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To present a prenatal diagnosis of diastrophic dysplasia in the second trimester of pregnancy using two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography. The mother was primigravida and aged 12 years. She underwent the first 2D obstetric ultrasound examination at 27 weeks, showing bilaterally upper and lower limb micromelia, thumb and hallux in bilateral abduction, bilateral talipes equinovarus; hyperlordosis of the lumbar spine, cervical, lumbar, and sacral scoliosis; cervical hyperkyphosis with the misalignment of cervical vertebrae, and straight clavicles. 3D ultrasonography in conventional and HDlive rendering modes confirmed the changes observed in 2D ultrasonography and allowed improved understanding by the parents. At birth, the newborn presented transient respiratory distress and neonatal sepsis. At the time of writing, the child is aged 31 months and under follow-up by the pediatrics department. 3D ultrasound allowed the parents to understand the fetal malformations better, and they received adequate counseling.

Aim The study aim was to map clinical characteristics and the evolution of pregnancies in pregnant women with confirmed diagnosis of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Methods Searching four databases, studies were investigated that described the evolution of pregnancies in women diagnosed with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection through laboratory tests. A scoping review was undertaken, including 35 articles published in English. Two pairs of independent researchers synthesized the data. Results Most studies were case studies or case series and had a low risk of bias. A predominance of cases was found in women over the age of 30 years who got infected in the third term of pregnancy and who had comorbidities. The prematurity index varied with the heterogeneity of the samples, and the cases of abortion occurred in combination with severe forms of infection. Caesarean section deliveries predominated, indicated mainly by respiratory decompensation caused by infection. Most women were discharged. Conclusion Based on the reviewed studies, the profile and evolution of pregnant women infected with COVID‐19 could be evaluated., Summary statement What is already known about this topic? In 2020, the COVID‐19 pandemic was decreed, currently accounting for more than 105 million cases and more than two million deaths.Physiological changes of pregnancy predispose pregnant women to COVID‐19 infection.The characteristics of pregnancy associated with COVID‐19 infection turn obstetric care into a constant challenge. What this paper adds? The review presents the profile of pregnant women infected by SARS‐CoV‐2, with laboratory confirmation using the diagnostic reference standard (PCR).This review presents the profile of pregnant women infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 and the outcomes of the infection and pregnancy. The implications of this paper: Based on the knowledge of the profile, public policies can be planned to prevent and manage infection among pregnant and postpartum women.Further studies are suggested, mainly follow‐up studies of cohorts with pregnant women infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 to expand knowledge about the profile and obstetric outcomes.

To compare the type of management (active versus expectant) for preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) between 34 and 36 + 6 weeks of gestation and the associated adverse perinatal outcomes in 2 tertiary hospitals in the southeast of Brazil. In the present retrospective cohort study, data were obtained by reviewing the medical records of patients admitted to two tertiary centers with different protocols for PPROM management. The participants were divided into two groups based on PPROM management: group I (active) and group II (expectant). For statistical analysis, the Student Of the 118 participants included, 78 underwent active (group I) and 40 expectant management (group II). Compared with group II, group I had significantly lower mean amniotic fluid index (5.5 versus 11.3 cm, There was no association between active versus expectant management in pregnant women with PPROM between 34 and 36 + 6 weeks of gestation and adverse perinatal outcomes. Comparar o tipo de manejo (ativo versus expectante) para ruptura prematura de membranas (PPROM, na sigla em inglês) entre 34 e 36 semanas e 6 dias de gestação e os resultados perinatais adversos relacionados, em 2 hospitais terciários do sudeste brasileiro. MéTODOS: No presente estudo de coorte retrospectivo, os dados foram obtidos através da revisão dos prontuários de gestantes internadas em dois centros terciários com protocolos diferentes para o seguimento da PPROM. As gestantes foram divididas em dois grupos com base no manejo da PPROM: grupo I (ativo) e grupo II (expectante). Para análise estatística, foram utilizados o teste t de Student, qui-quadrado e regressão logística binária. Das 118 gestantes incluídas, 78 foram submetidas a tratamento ativo (grupo I) e 40 a seguimento expectante (grupo II). Comparado ao grupo II, o grupo I apresentou índice de líquido amniótico médio significativamente menor (5,5 versus 11,3 cm

Estudo quantitativo, de delineamento transversal, realizado com 103 puérperas que teve por objetivo analisar e mensurar a qualidade de vida de puérperas, identificar a prevalência de sinais indicativos de depressão pós-parto e associar escores de qualidade de vida com sintomas depressivos. Aplicou-se instrumentos sobre condições sociodemográficas, de saúde e obstétricas, “Índice de Qualidade de Vida” e o Inventário de Beck para Depressão. O escore de qualidade de vida total obteve média de 24,77. Os domínios com menor e maior escore foram Socioeconômico e, Família. A média de pontos obtida no Inventário de Beck foi de 9,42, porém 82,5% não possuíam sinais indicativos de depressão. Observou-se que presença de sinais indicativos alterou todos os escores de qualidade de vida e seus domínios. Concluiu-se que as puérperas obtiveram altos escores de qualidade de vida, contudo, sinais indicativos de depressão influenciaram negativamente a qualidade de vida em todos os seus domínios.

Introduction: Preeclampsia is defined by the development of hypertension associated with proteinuria after the 20th week of gestation in previously normotensive women. IL17A is a potent inducer of tissue inflammation and polymorphisms in the IL17A gene can modulate gene expression and affect the functioning of Th17 cells, strengthening susceptibility to preeclampsia. Objective: To investigate the polymorphisms rs4711998 A>G, rs8193036 C>T and rs2275913 A>G in the IL17A gene in women with preeclampsia. Methods: This is a control case study, composed of 263 women, 89 with preeclampsia and 174 of the control group. The polymorphisms investigated by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allele discrimination technique. The risk of IL17A polymorphisms contributing to preeclampsia was assessed by the inheritance model through logistic regression. Statistical power presented 99.5% for association detection. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Results: Genotype frequencies as well as multiple logistic regression analysis were not statistically significant for the rs4711998 A>G, rs8193036 C>T and rs2275913 A>G polymorphisms of the IL17A gene. No association was found between any haplotypes of the polymorphisms investigated and the risk of developing PE. Conclusion: There is no association between the allele frequencies, genotype, inheritance models and haplotypes of the rs4711998 A>G, rs8193036 C>T and rs2275913 A>G polymorphisms of the IL17A gene and PE.

Objective: The present study assessed epidemiological and obstetrical data from pregnant women with syphilis at the Hospital de Clínicas of the Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM, in the Portuguese acronym), describing this disease during pregnancy and its vertical transmission for future healthcare actions. Methods: Records from pregnant women who had been admitted to the Obstetrics Department of the Hospital de Clínicas of the UFTM and were diagnosed with syphilis between 2007 and 2016 were reviewed. A standardized form was used to collect epidemiological, obstetric data and outcomes of congenital infection. The present research has been authorized by the Ethics Committee of the institution. Results: There were 268 women diagnosed with syphilis, with an average age of 23.6 years old. The majority of the patients were from Uberaba. Inadequate prenatal care was observed in 37.9% of the pregnant women. Only 34.2% of the patients completed the treatment according to the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Health of Brazil, and 19.8% of the partners of the patients underwent adequate syphilis treatment; 37 (13.8%) couples (patients and partners) underwent correct treatment. Regarding the obstetric outcomes, 4 (1.5%) patients had a miscarriage and 8 (3.4%) had fetal losses (from the fetal loss group, 7 had no adequate treatment); 61 (25.9%) patients had premature births - this prematurity has been significantly correlated to inadequate or incomplete treatment in 49 (27.9%) patients, compared with 12 (13.0%) patients with premature births and adequate treatment (p = 0.006). The average live newborn weight was 2,840 g; 25.3% had a birth weight < 2,500 g; 74.2% had congenital syphilis, a data with heavy correlation to inadequate or incomplete prenatal care, prematurity, and low birth weight. Conclusion: Public awareness policies on adequate prenatal care, intensification of serological screening, and early treatment of syphilis are needed, considering the rise of cases diagnosed during gestation and its potentially preventable deleterious consequences related to congenital transmission. Resumo Objetivo: O presente estudo avaliou dados epidemiológicos e obstétricos de gestantes com sífilis no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), objetivando o conhecimento desta infecção no ciclo gravídico e a transmissão vertical para futuras ações em saúde pública. Métodos: Foram revisados registros de gestantes admitidas no Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia do Hospital de Clínicas da UFTM, diagnosticadas com sífilis entre 2007 e 2016. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se um formulário padronizado enfocando aspectos epidemiológicos, obstétricos e infecção congênita. A presente pesquisa foi autorizada pelo Comitê de Ética da instituição. Resultados: Obteve-se 268 gestantes diagnosticadas com sífilis, com idade media de 23,6 anos, sendo a maioria de Uberaba. A assistência pré-natal foi inadequada em 37,9% dos casos. O tratamento para sífilis, de acordo com as diretrizes do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil, foi realizado por 34,2% das gestantes e por 19,8% dos parceiros. Quanto aos desfechos obstétricos, observou-se que 4 (1,5%) pacientes evoluíram com abortamento e 8 (3,4%) com óbito fetal, das quais 7 não realizaram tratamento. Observou-se parto prematuro em 61 (25,9%) gestantes, e a prematuridade foi significativamente associada ao tratamento ausente/incompleto, com 49 (27,9%) casos, comparada a 12 (13,0%) casos nos quais o tratamento foi adequado (p = 0,006). Quanto aos recém-nascidos, o peso médio foi de 2.840 g, e 25,3% apresentaram peso < 2.500 g. Diagnosticou-se infecção congênita em 74,2%, dos casos, associada significativamente ao pré-natal inadequado, ao tratamento ausente/ incompleto, à prematuridade e ao baixo peso ao nascer. Conclusão: Políticas públicas de conscientização sobre pré-natal adequado, intensificação de rastreamento sorológico e tratamento precoce da sífilis são necessárias, haja vista a ascensão dos casos diagnosticados na gestação e suas consequências deletérias potencialmente evitáveis relacionadas à transmissão congênita.

This is a cross-sectional and retrospective study based on the analysis of all medical records of puerperal women assisted at a teaching hospital in the state of Minas Gerais, from January 1 to December 31, 2016. This study aims to estimate the success rate in vaginal delivery after a previous cesarean section, and the factors associated with their outcome. 1,157 medical records were reviewed and, after selection, 215 records of puerperal women submitted to vaginal delivery after a previous cesarean section were analyzed. The rate of vaginal delivery after previous cesarean section was 55.8%. The factors associated with the outcome were mainly absence of complications and/or pathologies during pregnancy, full-term pregnancies, and having had at least one previous vaginal birth. There is a need for studies on the subject, given the recent recommendations, factors to be cleared and still contradictory results regarding vaginal delivery after previous cesarean section.

Objectives: to verify the contribution of polymorphisms rs1800469 and rs1800468 of the TGF-β1 gene and the risk factors for the pre-eclampsia development. Methods: this is a case-control study with 257 women from the Uberaba region of Minas Gerais were selected, 88 of them were in the pre-eclampsia group and 169 in the control group. Genotyping was performed by allelic discrimination using the real-time PCR technique. The odds ratio and the 95% confidence interval were used to evaluate the probability of the polymorphisms studied contributing for the pre-eclampsia development. The logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relation among family recurrence, smoking, primiparity and the presence of polymorphic alleles and susceptibility of preeclampsia. Results: no association was found between polymorphisms rs1800469 and rs1800468 of the TGF-β1 gene and pre-eclampsia. The logistic regression analysis was statistically significant for family recurrence, showing that women with a family history of pre-eclampsia and primiparity are at an increased risk of developing the disease. Conclusions: no association was found between polymorphisms rs1800469 and rs1800468 of the TGF-β1 and pre-eclampsia gene. Factors such as family history and primiparity were associated to the risk of developing pre-eclampsia. Resumo Objetivos: verificar a contribuição dos polimorfismos rs1800469 e rs1800468 do gene TGF-β1 e de fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de PE. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo caso-controle, onde foram selecionadas 257 mulheres, da região de Uberaba, Minas Gerais, sendo 88 do grupo PE e 169 controles. A genotipagem foi realizada por discriminação alélica através da técnica de PCR em tempo real. Odds ratio e o intervalo de confiança de 95% foram usados para avaliar a probabilidade dos polimorfismos estudados contribuírem com o desenvolvimento de PE. A análise de regressão logística foi realizada para avaliar a relação entre recorrência familiar, tabagismo, primiparidade e presença dos alelos polimórficos e a suscetibilidade a PE. Resultados: não foi observada associação entre os polimorfismos rs1800469 e rs1800468 do gene TGF-β1 e PE. A análise de regressão logística foi estatisticamente significativa para recorrência familiar, mostrando que mulheres com histórico familiar de PE e mulheres primigestas possuem risco aumentado de desenvolver a doença. Conclusões: não foi encontrada associação entre os polimorfismos rs1800469 e rs1800468 do gene TGF-β1 e PE. Fatores como histórico familiar e primiparidade foram associados com o risco de desenvolvimento de PE.

This study aimed to evaluate the serum concentration of factors associated with placental angiogenesis in pre-eclamptic and normotensive pregnant women.This was a prospective, cross-sectional, case-control study in which the pro-angiogenic factors PlGF, VEGF and IL-10, and the anti-angiogenic factors IL-6, IL-17 and TNF-α of 55 pregnant women (31 with pre-eclampsia-PE and 24 normotensive), with gestational age ≥20 weeks, were measured in maternal blood through the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparison between groups.Serum PIGF was reduced in the group of pregnant women with PE when compared with the normotensive women (493.2 ± 55.1 pg/mL vs. 4.4 ± 26.5 pg/mL; p 0.001). There was no significant difference in PlGF levels in the pre-eclamptic pregnant women in relation to gestational age or proteinuria levels (p 0.05). The serum levels of VEGF, IL-17, IL-10 and TNF-α were lower in the pregnant women with PE when compared with their normotensive peers, while the IL-6 levels were higher; however, this difference was not statistically significant (p 0.05).Serum PlGF levels were reduced in the pregnant women with PE and were unrelated to disease severity. Serum levels of VEGF, IL-17, IL-10 and TNF-α were reduced in the pre-eclamptic pregnant women when compared with their normotensive peers, without statistically significant differences.

Vertical HIV transmission rates and associated factors among mother-infant pairs cared for at a Brazilian reference centre from 1988 to 1993 (period 1), and from 1996 to 1999 (period 2) were evaluated. A total of 150 and 239 infants born to HIV+ mothers were enrolled at birth during these periods. No zidovudine prophylaxis was available in period 1. In period 2, 92.4% of the infants were exposed to zidovudine (54% started at delivery or in the post-natal period). During period 1, 25 of 129 infants were found to be infected (19.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI]=13-27) vs 20 of 232 (8.6%; 95% CI=5-13) during period 2 ( P

Cancer of the cervix is the most common malignancy diagnosed during pregnancy, with an incidence of 1–10 cases per 10,000 pregnancies. The desire of patients to maintain pregnancy and subsequent fertility is a difficult target to be achieved and should be widely studied, since it depends on the stage of disease, gestational age at diagnosis, and the woman's desire to maintain pregnancy. We describe in this report the case of a pregnant woman with invasive cervical adenocarcinoma in stage IB1 (FIGO) initially treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, followed by radical surgery and cesarean section in the same surgical procedure.

Introduction Among the causes of complications in pregnancy and childbirth, hypertensive disorders are responsible for high maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality rates. Among them, preeclampsia(PE) deserves special mention, as it is a multisystem disorder of unknown aetiology, specific to human pregnancies, which exposes the mother and infant to serious risks, and which has an incidence ranging from 5% to 7% . The pathophysiology of PE is not yet fully understood because it presents a complex interaction of environmental, genetic and immunological factors. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the serum concentration of factors associated with placental angiogenesis in pre-eclamptic and normotensive pregnant women. Methods This was a prospective, cross-sectional, case-control study in which the pro-angiogenic factors PlGF, VEGF, and IL-10, and the anti-angiogenic factors IL -6, IL-17, and TNF- α of 55 pregnant women (31 with pre-eclampsia and 24 normotensive), with gestational age ⩾ 20 weeks, were measured in maternal blood through the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used for comparison between groups. Results Serum PIGF was reduced in the group of pregnant women with PE when compared with the normotensive women (493.2 ± 55.1 pg/mL vs. 4.4 ± 26.5 pg/mL; p 0.001 ). There was no significant difference in PlGF levels in the pre-eclamptic pregnant women in relation to gestational age or proteinuria levels ( p > 0.05 ). The serum levels of VEGF, IL-17, IL-10, and TNF- α were lower in the pregnant women with PE when compared with their normotensive peers, while the IL-6 levels were higher; however, this difference was not statistically significant ( p > 0.05 ). Conclusions Serum PlGF levels were reduced in the pregnant women with PE and were unrelated to disease severity. Serum levels of VEGF, IL-17, IL-10, and TNF- α were reduced in the pre-eclamptic pregnant women when compared with their normotensive peers, without statistically significant differences.

Introduction Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific disease diagnosed by hypertension and proteinuria after 20th week of pregnancy. The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a crucial enzyme for folate and homocysteine metabolism. The A1298C (rs1801131) is a common polymorphism of MTHFR gene and has also been suspected as a contributor of altered serum homocysteine levels. Hyperhomocysteinemia has been associated with pregnancy complications such as pre-eclampsia. Objective Determine wheter MTHFR A1298C polymorphism is associated with PE susceptibility. Methods In this case-control study, a total of 53 preeclamptic pregnant women were recruited from Departament of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Clinical Hospital, of Triangulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil. PE was defined according clinical findings, including increased blood pressure ( ⩾ 140 mmHg systolic or ⩾ 90 mmHg diastolic on 2 or more measurements at least 6 h apart) and proteinuria ⩾ 0.3 g/24 h or ⩾ +1 on a urine dipstick after 20 weeks of gestation. The control group included 179 normal pregnant women. None of PE patients and healthy controls had hypertension history. Genomic DNA was extracted from EDTA-treated whole blood by standard procedure of phenol–chloroform. Polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) was performed for MTHFR A1298C (rs1801131) genotyping and subsequent digestion of PCR products with MboII restriction enzyme. Differences in the distribution of genotypes and alleles between groups and deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were tested using the chi-square test. Results No deviation from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was observed for MTHFR A1298C polymorphism either in PE patients or in healthy controls (p = 0.81 and p = 0.21 respectively). The frequency of 1298C allele in PE patients and controls was 28% and 20% and was not statistically different. The frequency of AA genotype was 54.2% and 62.3%, AC genotype was 36.3 and 33.9% and CC genotype was 9.5 and 3.8% in PE patients and controls, respectively, which was not significantly different (p = 0.337). Conclusion The MTHFR A1298C (rs1801131) polymorphism is not associated with risk of developing pre-eclampsia. Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

OBJETIVO: Identificar polimorfismos genéticos do fator de crescimento do endotélio vascular (VEGF), posições +936C/T e -2578C/A, em mulheres com pré-eclâmpsia. MÉTODOS:Trata-se de um estudo transversal,constituído por 80 mulheres distribuídas em dois grupos: pré-eclâmpsia e grupo controle. A caracterização da amostra foi realizada mediante entrevista pré-estruturadae complementada por dados transcritos dos prontuários. Para identificação dos polimorfismos foi realizada extração de DNA, amplificação das sequências pela Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) com primers específicos e análise por Polimorfismos de Comprimentos de Fragmentos de Restrição (RFLP). A análise estatística dos resultados foi realizada de forma descritiva e pelo teste do . O modelo de regressão logística múltipla foi utilizado para determinar o efeito dos polimorfismos na pré-eclampsia. RESULTADOS: Evidenciou-se uma maior frequência do alelo T do polimorfismo VEGF +936C/T nas pacientes com pré-eclâmpsia, embora com diferença não significativa.A presença do alelo A do VEGF -2578C/A foi maior no grupo controle, com diferença significativa. CONCLUSÕES: Não foi observada associação significativa do polimorfismo VEGF +936C/T com a pré-eclâmpsia. Para o polimorfismo VEGF -2578C/A observa-se diferença significativa entre os grupos, sendo o alelo A mais frequente no controle, sugerindo a possibilidade da portadora do alelo A apresentar menor suscetibilidade para o desenvolvimento de pré-eclâmpsia. PURPOSE: To identify genetic polymorphisms of endothelial growth factor (VEGF), positions +936C/T and -2578C/A, in women with pre-eclampsia. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted on 80 women divided into two groups: pre-eclampsia and control. The sample was characterized using a pre-structured interview and data transcribed from the medical records. DNA extraction, amplification of sequences by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with specific primers and polymorphism analysis of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) were performed to identify polymorphisms. The statistical analysis was performedin a descriptive manner and using the test. The multiple logistic regression model was used to determine the effect of polymorphisms on pre-eclampsia. RESULTS:Ahigher frequency of the T allele of theVEGF +936C/T polymorphism was observedin patients with pre-eclampsia, but with no significant difference. The presence of allele A of the VEGF -2578C/A was significantly higher in the control group. CONCLUSIONS:No significant association was observed between VEGF +936C/Tpolymorphism andpre-eclampsia. For the VEGF -2578C/A polymorphism a significant differencewas observed between thecontrol and pre-eclampsia group, with allele A being the most frequent in the control, suggesting the possibility that carriers of allele A have lower susceptibility to the development of pre-eclampsia.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar implicações do diabetes melito (DM) na morbimortalidade materno-fetal, segundo experiência da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro. MATERIAIS E METODOS: Procedeu-se à análise retrospectiva dos prontuários de gestantes diabéticas assistidas entre 1990 e 2009 focando dados e complicações maternas e neonatais. RESULTADOS: A última gestação de 93 diabéticas foi avaliada, sendo 34 com DM tipo 1, em que se observou maior ocorrência de tocotrauma (p = 0,023) e retinopatia (p = 0,023). Vinte e uma pacientes tinham DM tipo 2; suas necessidades de insulina aumentaram progressivamente (p < 0,01) e observou-se maior prevalência de tabagismo (p = 0,004). Trinta e oito tiveram diabetes gestacional e iniciaram acompanhamento do diabetes em idade gestacional mais tardia (p < 0,001), tiveram mais antecedentes de macrossomia fetal (p = 0,028) e maior prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular. CONCLUSÕES: Não obstante melhora do controle glicêmico durante a gestação, nenhum dos grupos atingiu alvos glicêmicos ideais. Ainda assim, a maioria das gestações em diabéticas, conduzidas em nosso meio, evoluiu favoravelmente.

The objective of the present study was to assess infections and cytologic abnormalities in cervicovaginal smears from 153 HIV-positive women and 169 HIV-negative followed up at the UFTM School of Medicine between May 1999 and May 2002. The medical records and cervicovaginal smears were reviewed and the HIV-positive group was classified according to CD4 cell count, HIV viral load, antiretroviral therapy and HIV subgroups (with or without disease; with or without therapy) and compared to HIV-negative group. We conclude that the frequency of Candida sp, Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis in cervicovaginal smear, is not different between HIV-positive and HIV-negative women, even if the HIV-group is subdivided according to CD4 cell count, HIV viral load, antiretroviral therapy and HIV subgroups. The frequency of LSIL, in cervicovaginal smears, was greater in the HIV-group (17.6%) than in the HIV-negative (4.1%); there was no difference between the two groups according to frequency of HSIL (4.6% versus 1.8%), ASCUS/AGUS (7.8% versus 3.5%) and invasive carcinoma (1.3% versus 0.6%). The frequency of LSIL was greater in the HIV positive group with CD4 cell count < 350 cells/mm3. The viral load, therapeutic regimen and HIV subgroups (HIV-positive without therapy, HIV-positive with therapy, AIDS by immunological criteria and AIDS by clinical criteria) have not shown relationship with LSIL frequency, until now. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Even though there are clinical studies emphasizing the diagnosis and the perinatal intercurrent diseases of the Hypertensive Syndromes in Pregnancy, few of these studies establish the clinical forms of the specific hypertensive syndromes with the associated morphological placental alterations. The lack of studies on placental morphology and the etiopathogenesis of the different clinical standards for HSP, together with the need to objectively characterize these morphological placental lesions justify this study. A retrospective study was carried out with 91 placentas examined throughout the period from 2000 to 2003. All placentas from patients presenting HSP in this period were included in the study. These were classified according to features well established by the literature such as laboratory and clinical criteria into: gestational hypertension (GH), chronic hypertension (CH), pre-eclampsia (PE) and pre-eclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension (PSCH). The number of knots presented a positive correlation with the length of time and severity of the hypertension during gestation (Spearman correlation: 0.253; P = 0.0158). The fibrin deposit was greater in all HSP groups but the pattern of distribution changes in the most severe cases from perivillous to intravillous as in the PSCH group (P = 0.002). There was no statistically significant difference in the area of the stem vessel walls among the groups. The cases with PE and CH presented a larger number of terminal villi vessels (P

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor and it mainly affects large bones. In pregnant women it is a rare entity [1]. We presented a case of 26-years-old, 33-weeks pregnant, who had lost 8 kg after the onset of pregnancy and had progressive dyspnea, was admitted on 25th April 2007. The patient reported axillary and right shoulder pain. A nodule of 20 cm in diameter, with rapid growth during the last 6 months, was observed. Chest X-ray: pulmonary nodules; ultrasound: a mass in the right anterior axillary region extending towards the posterior axillary line and the scapular region; biopsy was performed. The patient developed respiratory failure and cesarean was performed. Then, it evolved to hemodynamic instability and death on 27th April 2007. Biopsy result after death was of high-grade osteosarcoma (grade 3 of 4). Anatomopathologic exam Osteosarcoma of the right scapula, measuring 19 9 15 9 10 cm and 2,600 g. Bilateral pulmonary metastases with multiple nodules. Microscopy: osteoblastic, chondroblastic and fibroblastic subtypes of osteosarcoma in the bone matrix; pleomorphic cells with atypical nuclei (Fig. 1a). There was accentuated Lactoferrin immunolabelling found in the bone matrix, nucleus and cytoplasm of neoplasic cells (Fig. 1b). Although osteosarcomas usually affect long bones [2], in this case the osteosarcoma affected the scapula, which is a flat bone. The occurrence of this type of neoplasia in pregnancy is extremely rare and the few cases reported in the literature showed rapid progress [1], similar to the aforementioned case. Delayed diagnosis may be due to the lack of data collection of all of the signs and/or symptoms during the gestation period [3]. Pregnancy can create conditions for the immune system to react using mechanisms which are similar to those used in tumor escape [4]. These data might explain why the neoplasia was only diagnosed in the third quarter of pregnancy, when immune system changes favor the development of osteosarcoma and its signs and symptoms become more evident. Immunological modulation during pregnancy may also contribute to the development of metastases [4]. In this case report, the patient had diffuse lung metastases, which were responsible for obstructing the bronchial light and death. During autopsy, other metastases were found in sites such as the lymph nodes and in sites considered to be less common by the literature [3], such as the kidney, thus showing how severe this case was. The immunohistochemistry demonstrated markedly positive staining to Lactoferrin in the neoplasic tissue. Lactoferrin can promote bone growth by stimulating the proliferation and the differentiation of primary osteoblasts and by inhibiting their apoptosis, supporting a significant role for this protein in promoting bone formation and in growth of neoplasic bone tissues in humans [5]. In this case the diagnosis was performed only after death, and the pregnancy contributed to a difficult clinical diagnosis and rapid progression of osteosarcoma. This seems to be one of the fewest reports of osteosarcoma, The study was conducted in Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Objetivos: avaliar os resultados do teste de diagnóstico rápido da infecção pelo HIV-1 disponibilizado pelo Ministério da Saúde, para identificação de gestantes contaminadas por este vírus. Métodos: avaliação prospectiva de 443 gestantes sem teste sorológico para HIV no pré-natal, atendidas no Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP), entre fevereiro e junho de 2000. As amostras destas pacientes foram submetidas ao teste rápido imunocromatográfico, sendo comparadas com ELISA e confirmadas pela aglutinação. Resultados: dentre as 443 gestantes submetidas ao teste rápido (20,1% dos partos no período), 16 apresentaram resultados positivos (3,6%). Nenhuma amostra negativa pelo teste rápido foi positiva pelo ELISA. Entretanto, das 16 amostras positivas pelo teste rápido, duas foram negativas pelos testes confirmatórios. Logo, a sensibilidade do teste rápido foi de 100,0%, especificidade 99,5%, valor preditivo positivo 87,5% e valor preditivo negativo 100,0%. Conclusões: os resultados obtidos na avaliação do teste para o diagnóstico rápido da infecção pelo HIV-1 em gestantes revelaram sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos que o credenciam como recurso extremamente importante na indicação de medidas que reduzem a transmissão perinatal desse vírus. Purpose: to evaluate the results of a rapid diagnostic test for HIV-1 infection made available by the Health Ministry for the identification of pregnant women contaminated by this virus. Methods: we evaluated prospectively 443 pregnant women with no prenatal serologic anti-HIV test seen at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, from February to June, 2000. Samples from these patients were submitted to the rapid immunochromatographic test, which was compared with ELISA and submitted to a confirmatory agglutination test. Results: among the 443 pregnant women submitted to the rapid test (20.1% of the deliveries performed during the study period), 16 showed positive results (3.6%). No sample with a negative result by the rapid test was positive by ELISA. However, of the 16 samples that were positive by the rapid test, two were negative by the confirmatory tests. Thus, the rapid test showed 100.0% sensitivity, 99.5% specificity, 87.5% positive predictive value, and 100.0% negative predictive value. Conclusions: the results obtained by evaluation of the test for a rapid diagnosis of HIV-1 infection in pregnant women revealed sensitivity, specificity and predictive values that qualify it as an extremely important resource for the indication of measures that will reduce perinatal transmission of this virus.

Objectives: ididentify the scores on the pregnant women’s knowledge on the signs of alert and labor and correlate the scores with the maternal age, number of children and the guidance they received during pregnancy. Methods: this is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach on pregnant women's previous knowledge of the signs of alert and labor performed with 100 pregnant women on their 30th week of gestation at the Hospital de Clínicas da UFTM (Clinical Hospital). The data collection was carried out from April to June 2016, using a semi-structured instrument tested as a pilot study. Results: only 21% of the pregnant women reported taking part in the pregnant women's group; 61% of them referred to not receiving any information on the signs of alert and labor. A statistically significant association was verified between the number of correct answers and the guidance they received during prenatal consultations. However, there was no correlation between the correct scores on maternal age and the number of children. Conclusions: the pregnant women who did not receive any kind of guidance, they had lower scores on the correct answers, which shows the importance of guiding them about Health Education during their prenatal consultations. Resumo Objetivos: identificar escores de conhecimento de gestantes sobre os sinais de alerta e de trabalho de parto e correlacionar escores de acerto com a idade materna, o número de filhos e o recebimento de orientações durante a gestação. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo de abordagem quantitativa, transversal, sobre o conhecimento prévio acerca dos sinais de alerta e de trabalho de parto realizado com 100 gestantes, a partir da 30ª semana gestacional, no Hospital de Clínicas da UFTM. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de abril a junho de 2016 por meio de instrumento semiestruturado, testado mediante estudo piloto. Resultados: apenas 21% das gestantes relataram a participação em grupo de gestantes e 61% referiram não ter recebido nenhum tipo de informação sobre os sinais de alerta e de trabalho de parto. Verificou-se uma associação estatisticamente significante entre o número de acertos e as orientações recebidas durante o pré-natal. Entretanto, não houve correlação entre escores de acerto e a idade materna e o número de filhos. Conclusões: gestantes que não receberam orientações tiveram escores de acertos mais baixos o que demonstra a importância da Educação em Saúde durante o pré-natal.