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Background: In obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), recurrent upper airway obstruction and apnea/hypopnea episodes result in endothelial dysfunction, which leads to the release of many proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS induces NLRP3, a protein involved in the synthesis of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-18; vaspin is a serine protease inhibitor that has an important role in suppressing the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of NLRP3 rs10159239 (rs9239) and vaspin rs2236242 (rs6242) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on OSA development. Methods: This study included 220 individuals who underwent polysomnography (118 patients with OSA and 102 healthy controls). NLRP3 rs9239 and vaspin rs6242 mutation frequencies were analyzed. Results: The NLRP3 rs9239 SNP genotype analysis revealed no statistically significant differences between the OSA and control groups. In the vaspin gene analysis, the rs6242 AA genotype was significantly more frequent in the OSA group compared with the control group, while the AT genotype was more frequent in controls (P = 0.004, P = 0.02). Comparison of rs6242 allele levels showed that the A allele was significantly more frequent in OSA patients than in controls (P = 0.03). The AA genotype was significantly more frequent in patients with severe OSA than in patients with mild or moderate OSA and the control group (P = 0.001 for all). Serum vaspin levels were significantly lower in carriers of the AA genotype than those with AT and TT genotypes (P = 0.001). Conclusion: The vaspin rs6242 SNP AA genotype increased susceptibility to OSA, while the AT genotype appeared to be protective. The lower plasma vaspin levels in OSA compared with the control group and in patients with the AA genotype suggest that vaspin may be a protective biomarker for OSA.

Aims/Introduction Vaspin is linked to obesity and its metabolic abnormalities. However, the role of vaspin serum levels in diabetic retinopathy (DR) is unknown. In the present study, we investigated the association between serum levels of vaspin and both DR and vision‐threatening DR. Materials and Methods This was a cross‐sectional single‐center observational study from December 2018 to September 2019. We evaluated circulating serum levels of vaspin in 372 participants with type 2 diabetes. DR was screened through detailed ocular examination. DR patients were also divided two groups: vision‐threatening DR and non‐vision‐threatening DR. The relationship between vaspin and DR was investigated by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, and the results are shown as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Results The vaspin serum levels of 372 patients were obtained, with a median value of 1.50 ng/mL (interquartile range 0.94–2.18 ng/mL). The median age of those patients was 53 years (interquartile range 44–62 years), and 44.4% were women. Patients with DR and VDTR had significantly increased vaspin serum levels (P, The regulation of vaspin serum concentrations in diabetic retinopathy is unknown. This study showed that higher vaspin serum levels were associated with increased risk of diabetic retinopathy and vision‐threatening diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes, which showed that vaspin is an important indicator factor for diabetic retinopathy.

In recent years, the role of vaspin as an insulin-sensitizer has been studied widely. This is the investigation that examined the association of vaspin polymorphism rs2236242 on the vaspin level and the risk of type 2 diabetes and insulin-resistant Iranian pre-diabetic/diabetic population.A case-control study was conducted on 160 participants includes 80 participants holding (FBG) fasting blood glucose 3.88-5.55 (mmol/L) in the normal group, and 80 participants holding FBG≥5.55 (mmol/L) in a diabetic/pre-diabetic group. The serum vaspin and insulin were determined with ELISA (enzyme-linked assay) and biochemical variables by standard method. Tetra arms amplification system for the vaspin gene was performed. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 20.The means of age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), FBG, and vaspin were significantly different between normal and type 2 diabetic/impaired fasting blood group (P-value0.05). rs2236242 showed association with Hip circumference (P-value0.05). A significant association between allele A of rs2236242 with type 2 diabetes was seen (P-value0.001). The vaspin levels showed a negative correlation with FBG (r =-0.296, P=0.001).Allele A of rs2236242 is a protective risk for type 2 diabetes, but no association of rs2236242 with insulin resistance was seen. The lower level of vaspin is a predictor for the progression of type 2 diabetes.Poslednjih godina dosta je proučavana uloga vaspina kao senzitizatora insulina. Ovo istraživanje je proučavalo povezanost polimorfizma vaspina rs2236242 na nivou vaspina i rizik od dijabetesa tipa 2 kod iranske populacije predijabetičara i dijabetičara rezistentne na insulin.Sprovedena studija je uključivala 160 učesnika. Kod 80 učesnika nivo glukoze u krvi je bio 3,88-5,55 mmol/L - kontrolna grupa koja nije uzimala hranu pre davanja uzoraka (FBG), i 80 učesnika kod kojih je nivo FBG bio ≥ 5,55 mmol/L - grupa dijabetičara / predijabetičara). Serumski vaspin i insulin određeni su ELISA testom i biohemijskim varijablama standardnom metodom. Primenjen je tetra arms sistem za pojačavanje gena vaspina. Statistička analiza je urađena uz pomoć softvera SPSS, verzija 20.Srednje vrednosti životne dobi, indeksa telesne mase (BMI), obima struka (WC), obima kuka (HC), FBG i vaspina su se značajno razlikovale između kontrolne grupe sa normalnim vrednostima i vrednosti u grupi dijabetičara tipa 2 (P vrednost0,05). rs2236242 je pokazao povezanost s obimom kuka (P-vrednost0,05). Primećena je značajna povezanost alela A rs2236242 sa dijabetesom tipa 2 (P-vrednost0,001). Nivoi vaspina pokazali su negativnu korelaciju sa FBG-om (r = -0,296, P = 0,001).Alel A rs2236242 je zaštitni rizik za dijabetes tipa 2, ali nije primećena povezanost rs2236242 sa rezistencijom na insulin. Niži nivo vaspina je prediktor za progresiju dijabetesa tipa 2.

Objective — to analyze the effects of the proposed therapy regimen with the use of alpha‑lipoic acid on the dynamics of the adipokines’ levels: vaspin, TNF‑a, parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and the thickness of the intima‑media complex of the common carotid artery in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic pancreatitis.Materials and methods. The investigation involved 60 patients (38 women and 22 men, aged 53 to 61 years, the mean age 56.7 years) with type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with chronic pancreatitis. The parameters of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, the functional state of the pancreas, levels of c‑reactive protein and adipocytokines — vaspin and tumor necrosis factor‑a, have been evaluated. The condition of the wall of the common carotid artery was assessed by the ultrasound method. All parameters were assessed twice, before and after completion of the therapy (after 3 months), which included hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic therapy and an alpha‑lipoic acid. All drugs were used at an individually adjusted dosage, except for alpha‑lipoic acid, which was administered at a dose of 600 mg per day for 3 months.Results. Against the therapy background, the positive dynamics of the main parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and the main laboratory indices of pancreas execratory dysfunction has been established. In patients administered alpha‑lipoic acid, the significant increase in the vaspin levels and decrease in TNF‑a levels have been revealed, as well the improvement of parameters of functional pancreas state. In patients with and without atherosclerotic plague who were taken alpha‑lipoic acid, a tendency was established towards a decrease in the thickness of the IMC CA (1.17 ± 0.09 mm vs 1.11 ± 0.08 mm) and (1.26 ± 0, 08 vs 1.22 ± 0.05 mm), respectively.Conclusions. The effects of the proposed treatment scheme with the use of alpha‑lipoic acid have been established in terms of activation of the compensatory mechanisms of the reduction in the levels of insulin resistance, TNF‑a, activity of inflammatory process and improvement of sensibilization to the endogenous insulin resulting from the increased vaspin levels., Цель — проанализировать влияние предложенной схемы терапии с использованием a‑липоевой кислоты на динамику уровня адипокинов (васпина, фактора некроза опухоли a (ФНО‑a)), параметров углеводного и липидного обмена и толщину комплекса интима — медиа (ТКИМ) общей сонной артерии у пациентов с сахарным диабетом (СД) 2 типа и хроническим панкреатитом.Материалы и методы. В исследование было включено 60 пациентов (38 женщин и 22 мучины в возрасте от 53 до 61 года, в среднем — 56,7 года) с СД 2 типа в сочетании с хроническим панкреатитом. Проведена оценка показателей липидного и углеводного обмена, функционального состояния поджелудочной железы, содержания С‑реактивного белка и адипоцитокинов (васпина и ФНО‑a). Состояние стенки общей сонной артерии изучали ультразвуковым методом по ТКИМ. Все параметры оценивали до и после завершения лечения (через 3 мес), которое предусматривало сахаро­снижающую и гиполипидемическую терапию с индивидуально подобранной дозой и прием a‑липоевой кислоты в дозе 600 мг/сут.Результаты. На фоне проводимой терапии отмечена положительная динамика основных лабораторных показателей внешнесекреторной дисфункции поджелудочной железы, углеводного и липидного обмена. Установлено статистически значимое повышение содержания васпина и снижение уровня ФНО‑a у пациентов, принимавших a‑липоевую кислоту, а также улучшение показателей функционального состояния поджелудочной железы. У пациентов без атеросклеротической бляшки и с атеросклеротической бляшкой, которые принимали a‑липоевую кислоту, отмечена тенденция к уменьшению ТКИМ общей сонной артерии (с (1,17 ± 0,09) до (1,11 ± 0,08) мм и с (1,26 ± 0,08) до (1,22 ± 0,05) мм соответственно).Выводы. Выявлено влияние предложенной схемы терапии с использованием a‑липоевой кислоты вследствие активации компенсаторных механизмов снижения уровня инсулинорезистентности, ФНО‑a, активности воспалительного процесса и улучшения сенсибилизации к эндогенному инсулину из‑за увеличения содержания васпина., Мета — проаналізувати вплив запропонованої схеми терапії з використанням a­ліпоєвої кислоти на динаміку рівня адипокінів (васпіну, фактора некрозу пухлини a (ФНП­a)), параметрів вуглеводного і ліпідного обміну та товщину комплексу інтима — медіа (ТКІМ) загальної сонної артерії у пацієнтів з цукровим діабетом (ЦД) 2 типу та хронічним панкреатитом.Матеріали та методи. В дослідження було залучено 60 пацієнтів (38 жінок та 22 чоловіки, віком від 53 до 61 року, у середньому — 56,7 року) із ЦД 2 типу в поєднанні з хронічним панкреатитом. Проведено оцінку показників ліпідного та вуглеводного обміну, функціонального стану підшлункової залози, вмісту С‑реактивного білка та адипоцитокінів (васпіну та ФНП‑a). Стан стінки загальної сонної артерії вивчали ультразвуковим методом за ТКІМ. Всі параметри оцінювали до та після завершення лікування (через 3 міс), яке передбачало цукрознижувальну і гіполіпідемічну терапію з індивідуально підібраною дозою та прийом a‑ліпоєвої кислоти у дозі 600 мг/добу.Результати. На тлі проведеної терапії відзначено позитивну динаміку основних лабораторних показників зовнішньосекреторної дисфункції підшлункової залози, вуглеводного і ліпідного обміну. Встановлено статистично значуще збільшення вмісту васпіну та зниження рівня ФНП‑a у пацієнтів, які приймали a‑ліпоєву кислоту, а також поліпшення показників функціонального стану підшлункової залози. У па­цієн­тів без атеросклеротичної бляшки та зі атеросклеротичною бляшкою, які приймали a‑ліпоєву кислоту, відзначено тенденцію до зменшення ТКІМ загальної сонної артерії (з (1,17 ± 0,09) до (1,11 ± 0,08) мм і з (1,26 ± 0,08) до (1,22 ± 0,05) мм відповідно).Висновки. Виявлено вплив запропонованої схеми терапії із залученням a‑ліпоєвої кислоти внаслідок активації компенсаторних механізмів на зниження рівня інсулінорезистентності, ФНП‑a, активності запального процесу та поліпшення сенсибілізації до ендогенного інсуліну через збільшення вмісту васпіну.

Vaspin, visceral-adipose-tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor, is involved in the development of obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, and energy metabolism. Our previous study showed vaspin expression and its regulation in the ovary; however, the role of this adipokine in ovarian cells has never been studied. Here, we studied the in vitro effect of vaspin on various kinase-signaling pathways: mitogen-activated kinase (MAP3/1), serine/threonine kinase (AKT), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) protein kinase AMP (PRKAA1), protein kinase A (PKA), and on expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB2) as well as on steroid synthesis by porcine ovarian cells. By using western blot, we found that vaspin (1 ng/ml), in a time-dependent manner, increased phosphorylation of MAP3/1, AKT, STAT3, PRKAA1, and PKA, while it decreased the expression of NFKB2. We observed that vaspin, in a dose-dependent manner, increased the basal steroid hormone secretion (progesterone and estradiol), mRNA and protein expression of steroid enzymes using real-time PCR and western blot, respectively, and the mRNA of gonadotropins (FSHR, LHCGR) and steroids (PGR, ESR2) receptors. The stimulatory effect of vaspin on basal steroidogenesis was reversed when ovarian cells were cultured in the presence of a PKA pharmacological inhibitor (KT5720) and when GRP78 receptor was knocked down (siRNA). However, in the presence of insulin-like growth factor type 1 and gonadotropins, vaspin reduced steroidogenesis. Thus, vaspin, by activation of various signaling pathways and stimulation of basal steroid production via GRP78 receptor and PKA, could be a new regulator of porcine ovarian function., Vaspin, by activation of various signaling pathways and stimulation of basal steroid production via GRP78 receptor and protein kinase A, could be a new regulator of porcine ovarian function.

Aim:Vaspin is an insulin-sensitive adipokine secreted from visceral fat tissue, and belongs to the serine protease inhibitor family. The relationship between vaspin level and coronary artery disease is not known yet. We aimed to investigate the relationship between serum vaspin levels and degree of vessel involvement in coronary angiography in patients with stable angina pectoris.Methods:The patients were chosen from those who had coronary angiography with the diagnosis of stable angina pectoris. Patients with previously diagnosed chronic heart disease, chronic liver disease, renal failure, thyroid dysfunction and any systemic infectious or malignant disease, patients receiving immunosupressive treatment and those who did not give informed consent were excluded from the study. Serum vaspin measurements were performed using an East Biopharm enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) kit using the sandwich ELISA method. For determination of the severity of coronary lesions, the modified Gensini score was used.Results:Eighty-eight patients [34 female (38.6%) and 54 male (91.4%)] were included in the study. Vaspin levels were similar in male (1.17±1.54 ng/L) and female (1.09±1.23 ng/L) patients (p=0.46). There was no correlation between vaspin levels and the number of vessels involved (p=0.75). Vaspin levels were similar in diabetic and nondiabetic patients.Conclusion:Vaspin may not be a sensitive marker of the degree of vascular lesions in patients with stable angina pectoris. The underlying cause is probably lack of significant changes in inflammatory cascade and oxidative stress in the involved group of patients.

Objective — to investigate factors, affecting vaspin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic pancreatitis.Materials and methods. The study involved 114 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic pancreatitis and combination of these diseases. The mean age of patients was 55.04 ± 1.0 years. Clinical examinations included the evaluation of parameters of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, pancreatic functional status, levels of c‑reactive protein, and adipocytokines’ levels (vaspin and tumor necrosis factor a. All patients underwent ultrasound evaluation of the state of common carotid artery wall.Results. Based on the obtained data and results of regression analysis, it has been concluded for all patients’ groups, that all investigated parameters affected vaspin levels, namely: levels of immunoreactive insulin, fasting glucose, elastase‑1, tumor necrosis factor a, C‑reactive protein, triglycerides, very low density lipoproteins and plaques. The combination of the above‑mentioned parameters was revealed in the group with comorbid pathology.Conclusions. The type 2 diabetes mellitus and presence of chronic pancreatitis affect vaspin levels. Mechanisms of insulin resistance and atherogenesis were enhanced in case of the combined pathologies. Adipocytokine vaspin can be considered as a potential marker of the risk of cardiovascular system disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic pancreatitis., Цель — изучить факторы, влияющие на уровень васпина у больных сахарным диабетом 2 типа и хроническим панкреатитом.Материалы и методы. В исследование было включено 114 больных сахарным диабетом 2 типа, хроническим панкреатитом и с сочетанным течением этих заболеваний. Средний возраст пациентов составил (55,04 ± 1,00) года. Проведена оценка показателей липидного и углеводного обмена, функционального состояния поджелудочной железы, содержания С‑реактивного белка и адипоцитокинов (васпина и фактора некроза опухоли a). Всем пациентам выполнено ультразвуковое исследование состояния стенки общей сонной артерии.Результаты. На основании полученных данных и результатов регрессионного анализа для всех групп больных можно считать иммунореактивный инсулин, глюкозу натощак, эластазу‑1, фактор некроза опухоли a, С‑реактивный белок, триглицериды, липопротеиды очень низкой плотности и бляшки парамет­рами, которые влияют на уровень васпина. В группе с коморбидной патологией имело место сочетание указанных показателей.Выводы. Сахарный диабет 2 типа и наличие воспалительного процесса в поджелудочной железе влияют на уровень васпина. При сочетании патологий усиливаются механизмы инсулинорезистентности и процессы атерогенеза. Полученные в исследовании показатели влияния на уровень васпинемии являются параметрами, которые принимают участие в атерогенезе и влияют на его активность. Васпин можно рассматривать как потенциальный маркер риска нарушения сердечно‑сосудистой системы у лиц с сахарным диабетом 2 типа и хроническим панкреатитом., Мета — вивчити чинники, які впливають на рівень васпіну у хворих на цукровий діабет 2 типу та хронічний панкреатит.Матеріали та методи. В дослідження було залучено 114 хворих на цукровий діабет 2 типу, хронічний панкреатит та з поєднаним перебігом цих захворювань. Середній вік пацієнтів становив (55,04 ± 1,00) року. Проведено оцінку показників ліпідного та вуглеводного обміну, функціонального стану підшлункової залози, вмісту С‑реактивного білка і адипоцитокінів (васпіну та фактора некрозу пухлини a). Усім пацієнтам виконано ультразвукове дослідження стану стінки загальної сонної артерії.Результати. На підставі отриманих даних та результатів регресійного аналізу для всіх груп хворих можна вважати імунореактивний інсулін, глюкозу натще, еластазу‑1, фактор некрозу пухлини a, С‑реактивний білок, тригліцериди, ліпопротеїди дуже низької щільності та бляшки параметрами, які впливають на рівень васпіну. У групі з коморбідною патологією мало місце поєднання зазначених показників.Висновки. Цукровий діабет 2 типу та наявність запального процесу у підшлунковій залозі впливають на рівень васпіну. При поєднанні патологій посилюються механізми інсулінорезистентності та процеси атерогенезу. Отримані у дослідженні показники впливу на рівень васпінемії є параметрами, які беруть участь у атерогенезі та впливають на його активність. Васпін можна розглядати як потенційний маркер ризику порушення серцево‑судинної системи в осіб з цукровим діабетом 2 типу та хронічним панкреатитом.

The relationship between serum vaspin levels and metabolic or coronary artery disease is currently of interest for researchers. Although adipokine concentrations have been shown to be increased significantly in atherosclerotic lesions, the role adipokines in the atherosclerotic process remains to be elucidated. Vaspin is a new biological marker associated with obesity and impaired insulin sensitivity. Plasma vaspin concentration has been shown to correlate with the severity of coronary artery disease. Vascular inflammation triggered by vaspin inhibits atherogenesis by suppressing macrophage foam cell formation and vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. Vaspin also contributes to plaque stabilization by increasing collagen content and reducing the intraplaque macrophage to vascular smooth muscle cell ratio. The therapeutic goal concerning vaspin is to fight atherosclerosis and related diseases, as well as to maintain vascular health.

BACKGROUND. Adiponectin, vaspin and leptin are only a few of these numerous adipocytokines. Little is known about the behavior of adipocytokines and how adipose tissue metabolism is affected in this Type 1 DM model. In this study we investigated the serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, vaspin in streptozotocin(STZ) induced diabetic rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Twelve Spraque Dawley albino rats were included in the study. The animals were divided into two groups. The first group was diabetic (D) (n: 6) and 60mg / kg STZ was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) to these rats. The second group was the non-diabetic control (ND) group (n: 6). All the animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation. Quantification of vaspin, Adiponectin, leptin in serum was performed using the ELISA kit. RESULTS. Adiponectin, vaspin levels of diabetic group were found to be statistically lower than of control group (p

Background We measured the concentrations of the adipocytokines vaspin and visfatin in obese Chinese children. Furthermore, we studied the correlation of these adipocytokines with early-onset metabolic and vascular sequelae among these children. Methods A total of 244 children (160 obese and 84 lean) were included in this study. Vaspin and visfatin were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We also assayed other metabolic and cardiovascular parameters. The associations of serum vaspin and visfatin concentrations with metabolic and cardiovascular parameters were determined. Results We found a significant elevation in the concentrations of vaspin and visfatin in obese children compared to the concentrations in lean children. Additionally, we found a significant positive correlation between visfatin and vaspin levels, as well as inflammatory cell infiltration and markers of endothelial activation, but these factors did not affect insulin resistance in obese children. Multiple regression analyses confirmed that vaspin is the strongest predictor of higher tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), angiotensin-2 (Ang-2), vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin levels. We also found a significant association between visfatin and Ang-2, IL-6, VCAM-1, and E-selectin levels. Conclusion The adipocytokines vaspin and visfatin are significantly interrelated, and both adipocytokines play a role in vascular endothelial function and inflammation.

Lipoatrophy is characterized as selective loss of adipose tissues, leading to the severity of cardiovascular disorders. Therefore, there was close intraorgan crosstalk between adipose tissue and cardiovascular in lipoatrophy. A-ZIP/F-1 mouse, a well-established lipoatrophic model, and primary cardiomyocytes were used for investigating the pathophysiological changes and molecular mechanisms. A-ZIP/F-1 mice had severe fat loss and impaired ventricular function during growth, but closely associated with the reduction of circulating vaspin levels. Administration of recombinant vaspin protein improved cardiac structural disorders, left ventricular dysfunction, and inflammatory response in lipoatrophic mice. In detail, vaspin decreased cardiac lipid deposits, but enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and activities. Interestingly, A-ZIP/F-1 mice transplanted with normal visceral adipose tissues exhibited improvement in cardiac structural remodeling and mitochondrial function. Mechanistically, vaspin increased cardiac AKT activity, which guaranteed the mitochondrial benefits of vaspin in lipoatrophic mice and primary mouse cardiomyocytes. The present study suggested that vaspin possessed biological benefits in attenuating lipoatrophy-induced cardiomyopathy onset, and targeting vaspin/AKT signaling was a potential strategy to maintain heart metabolism.

Adipokines were shown to exert crucial roles in rheumatic diseases. This study aimed to assess the role of chemerin, apelin, vaspin, and omentin adipokines and their genetic variants rs17173608, rs2235306, rs2236242, and rs2274907, respectively, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis in Egyptian patients. A total of 150 RA patients and 150 healthy individuals were recruited. Blood samples were collected and used for genotyping. Serum was separated and used for expression analysis by quantitative PCR, and various biochemical markers determination by ELISA. Serum protein levels of chemerin and vaspin, as well as their gene expression levels were higher, while those of apelin and omentin were lower in RA patients and were associated with most of RA clinical and laboratory characteristics. G allele of chemerin rs17173608, T allele of vaspin rs2236242, and T allele of omentin rs2274907 were more frequent in RA patients. Serum levels and gene expression levels of chemerin in GG genotype carriers and vaspin in TT genotype group were significantly higher, while those of omentin in TT genotype carriers were significantly lower than RA patients with other genotypes. There was no association between apelin rs2235306 and RA. Chemerin rs17173608, vaspin rs2236242, and omentin rs2274907 polymorphisms were associated with increased susceptibility to RA.

International audience; Proper functioning of the body depends on hormonal homeostasis. White adipose tissue is now known as an endocrine organ due to the secretion of multiple molecules called adipokines. These proteins exert direct effects on whole body functions, including lipid metabolism, angiogenesis, inflammation, and reproduction, whereas changes in their level are linked with pathological events, such as infertility, diabetes, and increased food intake. Vaspin-visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor, or SERPINA12 according to serpin nomenclature, is an adipokine discovered in 2005 that is connected to the development of insulin resistance, obesity, and inflammation. A significantly higher amount of vaspin was observed in obese patients. The objective of this review was to summarize the latest findings about vaspin expression and action in endocrine tissues, such as the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adipose tissue, thyroid, ovary, placenta, and testis, as well as discuss the link between vaspin and pathologies connected with hormonal imbalance.

Vaspin is a novel adipokine mainly expressed in visceral adipose tissue and closely related to obesity and insulin-resistance. Currently, data about its ovarian expression are limited to animal models and its role in human reproduction is largely unexplored. Our study’s aims were then to characterise vaspin expression in the human ovary and to study in vitro its effects on granulosa cells physiology. Secondly, we assessed vaspin and its receptor GRP78 variations in granulosa cells and follicular fluid of a cohort of 112 infertile women undergoing an in vitro fertilisation procedure and allocated to three groups, each including normal-weight and obese subjects: 34 PCOS patients, 33 women with isolated polycystic ovary morphology (ECHO group) and 45 controls. Vaspin and GRP78 expression in the ovary was assessed by immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR and Western blot. Granulosa cells and follicular fluid were analysed by RT-qPCR and ELISA, respectively. In vitro, granulosa cells metabolism was studied after stimulation with recombinant human vaspin, with and without a siRNA directed against GRP78. Vaspin was highly expressed in the human ovary and concentration-dependently enhanced granulosa cells steroidogenesis, proliferation and viability through GRP78 (P < 0.0001). Vaspin levels in both granulosa cells and follicular fluid were significantly higher in obese women (P < 0.0001) and in the normal-weight ECHO group (P < 0.001), which also had the highest expression rates of GRP78 (P < 0.05). Although further investigation is needed, vaspin appears as a novel modulator of human granulosa cells physiology and possibly plays a role in PCOS pathogenesis, notably protecting from insulin-resistance induced complications.

Aims: The present study investigated the effects of a 10-week concurrent training on the serum levels of vaspin and visfatin in overweight females. Methods & Materials: Twenty-four over-weight females from Kerman City, Iran (Mean±SD age: 11.23±0.62 years; Mean±SD weight: 64.83±2.70kg; Mean±SD BMI: 27.97±0.47 kg/m2) were randomly assigned into the control and concurrent training groups. The intervention group performed the training protocol as follows: endurance training: 65-85% of Vo2 max for 20 minutes per session, and resistance training: 50-60% of One Repetition Maximum (1RM) for 30 minutes per session and 3 days a week for 10 weeks. Fasting plasma vaspin, visfatin, and insulin levels were measured by ELISA method. To analyze the data, Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used. Findings: Performing 10 weeks of concurrent training significantly decreased vaspin and visfatin plasma levels, and insulin resistance resting levels (P≤0.05); however, there was no significant decrease in glucose levels. Conclusion: Concurrent training can decrease insulin resistance, probably by reducing vaspin and visfatin in overweight females. Therefore, it is suggested that overweight females use concurrent training to improve insulin sensitivity and prevent metabolic diseases.

This study aimed to determine the expression of omentin and vaspin, inflammatory markers, body composition, and lipid profile in diet-induced obese rats and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Forty Wistar rats were divided into four groups: untrained normal diet, trained normal diet (T-ND), untrained high-fat diet (Unt-HFD), and trained high-fat diet (T-HFD). For the animals of the Unt-HFD and T-HFD groups, a high-fat diet was offered for 4 weeks. After that, all the animals in the T-ND and T-HFD groups were submitted to HITT, three times per week, for 10 weeks (2 weeks of adaptation and 8 weeks of HIIT). Muscle (gastrocnemius), liver, epididymal adipose tissue, retroperitoneal adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and serum were collected to analyze TNF-α, IL-6, PCR, IL-8, IL-10, IL-4, vaspin, and omentin. A body composition analysis was performed before adaptation to HIIT protocol and after the last exercise session using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Omentin and vaspin in the VAT were quantified using Western blotting. The results showed that, when fed a high-fat diet, the animals obtained significant gains in body fat and elevated serum concentrations of vaspin and blood triglycerides. The HIIT was able to minimize body fat gain but did not reduce visceral fat despite the increase in maximum exercise capacity. Moreover, there was a reduction in the serum levels of adiponectin, IL-6, and IL-10. Finally, we concluded that, although the training protocol was able to slow down the weight gain of the animals, there was no reduction in visceral fat or an improvement in the inflammatory profile, including no changes in omentin and vaspin.

Objectives: To investigate adipocytokines’ (vaspin, omentin-1, and adiponectin) correlation with metabolic phenotypes in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Methods: This case-control research was done at the Diabetic Clinic in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), from November 2018 to March 2019. Seventy-five T2DM patients and 75 gender, age, and BMI-matched healthy subjects were recruited for this research. Results: In DM patients, the concentrations of serum vaspin and omentin-1 were substantially lower (p25, and no gender-wise variance was observed in adipocytokines levels. Binary logistic regression analysis showed a significantly negative predictive relationship of vaspin and omentin-1 with DM. Conclusion: The DM group displayed substantially lower serum vaspin and omentin-1 levels. However, there was no consistent relationship observed between these adipocytokines and metabolic phenotypes. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.7.4330 How to cite this:Baig M, Gazzaz ZJ, Bakarman MA, Alzahrani SH. Correlation of Serum Vaspin, Omentin-1, and adiponectin with metabolic phenotypes in Type-2 diabetes mellitus patients. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(7):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.7.4330 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The aim of the research was to study the relationship between the level of vaspin and the thickness of the intima-media of the carotid artery (CIMT), parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, functional state of the pancreas, markers of inflammation, and to create a mathematical model for the progression of atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2) and chronic pancreatitis (CP). Materials and methods: Serum vaspin level in 114 people with DM-2 or CP and a combination of these diseases were obtained. The parameters of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, inflammation and functional status of pancreas were studied. CIMT was measured by means of B-mode ultrasonography. The obtained data were processed by the methods of non-parametric statistics to study the dependence of the parameters on the group, questions of the statistical significance of differences between two unrelated groups, the tightness of the relationship between the analyzed parameters. Results: A statistically significant (p

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the primary cause of death worldwide. Vaspin was a recently described adipokine, playing a protective role in many metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to assess the relation of serum vaspin levels and vaspin rs2236242 polymorphisms with CAD. The study included 105 healthy subjects and 105 CAD patients. Serum vaspin concentrations and vaspin rs2236242 polymorphisms were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the genotypes of CAD patients (TT 26.7%, TA 71.4%, and AA 1.9%) and controls (TT 70.5%, TA 28.6%, and AA 1%; χ2 = 40.3; df = 2; p =.000). The TA genotype increased the risk of CAD (odds ratio [OR] = 6.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.60–12.1; p =.000) as compared to the TT genotype. There was a statistically significant difference between the allelic distribution of CAD patients (T 62.4% and A 37.6%) and controls (T 84.8% and A 15.2%; χ2 = 27.0; df = 1; p =.000). Those carrying the A allele had a higher risk of CAD compared to those with the T allele (OR = 3.35; 95% CI = 2.10–5.36; p =.000). The serum vaspin concentrations of the patients with TT, TA, and AA genotypes were 30.4 ± 1.72, 28.4 ± 2.89, and 36.4 ± 6.38 pg/ml, respectively, and there was no significant difference between the serum vaspin levels and vaspin genotypes (p =.696). All of the above suggested that the vaspin rs2236242 polymorphism was associated with CAD in the Turkish population. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC

Oocyte maturation is a critical stage in embryo production and female reproduction. The aims of this study were to determine: (i) the mRNA and protein expression of vaspin and its receptor 78-kDa glucose-regulated (GRP78) in porcine cumulus&ndash, oocyte complexes (COCs) by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively, and their localisation by immunofluorescence, and (ii) the effects of vaspin on in vitro oocyte maturation (IVM) and the involvement of mitogen ERK1/2 (MAP3/1)- and AMPK&alpha, (PRKAA1)-activated kinases in the studied processes. Porcine COCs were matured in vitro for 22 h or 44 h with vaspin at a dose of 1 ng/mL and nuclear maturation assessed by Hoechst 33342 or DAPI staining and the measurement of progesterone (P4) level in the maturation medium. We showed that vaspin and GRP78 protein expression increased in oocytes and cumulus cells after IVM. Moreover, vaspin enhanced significantly porcine oocyte IVM and P4 concentration, as well as MAP3/1 phosphorylation, while decreasing PRKAA1. Using pharmacological inhibitors of MAP3/1 (PD98059) and PRKAA1 (Compound C), we observed that the effect of vaspin was reversed to the control level by all studied parameters. In conclusion, vaspin, by improving in vitro oocyte maturation via MAP3/1 and PRKAA1 kinase pathways, can be a new factor to improve in vitro fertilisation protocols.

Colorectal cancer is a highly heterogeneous malignancy in the Asian population, and it is considered an important prognostic factor for baseline characteristics, tumor burden, and tumor markers. This study investigated the effect of baseline characteristics and tumor burden on tumor marker expression and progressive disease in colorectal cancer by using partial least squares variance-based path modeling (PLS-PM). PLS-PM can be used to evaluate the complex relationship between prognostic variables and progressive disease status with a small sample of measurements and structural models. A total of 89 tissue samples of colorectal cancer were analyzed. Our results suggested that the expression of visceral adipose tissue-derived serpin (vaspin) is a potential indicator of colorectal cancer progression and may be affected by baseline characteristics such as age, sex, body mass index, and diabetes mellitus. Moreover, according to the characteristics of tumor burden, the expression of vaspin was generally higher in each progressive disease patient. The overall findings suggest that vaspin is a potential indicator of the progressive disease and may be affected by the baseline characteristics of patients.

Formation and limited lifespan of corpus luteum (CL) are important for proper ovarian periodicity and fertility. Failed vascularization, imbalance between proliferation and apoptosis leads to luteal phase deficiency and infertility. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of vaspin on angiogenesis, apoptosis and proliferation as well as the involvement of 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein receptor (GRP78) and mitogen-activated kinase (MAP3/1) in these processes. Porcine luteal cells were incubated with vaspin (0.1&ndash, 10 ng/mL) for 24 h to 72 h and then mRNA and protein expression of angiogenesis: vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), angiopoietin 1 (ANGPT1), VEGFA receptors (VEGFR1, VEGFR2), apoptosis: caspase 3, bcl-2-like protein 4 (BAX), B-cell lymphoma (BCL2), and proliferation: proliferating cells nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclin A factors as well as secretion of VEGFA, FGF2, ANGT1 were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Moreover, apoptosis was assessed by caspase activity using the Caspase-Glo 3/7 assay, while proliferation was by alamarBlue. We found that vaspin enhanced luteal cell angiogenesis, proliferation, and significantly decreased apoptosis. Additionally, using GRP78 siRNA and the pharmacological inhibitor of MAP3/1 (PD98059), we observed that the effect of vaspin was reversed to the control level in all investigated processes. Taken together, our results suggest that vaspin is a new regulator of female fertility by direct regulation of CL formation and maintenance of luteal cell function.

Background Visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor (vaspin), an adipose-derived hormone, exhibits various biological functions. Recently, studies showed that vaspin is closely related to bone metabolism. However, how vaspin influences bone formation and its underlying mechanisms in high fat-induced obese rats and rat primary osteoblasts (OBs) are not fully understood. In this study, the effects of vaspin on bone mechanical parameters and microarchitecture were evaluated. Methods A total of 40 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at 5-week old were fed with high fat diet (HFD) and normal diet (ND) for 12 weeks followed by treatment of vaspin for 10 weeks. Micro CT and three-point bending tests were conducted to evaluate bone microstructure and biomechanics. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, expression of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), Osterix (Osx), Collegen alpha1 (Colla1) procollagen I N-terminal peptide (PINP), C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), Smad2/3 and p-Smad2/3 was detected by different methods. Results Our data indicated that, compared with ND rats, HFD rats exhibited high body weight, decreased bone strength and deteriorative bone quality. In contrast, vaspin reduced the body weight, improved the whole body metabolic status, enhanced bone strength, trabecular bone mass, and expression of Runx2, Osx, PINP, and decreased the expression level of plasma CTX. In vitro studies showed that vaspin promoted osteogenic differentiation and ALP activity in rat primary OBs in a dose dependent manner. Vaspin also upregulated mRNA expression of osteogenesis-related genes Runx2, Osx and Colla1 and protein expression of Runx2, Smad2/3 and p-Smad2/3. Conclusions Our results indicated that vaspin protects against HFD-induced bone loss, and promotes osteogenic differentiation by activating the Smad2/3-Runx2 signaling pathway.

Vaspin, visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor, plays important roles in inflammation, obesity, and glucose metabolism. Our recent research has shown the expression and role of vaspin in the function of ovarian follicles. However, whether vaspin regulates steroidogenesis and luteolysis in the corpus luteum (CL) is still unknown. The aim of this study was first to determine the expression of vaspin and its receptor GRP78 in porcine CL at the early, middle, and late stages of the luteal phase. Next, we investigated the hormonal regulation of vaspin levels in luteal cells in response to luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone (P4), and prostaglandin PGE2 and PGF2α. Finally, we determined vaspin’s direct impact on luteal cells steroidogenesis, luteolysis and kinases phosphorylation. Our results are the first to show higher vaspin/GRP78 expression in middle and late vs early stages; immunohistochemistry showed cytoplasmic vaspin/GRP78 localization in small and large luteal cells. In vitro, we found that LH, P4, PGE2, and PGF2α significantly decreased vaspin levels. Furthermore, vaspin stimulated steroidogenesis by the activation of the GRP78 receptor and protein kinase A (PKA). Also, vaspin increased the ratio of luteotropic PGE2 to luteolytic PGF2α secretion via GRP78 and mitogen-activated kinase (MAP3/1). Moreover, vaspin, in a dose-dependent manner, decreased GRP78 expression, while it, in a time-dependent manner, increased kinases PKA and MAPK3/1 phosphorylation. Taken together, we found that vaspin/GRP78 expression depends on the luteal phase stage and vaspin affects luteal cells endocrinology, indicating that vaspin is a new regulator of luteal cells steroidogenesis and CL formation.

Adipokines influence energy metabolism and have effects on male reproduction, including spermatogenesis and/or Sertoli cell maturation, however, the relationship between these active proteins and androgens in testicular cells is limited. Here, we studied the impact of short-term exposure to flutamide (an anti-androgen that blocks androgen receptors) on the expression of chemerin, apelin, vaspin and their receptors (CCRL2, CMKLR1, GPR1, APLNR, GRP78, respectively) in adult rat testes. Moreover, the levels of expression of lipid metabolism-modulating proteins (PLIN1, perilipin1, TSPO, translocator protein) and intercellular adherens junction proteins (nectin-2 and afadin) were determined in testicular cells. Plasma levels of adipokines, testosterone and cholesterol were also evaluated. Gene expression techniques used included the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blot (WB) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The androgen-mediated effects observed post-flutamide treatment were found at the gonadal level as chemerin, apelin, and vaspin gene expression alterations at mRNA and protein levels were detected, whereas the cellular targets for these adipokines were recognised by localisation of respective receptors in testicular cells. Plasma concentrations of all adipokines were unchanged, whereas plasma cholesterol content and testosterone level increased after flutamide exposure. Differential distribution of adipokine receptors indicates potential para- or autocrine action of the adipokines within the rat testes. Additionally, changes in the expression of PLIN1 and TSPO, involved in the initial step of testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells, suggest that testicular cells represent a target of flutamide action. Increase in the gene expression of PLIN1 and TSPO and higher total plasma cholesterol content indicates enhanced availability of cholesterol in Leydig cells as a result of androgen-mediated effects of flutamide. Alterations in adherens junction protein expression in the testis confirm the flutamide efficacy in disruption of androgen signalling and presumably lead to impaired para- and autocrine communication, important for proper functioning of adipokines.

Background: Exercise training affects the adipose tissue, which may lead to the secretion of adipokines. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of endurance exercise training on vaspin, lipid profiles, and some anthropometric indices among young people. Methods: The participants included 26 young men selected and categorized into the intervention and control groups randomly. The intervention group underwent the endurance activity (aerobic), while the control group had no exercises during the study. Anthropometric indices and dietary intakes were determined by standard and 48-hr recall methods, respectively. Before and after implementation of the exercise training, the participants' fasting blood samples were collected. Lipid profile (including cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and HDL) and vaspin levels were determined. Results: A significant difference was observed in body fat percentage of the intervention group after exercise training (P = 0.009). However, no significant differences were observed based on the means of anthropometric indices, lipid profile, and daily energy intake between two groups. With regard to the vaspin levels, a significant difference was observed between the participants' scores before (P = 0.001) and after (P = 0.04) the exercise training in intervention compared to the control group. Conclusion: Endurance exercise program can lead to appropriate changes in some anthropometric indices, lipid profile, and vaspin adipokine in young people. So, exercise training can affect health promotion of people.

IntroductionThe aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between the nutritional status of patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and levels of vaspin (VASP), neuropeptide B (NPB), neuropeptide W (NPW) and total antioxidant status (TAS).Material and methodsNinety serum samples collected from 30 teenage female patients during the acute stage of AN and 30 healthy persons (CONTR) were subjected to biochemical analysis; patients with AN were examined at the beginning of the study (AN-I) and after hospitalization (AN-II), as a result of which partial stabilization of anthropometric measurements was achieved (an increase of body mass index (BMI) by 3.5 kg/m2).ResultsVaspin levels dropped at the end of the hospitalization (compared to AN-I, p < 0.05), achieving values comparable to the CONTR; moreover there was a positive correlation between VASP level and the achieved body weight in AN-II (p < 0.05). Positive correlations were also noted with regard to VASP vs. NPB in AN-I (p < 0.02) (and AN-II, p < 0.013), as well as in the case of VASP vs. NPW in the same groups (p < 0.02 and p < 0.015, respectively). NPB concentration was higher in AN-I (p < 0.05) and AN-II (p < 0.018) than in CONTR, whereas there were no differences (p > 0.05) with regard to levels of VASP, NPW, or TAS.ConclusionsThe high level of NPB despite treatment and normalization of VASP level may suggest that there are chronic neuroendocrine disorders at play in anorexia nervosa.

KISA, Ucler/0000-0002-8131-6810 WOS: 000427604700014 Purpose: To investigate serum levels of adropin, salusin alpha and salusin beta, vaspin, and preptin in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) and uncomplicated pregnancies. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three pregnant women with HG (group 1) and 30 pregnant women with uncomplicated pregnancies (group 2) who were referred to the University Obstetrics-Gynecology clinic were enrolled in this present study. Fasting serum samples were obtained and measured for adropin, salusin alpha and salusin beta, vaspin, and preptin. The hormones levels were studied by using ELISA method. Results: Statistically significant difference was found between groups 1 and 2 according to adropin, salusin alpha and salusin beta, vaspin, and preptin levels (all p < 0.05). There were increased levels of salusins and adropin and decreased levels of vaspin and preptin in women with HG. Conclusion: This study suggests a possible role of these peptides, which may clarify the etiopathogenesis of HG. Kirikkale University Scientific Research Projects UnitKirikkale University This work was supported by the Kirikkale University Scientific Research Projects Unit.