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The emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a growing public health issue worldwide due to extensive use in agriculture, food, and veterinary medicine. The rate of antimicrobial resistance varies with different antibiotics and serotypes but Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of the most widespread serotypes which is comparatively more susceptible to antimicrobial resistance followed by S. Typhimurium. A total of 71 Salmonella strains (S. Typhimurium, n=45; S. Enteritidis, n=26) isolated from humans, food and the environment were used in the study. Both isolates were confirmed through PCR by targeting their specific spy and sdf genes respectively. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility against 10 antibiotics used. An exponentially high level of resistance was found in S. Typhimurium strains. The highest level of resistance was found against amoxicillin (97.78%) followed by tetracycline (95.56%), gentamicin (93.33%), trimethoprim (86.67%), streptomycin (84.44%), nalidixic acid (77.78%), sulphafurazole (64.44%), ampicillin (62.22%), chloramphenicol (46.67%) and least resistance was found against ciprofloxacin (31.11%). Four penta MDR (ACSSuT) and two tetra MDR (ASSuT) resistance patterns were found S. Typhimurium strains. In S. Enteritidis strains, a high level of resistance was found against sulphonamides and streptomycin (92.31%) with the least resistance against ciprofloxacin (11.54%). Two penta MDR (ACSSuT) and six tetra MDR (ASSuT) resistance patterns were found. The presence of high antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic S. Typhimurium and Enteritidis in the broiler meat production chain is alarming. Immediate action and appropriate measures are required to control over the counter and irrational use of antibiotics both in poultry and humans. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

Pig’s blood and liver are valuable edible slaughter by-products which are also the major ingredients of offal-derived foodstuffs. The aim of the study was an evaluation of the occurrence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) and porcine adenovirus (pAdV) as an index virus of faecal contamination in pig’s blood and liver for human consumption. In total, 246 samples of retail liver (n = 100) and pooled pig’s blood (n = 146) were analysed for the presence of HEV and pAdV. Blood samples were individually collected from 1432 pigs at slaughter age. Viral genomic material, including RNA of a sample process control virus was isolated from food samples using a QIAamp® Viral RNA Mini Kit. Virus-specific IAC-controlled real-time PCR methods were used for detection of target viruses. HEV RNA was found in 6 (2.4%; 95% CI: 0.9–5.2) out of 246 samples of tested foodstuffs. The virus was detected in pig’s blood (3.4%; 95% CI: 1.1–7.8) and liver (1.0%; 95% CI: 0.0–5.0) with no significant differences observed in the frequency of its occurrence between the two by-products (t = 1.33; p = 0.182 > 0.05); however PAdV was detected more frequently in pig’s blood than in liver (t = 4.65; p = 0.000 F = 0.81, p = 0.447 > 0.05 for HEV; F = 0.42, p = 0.655 > 0.05 for pAdV). Although HEV was detected in pig’s offal only sporadically, consumers cannot treat its occurrence with disregard as it demonstrates that HEV-contaminated pig tissues can enter the food chain.

Introduction. Poultry meat and eggs represent a risk of contamination with zoonotic bacterial agents. This requires permanent laboratory monitoring throughout the production chain segment. Material and methods. The research material consisted of samples retrieved from poultry carcasses and eggs for current consumption. There were examined 80 samples of eggs and 110 samples of poultry carcasses. Results. S. Gallinarum, S. Enteritidis and S. Infantins serotypes were isolated in 12.7% of samples out of 110 examined carcasses, whereas S. Gallinarum, S. Dublin și S. Typhimurium serotypes were detected in 6.25% of 80 egg samples. Conclusions. Bacteriological research on poultry carcasses and eggs showed the presence of pathogenic serotypes of Salmonella spp., which is a major risk to public health.

O Complexo das Doenças Respiratórias de Bovinos (CRB) é caracterizado pela infecção do trato respiratório dos animais podendo ser de origem viral, bacteriana ou através da associação de ambos. O CRB tem sido identificado como uma das mais importantes causas de morbidade e mortalidade de criações intensivas, principalmente em animais jovens, causando sérios prejuízos econômicos com o uso de medicamentos para tratamento dos animais e perdas significativas de peso, afetando diretamente a cadeia produtiva da carne bovina. Uma das principais medidas preventivas realizadas do CRB é a aplicação de vacinas nos animais na chegada aos locais de terminação, sem saber se o animal já foi infectado por algum dos agentes

Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are zoonotic foodborne pathogens that are capable of causing serious human illness. Ovine ruminants are recognized as an important source of STEC and a notable contributor to contamination within the food industry. This review examined the prevalence of STEC in the ovine food production chain from farm-to-fork, reporting carriage in sheep herds, during abattoir processing, and in raw and ready-to-eat meats and meat products. Factors affecting the prevalence of STEC, including seasonality and animal age, were also examined. A relative prevalence can be obtained by calculating the mean prevalence observed over multiple surveys, weighted by sample number. A relative mean prevalence was obtained for STEC O157 and all STEC serogroups at multiple points along the ovine production chain by using suitable published surveys. A relative mean prevalence (and range) for STEC O157 was calculated: for feces 4.4% (0.2-28.1%), fleece 7.6% (0.8-12.8%), carcass 2.1% (0.2-9.8%), and raw ovine meat 1.9% (0.2-6.3%). For all STEC independent of serotype, a relative mean prevalence was calculated: for feces 33.3% (0.9-90.0%), carcass 58.7% (2.0-81.6%), and raw ovine meat 15.4% (2.7-35.5%). The prevalence of STEC in ovine fleece was reported in only one earlier survey, which recorded a prevalence of 86.2%. Animal age was reported to affect shedding in many surveys, with younger animals typically reported as having a higher prevalence of the pathogen. The prevalence of STEC decreases significantly along the ovine production chain after the application of postharvest interventions. Ovine products pose a small risk of potential STEC contamination to the food supply chain.

Aiming at investigating the potential sources of Campylobacter spp. contamination in pig slaughterhouse in eastern China, a total of 2056 samples were collected in pork production chain stretching ...

In the article, we analyze types of drilling mud, which are used to drilling intervals of permafrost rocks; the importance of wellbore stability is noted. Wedescribethemain technologies, which have been being applied in the north of Western Siberia; these technologies are aimed at minimizing the loss wellbore stability due to violation of the temperature conditions in the well. We also analyze hydrocarbon systems, taking into account foreign experience, which is based on prospecting and exploratory drilling of ice deposits in Greenland and Antarctica. The article draws your attention to using synthetic fluids, monoesters and chladones. The difficulties of the existing technology and the disadvantages of the hydrocarbon systems are highlighted. We propose to apply a new cryogenic drilling technology, which consists in the use of synthetic fluorine-containing agents as flushing fluid at low temperatures. The text gives valuable information on composition of the proposed flushing fluid and the prospects of using the technology to prevent complications. Much attention is given to issue of manufacturing the main chemical reagent with the reduction of the generalized production chain of its production from the starting material, it is fluorspar.

The emergence and persistence of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in livestock animals have been reported as a potential risk factor for transmission to humans. In this study, we investigated the nationwide prevalence and characteristics of MRSA and MSSA in the Korean beef production system, including retail markets, slaughterhouses, and cattle farms. From a total of 1,285 samples, only 5 MRSA strains were isolated: from a farmer (1 ST72 MRSA), a carcass sample from a slaughterhouse (1 ST72 MRSA), and beef cattle (3 ST5 MRSA). In addition, 11 MSSA strains were isolated from beef cattle (n=3), humans (1 farmer, 1 slaughterhouse worker, and 4 retail market workers), and carcass samples (n=1) and slaughterhouse environment (n=1). Although the prevalence of MRSA and MSSA in beef cattle was much lower than that reported in pigs, 5/5 MRSA and 2/11 MSSA strains displayed multiple drug resistance (MDR) phenotypes. Unlike the swine-associated MRSA, no correlation was found between tetracycline/zinc resistance and MDR phenotype. However, MRSA strains had an identical set of staphylococcal enterotoxins and exhibited enhanced levels of resistance to antimicrobial peptides (PMAP-36 and LL-37) compared to the MSSA strains. In conclusion, continued and systemic surveillance of livestock, meat products, and humans in close contact with livestock/meat products is necessary to prevent the transmission of MRSA and MSSA to humans.

This study assessed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based assay to detect Salmonella in swine as a potential tool to predict the presence of Salmonella in swine carcasses. The following samples were collected from 10 swine batches: blood (n = 100); environment (barn floor, n = 10, and lairage floor, n = 10); meat juice (n = 100, obtained after defrosting of diaphragm); tonsils (n = 100); mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) (n = 100); and carcasses after bleeding (n = 100), after singeing (n = 100), after evisceration (n = 100), and after final rinsing (n = 100). Blood and meat juice were subjected to ELISA to detect antibodies against Salmonella, and other samples were subjected to Salmonella detection by ISO 6579. Salmonella was detected in 3 samples from barn floors, 7 lairage floors, 45 tonsils, 43 MLNs and in 3 carcasses. Based on ELISA, Salmonella positive samples were: 86 and 46 blood serum (20% and 40% cut-offs) and 68 and 46 meat juice (20% and 40% cut-offs). Optical density readings from blood serum and meat juice presented a high and significant correlation (r = 0.93, p

O presente trabalho buscou investigar a presenca de Salmonella spp. em aves da subespecie Gallus gallus domesticus confinadas em um estabelecimento avicola, situado no municipio de Uberlândia-MG e analisar comparativamente as tecnicas de Soroaglutinacao Rapida (SAR) e isolamento por plaqueamento bacteriano. As aves amostradas tinham vinte e cinco dias de idade e compunham um lote de trinta e sete mil animais. Foram analisadas 50 amostras de suabes de cloacais e 50 amostras sericas. Todas as amostras foram coletadas de forma pareadas, ou seja, foram coletadas da mesma ave e identificadas, imediatamente, por numeros de 1 a 50. Apos as coletas, as amostras foram encaminhadas ao Laboratorio de Microbiologia do ILES-ULBRA. Os resultados do Plaquemento bacteriano mostraram que das 50 amostras de suabes cloacais analisadas, 50 amostras apesentaram crescimento bacteriano compativel com colonias de Salmonella spp., ou seja, ocorreu crescimento de colonias isoladas com coloracao rosea no Agar Verde Brilhante e de colonias isoladas incolores no Agar MacConkey. Em relacao ao teste de SAR, 36 amostras foram positivas (72%) e 14 amostras foram negativas (28%). As analises mostraram baixa sensibilidade para o teste de SAR. O estudo mostrou que o teste de SAR nao deve ser utilizado como unica prova de triagem para pesquisar aves portadoras de Salmonella spp., devendo ser complementado, de preferencia, com o isolamento bacteriano, sendo esta a recomendacao oficial do PNSA.

International audience; Eating quality is one of the most important traits by which consumers evaluate satisfaction and make decisions on future beef purchases. Unfortunately, the beef on the market is of inconsistent quality. Therefore, meat producers supplying beef of good and consistent quality would be more competitive in the beef market. The main attributes of eating quality are flavor, juiciness, tenderness, and overall liking. Beef eating quality is an intrinsic quality trait, which depends on both pre- and post-slaughter factors. In this review, we attempt to describe the impact of the major factors determining beef eating quality throughout the production chain such as: breed, farming systems, animal welfare, electrical stimulation, carcass suspension methods, chilling process associated with pH drop and aging methods. As part of this review, some the effects were extracted and summarized to give an overview of the magnitude of the effects and to understand which effects have the greatest impact.

The bacterial load on the eggshell surface is a key factor in predicting the bacterial penetration and contamination of the egg interior. The eggshell cuticle is the first line of defense against vertical penetration by microbial food-borne pathogens such as Salmonella Enteritidis. Egg producers are increasingly introducing alternative caging systems into their production chain as animal welfare concerns become of greater relevance to today’s consumer. Stress that is introduced by hen aggression and modified nesting behavior in furnished cages can alter the physiology of egg formation and affect the cuticle deposition/quality. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of caging systems (conventional, enriched, free-run, and free-range), on eggshell cuticle parameters and the eggshell bacterial load. The cuticle plug thickness and pore length were higher in the free-range eggs as compared to conventional eggs. The eggshells from alternative caging (enriched and free-range) had a higher total cuticle as compared to conventional cages. A reduction in bacterial cell counts was observed on eggshells that were obtained from free-range eggs as compared to the enriched systems. An inverse correlation between the contact angle and Salmonella adherence was observed. These results indicate that the housing systems of layer hens can modify the cuticle quality and thereby impact bacterial adherence and food safety., Egg Farmers of Canada (EFC) grant number: 551562, Livestock Research Innovation Corporation (LRIC) grant number 570593, PID2020- 116660GB-I00, RNM-938 group (Junta de Andalucía), UCE PP 2016.05 (Universidad de Granada)

espanolThe banana peel represents about 30% of the fruit, it is discarded and could be used for food development, due to its chemical and antioxidant composition. It is rich in fiber, proteins, essential amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, potassium andin phenolic compounds; which could be used in the treatment ofcertain types of cancer and coronary heart disease. The objective was to bromatologically evaluate banana peels of five different varieties, as well as their antioxidant activity and sensory acceptance for use in food fortification. Bromatological and antioxidant capacity analyzes of five banana varieties (roatan, macho, morado, manzano, and dominico), cereal flour formulation for product generation and sensory evaluation of the food product were performed. The macho banana peel obtained the highest valuesfor protein, fiber and ethereal extract; presented a high antioxidant capacity for ABTS•+ and DPPH• methods. The five varieties of banana peel showed the presence of linoleic and linolenic fatty acids. The macho banana peel, obtained a high presence of essential amino acids. Products with banana peel flour were made with three other flours, where interaction with cornmeal was the best. The sensory evaluation was made with a nacho-type snack, the results showed tendency neither I like nor dislike for attributes of smell, color and flavor. A series of applications for the banana peel were generated to help its production chain and increase food availability. EnglishLa cascara de platano representa alrededor del 30% del fruto, esta se descarta y pudiera ser utilizada para el desarrollo de alimentos, debido a su composicion quimica y antioxidante. Es rica en fibra, proteinas, aminoacidos esenciales, acidos grasos poliinsaturados, potasio y en compuestos fenolicos; los cuales podrian usarse en el tratamiento de ciertos tipos de cancer y enfermedades coronarias. El objetivo fue evaluar bromatologicamente cascaras de platano de cinco diferentes variedades, su actividad antioxidante y aceptacion sensorial para su utilizacion en el enriquecimiento de alimentos. Se realizaron analisis bromatologicos y de capacidad antioxidante de cinco variedades de platano (roatan, macho, morado, manzano y dominico), la formulacion con harinas de cereales para la generacion de productos y la evaluacion sensorial del producto alimenticio. La cascara de platano macho obtuvo los valores mas altos para proteina, fibra y extracto etereo; presentouna alta capacidad antioxidante para los metodos ABTS•+ y DPPH•. Las cinco variedades de cascara de platano mostraron presencia de acidos grasos linoleico y linolenico. La cascara de platano macho, obtuvo una alta presencia de aminoacidos esenciales. Se elaboraron productos con la harina de cascara de platano con otras tres harinas, siendo la interaccion con la de maiz la mejor. La evaluacion sensorial fue con una botana tipo nacho, los resultados con tendencia ni me gusta ni me disgustapara atributos de olor, color y sabor. Se generaron una serie de aplicaciones para la cascara de platano para ayudar a su cadena productiva y aumentar la disponibilidad de alimentos

Livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) is an increasingly important public health concern worldwide; however, data on LA-MRSA from Asian countries is scarce. As such, a comprehensive molecular epidemiological survey of S. aureus along a pork production chain and in the community was undertaken in Shandong Province, China. spa typing and whole-genome sequencing were used to survey the occurrence and potential transmission of S. aureus in various sectors, including 899 porcine samples (snout or skin swabs, carcass swabs and pork portions), 845 human nasal samples and 239 environmental samples from commercial farms, a slaughterhouse, a pork wholesale market and the surrounding community. MRSA was detected in higher frequencies in samples from two commercial pig farms (pigs, 49%; farm workers, 64%; environmental samples, 16%) than in samples from the slaughterhouse (fatteners, 8.2%; carcasses, 1.1%; operation workers, 0%; environmental samples, 3.8%), the pork wholesale market (pork, 14%; sellers, 0%) and individuals in the community (6.8%). There were significant differences in population structures, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, and the presence of resistance and virulence genes between human- and pig-associated isolates. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed the dissemination of LA-MRSA between various segments along the pork production chain. However, MRSA of the same sequence type was not found to be disseminated between the commercial farms and the surrounding communities. Furthermore, one MRSA ST398 was observed, and a novel CC9 variant ST3597 was detected within the chain. The high MRSA carriage rates and the emergence of a new MRSA CC9 variant identified in this study highlight the need for MRSA surveillance.

The pork production chain and raw pork products are among the most important reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms. This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance profiles and integrons and their associated gene cassettes of Escherichia coli isolated from a large-scale centralized swine slaughterhouse in Zhejiang, China and its downstream markets. A total of 300 E. coli isolates were identified from 720 samples. No E. coli isolates were detected on the slaughtering line or at downstream supermarkets. Of the 300 E. coli isolates collected from lairages and downstream open markets, 242 (80.67%) were classified as multi-drug resistant (MDR). In addition, the prevalence of multi-drug resistance was significantly different (p

Tendencies of foodborne outbreaks show that the number of illnesses caused by Campylobacter spp. has been increasing recently in the European Union and in Hungary as well. However, the epidemiological statuses of Member States are diverse. There are several aspects to be investigated by competent authorities before the introduction of interventions. Methods supporting food safety decision making range from quick and easy techniques to complex, resource consuming approaches. The aim of the present study was the implementation of an evaluation and ranking system for a risk and its causes occurring in the broiler production chain. Data and information available in scientific literature were converted to a structured easy-to-use evaluation that supports decision making and helps structured data processing.

Salmonella causes foodborne disease outbreaks worldwide and raises concerns about public health and economic losses. To determine prevalence, serovar, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes in a cross-sectional study, 418 total samples from feces and carcasses (from three slaughterhouses) and pork and cutting boards (from four markets) were collected in a central Thailand province in 2017 and 2018. Of the 418 samples, 272 (65.1%) were positive for Salmonella. The prevalence of Salmonella-positive samples from markets (158 of 178; 88.8%) was significantly higher than that among samples from slaughterhouses (114 of 240; 47.5%) (P < 0.05). A total of 1,030 isolates were identified; 409 were assigned to 45 serovars, with Salmonella Rissen the most common (82 of 409; 20%). Two serovars, Salmonella Cannstatt and Salmonella Braubach, were identified for the first time in Thailand in market and slaughterhouse samples, respectively. Among 180 isolates representing 19 serovars, 133 (73.9%) exhibited multidrug resistance. Screening for ESBL production revealed that 41 (10.3%) of 399 isolates were ESBL positive. The prevalence of ESBL-producing Salmonella isolates was significantly higher among the market isolates (31 of 41; 75.6%) than among the slaughterhouse isolates in (10 of 41; 24.4%) (P < 0.05). In market samples, 24 (77.4%) of 31 isolates were recovered from pork and 7 (22.6%) were recovered from cutting boards. Nine ESBL-producing isolates carried single ESBL genes, either blaTEM (4 of 41 isolates; 9.8%) or blaCTX-M (5 of 41 isolates; 12.2%), whereas 11 (26.8%) carried both blaTEM and blaCTX-M. No ESBL-producing Salmonella isolate carried the blaSHV gene. These results suggest that pigs, their flesh, and cutting boards used for processing pork could be reservoirs for widespread ESBL-producing Salmonella isolates with multidrug resistance and outbreak potential across the food chain. HIGHLIGHTS

In the Northeastern Brazil, artisanal cheese production is an important local economic activity for small producers. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus is responsible for causing infection in animals and humans. This study described the first detection of methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis isolated in the nasal cavity of a handler of coalho cheese made with goat’s milk in Northeastern Brazil. This brief communication highlighted the importance of adopting biosafety measures by cheese handlers, in order to reduce possible contamination and the spread of pathogens in the production chain of this type of artisanal cheese in Brazil. RESUMO: Na região Nordeste do Brasil, a cadeia de produção de queijo artesanal é uma atividade local importante para pequenos produtores. Staphylococcus resistentes à meticilina são responsáveis por causar infecções em animais e seres humanos. Neste estudo descreve-se a primeira detecção de S. epidermidis resistente à meticilina isolado da cavidade nasal de um manipulador de queijo coalho elaborado com leite de cabra no Nordeste do Brasil. Este relato destaca a importância da adoção de medidas de biossegurança por manipuladores de queijo, a fim de reduzir possíveis contaminações e a disseminação de patógenos na cadeia produtiva deste tipo de queijo artesanal no Brasil.

Knowing the Campylobacter spp. load at each stage of production can be helpful in selecting appropriate control methods. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the quantitative contamination of broilers with Campylobacter spp. at different levels of production (pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest) by using the culture method, and to identify the types of samples that can accurately predict the contamination level of the meat. For this purpose, broilers from two different processors were examined. The data were statistically modeled to describe the Campylobacter spp. counts in the samples and to identify correlations between counts in the different sample types, including fecal samples before slaughtering, cecal content at slaughter, neck skin after chilling, cut meat pieces, and finally meat cuts at the end of shelf-life. The Campylobacter spp. counts in pooled fecal samples at pre-harvest level were generally lower than those in individual cecal samples after slaughtering. The results of the meat samples at slaughter level showed that skinless breast fillet samples were less contaminated than legs with skin and neck skin after chilling. The examination of samples at the end of shelf-life showed that breast fillets and legs had lower Campylobacter spp. counts compared to the samples at the beginning of the storage. From these results, it can be summarized that a simple calculation of Campylobacter spp. counts from fecal samples collected on the farm did not allow a direct prediction of Campylobacter spp. loads in cecal content or neck samples. The cecal samples on the other hand can be appropriate to predict Campylobacter spp. counts in neck skin and breast fillet samples.

Enteropathogens such as Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli are important health challenges in the poultry production chain, because when installed in the production chain, they impair the safety of food supply. The determination of the microbiological quality of chicken meat, especially when marketed in spiced form, is necessary, given that consumer prefer this type of processed protein. This work aims to evaluate the microbiological quality of the meat of seasoned chicken marketed in the municipality of Rio Verde, Goias, using Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli as target microorganisms, and considering as variables the type of establishment, validity date and presence of municipal inspection seal. From 80 analyzed samples, 30% (24/80) of samples were positive for Salmonella spp. and 55% (44/80) for E. coli. Regarding the type of establishment, it was observed that 27.45% (14/51) of supermarket samples and 34.48% (10/29) of meat store samples were contaminated by Salmonella spp. Considering E. coli, 49.01% (25/51) of supermarket samples and 65.55% (19/29) of meat store samples were positive for this pathogen. 80% (64/80) of the samples had the municipal inspection seal (MIS), and 83.75% (67/80) contained the expiration date on the label. The legislation in its narrative guarantee’s protection for the consumer with regard to the presence of pathogenic serotypes of these agents, however, it is worth noting that the effective action of health surveillance, and the constant laboratory investigation of the products are necessary. Los enteropatógenos como Salmonella spp. y Escherichia coli son importantes desafíos de salud en la cadena de producción avícola, ya que una vez instalados en la cadena de producción, es imposible ofrecer alimentos seguros. La determinación de la calidad microbiológica de la carne de pollo, especialmente cuando se comercializa en forma condimentada, es necesaria, con gran preferencia del consumidor por este tipo de proteína procesada. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar la calidad microbiológica de la carne de pollo condimentada comercializada en la ciudad de Rio Verde, Goiás, utilizando como microorganismos diana Salmonella spp. y Escherichia coli, y considerando como variables el tipo de establecimiento, la fecha de vencimiento y la presencia de sello de inspección. municipal. De las 80 muestras analizadas, se observó que el 30% (24/80) de las muestras fueron positivas para Salmonella spp. y el 55% (44/80) para E. coli. En cuanto al tipo de establecimiento, se observó que el 27,45% (14/51) de las muestras de supermercados y el 34,48% (10/29) de las muestras de carnicería estaban contaminadas por Salmonella spp., y para el agente E. coli, 49,01% (25/51) de las muestras de supermercados y 65,55% (19/29) de las muestras de carne fueron positivas. El 80% (64/80) de las muestras tenían el sello de inspección municipal (SIM) y el 83,75% (67/80) contenía la fecha de vencimiento en la etiqueta. La legislación en su narrativa garantiza protección al consumidor frente a la presencia de serotipos patógenos de estos agentes, sin embargo, cabe mencionar que es necesaria la acción efectiva de vigilancia sanitaria, y la investigación constante de laboratorio de los productos. Enteropatógenos como Salmonella spp e Escherichia coli são desafios sanitários importantes na cadeia produtiva de aves, pois uma vez instalados na cadeia de produção impossibilitam a oferta de um alimento seguro. A determinação da qualidade microbiológica da carne de frango em especial quando comercializada na forma temperada se faz necessária sendo grande a preferência dos consumidores para esse tipo de proteína processada. Esse trabalho objetiva avaliar a qualidade microbiológica da carne de frango temperada comercializada no município de Rio Verde, Goiás, utilizando como microrganismos alvos Salmonella spp e Escherichia coli, e considerando como variáveis o tipo de estabelecimento, a data de validade e presença de selo de inspeção municipal. Das 80 amostras analisadas, observou-se que 30% (24/80) das amostras foram positivas para Salmonella spp e 55% (44/80) para E. coli. Quanto ao tipo de estabelecimento, notou-se que 27,45% (14/51) das amostras de supermercados e 34,48% (10/29) das amostras de casas de carne estavam contaminadas por Salmonella spp., e para o agente E. coli, 49,01% (25/51) das amostras de supermercado e 65,55% (19/29) das amostras de casas de carne foram positivas. 80% (64/80) das amostras apresentavam o selo de inspeção municipal (SIM), e 83,75% (67/80) continham a data de validade no rótulo. A legislação em sua narrativa, garante proteção para o consumidor no que diz respeito a presença de sorotipos patogênicos desses agentes, porém, vale ressaltar que a ação efetiva de vigilância em saúde, e a constante investigação laboratorial dos produtos são necessárias.

We developed a quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) of haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) associated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)-contaminated beef (intact beef cuts, ground beef and commercial hamburgers) in children under 15 years of age from Argentina. The QMRA was used to characterize STEC prevalence and concentration levels in each product through the Argentinean beef supply chain, including cattle primary production, cattle transport, processing and storage in the abattoir, retail and home preparation, and consumption. Median HUS probability from beef cut, ground beef and commercial hamburger consumption was

This study aimed to evaluate the molecular characteristics of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated in the swine chain in Northern Italy. A sample of 50 fattening units located in Lombardy was selected. Five cutaneous samples at slaughtering and three environmental samples at farm were collected from each unit giving a total of 250 and 150 samples, respectively. A total of 25 MRSA isolates were isolated from 400 samples, in 17 different fattening units. At farm, 12 out of 250 samples were positive for MRSA (4,8 %), and 13 out of 150 samples at slaughter were identified as MRSA (8,7 %), giving an overall incidence among samples of 6,25 % (n = 25). Molecular characterization was carried out using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and spa-typing. Outcomes showed that most of the isolates belonged to ST398, carrying spa-types t899, t011, t18498, t1939, t1200, and t304. Nonetheless, three isolates were identified as ST97 (t1730 and t4795), and one as ST30, showing spa-type t318. Furthermore, a novel ST was identified, namely 5422, showing spa-type t1730. Heterogeneity in genotypes within the same farm was also found in different fattening units, with concern for the possibility of the exchange of genetic determinants among different lineages. Genetic diversity among MRSA isolates in pig fattening units has been observed, highlighting the possibility that some isolates could be able to infect different hosts, including human.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:49:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Bovine cysticercosis (BCC) is the most frequently detected zoonosis in Brazilian slaughterhouses and is considered a problem for public health and beef production chain, requiring epidemiological studies focusing on evaluating its prevalence, spatial distribution, and economic losses in order to improve and adopt specific strategies for BCC control. Thus, this study focused to establish BCC prevalence and spatial distribution in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and estimate the economic losses for cattle farmers suppliers of one exporter slaughterhouse. A set of 70,591 bovine carcasses were postmortem inspected from 2019 to 2020, which came from 134 municipalities located in eight distinct regions in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The prevalence found was 3.44% (C.I. 95% 3.30–3.57%), and animals infected with unviable cysticerci were more frequently detected (70.56%) than those carrying viable ones (29.44%). The most frequent destination of carcasses and viscera was non-export (65.48%), followed by freezing/salting (25.41%), heat treatment (8.74%), and rendering (0.37%), resulting in a total economic burden of at least US$ 167,868.53 for cattle farmers. Some regions had higher risk for BCC occurrence, such as Porto Alegre, Caxias do Sul, Santa Maria, Ijuí, and Passo Fundo (OR > 1, p < 0.05), respectively. These results highlight the need of adopting prophylactic measures, mainly in specific areas, in order to control BCC and reduce the economic losses for beef production chain. Faculdade Qualittas Centro Universitário Central Paulista (UNICEP) São Paulo State University (Unesp) School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences São Paulo State University (Unesp) School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences

Decontamination practices, which often involve thermal treatments, are routinely performed in beef packing plants and have generally improved the safety of meat in North America. We investigated whether Escherichia coli in the beef production chain is becoming more heat resistant due to those treatments. Cattle isolates (n = 750) included seven serogroups (O157, O103, O111, O121, O145, O26, and O45) which were collected between 2002 and 2017. Beef plant isolates (n = 700) from carcasses, fabrication equipment, and beef products were included. Heat resistance was determined in Luria-Bertani broth at 60°C and by PCR screening for the locus of heat resistance (LHR). The decimal reduction for E. coli at 60°C (D(60ºC) values) ranged from 0 to 7.54 min, with 97.2% of the values being 2 min was not significantly different (P > 0.05) among cattle and meat plant isolates. E. coli from equipment before sanitation (median, 1.03 min) was more heat resistant than that after sanitation (median, 0.9 min). No significant difference in D(60ºC) values was observed among E. coli isolates from different years, from carcasses before and after antimicrobial interventions, or from before and during carcass chilling. Of all isolates, 1.97% harbored LHR, and the LHR-positive isolates had greater median D(60ºC) values than the LHR-negative isolates (3.25 versus 0.96 min). No increase in heat resistance in E. coli was observed along the beef production chain or with time. IMPORTANCE The implementation of multiple hurdles in the beef production chain has resulted in substantial improvement in the microbial safety of beef in Canada. In this study, we characterized a large number of Escherichia coli isolates (n = 1,450) from various sources/stages of beef processing to determine whether the commonly used antimicrobial interventions would give rise to heat-resistant E. coli on meat, which in turn may require alternatives to the current control of pathogens and/or modifications to the current cooking recommendations for meat. The findings show that the degree and rate of heat resistance in E. coli did not increase along the production chain or with time. This furthers our understanding of man-made ecological niches that are required for the development of heat resistance in E. coli.

Background The widespread habit of consumption of raw meat along with poor hygiene during handling, transportation and processing are the major contributors to the high prevalence of food-borne diseases in Ethiopia. Listeriosis is one of the important food-borne diseases acquired through consumption of meat. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Listeria species in meat collected from abattoir and butcher shops.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2018 to February 2019 on isolation, phenotypic characterization, and determination of antibiotic susceptibility profiles of isolates of L. monocytogenes. A total of 100 meat samples were collected from abattoir and butcher shops in Jimma Town. Laboratory based isolation and characterization of the Listeria species was made using conventional culture and biolog. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted using ten different selected antibiotics of current veterinary and human therapy. An observational check list was used to assess meat handling practices of butcher shops and abattoir workers.Results From the total of 100 samples collected from butcher shops and the abattoir, 29 (29%; 95% CI: 21.0-38.5%) were found positive for Listeria species. Out of this, 15 (30%, 95% CI: 34.4–68.6%) samples were from the butcher shops and 14 (28%, 95% CI: 31.4–65.6%) were from the abattoir. L. innocua (48.3%) was the dominant species followed by L. seeligeri (27.6%). L. monocytogenes accounts 7% of the isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed that L. monocytogenes isolates were susceptible to gentamicin, vancomycin, Sulfamethoxazole-Sulfamethrimethoprim, chloramphenicol and cloxacillin. In contrary, L. monocytogenes isolates were resistant to cloxacillin, penicillin, nalidixic acid and tetracycline. On the other hand, low level of education, lack of training on meat handling and poor cleanliness of meat contact surfaces were significantly associated with the occurrence of Listeria spp. (P

Wood scarcity, attacks by primates and insects, and fungal damage in forest plantations make the introduction of new species necessary. Given this, it is important to understand the potential uses of wood in the production chain. Pinus patula Schltdl & Cham presents good adaptation to Brazilian conditions and is a candidate for wood supply. Its juvenile wood density however, is lower than that of other pine species. This study aimed to evaluate the properties of veneer on panels produced with twelve-year old P. patula wood compared with panels produced with P. taeda wood of the same age, which is commonly used for panel production. Panels were bonded with urea-formaldehyde and phenol-formaldehyde adhesives using veneers applied on two types of plywood panel. The P. patula panels showed lower strength, stiffness and density when bonded with urea-formaldehyde, and higher strength, density and stiffness when bonded with phenol-formaldehyde in comparison with P. taeda. P. patula panels can be used for multilayer panel production.

[EN] The present research was aimed at evaluating the prevalence of gross lesions in condemned rabbit carcasses by analysing data recorded in a large Italian slaughterhouse. From 2003 until 2017, a total of 103 080 019 rabbits were processed: 101 722 673 were finishing rabbits and 1 357 346 were breeding females. A total of 742 397 carcasses were condemned due to lesions. Condemned carcasses from young rabbits (n=545 070) evidenced: 33.6% enteritis, 31.5% subcutaneous abscesses, 29.7% cachexia and 3.84% lung disease. Among breeding rabbits (n=197 327) there were 38.9% cachexia, followed by 35.8% uterine pathologies (breeding females), 14.9% subcutaneous abscesses, 5.42% ulcerative pododermatitis, 2.61% chronic nephritis and 2.47% lung disease. Regarding season-related lesions, for growing rabbits the total prevalence of lesions and diseases was the highest in winter (enteritis increased in winter, but subcutaneous abscesses were higher in summer). Rabbit does showed the highest prevalence of subcutaneous abscesses in summer and ulcerative pododermatitis in winter. From 2003 to 2017, the overall number of condemned carcasses doubled in both categories, with a sharp increase from 2012 till 2017. The prevalence of lesions among slaughtered rabbits differed between growing and breeding categories, which was attributable to different farming conditions, physiological status and slaughter age. Based on the above-mentioned findings, better management strategies at different stages of the rabbit production chain seem to be a necessary way to manage resulting waste and address possible economic concerns., The research was entirely founded by the Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, Viale Dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro- PD (Italy)

Pork is one of the most globally eaten meats and the pig production chain contributes significantly to the water footprint of livestock production. However, very little knowledge is available about the on-farm factors that influence freshwater use in the pig production chain. An experiment was conducted to quantify the effect of three different washing treatments on freshwater use, bacterial levels [(total bacterial counts; TBC), Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus] and cleaning time in washing of pens for weaning pigs. Three weaner rooms were selected with each room having 10 pens and a capacity to hold up to 14 pigs each. Pigs were weaned and kept in the pens for 7 weeks. Finally, the pens were cleaned before the next batch of pigs moved in. The washing treatments used were power washing and disinfection (WASH); presoaking followed by power washing and disinfection (SOAK), and presoaking followed by detergent, power washing and disinfection (SOAK + DETER). A water meter was used to collect water use data and swab samples were taken to determine the bacterial levels. The results showed that there was no overall effect of washing treatments on water use. However, there was an effect of treatment on the washing time (ppStaphylococcus, but no effect was seen on Enterobacteriaceae levels. Thus, the washing treatments used in this study had no effect on the water use of the pork production chain. Although there was no difference in both water use and bacterial load, from a producer perspective, presoaking and detergent use can save time and labour costs, so this would be the preferred option.

The aim of the present study is to identify the occurrence of abscesses in cattle after the administration of bivalent foot-and-mouth disease vaccine as adverse reaction to components in the new commercial vaccine formulation. Thirty bovines were divided into three groups composed of 10 animals, each. Groups 1 and 2 were vaccinated by researchers based on good vaccination practices criteria. Group 1 was intramuscularly administered with the vaccine, Group 2 received it through subcutaneous route and Group 3 was vaccinated by breeders through subcutaneous route. Animals were selected and observed in vivo in three different moments (7, 28 and 45 days after vaccination). Subsequently, they were observed during post mortem inspection in order to assess the occurrence of vaccine abscesses. Vaccine abscesses were recorded in 40% of bovines in Group 1, in 50% of the ones in Group 2 and in 60% of those in Group 3. There was no significant difference between experimental groups based on the Chi-square test and on Cramer's V analysis; there was no significant difference among experimental groups. Excess of carcass parts presenting vaccine abscesses during post mortem inspection resulted in the meat loss of 1.775 kg in Group 1, of 2.303 kg in Group 2 and of 3.268 kg in Group 3. In conclusion, despite changes in bivalent foot-and-mouth disease vaccine formulation, care should be taken at vaccination time to minimize the occurrence of vaccine abscesses and, consequently, meat losses at slaughter, as well as to reduce losses in beef production chain. RESUMO O presente estudo objetivou identificar a ocorrência de abcessos em bovinos após a aplicação da vacina antiaftosa bivalente, como reação adversa aos componentes da nova formulação comercial. Foram avaliados 30 bovinos divididos em três grupos de 10 animais. Os Grupos 1 e 2 foram vacinados pelos pesquisadores seguindo os critérios de boas práticas de vacinação, sendo o Grupo 1 vacinado pela via intramuscular e o Grupo 2 pela via subcutânea, já o Grupo 3 foi vacinado pelo produtor rural utilizando a via subcutânea. Os animais foram isolados e observados in vivo em três momentos (7°, 28° e 45° dias após a vacinação), em seguida foram observados durante a inspeção post mortem para constatação da ocorrência de abscessos vacinais. Registrou-se a ocorrência de abscessos vacinais em 40% dos bovinos do Grupo 1, em 50% do grupo 2 e em 60% do grupo 3. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos experimentais segundo o teste do Qui-quadrado e a análise do V de Cramer. A partes cárneas excisadas das carcaças com abcessos vacinais durante a inspeção post mortem resultaram em uma perda cárnea de 1.775 kg no Grupo 1, de 2.303 kg no Grupo 2 e de 3.268 kg no Grupo 3. Conclui-se, que mesmo com a alteração da formulação da vacina antiaftosa, são necessários cuidados no ato da vacinação, a fim de minimizar a ocorrência de abscessos vacinais e consequentes perdas cárneas no ato do abate dos animais, diminuindo assim os prejuízos à cadeia produtiva da carne.

Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Listeria monocytogenes have a significant impact on public health with slaughterhouses providing many opportunities for the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria. To evaluate the prevalence and diversity of these microorganisms along the free-range pork production chain, a total of 750 samples (5 samples/animal; 15 animals/farm; 5 farms/slaughterhouse) were collected from two slaughterhouses and analysed by specific ISO methodologies. Salmonella spp. (12.93%, CI 95 10.72–15.52%), Campylobacter spp. (17.17%, CI 95 13.00–21.74%) and L. monocytogenes (9.07%, CI 95 7.21–11.33%) were recovered at different stages of the production chain, with the highest prevalence detected in tonsils for Salmonella spp. (30.67%, CI 95 23.85–38.44%) and L. monocytogenes (39.33%, CI 95 31.87–47.32%) and in faeces for Campylobacter spp. (57.33%, CI 95 49.33–64.96%). Thirteen different Salmonella serotypes were detected with monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium as the most frequent one. C. coli , C. jejuni and L. monocytogenes serotype 4b and 1/2a were also identified. A significant higher prevalence of Salmonella spp. in total and from skin samples in slaughterhouse B than in slaughterhouse A was detected. In addition, a higher, although not significant, prevalence of the selected pathogens was observed in meat samples from slaughterhouse B with respect to slaughterhouse A (10.67% vs 0% for Campylobacter spp.; and 4% vs 0% for Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes ). Our results highlight the risk of contamination of pork meat by the microorganisms under study and point out the importance of implementing specific control measures.

Pigs are an important source of human infections with Salmonella, one of the most common causes of sporadic gastrointestinal infections and foodborne outbreaks in the European region. Feed has been estimated to be a significant source of Salmonella in piggeries in countries of a low Salmonella prevalence. To estimate Salmonella risk to consumers via the pork production chain, including feed production, a quantitative risk assessment model was constructed. The Salmonella prevalence in feeds and in animals was estimated to be generally low in Finland, but the relative importance of feed as a source of Salmonella in pigs was estimated as potentially high. Discontinuation of the present strict Salmonella control could increase the risk of Salmonella in slaughter pigs and consequent infections in consumers. The increased use of low risk and controlled feed ingredients could result in a consistently lower residual contamination in pigs and help the tracing and control of the sources of infections.

Tuberculosis and the taeniasis-cysticercosis complex, typical cases of zoonosis, have great importance for public health, since they cause economic liabilities to the Brazilian beef production chain. They are actually a synonym of technical inadequateness in Good Production Practices. Both diseases have existed since ancient times and their occurrence should be controlled by basic sanitary measures. However, there is a significant neglect attitude by authorities of countries with high occurrence rates, or rather, tropical underdeveloped nations, to focus on public policies for the control and decrease of the prevalence and the occurrence of these diseases. Current review elucidates the epidemiological profile of the diseases and contributes towards the elucidation and establishment of measures ensuring control.

Background Salmonella is recognized as a common bacterial cause of foodborne diarrheal illness worldwide, and animal or its food products have been the most common vehicles of the Salmonella infections. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of Salmonella in two commercial layer farms and to determine the genetic relatedness between these strains. The Salmonella isolates were serotyped by slide agglutination using commercial antisera and analyzed for genetic relatedness using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results The internal environment had the highest prevalence of Salmonella (14/15, 93.3%), followed by external environment (60/96, 62.5%) and egg samples (23/84, 27.3%). The prevalence of Salmonella in the environment was significantly higher than that in egg samples (p

This study was designed to determine the prevalence of Methicillin Susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and their source of contamination in the pastirma production chain. Additionally, this study was focused on the antimicrobial resistance, virulence profiles, biofilm-forming capabilities and phylogenetic relationships of obtained isolates. A total of 400 samples were analyzed and from which 105 (26.25%) were found positive for coagulase-positive with Staphylococci (CPS). Within the 105 CPS samples, 36 (9%) were identified as S. aureus, from which 8 (2%) were MRSA. Four (11.1%) of 36 S. aureus isolates, of which 3 (37.5%) were MRSA, had a multidrug resistance (MDR), and 6 MRSA strains were found positive for one or more SEs genes (seb, sed, and see). According to the ERIC-PCR analysis, only two S. aureus strains (one with personnel origin and one with carcass origin) were genetically identical. This study highlights the detection frequency of S. aureus in samples analyzed observed, while low, can be a significant public health problem, especially due to the identification of MRSA harboring some enterotoxin genes and having MDR.

The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive characterization of 48 Campylobacter isolates obtained from broiler meat products in Southern Brazil, which had been previously typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile and the presence of 30 virulence-associated genes (VAGs) were investigated. Six AMR patterns and 26 VAG patterns were found, indicating a great genetic diversity among the isolates. It is noteworthy that 79.2% of Campylobacter isolates were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents, and MDR was found in 35.4%, being more prevalent in C. jejuni isolates. Data analysis for the combination of AMR and VAG profiles indicated that the antimicrobial resistance and virulence profile were not related to a particular species. The combination of the PFGE, AMR and VAG sets of data improved the discrimination power. In addition, the presence of antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter isolates carrying virulence genes such as hcp (T6SS marker), cgtB and wlaN (LOS biosynthesis markers), among others, represents a potential emerging threat to public health. The findings also demonstrate the need for more rigorous control measures for Campylobacter in the Brazilian poultry production chain to avoid the dissemination of antimicrobial resistant and virulent Campylobacter isolates through the poultry meat.

Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are important emerging foodborne human pathogens. Ruminants are the main animal reservoir of STEC currently known, and meat can become contaminated at different stages of the production chain. The aim of this work was to subtype and establish the epidemiological relatedness of non-O157 STEC strains isolated from ground beef and the environment in butcher shops before (evaluation stage, 2010–2011 period) and after (verification stage, 2013) implementing improvement actions. Sixty-eight non-O157 STEC strains were tested for eae, saa, ehxA, iha, efa1, toxB, subAB, cdt-V, astA, aggR, and aaiC genes, and stx1 and stx2 variants were determined. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was carried out with XbaI and XmaJI. From the 68 strains, 92.6%, 75.0%, 58.8%, 53.5%, 10.3%, 7.3%, and 4.4% were positive for iha, ehxA, subAB, saa, cdt-V, astA, and eae, respectively. All strains were aggR/aaiC-negative. PFGE showed that 19 strains grouped in 9 clusters and 41 showed unique XbaI patterns. During the evaluation stage (2010–2011), we identified clonal strains in different samples, circulating clones in different butcher shops, and more than one different strain in the same butcher shop. The bovine origin of meat and its manufacturing process could not ensure the total absence of all non-O157 STEC serotypes in this foodstuff. Most strains isolated during the evaluation (2010–2011) and verification (2013) stages did not exhibit a genotypic profile associated with human disease. It is necessary to conduct periodic reviews of the new epidemiological information and verify that the analyses of non-O157 STEC in food are appropriate to identify strains affecting the population. Fil: Brusa, Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; Argentina Fil: Costa, Magdalena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; Argentina Fil: Londero, Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; Argentina Fil: Leotta, Gerardo Anibal. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; Argentina Fil: Galli, Lucía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; Argentina

Kurzfassung Das Ergebnis einer Wärmebehandlung wird durch den Ausgangszustand des Werkstoffs beeinflusst. Das hat zur Folge, dass unterschiedliche Fertigungsketten bei gleicher Endwärmebehandlung zu Unterschieden im Gefügezustand und zu einem unterschiedlichen Verzugsverhalten führen können. Dies beeinflusst somit sowohl die Eigenschaften als auch den eventuellen Aufwand bei einer End-Hartbearbeitung. Der Artikel zeigt Beispiele für Wechselwirkungen infolge von Fertigungseinflüssen anhand einer Fertigungskette für eine thermochemische Wärmebehandlung (Einsatzhärten und Nitrieren) auf.

Sanitization of fresh fruits and vegetables, particularly leafy greens, is limited by penetration of sanitizers to the location of internalized pathogens. It is necessary, therefore, to adapt sanitization operations to practices in the existing produce chain. In this work, we investigated experimentally in a pilot scale, various potential sanitization options using gaseous ozone during and post vacuum cooling on the inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 43889. It was found that vacuum cooling causes bacterial internalization, making them harder to reach by sanitizer. However, the application of ozone during the vacuum cooling step significantly reduced (p

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in the Sardinian pig production chain in order to establish the incidence of monophasic serovariant of Salmonella Typhimurium on isolates with molecular methods (real-time PCR and multiplex PCR). Samples were collected in three EC slaughterhouses, four small slaughterhouses annexed to farmhouses, one meat distribution center, four meat cutting laboratories and four sausage processing plants. A total of 166 samples were collected and analyzed: 46 environmental samples, 48 finishing pigs, 16 piglets, 24 samples of non-processed meat, 28 meat preparations and 4 meat products. All samples were processed with an initial screening using the real-time PCR MicroSEQ® Salmonella spp detection Kit (Applied biosystems, life technologies) and with the TaqMan® Real-time PCR to confirm the kit results. Samples that tested positive for Salmonella spp were confirmed with cultural method using the standard ISO 6579. Positive samples were submitted to phenotypic identification. One colony from each positive sample was serotyped with multiplex PCR method. Salmonella spp was isolated in 7 on 166 samples (4.22 %). Among the positive samples, two came from finishing pigs, two belonged to the category meat preparations, two to meat products, one was an environmental sample. Multiplex PCR confirmed that the collected strains belonged to the species Salmonella Typhimurium (1), Salmonella derby (3) and monophasic serovariant of Salmonella Typhimurium (3).

International audience; Controlling the presence of pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella sp., in dairy products production is a burning issue since contamination with Salmonella can occur at any stage of the production chain. The use of Salmonella-phages applied as control agents has gained considerable interest. Nonetheless, Salmonella-phage applications specifically intended for ensuring the safety of dairy products are scarce. This review identifies recent advances in the use of Salmonella-phages that are or could be applied along the dairy food chain, in a farm-to-fork approach. Salmonella-phages can be promising tools to reduce the shedding of Salmonella in cattle, and to reduce and control Salmonella occurrence in postharvest food (such as food additives), and in food processing facilities (such as biosanitizing agents). These control measures, combined with existing methods and other biocontrol agents, constitute new opportunities to reduce Salmonella occurrence along the dairy food production, and consequently to alleviate the risk of Salmonella contamination in dairy products.

Highlights • First report showing biotechnological application of the PSLV γb silencing suppressor. • The antigen-binding of plant-produced antibodies was similar to that of the reference antibodies. • Plant-derived diagnostic antibodies recognized S. Typhimurium in infected plant material., Salmonella Typhimurium is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens worldwide and a major cause of economic losses in the pig production chain. The emergence of multi-drug resistant strains over the past years has led to considerations about an enhanced surveillance of bacterial food contamination. Currently, ELISA is the method of choice for high throughput identification of S. Typhimurium. The sensitivity and specificity of this assay might be improved by application of new diagnostic antibodies. We focused on plant-based expression of candidate diagnostic TM43-E10 antibodies discovered using as antigen the S. Typhimurium OmpD protein. The scFv-TM43-E10 and scFv-Fc-TM43-E10 antibody derivatives have been successfully produced in N. benthamiana using a deconstructed movement-deficient PVX vector supplemented with the γb silencing suppressor from Poa semilatent virus. The plant-made antibodies showed the same antigen-binding specificity as that of the microbial/mammalian cell-produced counterparts and could recognize the OmpD antigen in S. Typhimurium infected plant samples.

The emergence and prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) in livestock animals have become a worldwide public health concern. While the prevalence and genetic profiles of MRSA strains in pigs and pork meat have been actively studied, livestock-associated MSSA strains have only been characterized in a few small-scale studies. In this investigation, we assessed the nationwide prevalence of MSSA in the Korean pig production chain, including pig farms, slaughterhouses, and retail markets. Among the 41 MSSA strains, the predominant clonal lineages were sequence type (ST) 398 (n = 15, 37%) and ST5 (n = 13, 32%). Although the overall prevalence of MSSA (2.58%) was low and mostly restricted to pig farms, ST398 MSSA strains showed higher level of multidrug resistance phenotype versus non-ST398 MSSA strains. In addition to the MDR phenotype, all of the ST398 MSSA strains exhibited resistance to tetracycline as they harbored the tet(K), tet(L), and/or tet(M) genes. However, ST398 MSSA strains did not exhibit increased resistance to zinc compared with the non-ST398 strains. This study is the first to provide evidence of ST398 MSSA emergence in livestock animals in Korea. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the potential of ST398 MSSA strains for human transmission. Our findings suggest that the MDR phenotype and high levels of tetracycline resistance may have played an important role in the emergence and prevalence of ST398 MSSA in pig farms in Korea.

Here, we present the draft genome sequences of seven Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated during three independent studies carried out in three stages of a poultry meat production chain. The genome sequences of these strains obtained from different stages can help to understand the possible transmission of L. monocytogenes.

Canastra cheese is an artisanal product from the Serra da Canastra region in Brazil. It is produced with raw milk and an endogenous culture called pingo. Brazilian legislation requires 22 days of ripening to ensure microbiological safety. This study evaluated the microbiological characteristics of samples collected in two settings. In the first, samples were harvested along the manufacturing process (including milk, pingo, curd and cheese at different ripening times) from three producers registered in the state's quality program. In the second setting, cheese samples were collected from 78 local producers, after ripening. All samples were assessed for total coliforms, Escherichia coli, coagulase positive Staphylococcus and submitted to pH measurement. Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes were tested in cheeses from the second setting, in addition to aw measurement. Results collected during cheese production indicated that the regulatory microbiological limits related to counts of total coliforms, E. coli and Staphylococcus could be reached before 22 days. Conversely, the study with cheeses collected from a larger pool of producers (samples with 22 days of ripening) showed a high number of non-compliances to the Brazilian regulation, regardless of registration in the quality program. Counts of coagulase positive Staphylococcus were above the legal limits in many samples, one was positive for L. monocytogenes, while Salmonella was not detected. The pH and aw were not good indicators of safety, as none of these parameters correlated with microbial counts. There is a need for improvements in the good manufacturing practices in the Canastra cheese production chain.

Salmonellosis remains one of the most frequent food-borne zoonoses, constituting a worldwide major public health concern. Currently, at a global level, the main sources of infection for humans include meat products, including the consumption of contaminated poultry meat, in spite of the success of Salmonella control measures implemented in food-animal production of industrialized countries. In recent years, a shift in Salmonella serotypes related to poultry and poultry production has been reported in diverse geographical regions, being particularly associated with the spread of certain well -adapted clones. Moreover, antimicrobial resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella is considered one of the major public health threats related with food-animal production, including the poultry production chain and poultry meat, which is an additional concern in the management of salmonellosis. The circulation of the same multidrug-resistant Salmonella clones and/or identical mobile genetic elements encoding antibiotic resistance genes from poultry to humans highlights this scenario. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the role of poultry meat on salmonellosis at a global scale and the main problems that could hinder the success of Salmonella control measures at animal production level. With the increasing globalization of foodstuffs like poultry meat, new problems and challenges might arise regarding salmonellosis control, making new integrated intervention strategies necessary along the food chain. Clinical Microbiology and Infection

Mineral oil hydrocarbon contaminations can often be found in oilseeds, oils, and fats as these matrices are good keepers to accumulate them from all kind of sources along the production chain. In addition, seeds and vegetable oils contain naturally occurring hydrocarbons in various compositions. These naturally hydrocarbons can serve for a proof of authentication and they have to be taken into account for the analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbons as contaminants. In this review, the many sources of contamination like environmental effects, production machinery, and packaging materials are referred to and reported data for contaminated vegetable oils like sunflower, olive, and palm oil and in addition raw materials and feed are focused on. This is of special importance for the food survey and for the production as it is a challenging task to survey the many routes of contamination along the production chain and during storage in order to improve the food quality. There is still discussion where to fix a reasonable limit for such contaminants in oils and fats, where levels are often very high compared to levels found for migration from packaging materials into low fat products. For the later ones draft limits have been discussed, but it will be a challenge to reduce mineral oil hydrocarbon contamination in oils and fats to a similar extend. In addition, the determination of low levels of hydrocarbon contamination is demanding and validation of sophisticated coupled LC–GC methods in collaborative trials is still in development. Practical applications: An overview about the analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbon contaminations of oilseeds, oils, and fats is given. For seeds and vegetable oils also contain naturally occurring hydrocarbons in various compositions, reference data on these naturally hydrocarbons are provided. The many sources of contamination like environmental effects, production machinery, and packaging materials are referred to and vegetable oils like sunflower, olive, and palm oil and in addition raw materials and feed are focused on. The arguments for a reasonable limit for such contaminants in oils and fats are discussed. Analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbon contamination of oilseeds, oils, and fats is reviewed. Reference data on naturally hydrocarbons are provided, which occur in various compositions. The many sources of contamination like environmental effects, production machinery, and packaging materials are referred to and vegetable oils like sunflower, olive, palm oil, raw materials, and feed are focused on. The arguments for a reasonable limit for such contaminants in oils and fats are discussed.

This study surveyed the distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and serotype of Salmonella isolated from three slaughterhouses, and performed molecular typing on these isolates, to understand the relationship between strains of Salmonella obtained from the pork production chain in Yangzhou, China. Samples from slaughtered pigs and the slaughtering environment were collected from three slaughterhouses in Yangzhou, Jiangsu province, from October 2012 to July 2013. The positive identification rates of Salmonella in slaughtered pigs and the environmental samples were 46.6% and 48.8%, respectively. The prevalence of Salmonella in slaughterhouses were affected by seasonal factors and reached the peak in summer. Among the Salmonella serovars identified, S. Derby was most prevalent in slaughterhouses, but other serovars like S. Typhimurium, S. Meleagridis and S. Anatum were also widespread. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that 32 and 131 different MDR patterns were found among the strains from the environment and slaughtered pig samples, respectively. Fifty-six isolates of S. Derby and 16 strains of S. Typhimurium were characterized by the technique of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using the restriction enzyme Xba I. 35 and 11 PFGE patterns were generated among the selected isolates. Four isolates of S. Derby isolates with the same pattern (PF26) were isolated from cooling water, evisceration and carcass, suggesting that cross contamination occurred between the environment and the slaughtered pigs. Six S. Typhimurium in cluster 1 with the same ST type (ST19) came from different parts of the slaughtered pig, which could have occurred because of horizontal transmissions along the slaughtering process. The same PFGE patterns of Salmonella were found in both samples from carcasses in the slaughterhouse and in the Yangzhou pork market, proving that Salmonella had spread from the slaughterhouse to the pork market. In conclusion, our study demonstrate that serious cross contamination occurred in Yangzhou slaughterhouses and can contribute Salmonella contamination in pork sold in the local public market.

The objective of this study was to determine the fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on damaged leafy green vegetables with greatest national sales in Egypt under abusive storage conditions that match those of retail, food service and consumer home settings. Damaged leaves inoculated with a four-strain cocktail of approximately 10 5 CFU E. coli O157:H7 per leaf, held at 8, 15, or 22 ± 2 °C (room temperature) for up to 3–4 days, were enumerated periodically for surviving populations of aerobic mesophilic bacteria and E. coli O157:H7. Storage of damaged leaves at 8 °C generated variable outcomes of pathogen populations due to interference of background microorganisms. Significantly ( P E. coli O157:H7 on damaged spinach were associated with high levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, anti-oxidant activity, and pH increase. At room temperature, damaged leek maintained acceptable visual qualities and moisture content despite the maximum loads of microbial populations. Attention of public health laboratories, and Food Safety Agency in Egypt should be directed to the significant findings of this study for raising consumer awareness, risk assessment and improving safety measures/interventions that remove or limit pathogen growth, should contamination inadvertently occur at any stage of leafy greens production chain.