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Our understanding of how aging affects the cellular and molecular components of the vasculature and contributes to cardiovascular diseases is still limited. Here we report a single-cell transcriptomic survey of aortas and coronary arteries in young and old cynomolgus monkeys. Our data define the molecular signatures of specialized arteries and identify eight markers discriminating aortic and coronary vasculatures. Gene network analyses characterize transcriptional landmarks that regulate vascular senility and position FOXO3A, a longevity-associated transcription factor, as a master regulator gene that is downregulated in six subtypes of monkey vascular cells during aging. Targeted inactivation of FOXO3A in human vascular endothelial cells recapitulates the major phenotypic defects observed in aged monkey arteries, verifying FOXO3A loss as a key driver for arterial endothelial aging. Our study provides a critical resource for understanding the principles underlying primate arterial aging and contributes important clues to future treatment of age-associated vascular disorders., Arterial degeneration, closely associated with cardiovascular diseases, is driven by aging-related vascular cell-specific transcriptomics changes. This study provides a single-cell transcriptomic atlas for senile aortic and coronary arteries and underscores FOXO3A-based the transcriptional network in vasoprotection during aging.

Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common malignant tumor of the urinary system in males. LncRNA taurine-upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) has been verified to play a crucial role in progression and prognosis of PCa. However, the functional mechanism of TUG1 remains unclear with radiosensitivity of PCa. Methods Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was conducted to measure the transcription levels of genes. 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry analysis were employed to assess cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. Moreover, colony formation assay was used to measure colony survival. Western blot was performed to detect the relative proteins expression. The interaction among variables was predicted by online tool starbase, and then confirmed using the dual luciferase reporter assay. A xenograft mouse model was constructed to investigate the effect of TUG1 on tumor growth in vivo. Results The levels of lncRNA TUG1 and SMC1A were remarkably increased, while miR-139-5p was downregulated in PCa. Patients with high expression of TUG1 showed a lower survival rate and poor prognosis. Knockdown of TUG1 inhibited PCa cell proliferation and colony survival fraction, and promoted apoptosis. Downregulation of miR-139-5p reversed the effects of TUG1 deletion on proliferation, apoptosis and colony survival fraction in PCa cells treated with 4 Gy of X-ray radiation. Moreover, TUG1 sponged miR-139-5p to regulate SMC1A expression. SMC1A deletion blocked the effects of TUG1 on the progression of PCa cells treated with 4 Gy of X-ray radiation. The tumor volume and weight were illustriously reduced with radiation and TUG1 silencing in xenograft model. Conclusion Knockdown of lncRNA TUG1 enhanced radiosensitivity in PCa via the TUG1/miR-139-5p/SMC1A axis. It may become a promising target for PCa treatment.

ObjectivesTo explore the MRI-based differential diagnosis of deep learning with data enhancement for cerebral glioblastoma (GBM), primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), and tumefactive demyelinating lesion (TDL).Materials and MethodsThis retrospective study analyzed the MRI data of 261 patients with pathologically diagnosed solitary and multiple cerebral GBM (n = 97), PCNSL (n = 92), and TDL (n = 72). The 3D segmentation model was trained to capture the lesion. Different enhancement data were generated by changing the pixel ratio of the lesion and non-lesion areas. The 3D classification network was trained by using the enhancement data. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) were used to assess the value of different enhancement data on the discrimination performance. These results were then compared with the neuroradiologists’ diagnoses.ResultsThe diagnostic performance fluctuated with the ratio of lesion to non-lesion area changed. The diagnostic performance was best when the ratio was 1.5. The AUCs of GBM, PCNSL, and TDL were 1.00 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.000–1.000), 0.96 (95% CI: 0.923–1.000), and 0.954 (95% CI: 0.904–1.000), respectively.ConclusionsDeep learning with data enhancement is useful for the accurate identification of GBM, PCNSL, and TDL, and its diagnostic performance is better than that of the neuroradiologists.

High-quality multimodal imaging requires exogenous contrast agents with high sensitivity, spatial-temporal resolution, and high penetration depth for the accurate diagnosis and surveillance of cancer. Herein, we design a highly efficient fluorescent and magnetic multimodal probe by doping fluorescent molecule 2-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(diphenylamino)styryl)phenyl)fumaronitrile (TB) with near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent emission (714 nm) and superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) into a polystyrene-polyethylene glycol (PS-PEG) matrix to form TB/SPIO@PS-PEG nanoparticles (TSP NPs). The as-prepared TSP NPs exhibit red aggregation-induced emission (AIE) with a maximum wavelength at 655 nm and high fluorescence quantum yield (QY) of 14.6%, facilitating the improvement of sensitivity and signal-to-background ratio for fluorescence molecular imaging (FMI). Phase behavior investigation of the TB/SPIO@PS-PEG probe system by Flory-Huggins lattice theory elucidates the highly efficient fluorescence of the multimodal probe, originating from the poor miscibility between TB and SPIO. Meanwhile, the TSP NPs possess good superparamagnetism and relaxivity and can thus be used as appropriate magnetic contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic particle imaging (MPI). In addition, the good biocompatibility and photostability of the TSP NPs make them suitable for long-term monitoring. In vivo fluorescence imaging results indicate that the TSP NPs can facilitate monitoring of subcutaneous tumor growth for more than 24 days in a real-time manner. Multimodal imaging consisting of FMI, MRI, and MPI reveals that TSP NPs can monitor a liver tumor in situ with almost unlimited depth in tissues and high temporal-spatial resolution. As a multimodal probe, the TSP NPs manifest obvious synergistic advantages of long-term monitoring and high penetration depth and hold great prospects in tumor imaging.

The whole physiological state of cardiac electrical activity is reflected by electrocardiogram (ECG) signals collected from the body surface. ECG signals can be used as important basis for the diagnosis of heart disease. However, when analyzing ECG signals, people often process the signals in a record into units of heartbeats. Therefore, accurate heartbeat detection is an important prerequisite for the correct diagnosis of heart disease by the machine. The traditional heartbeat detection only obtains the QRS complex based on the Pan-Tompkins algorithm, and then performs time interception based on previous experience (forward and backward). The accuracy of heartbeats detection will be affected by individual differences. In this paper, an optimized Pan-Tompkins algorithm based on adding P-wave and T-wave location is proposed for the detection of ECG heartbeats. This algorithm was evaluated using 109966 samples from the MIT- BIH Arrhythmia Database including a variety of arrhythmia data (such as atrioventricular block, ventricular tachycardia, early ventricular contraction, atrial flutter, ventricular premature beats, ventricular fibrillation). 109519 samples were correctly detected from 109966 heartbeats. This method achieved 99.68% positive prediction rate(P +) with 99.90% sensitivity)SE). Our approach will lay a foundation for the processing of ECG signals and therefore improve the accuracy for the diagnosis of heart diseases.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa-mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (PAM) is an inactivate P. aeruginosa with mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin. Recently, the anticancer properties of PAM against many cancers have been reported across a range of studies. However, the exact mechanism through which PAM prevents skin cancer remains unclear. The aim of this study is to show to what extent PAM could inhibit the dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced skin cancer. JB6 cells were treated by TPA so as to establish an in vitro model. The effects of PAM on proliferation of the cells were analyzed using cell counting kit-8 assays. Effects on epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) were assayed by real-time PCR and Western blotting. A DMBA/TPA-induced skin cancer mouse model was also established. The results showed that TPA promoted EMT changes through the activation of the hedgehog (Hh) pathway, which was reversed by PAM. Moreover, PAM inhibited the cancer growth and Hh pathway in vivo. These data indicate that PAM may serve as a potential anticancer agent for the treatment of skin cancer. Impact statement Pseudomonas aeruginosa-mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (PAM) restrained the chemical-induced skin cancer cells in vitro and in vivo partly through suppressing the Hh signaling pathway, indicating that PAM may be a promising anticancer agent for treating skin cancer.

Early detection and therapy of esophageal cancer is very important for improving the prognosis and survival rate of the patient. A theranostic agent that combines multimodal imaging with cancer therapy may be used for augmenting the visualization and treatment of the cancer. Herein, we report the synthesis of a hollow tantalum oxide (TaOx) nanoparticle that was successfully engineered by encapsulation of polypyrrole (PPy) and doxorubicin (DOX) in the core and conjugation with a near infrared fluorescence dye (NIRDye800) on the shell of the hollow TaOx nanoparticles. The as-prepared core/shell nanoparticles showed multimodal imaging features including computed tomography (CT) (for the preliminary location of the tumor), photoacoustic (for the anatomical localization of the tumor), and fluorescence imaging (for real-time monitoring of the tumor margin) and pH- and thermal-sensitive drug release. Because the early esophageal carcinoma is a type of superficial cancer, a subcutaneous model in the thigh was used for the in vivo study. The core/shell nanoparticles shows high imaging contrast between the tumor and the adjacent tissues and controllable photothermal therapy (PTT) and chemotherapy. Our results indicated that the obtained core/shell nanoparticles had significant potential in the triple-modality imaging guided precisely chemo-thermal synergetic therapy of esophageal cancer. In addition, after aerosol administration, our nanoparticles also exhibited comparable therapeutic efficacy with the intravenous administration, which is more suitable for clinical therapy of esophageal carcinoma.

The last couple of decades have seen brilliant progress in stem cell therapies, including native, genetically modified, and engineered stem cells, for osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). In vitro studies evaluate the effect of endogenous or exogenous factor or gene regulation on osteogenic phenotype maintenance and/or differentiation towards osteogenic lineage. The preclinical and clinical outcomes accelerate the clinical translation. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and adipose-derived stem cells have demonstrated better effects in the treatment of femoral head necrosis. Various materials have been used widely in the ONFH treatment in both preclinical and clinical trials. In a word, in vivo and multiscale efforts are expected to overcome obstacles in the approaches for treating ONFH and provide clinical relevance and commercial strategies in the future. Therefore, we will discuss the above aspects in this paper and present our opinions.

SM5-1 is a humanized mouse monoclonal antibody, targeting an over-expressed membrane protein of approximately 230 kDa in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). SM5-1 can be used for target therapy in hepatocellular carinoma due to its ability of inhibiting cell growth and inducing apoptosis. However, the tumor inhibition efficacy of SM5-1 in HCC cancer treatment remains low. In this study, we synthesized SM5-1-conjugated gold nanoparticles (Au-SM5-1 NPs) and investigated their anticancer efficacy in HCC both in vitro and in vivo. The tumor inhibition rates of Au-SM5-1 NPs for subcutaneous tumor mice were 40.10% ± 4.34%, 31.37% ± 5.12%, and 30.63% ± 4.87% on day 12, 18, and 24 post-treatment as determined by bioluminescent intensity. In addition, we investigated the antitumor efficacy of Au-SM5-1 NPs in orthotopic HCC tumor models. The results showed that the inhibition rates of Au-SM5-1 NPs can reach up to 39.64% ± 4.87% on day 31 post-treatment determined by the bioluminescent intensity of the abdomen in tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, three-dimensional reconstruction results of the orthotopic tumor revealed that Au-SM5-1 NPs significantly inhibited tumor growth compared with SM5-1 alone. Our results suggested that the developed Au-SM5-1 NPs has great potential as an antibody-based nano-drug for HCC therapy.

Tumor cell complete extinction is a crucial measure to evaluate antitumor efficacy. The difficulties in defining tumor margins and finding satellite metastases are the reason for tumor recurrence. A synergistic method based on multimodality molecular imaging needs to be developed so as to achieve the complete extinction of the tumor cells. In this study, graphene oxide conjugated with gold nanostars and chelated with Gd through 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′,N,N′-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) (GO-AuNS-DOTA-Gd) were prepared to target HCC-LM3-fLuc cells and used for therapy. For subcutaneous tumor, multimodality molecular imaging including photoacoustic imaging (PAI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the related processing techniques were used to monitor the pharmacokinetics process of GO-AuNS-DOTA-Gd in order to determine the optimal time for treatment. For orthotopic tumor, MRI was used to delineate the tumor location and margin in vivo before treatment. Then handheld photoacoustic imaging system was used to determine the tumor location during the surgery and guided the photothermal therapy. The experiment result based on orthotopic tumor demonstrated that this synergistic method could effectively reduce tumor residual and satellite metastases by 85.71% compared with the routine photothermal method without handheld PAI guidance. These results indicate that this multimodality molecular imaging-guided photothermal therapy method is promising with a good prospect in clinical application.

SM5-1 is a humanized mouse antibody which has a high binding specificity for a membrane protein of about 230 kDa overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), melanoma and breast cancer. In this study, SM5-1-conjugated poly d, l (lactide-coglycolide) (PLA) PLA containing Cy7 (PLA-Cy7-SM5-1) was prepared to study the targeting specificity of the bioconjugate to HCC-LM3-fLuc cell. Then, SM5-1-conjugated PLA containing 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (PLA-5FU-SM5-1) and PLA containing 5-FU (PLA-5FU) were prepared for treatment of subcutaneous HCC-LM3-fLuc tumor mice. The results showed that PLA-5FU-SM5-1, PLA-5FU and 5-FU induced a 45.07%, 23.56% and 19.05% tumor growth inhibition rate, respectively, on day 31 post-treatment as determined by bioluminescent intensity. In addition, in order to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of PLA-5FU-SM5-1, HCC-LM3-fLuc cells were injected into the liver to establish the experimental orthotopic liver tumor models. The experiments showed that PLA-5FU-SM5-1, PLA-5FU and 5-FU induced a 53.24%, 31.00%, and 18.11% tumor growth inhibition rate, respectively, on day 31 post-treatment determined by the bioluminescent intensity of the abdomen in tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, we have calculated the three-dimensional location of the liver cancer in mice using a multilevel adaptive finite element algorithm based on bioluminescent intensity decay calibration. The reconstruction results demonstrated that PLA-5FU-SM5-1 inhibited the tumor rapid progression, which were consistent with the results of subcutaneous tumor mice experiments and in vitro cell experiment results.

Since the 1960s, the stem cells have been extensively studied including embryonic stem cells, neural stem cells, bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. In the recent years, several stem cells have been initially used in the treatment of diseases, such as in bone marrow transplant. At the same time, isolation and culture experimental technologies for stem cell research have been widely developed in recent years. In addition, molecular imaging technologies including optical molecular imaging, positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, and computed tomography have been developed rapidly in recent the 10 years and have also been used in the research on disease mechanism and evaluation of treatment of disease related with stem cells. This paper will focus on recent typical isolation, culture, and observation techniques of stem cells followed by a concise introduction. Finally, the current challenges and the future applications of the new technologies in stem cells are given according to the understanding of the authors, and the paper is then concluded.

Molecular imaging, including fluorescence imaging (FMI), bioluminescence imaging (BLI), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT), and computed tomography (CT), has a pivotal role in the process of tumor and relevant drug research. CT, especially Micro-CT, can provide the anatomic information for a region of interest (ROI); PET and SPECT can provide functional information for the ROI. BLI and FMI can provide optical information for an ROI. Tumor angiogenesis and relevant drug development is a lengthy, high-risk, and costly process, in which a novel drug needs about 10–15 years of testing to obtain Federal Drug Association (FDA) approval. Molecular imaging can enhance the development process by understanding the tumor mechanisms and drug activity. In this paper, we focus on tumor angiogenesis, and we review the characteristics of molecular imaging modalities and their applications in tumor angiogenesis and relevant drug research.

Theranostic tantalum oxide nanoparticles (TaOxNPs) of about 40 nm were successfully developed by conjugating functional molecules including polyethylene glycol (PEG), near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye, doxorubicin (DOX), and hyaluronic acid (HA) onto the surface of the nanoparticles (TaOx@Cy7-DOX-PEG-HA NPs) for actively targeting delivery, pH-responsive drug release, and NIR fluorescence/X-ray CT bimodal imaging. The obtained nanoagent exhibits good biocompatibility, high cumulative release rate in the acidic microenvironments, long blood circulation time, and superior tumor-targeting ability. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments show that it can serve as an excellent contrast agent to simultaneously enhance fluorescence imaging and CT imaging greatly. Most importantly, such a nanoagent could enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the tumor greatly and the tumor growth inhibition was evaluated to be 87.5%. In a word, multifunctional TaOx@Cy7-DOX-PEG-HA NPs can serve as a theranostic nanomedicine for fluorescence/X-ray CT bimodal imaging, remote-controlled therapeutics, enabling personalized detection, and treatment of cancer with high efficacy.

Renal-clearable nanoparticles have made it possible to overcome the toxicity by nonspecific accumulation in healthy tissues/ organs due to their highly efficient clearance characteristics. However, their tumor uptake is relatively low due to the short blood circulation time and rapid body elimination. Here, this problem is addressed by developing renal-clearable nanoparticles by controlled coating of sub-6 nm CuS nanodots (CuSNDs) on doxorubicin ladened mesoporous silica nanoparticles (pore size approximate to 6 nm) for multimodal application. High tumor uptake of the as-synthesized nanoparticles (abbreviated as MDNs) is achieved due to the longer blood circulation time. The MDNs also show excellent performance in bimodal imaging. Moreover, the MDNs demonstrated a photothermally sensitive drug release and pronounced synergetic effects of chemo-photothermal therapy, which were confirmed by two different tumor models in vivo. A novel key feature of the proposed synthesis is the use of renal-clearable CuSNDs and biodegradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles which also are renal-clearable after degradation. Therefore, the MDNs would be rapidly degraded and excreted in a reasonable period in living body and avoid long-term toxicity. Such biodegradable and clearable single-compartment theranostic agents applicable in highly integrated multimodal imaging and multiple therapeutic functions may have substantial potentials in clinical practice.

Esophageal cancer was the sixth common cancer for incidence and ranks fourth for death rate in China, and squamous cell carcinoma is the main histological type. It is usually in an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis, resulting in an overall 5-year survival rate of Citation Format: Xibo Ma, Hui Meng, Jie Tian. Molecular imaging of human esophageal cancer for early detection [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1868. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1868

Precise brain tumor resection is valuable for increasing the 5-year survival rate. However, the delineation of tumor margin is a major challenge. Transferrin modified nanoprobes had the property of passing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we endeavored to use transferrin to fabricate a triple-modality magnetic resonance imaging-PET-fluorescence imaging molecule agent (MPF) which could improve diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the brain tumors in the imaging acquisition and analysis. The localization of the tumor were determined by the MRI before surgery. Glucose metabolism was derived from PET imaging which would be an important influence factor for surgery strategy. Tumor margin was delineated using the quick segmentation methods according to the fluorescence imaging after craniotomy which could reduce residual tumor after resection. Finally, tissues were sliced and stained with hematoxylin and eosin every 5 mm. The histology results were processed into a whole image which can be used to evaluate the accuracy of intraoperative tumor margin. This three modality imaging-guided surgery strategy is a promising method which will probably achieve its application in clinical trials in near future. Citation Format: Hui Meng, Yushen Jin, Shaowei Zhang, Shuai Zhang, Xibo Ma, Jie Tian. Imaging-guided brain tumor surgery strategy based on a triple-modality MRI-PET-fluorescence imaging probe and imaging analysis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1833. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1833

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) in vivo detection is vital in breast cancer surgery. A new near-infrared fluorescence-based surgical navigation system (SNS) imaging software, which has been developed by our research group, is presented for SLN detection surgery in this paper. The software is based on the fluorescence-based surgical navigation hardware system (SNHS) which has been developed in our lab, and is designed specifically for intraoperative imaging and postoperative data analysis. The surgical navigation imaging software consists of the following software modules, which mainly include the control module, the image grabbing module, the real-time display module, the data saving module and the image processing module. And some algorithms have been designed to achieve the performance of the software, for example, the image registration algorithm based on correlation matching. Some of the key features of the software include: setting the control parameters of the SNS; acquiring, display and storing the intraoperative imaging data in real-time automatically; analysis and processing of the saved image data. The developed software has been used to successfully detect the SLNs in 21 cases of breast cancer patients. In the near future, we plan to improve the software performance and it will be extensively used for clinical purpose.

An iterative adaptive weighted filtered backprojection (FBP) approach was applied to our photoacoustic imaging (PAI) of the optical absorption in biological tissues from limited-view data. By using an image-based adaptive weighted PAI reconstruction, we can modify the defect of the artifacts degrading the quality of the image. Results of numerical simulations demonstrated that the proposed algorithm was superior to FBP in terms of both accuracy and robustness to noise. Reconstructed images of biological tissues agreed well with the structures of the samples. The resolution of the PAI system with the proposed method was experimentally demonstrated to be better than 0.14 mm. By using the proposed method, the imaging quality of the PAI system can be improved. (C) 2013 Optical Society of America

The purpose of this study was to noninvasively monitor the therapeutic efficacy of cyclophosphamide (CTX) in a mouse model by dual-modality molecular imaging: positron emission tomography (PET) and bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Firefly luciferase (fLuc) transfected HCC-LM3-fLuc human hepatocellular carcinoma cells were injected subcutaneously into BALB/c nude mice to establish the experimental tumor model. Two groups of HCC-LM3-fLuc tumor-bearing mice (n = 7 per group) were treated with saline or CTX (100 mg/kg on days 0, 2, 5, and 7). BLI and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) PET scans were done to evaluate the treatment efficacy. CTX induced a 25.25 ± 13.13% and 35.91 ± 25.85% tumor growth inhibition rate on days 9 and 12 posttreatment, respectively, as determined by BLI. A good linear correlation was found between the tumor sizes measured by caliper and the BLI signals determined by optical imaging (R(2) = .9216). (18)F-FDG imaging revealed a significant uptake reduction in the tumors of the CTX-treated group compared to that in the saline control group (5.30 ± 1.97 vs 3.00 ± 2.11% ID/g) on day 16 after CTX treatment. Dual-modality molecular imaging using BLI and small-animal PET can play important roles in the process of chemotherapy and will provide noninvasive and reliable monitoring of the therapeutic response.

As a new modality of molecular imaging, bioluminescence imaging has been widely used in tumor detection and drug evaluation. However, BLI cannot present the depth of information for internal diseases such as a liver tumor in situ or a lung tumor in situ. In this paper, we describe a bioluminescence tomography (BLT) method based on the bioluminescent intensity attenuation calibration and applied it to the early detection of liver cancer in situ. In comparison with BLT without calibration, this method could improve the reconstruction accuracy by more than 10%. In comparison with micro-computed tomography and other traditional imaging modalities, this method can detect a liver tumor at a very early stage and provide reliable location information.

Tomographic bioluminescence imaging suffers from poor imaging robustness, since it is severely affected by selection of regularization parameter (RP) and initialization for source distribution. In this paper, a global-inexact-Newton based reconstruction methodology, which is regularized by a dynamic sparse term, is demonstrated for in vivo tomographic imaging. The novel method can enhance higher imaging reliability and efficiency. Mouse experimental reconstructions were performed to validate the proposed method. These results demonstrate that the source distribution can be accurately located over a wide range of values of RP and iteration initializations. Moreover, the reconstruction efficiency was also studied.