Search

Background: Mobile-based nursing intervention is a trial to enable children to be safe during the COVID-19 epidemic especially those children with chronic kidney disease and who have no immunity. Now days using mobile becomes a part of universal technology for improving the care of children with such conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mobile-based nursing intervention on preventive measures of COVID-19 among children suffering from chronic kidney diseases. Design: A quasi-experimental design was adopted. Sample: A purposive sample including 70 children suffering from chronic kidney diseases with predetermined criteria (receive regular kidney dialysis, have no history of previous COVID-19 or previous kidney disease complications and well-being mental health) setting: The study was conducted at the Pediatric Kidney Dialysis Unit at Sohag University Hospital. Tools for data collection: A structured questionnaire was used to collect data concerning characteristics of the studied children (pre/posttest questionnaire) as well as to assess the level of child knowledge regarding mobile intervention, preventive measures of COVID-19 and dialysis therapy, a checklist to assess reported practice as regards preventive measure of COVID-19. And Mobile-based nursing intervention which had been designed by the researchers. Results: There was a statistically significant difference towards using mobile-based nursing intervention in the area of children's knowledge and practice about COVID-19 preventive measures at post-intervention compared to pre-intervention. Conclusion: Mobile-based nursing intervention had a positive effect on improving preventive measures of COVID-19 among children suffering from chronic kidney diseases. Recommendations: apply mobile-based intervention in other pediatric kidney dialysis units and hospitals to achieve a better preventive measure of COVID- 19 among children with chronic disease.

Chronic kidney disease is one of the major worldwide public health problems. Traditional Chinese medications have been widely used for chronic kidney disease treatment. As the development of modern phytochemistry technology, natural products have been isolated from traditional Chinese medications, which provide a more precise method for the investigation of traditional Chinese medications. In this article, we selected eight natural products from traditional Chinese medications for chronic kidney disease therapy to summarize the recent advances for the development of new medications.

Chronic kidney diseases (CKD) with complication of sepsis brings great clinical burden worldwide. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) can regulate key immune response during the progression of the diseases. The present study aims to investigate the role of HMGB1 in the regulation of Tregs and find out the potential mechanism. Jurkat cells were stimulated with 0.5 ng/ml TGF-β1 for 24 h to induce phenotypic alternation into Tregs, followed by stimulation with indoxyl sulfate (IS) and lipopolysac-charide (LPS) for 24 h. Then, Tregs were treated with recombinant human HMBG1 (rHMGB1) at different concentrations (10, 100 and 1000 ng/ml). Cell viability of Tregs was assayed by CCK-8. The gene expressions related to proliferation and autophagy were determined using RT-qPCR and western blotting. RAGE was inhibited by transfection with shRNA-RAGE in Tregs. The results showed that HMGB1 and RAGE were upregulated upon IS and LPS induction in Tregs. rHMGB1 significantly promoted the viability, proliferation and function of Tregs at a concentration-dependent way, which was partly reversed by RAGE knockdown. Besides, HMGB1-RAGE could regulate autophagy activity and AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway. In summary, our study concluded that the active autophagy mediated by enhanced HMGB1-RAGE axis through AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway was a potential mechanism to enhance Tregs viability and function in chronic kidney diseases with complication of sepsis.

Aim The study aimed to investigate the current status of reproductive concerns and explore the associated factors among young female chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Design A multi‐center cross‐sectional study was designed. Methods The study was conducted in six representative tertiary hospitals across southwest China. A total of 295 female Chronic kidney disease patients between 18–45 years of age completed a 20 min, web‐based survey, which included demographics and disease‐related information questionnaire, Reproductive Concerns Scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD‐7) instrument and Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ‐9) instrument. Result The survey total collected 270 valid questionnaires. The mean reproductive concern score was 54.39 ± 10.90 (out of a maximum of 90), with the mean scores for sub‐scales ranging from 7.80 ± 1.69 to 10.44 ± 1.85. Multiple regression analysis showed that those with higher reproductive concerns were more likely to have pregnancy intentions, to be in Chronic kidney disease stages 1–3, and to have a higher GAD‐7 score. This study offered further evidence of the need for improved education and emotional support surrounding reproductive concerns among young Chinese women with Chronic kidney disease.

IntroductionPeople living with HIV frequently show high plasma levels of Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (FGF-2/bFGF). Previous studies reported that FGF-2 can accelerate the progression of experimental kidney diseases. However, how circulating FGF-2 affects the progression of HIV-chronic kidney diseases (HIV-CKDs) in children is unknown.MethodsTo address this question we measured the plasma and urine levels of FGF-2 in 84 children (< 12 years of age) living with HIV, and determine their association with a high viral load (HVL) and HIV-CKDs. Kidney sections from children with HIV-CKD were used to assess the localization and expression levels of the FGF-2 binding sites. The fate of circulating FGF-2 was determined in young wild type and HIV-transgenic (HIV-Tg26) mice injected with human recombinant FGF-2. Cells cultured from children with HIV-CKDs where used to define how FGF-2 affected their infection, survival, and expression of APOL1.ResultsHigh plasma FGF-2 levels were associated with a HVL and HIV-CKDs. High urine FGF-2 levels were found in almost all children with HIV-CKDs. A large reservoir of renal FGF-2 low affinity binding sites in children and HIV-Tg26mice with HIV-CKDs facilitated the recruitment of circulating FGF-2. FGF-2 slightly decreased the expression of APOL1 mRNA in cultured podocytes, but increased the survival of HIV infected inflammatory cells or podocytes, and precipitated HIV-nephropathy in HIV-Tg26mice.ConclusionChildren with high plasma and urine FGF-2 levels were more likely to develop HIV-CKDs. Persistently high plasma FGF-2 levels appear to be an independent risk factor for developing progressive childhood HIV-CKDs.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a very common disease in the Philippines. Some of its main causes are hypertension and diabetes. This study is aimed to develop an optimal food dietary model from ninety (90) combinations of linear programming models for adult Filipino patients with Stage 1 or Stage 2 Chronic Kidney Disease. This process will search for the lowest possible cost of their daily food plan while satisfying their daily nutritional requirements. The diet contains six nutritional requirements which are protein, sodium, potassium, phosphorous, calcium and calories. The thirteen cooked food commodities are the following: pork, milkfish, chicken, tilapia, egg, white rice, roasted green beans with garlic, sautéed cabbage, stir-fry bitter gourd, coconut meat, avocado, mango, and oat bran. Using the selected linear programming model which consist of chicken, tilapia, white rice, roasted green beans with garlic, stir-fry bitter gourd, coconut meat, and oat bran, the minimized daily dietary plan cost for adult male is ₱134.23, and adult female with ₱133.2

Introduction: Uremic xerosis with pruritus (UXP) is a chronic cutaneous complication among patients undergoing maintenance renal dialysis. Uremic xerosis level is directly related with pruritus severity or vice versa. Uremic xerosis with pruritus may lead to discomfort and negative psychological effect. The ethiopathogenesis still unknown, Most of treatments are empirical, and there is no effective and safe therapy. Emollient has not been effective enough to improve quality of life. There is some report about efficacy of topical vitamin D in xerosis and chronic pruritus. Objective: We evaluate the efficacy of calcipotriol 0.005% ointment for uremic xerosis and uremic pruritus in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis. Material & methode: Sixty two patients with UXP were enrolled, randomized double blind study. Patients were divided to two group, calcipotriol 0.005% ointment group or placebo. In baseline, patients were instructed to apply twice daily for four weeks. We assesesment the efficacy and safety of calcipotriol 0.005% ointment and placebo after 2nd and 4th weeks treatment using overall dry skin score (ODSS), visual analog scale (VAS), corneometer and sebumeter. We also assessed adverse effect and tolerance this drugs using visual assessment scale. Results: Overall dry skin score (ODSS) and visual analog scale (VAS) significantly decreased in calcipotriol 0.005% ointment group than in placebo group (p

Introduction It has been demonstrated that urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and calprotectin are helpful biomarkers in the differentiation of intrinsic and prerenal acute kidney injury. Objective The present cross-sectional study investigates, whether urinary biomarkers are able to differentiate primarily inflammatory from non-inflammatory entities in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods Urinary calprotectin, NGAL, and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) concentrations were assessed in a study population of 143 patients with stable CKD and 29 healthy controls. Stable renal function was defined as an eGFR fluctuation ≤5 ml/min/1.73 m2 in the past 12 months. Pyuria, metastatic carcinoma, and renal transplantation were regarded as exclusion criteria. Diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive nephropathy, and polycystic kidney disease were categorized as ‘primarily non-inflammatory renal diseases’ (NIRD), whereas glomerulonephritis and vasculitis were regarded as ‘primarily inflammatory renal diseases’ (IRD). Results Urinary calprotectin and NGAL concentrations significantly differed between CKD and healthy controls (p 0.05 each). Albumin exceeds the diagnostic power of the investigated biomarkers by far. Conclusions The urinary biomarkers calprotectin, NGAL, and KIM-1 have no diagnostic value in the differentiation of primarily inflammatory vs. non-inflammatory etiologies of CKD.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), due to rising patients, the high probability of deterioration towards end-stage renal disease and inaccurate estimates of morbidity and mortality, constitutes a heavy burden on the sanitary infrastructure. The aim of this research is to build a model for machine-learning, which uses comorbidity and data on drugs and predicts population prevalence. Predictive health care prediction using machine learning is a daunting activity to help clinicians assess the precise therapies for life-saving. In this paper, the study applies machine learning method in combination with ensemble learning for estimation of chronic kidney disease with clinical evidence. They are based on chronic kidney disease datasets and the efficiency of these models is compared to choose the best classifier for chronic kidney disease prediction. The comparative analysis is estimated in terms of various metrics like classification accuracy, f-measure, percentage error, etc. The results of simulation shows that the proposed ensemble machine learning classifier namely Ensemble Support Vector Machine predicts well the chronic kidney disease from the datasets than other existing ensemble methods.

Chronic kidney diseases (CKD) are an economic burden and occur worldwide in all age groups, and the advancement of kidney disease at some point leads to deregulate or influence the function of other body organs and to find a specific target to halt the disease progression which is a tedious challenge. Regardless of the underlying mechanisms, it is essential to consider and evaluate the involvement and association of individual endogenous mediators and environmental factors in the progression of CKD to accumulate the required knowledge. More than a dozen pathways leading to relentless progression of CKD have been identified so far, but the association of serotonin 5-HT2Areceptor with progressive renal injury is still under process.Scientific reports demonstrated that the 5-HT2Areceptor plays a significant role in renal metabolism, glomerular function, and renal vascular tone. So a better understanding of the evolving role of serotonin 5-HT2A-mediated pathophysiological mechanisms of CKD may be a helpful tool to identify new therapeutic targets. In this review, we will discuss recent interventions, pharmacological target, and the possible implication of serotonin 5-HT2Areceptors with associated mechanistic trails leading to CKD.

Background: The increase of chronic kidney disease (CKD) incidence and its related costs in developing countries have urged all levels of society prevent this disease. Prevention can be effectively done when someone has good knowledge about the disease. This study aimed to observe the change in knowledge about CKD before and after education sessions in the form of talk shows as well as through the leaflet media among senior high school students. Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational quantitative study on 71 first-grade students participated in World Kidney Day 2019 event. The questionnaire was distributed before and after the education program and data collected were analyzed using the Wilcoxon-signed rank test and Mann-Whitney test to explore changes in the level of knowledge based on the characteristics of the subjects. Results: The median level of student knowledge before education was 76% (16-96%), which increased to 92% (28-100%) after education (p

Purpose: This study was aimed to define the effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on chronic periodontitis in chronic kidney disease patients and healthy patients by detection of prohepcidin level in the blood. Materials and methods: The study included 20 chronic periodontitis patients that were divided into:-Group I included 10 patients with chronic kidney disease; Group II which involved 10 healthy patients . Chronic periodontitis was defined through probing pocket depth and by clinical attachment level. All clinical and biochemical parameters were evaluated afterward 3 months of non-surgical periodontal cure. Results: The improvement in clinical parameters showed the efficacy of NSPT in both groups. The periodontal therapy was the cause to reduce prohepcidin level in both groups and a higher reduction in CKD group in comparison to control group at baseline and after 3 months. Conclusion: By reduction in serum prohepcidin and systemic inflammatory response, nonsurgical periodontal treatment has proved to be an effective method to control inflammation seen in patients with CKD.

Symptomatic hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is sporadic, and usually occurs in a limited number of infected patients, which hinders the investigation of risk factors for clinical outcomes in patients with acute HEV infection. A retrospective cohort study enrolling 1913 patients with symptomatic acute hepatitis E in Beijing 302 Hospital from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2018 was conducted. The baseline characteristics, clinical features and laboratory data of these HEV infection cases were analyzed. Albumin (ALB), platelet (PLT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin (T-BiL), international normalized ratio (INR) and serum creatinine (SCR) levels, along with the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, hospitalization days, co-morbidity number and mortality were taken as major parameters for comparing the clinical manifestations in our study. We found that not all pre-existing chronic liver diseases exacerbate clinical manifestations of acute hepatitis E. Alcoholic hepatitis, fatty liver hepatitis, hepatic cyst, drug-induced hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma were not significantly associated with mortality of HEV patients. Among all of the comorbidities, end-stage liver diseases (ESLDs, including ascites, cirrhosis, hepatic coma and hepatorenal syndrome), respiratory tract infection and chronic kidney diseases (CKDs, including renal insufficiency and renal failure) were found to remarkably increase the mortality of patients with symptomatic HEV infection. Furthermore, the severity evaluation indexes (SEI), such as MELD score, duration of hospital stay, and co-morbidity number in HEV patients with underlying comorbidities were much worse than that of their counterparts without relevant comorbidities.

Introduction: After worldwide closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic, schools have reopened in most European countries in late 2020. Consequently, for children with chronic diseases the risks of COVID-19 have to be weighed against the long-time risks of missing school.Methods: To evaluate the impact of chronic diseases on school attendance for children in Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic we conducted a survey among members of the European Society for Pediatric Nephrology (ESPN) between September and November 2020. We asked for current forms of schooling, the existence of national guidelines, parental concerns, and the pediatric nephrologists recommendations for school attendance for specific virtual patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Results: Recommendations varied widely among pediatric nephrologists. A minority stated that specific recommendations for COVID-19 risk in children with kidney diseases existed in their country from local health authorities (9 of 29 countries; 31%) and/or national pediatric nephrology societies (9 of 29 countries; 31%). Over 90% of physicians have experienced parents keeping their children out of school against medical advice of their health providers and about 50% have experienced their patients being refused by school authorities. Consequently, 25% of all pediatric nephrologists estimated that more than 10% of their patients will not attend school regularly.Conclusion: COVID-19 causes educational deficits in the already vulnerable population of children with CKD. As the evidence for the course of COVID-19 in children with chronic diseases grows, rapidly adapted recommendations from pediatric societies could help reduce uncertainty among doctors, patients, and parents.

According to the WHO, Uddanam (coastal zone of Srikakulam region of A.P., India) is the spot with the most elevated concentrated incessant kidney disease in the midst of three areas on the Earth that Uddanam chronic kidney disease (CKD) is in the third position, first and second poisons are Nicaragua and Sri Lanka in the world. Uddanam in the north coastal region of Andhra Pradesh, India comprises of mandals (subareas), i.e., Sompeta, Paalasa, Itchaapuram, Vagrapukoturu, and Kaveti, and there are in excess of 100 towns altogether. According to 2015 reports from WHO it was prefigured that in excess of 4500 individuals succumbed to CKD over the most recent 10 years [around 34,000 individuals CKD in Uddanam in recent days]. CKD seems to affect horticultural laborers and cultivators or ranchers mostly, who have been developing cashew and coconut as their fundamental harvest. This research includes processing and summarizing of data and ranking the attributes to CKD dataset. Thereafter, Machine Learning Algorithms like Naive Bytes, k-NN, Logistic Regression, and C4.5 Support Vector Machines are applied, and their performance is tallied among themselves, followed by comparison with Probable Neural Networks. The Probabilistic Neural Networks model is preferably suitable for prediction and prevention of CKD as it is comparatively more accurate than any other algorithm and predicts CKD with 100% accuracy at eight hidden neurons in the hidden layer of PNN. The PNN automatic diagnosis CKD tool determination will be of great help to the doctors, analysts, and government to prevent and identify the CKD in earlier stages within shorter time span and squat money for patients' survival.

Early prediction of Chronic Kidney Disease in human subjects is considered to be a critical factor for diagnosis and treatment. The use of data mining algorithms to reveal the hidden information from clinical and laboratory samples helps physician in early diagnosis, thus contributing towards increase in accuracy, prediction and detection of Chronic Kidney Disease. The experimental results obtained from this work, with subjected to optimal data mining algorithms for better classification and prediction, of Chronic Kidney Disease. The result of applying relevant algorithms, like K-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machine, Multi Layer Perceptron, Random Forest, are studied for both clinical and laboratory samples. Our findings show that K - Nearest Neighbour algorithm provides the best classification for clinical data and, similarly, Random Forest for laboratory samples, when compared with the performance parameters like, precision, accuracy, recall and F1 Score of other data mining analysis techniques.

Renal involvement has been implicated in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the related prevalence and prognosis were largely unknown. In this meta-analysis, we searched the literature from PubMed, Embase, through bioRxiv, and medRxiv until April 26, 2020. Studies reporting chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) and/or acute kidney injury (AKI) were included. Demographics, relevant data of disease severity, and patient's prognosis were extracted and aggregated. Twenty-one thousand one hundred sixty-four patients from 52 peer-reviewed studies were included. Thirty-seven studies (n = 16,922) reported CKD in COVID-19 patients at diagnosis, and the pooled prevalence was 3.52% (95% CI, 1.98-5.48%; I 2 = 93%). Subgroup analysis showed that CKD prevalence was higher in severe cases [odds ratio (OR), 3.42; 95% CI 2.05-5.61; I 2 = 0%] compared to those with non-severe disease and deceased cases (6.46, 3.40-12.29; I 2 = 1%) compared with survivors. Pooled prevalence of CKD was lower in Chinese patients (2.56%; 95% CI, 1.79-3.47%; I 2 = 80%) compared to those outside of China (6.32%; 95% CI, 0.9-16.12%; I 2 = 93%) (p = 0.08). The summary estimates for AKI prevalence was 11.46% (95% CI, 6.93-16.94%). Patients with AKI had a higher prevalence of developing into severe cases (OR, 6.97; 95% CI, 3.53-13.75; I 2 = 0%) and mortality risk (45.79, 36.88-56.85; I 2 = 17%). The prevalence estimates of CKD or AKI were not significantly different from preprint publications (p > 0.05). Our study indicates that renal condition, either in CKD or AKI, is associated with COVID-19 prognosis, and taking care of such patients needs further awareness and investigations.

Chronic kidney infection is a huge and rising problem among developing populations. It is one of the critical known health concerns with rising demand for early detection for prosperous and sustainable care. Many factors (such as Haemoglobin, Blood Pressure, diabetes, obesity) contribute to the continuous decline of kidney function over time. Chronic kidney disease has many stages for the criticality of the disease. Hence, a better diagnosis of chronic kidney disease is required to prevent continuous progression. This work gives a comprehensive study of the bio-clinical phenotype of cases with high-risk of Chronic kidney disease and will repeatedly assess victims over the long term and helps in classifying the stage of chronic kidney disease and then provides better recommendations (food, medicine) to prevent the rise of chronic kidney disease.

Background and Aims Hyperuricemia is associated with rapid deterioration of renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The two most common urate-lowering drugs available in the market are allopurinol and febuxostat. Randomized controlled trials (RTCs) have shown that the individual drugs have potential to slow down progression of renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hyperuricemia. However, it is unclear which drug is more effective because of insufficient direct comparison between the two. Hence our study aims to perform a meta-analysis of RCTs to assess the renoprotective and urate-lowering effects between the two drugs in patients with CKD and hyperuricemia. Method A comprehensive literature search of randomized controlled trials using PubMed was performed with the following search terms: febuxostat, allopurinol, chronic kidney disease, renoprotection. Four prospective RCTs were selected and analyzed using Cochrane Revman v5.3. Outcomes assessed were change in serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), proteinuria and serum uric acid levels from baseline to 3 months post-initiation of therapy. Results Four relevant trials comprising of 486 patients were selected - 247 patients treated with febuxostat and 239 patients with allopurinol. No significant differences were found in the changes in serum creatinine (mean difference -0.04; CI -0.15, 0.07; P = 0.51) and eGFR (mean difference 1.57; CI -0.83, 3.97; P = 0.20) from baseline to 3 months between the febuxostat and allopurinol group. Decrease in proteinuria was significantly observed more in the febuxostat group (mean difference -50.13; CI -90.54; -9.71, P = 0.02). Similarly, serum uric acid levels were significantly more reduced in the febuxostat group (mean difference -1.11; CI -1.53, -0.68, P < 0.00001). Conclusion Our study showed that febuxostat is non-inferior in terms of delaying renal function decline (as measured by eGFR) but it offers a better anti-proteinuric as well as a urate-lowering effect. However, more studies are needed to assess the efficacy of febuxostat across the spectrum of chronic kidney disease, including those requiring hemodialysis.

Background: Loss or reduced of kidney function leads to acute and chronic kidney diseases. Since past decades onwards kidney diseases showed negative impact on kidney patients in short and long time. For estimating serum adiponectin, Hemoglobin and RBCs levels are useful for early diagnosis and progression of AKI and CKD. Materials and Methods: This is the case control study was carried out the association of serum Adiponectin levels with blood count in patients with Kidney diseases and healthy controls. A total 150 subjects included in this study in that 50 Acute Kidney Injury patients, 50 Chronic Kidney Injury Patients and 50 healthy controls was included, blood and urine samples was collected from all the included subjects. The serum Adiponectin levels are estimated by ELISA, and HB, RBCs was analysed by CBC Analyser. Results: The present study evaluates the serum levels of Adiponectin in patients with acute, chronic kidney diseases and compared with the healthy controls. Serum Adiponectin (11.89 4.95, P - 0.0001**) levels more significant elevated in two groups of acute, chronic kidney diseases and compared with the healthy controls. This study also evaluates the hemoglobin and RBCs levels in patients with acute, chronic kidney diseases and compared with the healthy controls. The statistically significant difference between the serum Adiponectin and hemoglobin and RBCs levels in patients with acute, chronic kidney diseases and compared with the healthy controls. Conclusions: This study suggesting that the serum Adiponectin and hemoglobin and RBCs levels useful for early detection of acute, chronic kidney diseases. To frequent monitoring serum Adiponectin and hemoglobin and RBCs levels may be useful for further complications. Keywords: AKI, CKD, Serum Adiponectin, Hemoglobin, RBCs.

Rationale & Objective The identification of pathogenic variants in genes associated with chronic kidney disease can provide patients and nephrologists with actionable information to guide diagnoses and therapeutic plans. However, many nephrologists do not use genetic testing despite continually lower costs over time and more widespread availability. Study Design We conducted a survey to uncover the perceptions of general adult nephrologists about the utility of and barriers to genetic testing in clinical practice. Setting & Participants The online survey was administered to board-certified nephrologists (n = 10,054) in the United States. Analytical Approach We analyzed demographic characteristics of the survey respondents and their responses in the context of their use of genetic testing in routine clinical practice. Results A total of 149 nephrologists completed the survey, with 72% (107 of 149) reporting any genetic test use in their practice. On average, tests were ordered for 3.8% of their patient population. Thirty-five percent of responses from nephrologists without a history of genetic test use ranked perceived barriers as “extremely significant” compared with 23% of responses from those who had previously used genetic tests. However, both users and nonusers of genetic tests indicated high cost (users: 46%, 49 of 107; nonusers 69%, 29 of 42) and poor availability or lack of ease (users: 33%, 35 of 107; nonusers: 57%; 24 of 42) of genetic testing as the most significant perceived barriers to implementation. Limitations The survey used in this study was not previously validated; additionally, because of the relatively small number of responses, there might have been a selection bias among the responders. Conclusions Although most nephrologists reported using genetic tests in clinical practice, high costs and poor availability or the lack of ease of use were perceived as the most important barriers to routine adoption. These observations indicate that educational programs that cover a range of topics, from genetics of chronic kidney disease to selection of the test, may help mitigate these barriers and enhance the use of genetic testing in nephrology practice.

Foxp3-expressing CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) make up one subset of the helper T cells (Th) and are one of the major mechanisms of peripheral tolerance. Tregs prevent abnormal activation of the immune system throughout the lifespan, thus protecting from autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have elucidated the role of Tregs beyond autoimmunity. Tregs play important functions in controlling not only innate and adaptive immune cell activation, but also regulate nonimmune cell function during insults and injury. Inflammation contributes to a multitude of acute and chronic diseases affecting the kidneys. This review examines the role of Tregs in pathogenesis of renal inflammatory diseases and explores the approaches for enhancing Tregs for prevention and therapy of renal inflammation.

Aims. The prevalence of CKD in patients with diabetes mellitus in the Middle East region is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to understand the pooled prevalence of CKD in patients with diabetes mellitus in the Middle East region. Methods. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for relevant studies up to October 2020. The search strategy was conducted using both keywords and MeSH terms. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies that included patients from all age groups and any study design that reported on the prevalence of CKD in patients with diabetes mellitus were included. The pooled estimate for the prevalence of CKD in patients with diabetes was calculated using random-effect models with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results. A total of 489 citations were identified, of which only nine studies matched our inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. All of the studies used an observational study design covering a total of 59,395 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The pooled estimate of the prevalence of CKD in patients with diabetes mellitus was 28.96% (95% CI: 19.80–38.11). Conclusions. A high prevalence of CKD in patients with diabetes mellitus in the Middle East region was found. Further epidemiological studies are warranted in this area to have a better estimate of the prevalence of CKD among DM in the Middle East region.

Background: Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Treating renal anemia with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) or erythropoietin analogs is effective but has side effects. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of roxadustat in treating CKD-induced anemia. Methods: We searched publications online and conducted a meta-analysis and calculated relative risks with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for dichotomous data and mean differences (MD) with 95% CIs for continuous data. Results: Of 110 articles, nine were included that contained 12 data sets and 11 randomized control trials on roxadustat. In the non-dialysis-dependent (NDD) high-dose/low-dose subgroups, the change in hemoglobin (Hb) levels was significantly higher in the roxadustat group than in the placebo group (P

Chronic kidney diseases affect patients with multiple respiratory complications by varied etiopathogenesis adversely affecting the outcome in them. The aim of the study is to find out the prevalence of respiratory manifestations among patients with chronic kidney disease.The descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out tertiary care hospital from January 2019 to March 2019 after ethical approval. One hundred and sixty five patients with established chronic kidney diseases being treated in a tertiary hospital for a month were included for the study. Clinical evaluation and relevant investigations; chest x ray, pleural fluid analysis, sputum analysis, echocardiography, biochemical investigations and hematological investigations were done to assess the respiratory manifestations of the patients. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22 was used for the analysis of the data and point estimate at 95% Confidence interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data and the analysis was done.The prevalence of respiratory manifestations was 102 (61.8%) at 95% Confidence interval, range occurring between 55% to 69%. Pulmonary oedema 41 (24.84%) was the most common manifestation followed by pleural effusion 18 (10.9%). Pleural effusions were predominantly bilateral and transudative type. Pneumonia 17 (10.3%) was predominantly lobar pneumonia. Sixteen (9.7%) of the patients were screened positive for obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Pulmonary tuberculosis was present in 9 (5.45%) patients.Varieties of respiratory complications can present in varied spectrum in patients with chronic kidney diseases and this carries adverse outcome to patient management as well as affects the quality of life of patient and their family.

Here, we proposed a predictive model of discriminating pathological types in chronic kidney diseases (CKD) patients with mild lesion in glomeruli (ML), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), membranous nephropathy (MN) or immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgA) based on the previous study. In the model, a statistical function defined as renal diseases development index (RDDI) was introduced, and was calculated by the first onset age X (Duration+Compensation Duration) X adjustment coefficient in CKD patient, used to screen preliminarily pathological types of CKD patients. Based on the screening of RDDI, another differential judgement model proposed by the previous study was combined to establish a predictive model of noninvasive judgement in CKD pathological types. Intriguingly, the predictive model showed higher identification efficiency and better availability than the previous study, especially for the discrimination of FSGS type. In conclusion, the model of RDDI screening provides an alternative reference of statistical predicting CKD pathological types when renal puncture is unfeasible. Funding: This work was sponsored by “Big Data of Chronic Kidney Diseases” Project of Central South University (2013-2018), Natural Science Foundations of China (Grant: 81430077, U1812403). Declaration of Interest: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Ethical Approval: The study is classified as a exploration of statistical method and is approved by medical ethics committee of the Second Xiangya Hospital in China.

Introduction We present a new approach to evaluate the importance of ambulatory nephrology care in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods An anonymized health claims database of German insurance companies was searched in a retrospective analysis for patients with CKD using the codes of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th German modification. A total of 105,219 patients with CKD were identified. Patients were assigned to the group “timely referral,” when nephrology care was present in the starting year 2009, or initiated during the following 3 years in CKD1–4. Using frequency matching for age and gender, 21,024 of the late referral group were matched with the equal number of patients in the timely referral group. Hospital admission rates, total treatment costs, and kidney function (change in CKD stages, start of dialysis, mortality) were documented each year during the 4-year follow-up. Results Hospital admission rates (110%–186%) and total treatment costs (119%–160%) were significantly higher (P < 0.03) in late referral compared with timely referral. In the timely referral group, significantly more patients did not change their CKD stage (65%–72.9% vs. 52%–64.6%, P < 0.05) compared with late referral. Starting in CKD3 more patients tended to start dialysis in 1 year in timely referral (1.9 ± 0.6 vs. 1.0 ± 0.4, P = 0.1). In contrast, death rates were significantly higher in the late referral group (18.8 ± 1.8% vs. 6.7 ± 0.4%, P = 0.0001). Discussion Timely referral to outpatient nephrology care is associated with slowed disease progression, less hospital admissions, reduced total treatment costs, and improved survival in patients with CKD.

Aristolochic acids (AAs) are nitrophenanthrene carboxylic acids naturally produced by Aristolochia plants. These plants were widely used to prepare herbal remedies until AAs were observed to be highly nephrotoxic and carcinogenic to humans. Although the use of AA-containing Aristolochia plants in herbal medicine is prohibited in countries worldwide, emerging evidence nevertheless has indicated that AAs are the causative agents of Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), an environmentally derived disease threatening numerous residents of rural farming villages along the Danube River in countries of the Balkan Peninsula. This perspective updates recent findings on the identification of AAs in food as a result of the root uptake of free AAs released from the decayed seeds of Aristolochia clematitis L., in combination with their presence and fate in the environment. The potential link between AAs and the high prevalence of chronic kidney diseases in China is also discussed.

The progression of the chronic kidney disease and methodologies to diagnose chronic kidney disease is a challenging problem which can reduce the cost of treatment. We studied 224 records of chronic kidney disease available on the UCI machine learning repository named chronic kidney diseases dating back to 2015. Our proposed method is based on deep neural network which predicts the presence or absence of chronic kidney disease with an accuracy of 97%. Compared to other available algorithms, the model we built shows better results which is implemented using the cross-validation technique to keep the model safe from overfitting. This automatic chronic kidney disease treatment helps reduce the kidney damage progression, but for this chronic kidney disease detection at initial stage is necessary.

Purpose The objective of this study is examine Quality of Life in subjects with chronic kidney disease utilizing Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ). Material and methods 101 subjects with chronic kidney disease (CKD) was studied in specialized clinics, in Extremadura (Spain). An observational descriptive study. The FHSQ was utilized to assess specific foot health (first section) and overall health (second division). The differences between clumps they were assessed using a t-test to independent samples. Results 59.40% (n = 60) were men and 40.59% (n = 41) women. The mean age was 68.77 ± 14.07. In first division of the FHSQ, a less score was registered in footwear domain (39.25) and in general foot health domain (46.37). In second division, less scores were resulted in general health domain (72) and vigour domain (60.43). CKD women got less scores in every domain. Women with CKD obtained significantly less scores in dimensions of foot pain, foot function, footwear, general foot health, general health and physical activity and there was no difference contrasted with men in the dimensions of social capacity and vigour. Conclusions The studied CKD population has problems their feet. Quality of life of CKD subjects is negatively impacted by health of their feet, difficulties with footwear, their overall health, and lack of vitality. Women with CKD show lower values of quality of life contrasted to male patients, associated with inability to perform physical activity, lack of energy and tiredness.

This study aimed to identify patterns of family management and its predictors based on the perception of the care experience from 339 caregivers of Chinese children with chronic kidney disease in multiple medical centers. Each caregiver completed the Family Management Measure questionnaires. Cluster analysis generated five patterns: effective (12.7%), impaired (14.5%), burdensome (21.2%), disorganized (27.7%), and concerning (23.9%). Multinomial logistic regression indicated that child’s age, disease duration, family income, and paternal employment predicted cluster membership. Findings assist healthcare providers to distinguish families that need more help and the areas in which to intervene to promote families’ overall coping and adaptation.

Drug-dose modification in chronic kidney disease (CKD) utilizes glomerular filtration rate (GFR) with the implicit assumption that multiple renal excretory processes decline in parallel as CKD progresses. We compiled published pharmacokinetic data to evaluate if GFR predicts renal clearance changes as a function of CKD severity. For each drug, we calculated ratio of renal clearance to filtration clearance (Rnf). Of 21 drugs with Rnf >0.74 in subjects with GFR >90 mL/min (implying filtration and secretion), 13 displayed significant change in Rnf vs. GFR (slope of linear regression statistically different from zero), which indicates failure of GFR to predict changes in secretory clearance. The dependence was positive (n = 3; group A) or negative (n = 10; group B). Eight drugs showed no correlation (group C). Investigated drugs were small molecules, mostly hydrophilic, and ionizable, with some characterized as renal transporter substrates. In conclusion, dosing adjustments in CKD require refinement; in addition to GFR, biomarkers of tubular function are needed for secreted drugs.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of hemodialysis (HD) on visual acuity (VA), central corneal thickness (CCT), intraocular pressure (IOP), and macular thickness (MT) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and also to investigate the relationship between the ocular parameters and blood biochemical parameters such as serum albumin, creatinine, sodium, and urea levels. METHODS: A prospective cohort study including a total of 24 CKD patients of both genders (above 18 years old) undergoing HD in XXX was conducted. The participants were divided into three sub-groups based on the primary cause of renal failure, group 1: Hypertensive kidney disease, group 2: Diabetic kidney disease, group 3: Other causes. All subjects underwent full ophthalmological examinations including measurement of VA using LogMAR, IOP, CCT, and CMT. Comparisons between different ocular parameters during pre- and post-HD sessions were done using the paired t-test. The relationship between changes in ophthalmologic and blood biochemical parameters was calculated using Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: HD did not significantly alter any ocular parameter within and between CKD groups. Spherical equivalent changes were found to be significantly correlated with serum K (r = −0.315; P = 0.038), and IOP results were positively correlated with serum creatinine (r = 0.330; P = 0.029) and negatively correlated with hemoglobin (r = −0.349; P = 0.020). Bodyweight alterations were significantly correlated with CCT (r = −0.03; P = 0.0001). However, no correlation between ocular parameters and duration of HD was detected. CONCLUSION: Following a single HD session, ocular parameters did not alter significantly.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules modulate an immune response. However, site-specific N-glycosylation signatures of plasma IgG in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain unclear. This study aimed to propose a novel method to explore the N-glycosylation pattern of IgG and to compare it with reported methods. We separated human plasma IgG from 58 healthy controls (HC) and 111 patients with CKD. Purified IgG molecules were digested by trypsin. Tryptic peptides without enrichment of intact N-glycopeptides were analyzed using a combination of electron-transfer/higher-energy collisional dissociation (EThcD) and stepped collision energy/higher-energy collisional dissociation (sceHCD) mass spectrometry (EThcD-sceHCD-MS/MS). This resulted in higher spectral quality, more informative fragment ions, higher Byonic score, and nearly twice the depth of intact N-glycopeptide identification than sceHCD or EThcD alone. Site-specific N-glycosylation mapping revealed that intact N-glycopeptides were differentially expressed in HC and CKD patients; thus, it can be a diagnostic tool. This study provides a method for the determination of glycosylation patterns in CKD and a framework for understanding the role of IgG in the pathophysiology of CKD. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD027174.

Context: One of the main factors related to health literacy in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is medication adherence. Aims: The present study aimed to investigate the factors associated with health literacy and medication adherence in older adults with CKD referring to Imam Khomeini Amol Nephrology Clinic in 2018. Setting and Design: This descriptive-analytical study was performed in 2018 in Imam Khomeini Amol Nephrology Clinic. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 150 elderly CKD patients aged above 60 years. Sampling was done using available sampling method and with the anticipation of confounders. Demographic information, elderly health literacy, and medication adherence were assessed using a questionnaire and interview. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were described with mean, standard deviation, and frequency and analyzed using Chi-square tests. Results: The results showed that the age of the participants was 64.3 ± 3.89 years, and 40% of the elderly had an inadequate health literacy, 39.3% had insufficient health literacy, 20.7% had insufficient health literacy, and excellent health literacy was observed in none of the patients. The results showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between health literacy and medication adherence (P < 0.05). Chi-square test showed that the higher the health literacy, the more the medication adherence. Conclusion: According to the results of the study on the low level of health literacy and its direct relationship with medication adherence, it can be said that more attention of nurses is needed to promote and follow drug adherence by educating patients with low levels of health literacy to prevent the progression of the disease and convert drug therapy to dialysis.

Chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) are the most common forms of kidney disease all around the world. The incidence of CKD is rising, which is mainly driven by population aging as well as by a global rise in hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and metabolic risk factors, particularly obesity and type-2 diabetes. The high mortality, morbidity of CKD, and the health care costs of the renal replacement therapy have led investigators to seek recent and potentially modifiable risk factors such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and the most common cause of chronic liver disease. It incorporates a spectrum of liver diseases ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. On the basis of recent publications, the prevalence of CKD is significantly increased among patients with NAFLD, and the prevalence of NAFLD is also higher in CKD patients than in patients without NAFLD. These findings suggest that patients with NAFLD should be screened for CKD and patients with CKD and metabolic syndrome should be screened for NAFLD. Patients with NAFLD and CKD should be treated and followed up by a multidisciplinary team that involves specialists in hepatology, nephrology, diabetes, and cardiology.

Heavy metals in drinking water can threat human health and may induce several diseases. The association between heavy metals exposure and chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been indicated by few epidemiological studies. We conducted a systematic review of the epidemiologic publications of the association between exposure to heavy metals through drinking water and CKD. Keywords related to heavy metals and kidney diseases on MeSH were identified and searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Ovid-Medline and Web of Science until July 2020. 14 publications met our inclusion criteria and included in the current review. The included articles were conducted on the association between arsenic, cadmium, lead and chromium in drinking water and CKD. Our study could not find strong evidence between heavy exposure to through drinking water and CKD, except for arsenic. The negative association was found between arsenic and lead and glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The positive correlation was observed between cadmium exposure and urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) concentrations, and also arsenic and chromium exposure and kidney injury molecule (KIM-1). Assessment of studies showed an association between arsenic, cadmium, lead and chromium and albuminuria and proteinuria, without CKD outcomes. Current systematic study showed few evidence for exposure to arsenic, cadmium, lead and chromium through drinking water and incidence of kidney problems. However, more epidemiological studies are required to confirm this association.

Background: The potential impact of pharmacist interventions could improve health outcomes of patients with anemia. However, this attempt has not been documented yet in the developing countries. Aim of the study is to investigate the effect of pharmacist interventions in optimizing management of anemia associated with chronic kidney disease. Methods: An interventional randomized control trial was carried out on 120 anemic patients on hemodialysis for eight months. The impact of the pharmacist’s interventions in optimizing anemia management to reach hemoglobin target were investigated. Data were analyzed by GraphPad Prism version 8.2.1. Results: During 16-week period, 1646 interventions and recommendations were performed. The interventions were at the physician, patients, drugs, hospital and administrative level. At the physician level a total of 180 (10.9%) recommendations were proposed, at the drug level, the pharmacist provided 595 (36.1%) interventions which were mainly related to erythropoietin and iron dose adjustment. At the patient and the hospital level 734 (44.6%) and 137 (8.3%) interventions have been made respectively. Hemoglobin level increased significantly to (11.25 ± 2.29) after 16-weeks in interventional group (p-value Key words: Anemia, Chronic kidney disease, Hemodialysis, Hemoglobin, Pharmacist intervention.

This study aimed to study the association of history of diabetes mellitus with chronic kidney disease in Inner Disease Room RSUD dr. M. Yunus Bengkulu. This research used cross sectional design. The population in this study patients with kidney failure who were treated in the Inner Disease Room RSUD dr. M. Yunus Bengkulu, amounting to 142 patients. Sampling technique total sampling that was all patient of chronic kidney disease which was treated in Inner Disease Room RSUD dr. M. Yunus Bengkulu which amounted to 142 patients sampled. The data collection in this study used secondary data by looking at documentary records in the Inner Disease Room of dr. M. Yunus Bengkulu. Data analysis technique was done by using univariate and bivariate analysis with Chi-Square (χ2 ) statistic test through SPSS program.The results of the study were: from 142 patients, there were 74 patients (52.1%) with chronic kidney disease stage 5, 80 patients (56.3%) had a history of diabetes mellitus, there was a significant relationship between history of diabetes mellitus with chronic kidney disease in Inner Disease Room RSUD dr. M. Yunus Bengkulu with moderate relationship category, and patients with a history of diabetes mellitus have a risk 6 times compared of chronic kidney disease stage 5 with patients who have no history of diabetes mellitus. It was expected that health workers, especially nurses in order to provide more complete nursing care, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease.

As the nation’s largest chronic kidney disease (CKD) cohort, the KoreaN Cohort Study for Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (KNOW-CKD) was established to investigate the clinical course, risk factors for progression, and adverse outcomes of CKD. From 2011 to 2016, the KNOW-CKD recruited 2,238 adult patients with CKD from stage G1 to G5 who were not receiving renal replacement therapy from nine tertiary care hospitals throughout Korea. As of 2019, the KNOW-CKD has published more than 50 articles in the areas of socio-economics, nutrition, quality of life, health-related habits, CKD progression, cardiovascular comorbidity and outcome, anemia, mineral bone disease, biomarker discovery, and international and inter-ethnic comparisons. The KNOW-CKD will eventually offer a prediction model for long-term consequences of CKD, such as the occurrences of end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular disease, and death, thereby enabling the identification and treatment of at-risk populations that require extra medical attention.

Background Recently, the role of IL-19, IL-20 and IL-24 has been reported in renal disorders. However, still little is known about their biological role. Methods Localization of IL-20RB was determined in human biopsies and in the kidneys of mice that underwent unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Renal Il19, Il20 and Il24 expression was determined in ischemia/reperfusion, lipopolysaccharide, streptozotocin, or UUO induced animal models of kidney diseases. The effects of H2O2, LPS, TGF-β1, PDGF-B and IL-1β on IL19, IL20 and IL24 expression was determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The extents of extracellular matrix (ECM) and α-SMA, Tgfb1, Pdgfb, and Ctgf expression were determined in the kidneys of Il20rb knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice following UUO. The effect of IL-24 was also examined on HK-2 tubular epithelial cells and NRK49F renal fibroblasts. Results IL-20RB was present in the renal biopsies of patients with lupus nephritis, IgA and diabetic nephropathy. Amount of IL-20RB increased in the kidneys of mice underwent UUO. The expression of Il19, Il20 and Il24 increased in the animal models of various kidney diseases. IL-1β, H2O2 and LPS induced the IL19, IL20 and IL24 expression of PBMCs. The extent of ECM, α-SMA, fibronectin, Tgfb1, Pdgfb, and Ctgf expression was lower in the kidney of Il20rb KO compared to WT mice following UUO. IL-24 treatment induced the apoptosis and TGF-β1, PDGF-B, CTGF expression of HK-2 cells. Conclusions Our data confirmed the significance of IL-19, IL-20 and IL-24 in the pathomechanism of renal diseases. Furthermore, we were the first to demonstrate the pro-fibrotic effect of IL-24.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide health problem which becomes a substantial emerging cause of morbidity. The inflammation can be resulted via different mechanisms in different kidney diseases including the imbalance of proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory biomarkers levels. This study aimed to measure the level of physiological bioactive substances as inflammation-related biomarkers in different CKD and to investigate whether gender or aging is critical in these measurements. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 84 persons (19 healthy, 29 chronic glomerulonephritis, 26 diabetic nephropathy, 6 benign nephrosclerosis, 4 lupus nephritis) were enrolled in this study. The inflammation progression degree in CKD was estimated by measuring the plasma level of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), and clusterin (CLU) using ELISA. Serum total protein, urea and creatinine were measured using an automatic analyzer. RESULTS: Plasma level of urea and creatinine was increased while total protein level was decreased in all the patients compared to control participants. The level of NGAL, MCP1 and CLU was significantly increased in all the kidney diseases compared to controls. In addition, there were no differences in the level of inflammation-related markers between women and men. Moreover, the levels of inflammatory markers were increased in the kidney diseases regardless of the age difference. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the physiological bioactive substances NGAL, MCP1 and CLU can be increased in renal pathologies and considered as good indicators of progression of inflammation in chronic kidney diseases, with no role of gender and age in their increment plasma levels.

Background: Peripheral polyneuropathy is most common Chronic Kidney Diseases (CKD) related complication with prevalence of more than 60%. The prevalence of peripheral neuropathy is directly proportional to duration and severity of CKD. Objective of the study was to study and assess the prevalence of peripheral neuritis and its correlates in patients with chronic kidney diseases.Methods: The present study was a cross sectional; descriptive study was conducted in October 2016 to October 2018. Data analysed by using SPSS 23.0 version.Results: Out of 90 subjects, majority were from 45-54 years age group (26). 70% were male and 30% were females. Out of 60 pre-HD patients, 33(55%) showed peripheral neuropathy. Out of 30 HD patients, 24(80%) showed peripheral neuropathy. Maximum percentage of PN seen in 45-54 age group (76.92%) amongst the 60 males 39 (65%) and amongst 30 females 18(60%) showed peripheral neuropathy. Maximum percentage of PN seen in >5 years age group (79.31%). Pure axonal sensory motor neuropathy (28.88%) was most common pattern.Conclusions: Peripheral neuropathy is very common in CKD, more common in dialysis patients as compared to predialysis patients.

Objective This study aimed to estimate the incidence of chronic kidney disease and its predictors among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients attending St. Paul’s Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Results The overall incidence of chronic kidney disease was a major public health issue among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with 2178 (95% CI 12,801, 21,286) cases per 10,000 patient-months. Moreover, 62(14.25%) patients in the sample experienced chronic kidney disease. Old age [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) = 1.06, 95%CI 1.03, 1.09], no diabetic retinopathy [AHR = 0.13, 95%CI 0.07–0.24], high density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥ 40 mg/dl [AHR = 0.55, 95%CI 0.31, 0.97] and high body mass index [AHR = 1.17, 95%CI 1.1, 1.25] were common factors for chronic kidney diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-018-3618-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

This review reports the latest achievements in point-of-care (POC) sensor technologies for the monitoring of ammonia, creatinine and urea in patients suffering of chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). Abnormal levels of these nitrogen biomarkers are found in the physiological fluids, such as blood, urine and sweat, of CKD patients. Delocalized at-home monitoring of CKD biomarkers via integration of miniaturized, portable, and low cost chemical- and bio-sensors in POC devices, is an emerging approach to improve patients’ health monitoring and life quality. The successful monitoring of CKD biomarkers, performed on the different body fluids by means of sensors having strict requirements in term of size, cost, large-scale production capacity, response time and simple operation procedures for use in POC devices, is reported and discussed.

Cardiovascular disease (CV) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The increase in cardiac complications in patients with CKD has encouraged ...