicos prestavam cuidados a esses doentes. Todos os departamentos sofreram alterações. 90% dos internos referiram que a atividade tinha sido alterada. 94% dos médicos afirmaram que os procedimentos endoscópicos não-essenciais foram adiados. 85.1% mantinham algumas consultas médicas presenciais, 88.1% estavam a realizar consultas não presenciais, e 11.9% não tinham nenhum tipo de consulta. No nosso serviço, o número de procedimentos endoscópicos diminui em 73.1% de 2019 para 2020. Em 2020, a proporção de procedimentos endoscópicos de urgência foi superior em relação a 2019.A pandemia da COVID-19 conduziu a alterações importantes dentro das atividades da Gastroenterologia em Portugal, e os serviços de Gastroenterologia mostraram cumprir as recomendações. Além disso, os gastroenterologistas portugueses acreditam que a diminuição da atividade endoscópica dos internos pode comprometer a sua futura formação. O serviço de gastroenterologia do CHVNG/E mostrou uma redução significativa do número de procedimentos endoscópicos.

A pancreatite aguda é uma entidade com um espectro de apresentação e gravidade variáveis. A presença de abcessos com ou sem necrose pancreática infetada é um fator importante de morbimortalidade. Evidências científicas defendem técnicas minimamente invasivas para a sua abordagem como tratamento de primeira linha.Apresentamos um caso clínico de pancreatite aguda abcedada com necrose infetada, em que o paciente (além do tra-tamento de suporte) foi submetido a ultrassonografia transendoscópica com punção, drenagem, remoção de tecido necrótico e lavagem com resolução completa do quadro clínico.

Although duodenal adenomas and cancer appear to occur significantly less frequently in autosomal recessive MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP) than in autosomal dominant familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP),1 current guidelines recommend similar endoscopic surveillance for both disorders.2-4 This involves gastro-duodenoscopy starting at 25 to 35 years of age and repeated at intervals determined by Spigelman staging based on the number, size, histological type and degree of dysplasia of adenomas, and by ampullary staging. Case reports of duodenal cancers in MAP suggest that they may develop in the absence of advanced Spigelman stage benign disease and even without coexisting adenomas.1 Recent molecular analyses suggest thatMAPduodenal adenomashave a higher mutational burden than FAP adenomas and are more likely to harbor oncogenic drivermutations, such as those in KRAS.5 These apparent differences in the biology and natural history of duodenal polyposis in FAP and MAP challenge the assumption that the same surveillance should be applied in both conditions.

A ocorrência da ingesta de substâncias cáusticas é considerada emergência médica que pode ocorrer em adultos e crianças e acarretar sequelas e agravos como a estenose cáustica de esfôfago. O diagnóstico e o manejo adequados são de extrema importância para a diminuição da mortalidade e para traçar o prognóstico desses pacientes. A diagnose se dará pela somatória de características clínicas, laboratoriais, radiológicas e endoscópicas, sendo fundamental e necessário a endoscopia digestiva alta somada à radiografia contrastada de esôfago, estomago e duodeno, para avaliar o grau da lesão e a estenose esofágica. A terapêutica inicial será realizada de acordo com grau estabelecido e posteriormente pode necessitar de condutas especificas para a dilatação esofágica, sendo o método mais indicado através de expansores endoscópicos associados a fármacos, principalmente a mitomicina C. Em casos recidivantes, ou não responsivos à terapêutica precoce, pode ser realizada, tardiamente, a intervenção cirúrgica que possui a sua eficiência bem descrita.

Objective: In Brazil, there are no studies comparing endoscopic treatment of lumbar disc herniation with the conventional open technique in SUS (Unified Health System) with regard to hospitalization time and complications occurring within one year, which is the objective of this study. Methods: A survey of 32 surgeries performed in 2019 (11 open and 21 endoscopic) to evaluate pain parameters before and after surgery (VAS), days of hospitalization, and complications. The data were submitted to statistical analysis (ANOVA) using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Fourteen patients were female and eighteen were male, with a mean age of 41.35 years (p> 0.05 between sexes). The pre- and postoperative VAS for pain radiating to the lower limb were similar between the groups: 8.5 ± 0.82 with the open technique and 8.19 ± 1.15 with endoscopic technique. In both groups there was an improvement in the pain pattern with a significant reduction in the VAS (p < 0.05) and there was no statistical relevance between the groups in terms of pain improvement. There was statistical relevance between the groups in the comparison of days of hospitalization required, with the group submitted to endoscopic surgery having a lower number of days. The complications reported were compatible with those found in the literature (postoperative dysesthesia, new herniation). Conclusions: The endoscopic technique resulted in an important reduction in the number of days of hospitalization, a factor with a high impact on the costs of any surgical procedure, which can be a determining factor in the feasibility of minimally invasive techniques. Level of evidence IV; Therapeutic Study.

Introduction Endoscopic resection offers advantages over surgical resection for early colorectal cancer (ECC). However, there might be a presumed risk of recurrence. We aimed to determine the risk of recurrence after endoscopic removal of ECC. Methods A single-centre series of endoscopic resections for ECC. Patients were stratified according to four risk factors: positive resection margins, Haggitt 4, lymphatic/vascular invasion and tumour budding. Results We included 127 patients. Haggitt classification was grade 4 in 54.0%. Positive margins were found in 43 (33.9%), 16 (12.6%) had lymphatic or vascular invasion, and 5 (4.0%) had high grade budding. In 82 (64.5%) endoscopic excision was the definitive treatment, 45 (35.4%) underwent surgery. Six patients (13.3%) had residual tumour on specimen and/or node metastases. Postoperative complications occurred in ten (22.2%). At a median follow-up of 63 months, none of the 82 patients treated with endoscopic resection alone had recurrence. After stratifying patients according to risk factors, those who had residual tumour also had ≥2 risk factors. Conclusions Endoscopic follow up might be a valid option for patients with ECC. A risk-adjusted management seems prudent.

Cirurgia bariàtrica; Endoscòpia; Malaltia per reflux gastroesofàgic Cirugía bariátrica; Endoscopia; Enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico Bariatric surgery; Endoscopy; Gastroesophageal reflux disease Background and Objectives: Bariatric surgery remains the gold standard treatment for morbidly obese patients. Roux-en-y gastric bypass and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy are the most frequently performed surgeries worldwide. Obesity has also been related to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The management of a preoperative diagnosis of GERD, with/without hiatal hernia before bariatric surgery, is mandatory. Endoscopy can show abnormal findings that might influence the final type of surgery. The aim of this article is to discuss and review the evidence related to the endoscopic findings after bariatric surgery. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of the literature has been conducted, including all recent articles related to endoscopic findings after bariatric surgery. Our review of the literature has included 140 articles, of which, after final review, only eight were included. The polled articles included discussion of the endoscopy findings after roux-en-y gastric bypass and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Results: We found that the specific care of bariatric patients might include an endoscopic diagnosis when GERD symptoms are present. Conclusions: Recent evidence has shown that endoscopic follow-up after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy could be advisable, due to the pathological findings in endoscopic procedures in asymptomatic patients.

BACKGROUND: Caustic ingestion and development of esophageal strictures are recognized major public health problems in childhood. Different therapeutic methods have been proposed in the management of such strictures. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate efficacy and risk of endoscopic topical application of mitomycin C in the treatment of caustic esophageal strictures. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Central Cochrane, and LILACS databases. The outcomes evaluated were dysphagia resolution rate, number of dilations performed in resolved cases, and the number of dilations performed in all patients. RESULTS: Three randomized clinical trials were included for final analysis with a total of 190 patients. Topical mitomycin C application group showed a significant increase in dysphagia resolution rate, corresponding to a 42% higher dysphagia resolution as compared to endoscopic dilation alone, with statistical significance between the two groups (RD: 0.42 - [CI: 0.29-0.56]; P-value

Background: Cholangiocarcinoma is an aggressive neoplasm that usually requires palliative biliary drainage. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been described as a successful adjunct treatment to malignant biliary obstruction. Aim: To describe the use of digital cholangioscope to help provide laser light during biliary PDT session using locally developed light source. Method: Patient receives intravenous photosensitizer 24 h before the procedure. It starts with a regular duodenoscopy. After identification of the major papilla and retrograde cannulation, the digital cholangioscope is introduced into the common bile duct. Then, the cholangioscopic examination helps to identify the neoplastic stricture. Under direct visualization lighting catheter is advanced through the cholangioscope. Repositioning is recommended every centimeter to cover all strictured area. At the end of the procedure, a final cholangioscopy assesses the bile duct for the immediate result and adverse events. Result: This procedure was applied in one 82-year-old male due to obstructive jaundice in the last two months. EUS and ERCP revealed a severe dilation of the common bile duct associated with choledocholithiasis. Besides, was revealed dilation of hepatic duct up to a well-circumscribed hypoechoic solid mass measuring 1.8x2 cm compressing the common hepatic duct. The mass was deemed unresectable and the patient was referred for palliative treatment with PDT. He remained asymptomatic for three months. He perished due to complications 15 months after the PDT session. Conclusion: Digital cholangioscopy-guided biliary PDT is feasible and seems safe and effective as an adjunct modality in the palliation of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma., Graphical Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of an extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma using a digital cholangioscopy to deliver the laser

A disfagia é uma alteração da deglutição que pode ser causada por doenças subjacentes as quais levam a alterações estruturais e funcionais ou por hábitos inadequados do indivíduo ao alimentar-se. Essa condição pode levar a um grande comprometimento na qualidade de vida do paciente, podendo resultar em futuras alimentações por vias alternativas, bem como pode ser associada a quadros de broncoaspiração e desnutrição. Diante disso, evidencia-se a necessidade de estudar a evolução desses pacientes através da Vídeoendoscopia da Deglutição (VED) após suporte fonoterápico e nutricional. Dessa forma, realizou-se análise retrospectiva de pacientes com VED antes e após suporte por terapia fonoaudiológica e nutricional para caracterizar escape posterior, Classificação de Yale, Penetração e Aspiração. A pesquisa resultou de uma avaliação de 16 pacientes, em que foi observado após tratamento 37,5% com deglutição normal ou com redução da quantidade de resíduos. A manutenção dos parâmetros avaliados entre as duas VED foram os achados mais prevalentes na maioria das variáveis analisadas. Assim, a terapia poderia indicar um potencial estabilizador da evolução disfágica dos pacientes.

BACKGROUND: Portal hypertension is one of the complications of cirrhosis and is associated with numerous systemic manifestations, including renal, brain, pulmonary, cardiac and vascular changes. In routine ophthalmological examinations performed at our service, we observed that some children diagnosed with portal hypertension had increased retinal vascular tortuosity. OBJECTIVE: 1. To evaluate the presence of retinal vascular abnormalities (vascular tortuosity) in children diagnosed with portal hypertension; 2. To investigate the association between retinal vascular tortuosity and the presence of gastroesophageal varices in these children; 3. To evaluate the use of clinical and laboratory parameters to predict the presence of gastroesophageal varices in children with portal hypertension. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional and observational study that included patients aged

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a complex disease that should be treated by experienced teams of gastroenterologists, radiologists, surgeons, and nutritionists in a multidisciplinary environment. Medical treatment includes lifestyle modification, nutrition, exocrine and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency correction, and pain management. Up to 60% of patients will ultimately require some type of endoscopic or surgical intervention for treatment. However, regardless of the modality, they are often ineffective unless smoking and alcohol cessation is achieved. Surgery retains a major role in the treatment of CP patients with intractable chronic pain or suspected pancreatic mass. For other complications like biliary or gastroduodenal obstruction, pseudocyst drainage can be performed endoscopically. The recommendations for CP were developed by Clube Português do Pâncreas (CPP), based on literature review to answer predefined topics, subsequently discussed and approved by all members of CPP. Recommendations are separated in two parts: “chronic pancreatitis etiology, natural history, and diagnosis,” and “chronic pancreatitis medical, endoscopic, and surgical treatment.” This abstract pertains to part II. A pancreatite crónica (PC) é uma doença complexa que deve ser tratada por equipas multidisciplinares experientes de gastrenterologistas, radiologistas, cirurgiões e nutricionistas. O tratamento médico inclui modificação do estilo de vida, nutrição, correção das insuficiências pancreáticas endócrina e exócrina e controle da dor. Até 60% dos doentes podem necessitar de algum tipo de terapêutica endoscópica ou cirúrgica. No entanto, independentemente da modalidade, elas serão ineficazes, se não se alcançar cessação tabágica e etílica. A cirurgia desempenha um papel importante no tratamento dos doentes com dor crónica intratável ou lesões pancreáticas suspeitas. Outras complicações como obstrução biliar, gastroduodenal, ou drenagem de pseudocistos podem ser tratadas endoscopicamente. As recomendações sobre PC foram desenvolvidas pelo Clube Português do Pâncreas (CPP), com base numa revisão da literatura para responder a questões predefinidas, posteriormente discutidos e aprovados por todos os membros do CPP. As recomendações encontram-se separadas em duas partes: “etiologia da pancreatite crónica, história natural e diagnóstico” e “tratamento médico, endoscópico e cirúrgico da pancreatite crónica.” Este resumo corresponde à parte II.

Introduction and aims: Foreign body (FB) ingestion is a common problem in children under 5 years of age and is one of the main indications for endoscopy. The aim of the present study was to describe the clinical, radiographic, and endoscopic characteristics of patients with FB ingestion, as well as the factors associated with the anatomic location and the type of object ingested. Materials and methods: An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted on all patients with FB ingestion seen at the gastroenterology service from January 2013 to December 2018. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program, obtaining frequencies, percentages, medians, and interquartile ranges. Associations were assessed through the chi-square test. Results: Eighty-five patients (52 males and 33 females) were included, with a median age of 4 years. The most common symptom was vomiting (29.4%). Two radiographic projections were carried out in 72.9% of the cases and the stomach was the site where the FB was most frequently visualized (32.9%). The objects most commonly ingested were coins (36%), with esophageal location (p

Objective: The authors performed an intra-individual comparison of surgical results between the open and endoscopic surgical techniques in patients with bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome. Each hand was submitted to surgery using one of these techniques. Methods: Fifteen patients (30 hands) were evaluated by the Boston Questionnaire, visual analogue pain scale, palmar grip strength, and for tip, key, and tripod pinch strengths. These measurements were taken before surgery and at two weeks, one month, three months, and six months after the procedure. Scores for each evaluation tool in each evaluation time period were compared. Results: In comparison to the group submitted to open surgery, the group submitted to endoscopic surgery had worse scores in the evaluation of the 1st and 6th postoperative months regarding the severity of the symptoms. The authors found no differences in the functional status of the hand. Regarding the intensity of pain evaluated by the visual analogue pain scale, no difference was found between the averages in all time periods evaluated. No differences in palmar grip strength and in fingertip, key (lateral), and tripod pinch strengths were found in all time periods. There were no differences between averages in the preoperative period at two weeks, one month, and three months after surgery. After six months, the group of patients submitted to open surgery presented greater tripod force than the group of patients who underwent endoscopic surgery. Conclusion: No differences were observed by using the intra-individual evaluation in the results between open and endoscopic techniques for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. RESUMO Objetivo: Foi feito um estudo de comparação intraindividual dos resultados cirúrgicos entre as técnicas cirúrgica aberta e endoscópica de um portal em pacientes com síndrome do túnel do carpo bilateral, cada uma das mãos operada por uma das técnicas citadas. Métodos: Quinze pacientes (30 mãos) foram avaliados no pré-operatório, na segunda semana e no primeiro, terceiro e sexto mês pós-operatório pelo questionário de Boston, escala visual analógica da dor, força de preensão palmar, pinça lateral, pinça polpa-polpa e pinça trípode. Foram comparados os escores de cada ferramenta de avaliação obtidos com as cirurgias endoscópica e aberta em cada um dos tempos de seguimento. Resultados: Em comparação com o grupo submetido a cirurgia aberta, o grupo submetido a cirurgia endoscópica apresentou piores escores na avaliação do primeiro e sexto meses pós-operatório quanto à gravidade dos sintomas. Não foram observadas diferenças quanto ao estado funcional da mão. Quanto à intensidade da dor avaliada pela escala visual analógica da dor, não foram observadas diferenças entre as médias em todos os períodos de tempo avaliados. Não foram observadas diferenças nas forças de preensão palmar, pinça polpa-polpa, polpa-lateral em todos os períodos de tempo. Quanto aos escores da força de preensão trípode, não foram observadas diferenças entre as médias nos períodos pré-operatório, duas semanas, um mês e três meses após a cirurgia. Aos seis meses de pós-operatório, o grupo de pacientes submetido a cirurgia aberta apresentou força trípode maior do que o grupo de pacientes submetidos a cirurgia endoscópica. Conclusão: Com o uso da avaliação intraindividual não foram observadas diferenças entre os resultados das técnicas aberta e endoscópica para o tratamento da síndrome do túnel do carpo.

Introduction: Since the introduction of nasal endoscopy into the field of Otorhinolaryngology, the treatment paradigm for cases of severe epistaxis has shifted toward early and precise identification of the bleeding site. Although severe epistaxis is usually considered to arise from posterior bleeding, an arterial vascular pedicle in the superior portion of the nasal septum, around the axilla projection of the middle turbinate, posterior to the septal body, frequently has been observed. That vascular pedicle was named the Stamm's S-point. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the S-point and report cases of severe epistaxis originating from it. Methods: A retrospective case series study was conducted. Nine patients with spontaneous severe epistaxis, where the S-point was identified as the source of bleeding, were treated between March 2016 and March 2017. Results: Male predominance (77.8%) with age average of 59.3 years old were reported. Most cases presented comorbidities (88.9%) and were not taking acetylsalicylic acid (66.7%). A predominance of left sided involvement (55.6%) and anteroposterior bleeding being the principal initial presentation (77.8%) was seen. Six patients (66.7%) presented with hemoglobin levels below 10 g/dL, and four (44.4%) required blood transfusion. Cauterization of S-point was performed in all patients, with complete resolution of bleeding. No patient experienced recurrence of severe epistaxis. Conclusion: The Stamm's S-point, a novel source of spontaneous severe epistaxis, is reported, and its cauterization was effective and safe. Otolaryngologists must actively seek this site of bleeding in cases of severe epistaxis. Resumo Introdução: Desde a introdução da endoscopia nasal no campo de otorrinolaringologia, o paradigma de tratamento para casos graves de epistaxe voltou-se para a identificação precoce e correta do local de sangramento. Embora a epistaxe grave seja geralmente considerada uma hemorragia posterior, um pedículo vascular arterial tem sido frequentemente observado na porção superior do septo nasal, ao redor da projeção da axila da concha média, posterior ao tubérculo septal. Esse pedículo vascular foi chamado de Stamm's S-point. Objetivo: Descrever o S-point e relatar casos graves de epistaxe que se originam nesse local. Método: Um estudo retrospectivo de série de casos foi conduzido. Nove pacientes com epistaxe grave espontânea, na qual o S-point foi identificado como a fonte do sangramento, foram tratados de março de 2016 a março de 2017. Resultados: Houve predominância do sexo masculino (77,8%) com média de 59,3 anos. A maioria dos casos apresentava comorbidades (88,9%), mas sem uso de ácido acetilsalicílico (66,7%). Observou-se predominância do lado esquerdo (55,6%) com sangramento anteroposterior como a principal apresentação inicial (77,8%). Seis pacientes (66,7%) apresentaram níveis de hemoglobina inferiores a 10 g/dL e quatro (44,4%) necessitaram de transfusão sanguínea. Cauterização do S-point foi feita em todos os pacientes, com resolução completa do sangramento. Nenhum paciente apresentou recorrência de epistaxe grave. Conclusão: O Stamm's S-point é relatado como uma nova região de origem de epistaxe grave espontânea e o tratamento feito com cauterização foi eficaz e seguro. Os otorrinolaringologistas devem buscar ativamente esse local de sangramento em casos de epistaxe grave.

We report an unusual case of obstructive fibrosis of the venous ring of Fürstenberg in all four quarters of the udder of a cow of the Girolando breed (3/8 Gir and 5/8 Dutch). The information was obtained through a review of medical records, anamnesis, and imaging methods such as theloscopy and ultrasonography. Histopathological analysis provided a definitive diagnosis. RESUMO Relata-se a ocorrência de um caso incomum de fibrose obstrutiva do anel venoso de Fürstenberg em quatro quartos mamários de uma vaca da raça Girolando (3/8 Gir e 5/8 Holandês). As informações foram obtidas por meio de revisão do prontuário, da anamnese e de métodos de diagnóstico por imagem, como a teloscopia e a ultrassonografia. A análise histopatológica forneceu o diagnóstico definitivo.

RESUMO A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico decorre do fluxo de conteúdo gastroduodenal para o esôfago e/ou para os órgãos adjacentes, o que leva à ampla gama de sinais e implicações clínicas. É desconhecida a incidência de refluxo gastroesofágico transoperatório em caninos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi, por meio da endoscopia flexível, avaliar a presença do refluxo gastroesofágico em cadelas submetidas a ovário-histerectomia com base nos fármacos analgésicos utilizados na medicação pré-anestésica (morfina, tramadol ou metadona). Concluiu-se que não houve diferença na incidência de refluxo gastroesofágico transoperatório, não tendo os fármacos testados influenciado de forma diferente esse comportamento; porém, alguns animais do grupo morfina apresentaram êmese pré-operatória. A gravidade dos refluxos foi maior nas cadelas submetidas ao uso da metadona, de acordo com o método de avaliação utilizado para esta pesquisa. ABSTRACT Gastroesophageal reflux disease arises from the gastroduodenal content flow to the esophagus and/or associated organs, which leads to the wide range of signs and clinical implications. Incidence of intraoperative gastroesophageal reflux disease in dogs is unknown. The objective was, through flexible endoscopy, to assess the presence of gastroesophageal reflux in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy based on analgesic drugs used in premedication (morphine, tramadol or methadone). It was concluded that there was no difference in the incidence of intraoperative gastroesophageal reflux, these drugs don't influence this behavior; however, in the morphine group some animals showed preoperative vomiting. The severity of the reflux was higher, but not significantly, in bitches undergoing the methadone according to the evaluator method used for this research.

Objetive: Thecaloscopy is a less invasive method of exploration of the spinal subarachnoid space, using an ultra-thin, flexible endoscope and endoscopic fenestration of scars and adhesions. Thecalopscopy was used in Russian neurosurgery for the first time. Methods: Since 2009, we have operated on 32 patients with the following diagnoses: 17 - spinal adhesive arachnoiditis (8 - local forms, 9 - diffuse forms), 12 - spinal arachnoid cysts (7 - post-traumatic cysts, 5 - idiopathic cysts), and 3 - extramedullary tumors (thecaloscopic videoassistance and biopsy). In all cases, we performed exploration of subarachnoid space and pathologic lesion with endoscopic perforation of the cyst or dissection of adhesions using special instrumentation. The mean follow-up time in our group was 11.4 months. Results: Neurological improvement (mean 1.4 by the modified Frankel scale, 1.8 by the Ashworth spasticity scale) was seen in 87% of patients operated for spinal arachnopathies. Temporary neurological deterioration (mild disturbances of deep sensitivity) was seen in 9% of patients and managed successfully with conservative treatment. One patient (3.1%) was operated three times due to relapse of adhesions. There were no serious intraoperative complications (e.g. severe bleeding or dura perforation). Postoperative complications included one CSF leakage and one case of postoperative neuralgic pain. The mean hospitalization time was 7.6 days. Conclusion: According to our data, we conclude that thecaloscopy is efficient and safe method, and should be widely used for spinal arachnopathies, adhesive arachnoiditis and arachnoid cysts. Taking into account that adhesive spinal arachnoiditis is a systemic process, and that spinal arachnoid cysts may also be extended, thecaloscopy may be regarded as the most radical and less-invasive form of surgical treatment that currently exists in neurosurgery. RESUMO Objetivo: A tecaloscopia é um método menos invasivo de exploração do espaço subaracnóideo, com um endoscópio flexível ultrafino e fenestração endoscópica de cicatrizes e aderências. A tecaloscopia foi usada pela primeira vez na neurocirurgia russa. Métodos: Desde 2009, operamos 32 pacientes com os seguintes diagnósticos: 17 aracnoidites adesivas espinais (8 formas locais e 9 formas difusas), 12 cistos aracnóideos espinais (7 cistos pós-traumáticos e 5 cistos idiopáticos) e 3 tumores extramedulares (vídeo-assistida por tecaloscopia e biópsia). Em todos os casos, realizamos a exploração do espaço subaracnóideo e da lesão com perfuração endoscópica do cisto ou dissecção de aderências usando instrumentação especial. O acompanhamento médio em nosso grupo foi de 11,4 meses. Resultados: A melhora neurológica (média 1,4 pela escala de Frankel modificada e 1,8 pela escala de espasticidade de Ashworth) foi observada em 87% dos pacientes operados devido a aracnopatias da coluna vertebral. A deterioração neurológica temporária (distúrbios leves da sensibilidade profunda) foi observada em 9% dos pacientes que foi tratada com sucesso pelo método conservador. Um paciente (3,1%) foi operado três vezes devido à recorrência de aderências. Não houve complicações intraoperatórias graves (por exemplo, sangramento grave ou perfuração da dura-máter, etc.). As complicações pós-operatórias incluíram um extravasamento de LCE e um caso de neuralgia pós-operatória. O período médio de hospitalização foi de 7,6 dias. Conclusão : De acordo com nossos dados, concluímos que a tecaloscopia é um método eficiente e seguro, e deve ser amplamente utilizado para aracnopatias espinais, aracnoidites adesivas e cistos aracnóideos. Considerando que a aracnoidite adesiva é um processo sistêmico e que os cistos aracnóideos da coluna vertebral também podem ser extensos, a tecaloscopia pode ser considerada como a forma mais radical e menos invasiva de tratamento cirúrgico existente atualmente em neurocirurgia. RESUMEN Objetivo: La tecaloscopia es un método de exploración menos invasivo del espacio subaracnoideo con un endoscopio flexible ultrafino y fenestración endoscópica de cicatrices y adherencias. La tecaloscopia se utilizó en neurocirugía rusa por primera vez. Métodos: Desde 2009 operamos 32 pacientes con los siguientes diagnósticos: 17 aracnoiditis adhesivas espinales (8 formas locales y 9 formas difusas), 12 quistes aracnoideos espinales (7 quistes postraumáticos y 5 quistes idiopáticos) y 3 tumores extramedulares (asistida por video tecaloscópico y biopsia). En todos los casos se realizó la exploración del espacio subaracnoideo y lesión con perforación endoscópica del quiste o disección de adherencias mediante instrumentación especial. El seguimiento medio en nuestro grupo fue de 11,4 meses. Resultados: La mejoría neurológica (media 1,4 por la escala de Frankel modificada y 1,8 por la escala de espasticidad de Ashworth) se observó en el 87% de los pacientes operados debido a aracnopatías de la columna vertebral. Se observó deterioro neurológico temporal (alteraciones leves de la sensibilidad profunda) en el 9% de los pacientes, que fue tratada con éxito por el método conservador. Un paciente (3,1%) fue operado tres veces debido a la recurrencia de las adherencias. No hubo complicaciones intraoperatorias graves (por ejemplo, sangrado grave o perforación de la duramadre, etc.). Las complicaciones postoperatorias incluyeron una extravasación del LCR y un caso de neuralgia postoperatoria. El período promedio de hospitalización fue de 7,6 días. Conclusiones : De acuerdo con nuestros datos, concluimos que la tecaloscopia es un método eficiente y seguro, que debe ser ampliamente utilizado para aracnopatías espinales, aracnoiditis adhesivas y quistes aracnoideos. Teniendo en cuenta que la aracnoiditis adhesiva es un proceso sistémico y que los quistes aracnoideos de la columna vertebral también pueden ser extensos, la tecaloscopia puede ser considerada como la forma más radical y menos invasiva de tratamiento quirúrgico existente actualmente en neurocirugía.

Ruolo dell’approccio trans-palpebrale superiore endoscopico-assistito nella gestione delle complicanze infettive orbitarie multicompartimentali: considerazioni su 4 casi clinici.Gli ascessi dell’orbita rappresentano una delle più temibili complicanze in corso di rinosinusite acuta. La loro gestione è di tipo chirurgico nella maggior parte dei casi, con l’obiettivo di drenare la raccolta ed evitare l’evoluzione verso quadri ancora più seri che possano comportare la perdita della vista o l’estensione intracranica del processo infettivo. L’approccio chirurgico più frequentemente utilizzato è rappresentato dalla chirurgia endoscopica dei seni paranasali, pur risultando in alcuni casi insufficiente. Lo scopo del presente studio è quello di presentare la nostra esperienza nell’utilizzo dell’approccio trans-palpebrale superiore in combinazione con la via endoscopica endonasale classica nella gestione di casi selezionati di ascessi orbitari.Orbital abscess is one of the most serious complications of acute rhinosinusitis and requires surgical management to avoid further complications such as visual loss and intracranial extension of the infectious process. Endoscopic sinus surgery is the most frequently used procedure in such cases, even if its use may be insufficient in some cases. The aim of the present study is to present our experience on the management of selected orbital abscesses through a superior eyelid endoscopic approach in combination with endonasal surgery. Personal considerations on four cases and lessons learned are described.

Background Our purpose was to study the relationship of the 3 different types of endoscopic calcifications of the renal papilla (Randall’s plaque, intratubular calcification, papillary crater) with the type of stone and urine analysis. Methods This prospective study examined 41 patients (age range: 18 to 80 years) who received retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for renal lithiasis (mean stone size: 15.3 ± 7.2 mm). The renal papilla injuries were endoscopically classified as Randall’s plaque, intratubular calcification, or papillary crater. Calculi were classified as uric acid, calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM; papillary and cavity), calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD), or calcium phosphate (CP). A 24 h urine analysis of calcium, oxalate, citrate, phosphate, and pH was performed in all patients. The relationship of each type of papillary injury with type of stone and urine chemistry was determined. Fisher’s exact test and Student’s t-test were used to determine the significance of relationships, and a p value below 0.05 was considered significant. Results The most common injury was tubular calcification (78%), followed by Randall’s plaque (58%), and papillary crater (39%). There was no significant relationship of Randall’s plaque with type of stone. However, endoscopic intratubular calcification (p = 0.025) and papillary crater (p = 0.041) were more common in patients with COD and CP stones. There were also significant relationships of papillary crater with hypercalciuria (p = 0.036) and hyperoxaluria (p = 0.024), and of Randall’s plaque with hypocitraturia (p = 0.005). Conclusions There are certain specific relationships between the different types of papillary calcifications that were endoscopically detected with stone chemistry and urine analysis. COD and CP stones were associated with endoscopic tubular calcifications and papillary craters. Hypercalciuria was associated with tubular calcification, and hypocitraturia was associated with Randall’s plaque.