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This was a comparative cross-sectional study where the left ventricular dimensions and functional parameters of 41 children (aged 1 to 18 years) with sickle cell anaemia were compared with those of 52 age-and-sex matched HbAA controls using transthoracic echocardiography. Majority of the left ventricular dimensions were significantly larger in the study group than the controls (p0.05). Left ventricular dimensions correlated positively with age and body surface area in both groups (p

The inclusion of lablab (Lablab purpureus) leaf meal (LLM) at 0, 50 and 100g/kg in finisher diets on broiler performance and carcass yields were evaluated in a 28-day feeding trial. Results showed that LLM in broiler finisher diets resulted in significant (P0.05) final body weight and weight gain, but these parameters were significantly (P0.05) by dietary treatments. Cut-up parts as a percentage of dressed weight showed that thigh and drumstick had a non-significant decrease in weight while back and wing had a non-significant increase in level of dietary LLM. Breast, neck and abdominal fat pad were significantly (P

Background: Preeclampsia has remained an important public health problem in the developing world where it is associated with a five-fold increase in perinatal morbidity and mortality. Objective: We set out to compare neonatal outcomes between women with preeclampsia and those with normal pregnancy. We also sought to evaluate factors associated with poor outcome in the neonates. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cohort study that enrolled 90 women (45 with preeclampsia and 45 with normal pregnancy) after 20 weeks gestation. Maternal socio-demographic and clinical information was obtained at enrolment and delivery using questionnaire. Neonatalanthropometric and physiologic data was obtained at delivery and used for classifying the birth weight according to the WHO classification. APGAR score was used to evaluate the presence of birth asphyxia. We defined poor outcome as the presence of at least one of low birth weight, prematurity, birth asphyxia and need for admission. SPSS version 25 was used in all analysis. Significance testing was set at p=0.05. Results: The women with preeclampsia were significantly heavier at booking (BMI 29.0±6.9 Kg/ m2 vs 25.0±5.2. p=0.005), have higher mean booking systolic blood pressure (122.±22.6 mmHg vs 111.5±12.7mmHg, p=0.003) and diastolic blood pressure ( 7 9 . 8 ± 1 4 . 3mm Hgvs 68.8±9.0mmHg, p

The Atlantic salmon Salmo salar survives below 10 °C. The main skeletal muscle is composed of a single isoform of tropomyosin (classified as Tpm1 α-fast) that is >92% identical to the mammalian homologue. How salmon Tpm1 maintains flexibility is investigated by reversing the only full charge substitution; threonine-77(g) in salmon and lysine in other vertebrates. The mutation (Thr-77 to Lys), which falls within a known destabilizing alanine cluster, (i) yields a useful electrophoretic shift in the absence and presence of an anionic detergent, (ii) increases the Tms of both cooperative transitions (calorimetry, 0.1 M salt, pH 7) [35 °C (minor) and 44 °C (major); ΔTm1 = 5 °C, ΔTm2 = 3.5 °C], (iii) increases the Tm of CN1A (residues 11-127) to 53 °C (ΔTm = 13 °C), a value similar to that of mammalian CN1A, (iv) markedly reduces the rate of proteolysis at Leu-169, and (v) weakens the affinity of salmon Tpm1 for troponin-Sepharose. Glu-82(e), the interstrand ionic partner of Lys-77(g), is conserved. The change in ionic interactions at this locus is postulated to be "sensed" in actin period 5 (residues 166-207) and likely beyond. Wild type (acetylated) salmon Tmp1 binds more tightly to F-actin at 4 °C than at 22 °C, which is the opposite of the long-known relationship displayed by the mammalian homologue. All of the evidence indicates that the presence of a neutral 77th amino acid destabilizes a sizable portion of salmon Tpm1 that includes the midregion. Threonine-77 is a key factor in rescuing the thin filament from the peril of cold-induced rigidity.

Objective: Substance abuse is a global challenge. This study investigated the effects of two commonly abused substances, tramadol and/or Cannabis sativa ethanol extracts (ECS), on testicular function in Wistar male rats.Methods: Twenty-animals were equally divided into 4groups that received 0.9%NaCl (0.2ml), tramadol (40mg/kg), ECS (2mg/kg) and tramadol + ECS for 30days, respectively (daily p.o). Following anesthesia, blood samples were obtained and serum testosterone was determined. Testes and epididymis were harvested and weighed. Sperm motility, viability and counts were evaluated in the epididymis while superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and histology (Haematoxylin & Eosin) were evaluated in the testis.Results: Sperm motility, viability, counts, testosterone level and testicular CAT was reduced in all experimental groups compared to control. Relative epididymal weights increased in tramadol only and ECS only compared to control. Testicular SOD was decreased only in the tramadol only and co-treatment (tramadol + ECS), respectively. LDH was increased in the tramadol only treatment group. Testicular histology in tramadol and co-treatment groups showed structural aberrations that are consistent with impaired spermatogenesis, antioxidant depletion and oxidative stress.Conclusion: Abuse of tramadol and/or Cannabis sativa ethanol extracts may predispose to testicular dysfunction resulting from decline in testicular antioxidants, testicular steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis. Keywords: Tramadol, Cannabis sativa, spermatogenic function, oxidative stress, testicular architecture

Purpura fulminans (PF) is a rapidly progressing clinical syndrome of haematologic and cutaneous manifestations accompanied by an underlying dysfunction of coagulation resulting in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). It is a life threatening haematologic emergency characterized by extensive skin necrosis with haemorrhagic infarction, hypotension and gangrene which may arise from severe sepsis, mostly gram negative organisms. Some gram positive organisms and viral infections have been implicated in the aetiology of PF. We reported a case of purpura fulminans in a 2 year old boy with severe sepsis and peripheral gangrene from gram positive coccus (Staphylococcus aureus). Even though we were faced with limitations in terms of laboratory support and parental financial constraints in the management of the patient; he survived mainly on supportive care and antibiotics.

Objectives Exposure to light-at-night (LAN) has been reported to impair blood glucose regulation. The liver modulates blood glucose through mechanisms influenced by several factors that include peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase). This study investigated the effect of intermittent exposure to green and white LAN on some hepatic glucose regulatory factors in male Wistar rats. Methods Animals were divided into three equal groups. Group I (control) was exposed to normal housing conditions. Groups II and III were each daily exposed to either green or white LAN for 2 h (7–9 pm) for 14 days. Body weight and blood glucose was monitored on days 0, 7, and 14. Thereafter, retro-orbital sinus blood was obtained after light thiopental anaesthesia and serum insulin was determined. Liver samples were also obtained and evaluated for glycogen, PGC-1α, and G6Pase activity. Insulin resistance was estimated using the HOMA-IR equation. Results Body weight and blood glucose on days 7 and 14 increased in groups II and III compared to control. Hepatic PGC-1α and G6Pase increased in group II (2.33 ± 0.31; 2.07 ± 0.22) and III (2.31 ± 0.20; 0.98 ± 0.23) compared to control (1.73 ± 0.21; 0.47 ± 0.11). Hepatic glycogen was 71.8 and 82.4% reduced in groups II and III compared to control. Insulin in group II increased (63.6%) whiles group III values reduced (27.3%) compared to control. Insulin resistance increased in group II (0.29 ± 0.09) compared to control (0.12 ± 0.03) and group III (0.11 ± 0.03), respectively. Conclusions Exposure to 2 h green and white LAN in the early dark phase increases hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenetic activities resulting in increased blood glucose. In male Wistar rats, exposure to green but not white LAN may predispose to insulin resistance.

To present epidemiological data on rheumatic heart disease (RHD), the most common acquired heart disease in children and young adults in low- and middle-income countries, for North-Central Nigeria.In this pilot study, we conducted clinical and echocardiography screening on a cross section of randomly selected secondary schoolchildren in Jos, North-Central Nigeria, from March to September 2016. For outcome classification into borderline or definite RHD, we performed a confirmatory echocardiography using the World Heart Federation criteria for those suspected to have RHD from the screening.A total of 417 secondary schoolchildren were screened, of whom 247 (59.2%) were female. The median age was 14 years (IQR: 13-15). Clinical screening detected 8/417 children, whereas screening echocardiography detected 42/417 suspected cases of RHD. Definitive echocardiography confirmed 9/417 with RHD corresponding to a prevalence of 21.6 per 1000 (95% CI, 6.7-36.5). All but one of the confirmed RHD cases (8/9) were borderline RHD corresponding to a prevalence of 19.2 per 1000 (95% CI, 8.3-37.5) for borderline RHD and 2.4 per 1000 (95% CI, 0.1-13.3) for definite RHD. RHD was more common in boys and cardiac auscultation missed over 50% of the cases.This study showed a high prevalence of RHD among secondary schoolchildren in North-Central Nigeria with a vast predominance of asymptomatic borderline lesions. Larger school-based echocardiography screening using portable or handheld echocardiography aimed at early detection of subclinical RHD should be adopted.Présenter des données épidémiologiques sur la cardiopathie rhumatismale (CR), la maladie cardiaque acquise la plus courante chez les enfants et les jeunes adultes dans les pays à revenus faibles et intermédiaires, pour le centre-nord du Nigéria. MÉTHODES: Dans cette étude pilote, nous avons effectué un dépistage clinique et échocardiographique sur un échantillon transversal d'élèves du secondaire sélectionnés aléatoirement à Jos, dans le centre-nord du Nigéria, de mars à septembre 2016. Pour la classification des résultats en CR limite ou définitive, nous avons effectué une échocardiographie de confirmation en utilisant les critères de la Fédération Mondiale du Cœur pour les personnes suspectées d'avoir une CR lors du dépistage. RÉSULTATS: Au total, 417 élèves du secondaire ont été dépistés, dont 247 (59,2%) étaient des filles. L'âge médian était de 14 ans (IQR: 13-15). Un dépistage clinique a détecté 8/417 enfants, tandis qu’un dépistage par échocardiographie a détecté 42/417 cas suspects de CR. L'échocardiographie a confirmé une CR définitive chez 9/417, correspondant à une prévalence de 21,6 pour 1000 (IC95%: 6,7 à 36,5). Tous les cas confirmés de CR sauf un (8/9) étaient limites, correspondant à une prévalence de 19,2 pour 1000 (IC95%: 8,3 à 37,5) pour une CR limite et 2,4 pour 1000 (IC95%: 0,1 à 13,3) pour une CR définitive. La CR était plus fréquente chez les garçons et l'auscultation cardiaque a manqué plus de 50% des cas.Cette étude a montré une prévalence élevée de CR parmi les enfants du secondaire dans le centre-nord du Nigeria avec une forte prédominance de lésions asymptomatiques limites. Un dépistage échocardiographique à plus grande échelle en milieu scolaire utilisant une échocardiographie portable ou manuelle visant à la détection précoce de la CR subclinique devrait être adopté.

Background There are few reports of the prevalence of CHD in the neonatal period in sub-Saharan Africa. The only available study in Nigeria was carried out before the widespread availability of echocardiography in the country. We sought to determine the prevalence and spectrum of congenital heart defects (CHD) among neonates in Jos, Nigeria. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled neonates less than one week of age from the two largest hospitals and their immunisation centres. Relevant information was obtained and an echocardiogram was performed on each neonate. Results There were 3 857 neonates recruited over a two-year period; male-to-female ratio was 1.1:1. A total of 111 babies had CHD, with a prevalence of 28.8 per 1 000. Sixty-four neonates had mild CHD, with a prevalence of 16.6 per 1 000, while moderate and severe CHD were found in 27 (7.0 per 1 000) and 20 (5.2 per 1 000), respectively. Conclusions CHD is prevalent in Nigerian neonates and there is therefore a need for advocacy to improve access to its diagnosis at birth for appropriate management.

BackgroundEvents in pregnancy play an important role in predisposing the newborn to the risk of developing CHD. This study evaluated the association between maternal preeclampsia and her offspring risk of CHD.MethodsThis is a cohort study of 90 sex-matched neonates (45 each born to women with preeclampsia and normal pregnancy) in Jos, Nigeria. Anthropometry was taken shortly after delivery using standard protocols. Echocardiography was performed within 24 hours of life and repeated 7 and 28 days later. SPSS version 25 was used in all analyses. Statistical significance was set at pResultsCongenital heart disease (CHD) was observed in 27 (30.0%) of newborns of women with preeclampsia compared with 11 (12.1%) of newborns without preeclampsia (pConclusionCHD may be more common in newborns of women with preeclampsia underscoring the need for fetal and newborn screening for CHD in women with preeclampsia so as to improve their infant's well being.

Objectives To describe the fasting serum lipid and glucose profiles of HIV-positive Nigerian children and determine the prevalence and risk factors for dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia, which are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Methods This was a comparative cross-sectional study carried out at the Paediatric Infectious Disease Clinic (PIDC) of the Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) for HIV-positive children and at two primary schools in Jos for HIV-negative children as controls. One hundred and forty-two HIV-positive children aged 6–18 years and an equal number of controls were studied by determining their fasting serum lipid and glucose levels. The prevalence of dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia was determined and their risk factors obtained using multivariate logistic regression. P values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results Mean triglyceride levels were significantly higher in HIV-positive children compared with controls at 87.2 mg/dL (95% confidence interval [CI] 79.4–95.0) and 68.1 mg/dL (95% CI 62.5–72.7), respectively (P

>Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of death among adults worldwide. It is acknowledged that its risk factors have their roots in childhood. The present study evaluated CVD risk factors in primary school children in a Nigerian peri-urban setting.Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out in two primary schools in Jos South local government area, Plateau State, Nigeria. The 241 children studied were chosen using a systematic random sampling technique to select the children from each school. Pretested questionnaire was used to elicit the information on family characteristics and individual characteristics while standard anthropometric and laboratory procedures were used in evaluating the CVD risk factors.Results: Overall, 137 (56.8%) were females (M:F = 0.76), 151 (62.7%) were from the middle class, 59 (24.5%) from lower class while 31 (12.9%) were from the upper class. The overall prevalence of at least one cardiovascular risk factor was 54%. Sedentary lifestyle was the most common CVD risk factor in 32.4% of subjects followed by obesity (13.7%), adverse CVD event in family (11.6%), high low-density cholesterol (10.3%), high total cholesterol (TC) (9.1%), and hypertension (9.1% combine, 7.1% diastolic, and 5.8% systolic). Linear regression analysis showed that body mass index (BMI) for age (β = 0.41, P < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (BP) (β = 0.94, P = 0.03), diastolic BP (β =1.26, P = 0.01), and TC (β = 0.07, P = 0.04) significantly rise with age. BMI for age (P = 0.02) was significantly higher in female subjects compared with their male counterparts.Conclusions: From the findings of the present study, interventions related to modifiable risk factors, such as encouragement of physical exercise and sports in schools, healthy and prudent diet, and weight control programs should be undertaken early in life so as to help control the development of and the epidemic of CVD in later life.

Background: There are few contemporary data on the mortality and morbidity associated with rheumatic heart disease or information on their predictors. We report the 2-year follow-up of individuals with rheumatic heart disease from 14 low- and middle-income countries in Africa and Asia. Methods: Between January 2010 and November 2012, we enrolled 3343 patients from 25 centers in 14 countries and followed them for 2 years to assess mortality, congestive heart failure, stroke or transient ischemic attack, recurrent acute rheumatic fever, and infective endocarditis. Results: Vital status at 24 months was known for 2960 (88.5%) patients. Two-thirds were female. Although patients were young (median age, 28 years; interquartile range, 18–40), the 2-year case fatality rate was high (500 deaths, 16.9%). Mortality rate was 116.3/1000 patient-years in the first year and 65.4/1000 patient-years in the second year. Median age at death was 28.7 years. Independent predictors of death were severe valve disease (hazard ratio [HR], 2.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80–3.11), congestive heart failure (HR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.70–2.72), New York Heart Association functional class III/IV (HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.32–2.10), atrial fibrillation (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.10–1.78), and older age (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01–1.02 per year increase) at enrollment. Postprimary education (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.54–0.85) and female sex (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.52–0.80) were associated with lower risk of death. Two hundred and four (6.9%) patients had new congestive heart failure (incidence, 38.42/1000 patient-years), 46 (1.6%) had a stroke or transient ischemic attack (8.45/1000 patient-years), 19 (0.6%) had recurrent acute rheumatic fever (3.49/1000 patient-years), and 20 (0.7%) had infective endocarditis (3.65/1000 patient-years). Previous stroke and older age were independent predictors of stroke/transient ischemic attack or systemic embolism. Patients from low- and lower-middle–income countries had significantly higher age- and sex-adjusted mortality than patients from upper-middle–income countries. Valve surgery was significantly more common in upper-middle–income than in lower-middle– or low-income countries. Conclusions: Patients with clinical rheumatic heart disease have high mortality and morbidity despite being young; those from low- and lower-middle–income countries had a poorer prognosis associated with advanced disease and low education. Programs focused on early detection and the treatment of clinical rheumatic heart disease are required to improve outcomes.

Magnesium has been reported to improve glucose utilization in diabetes mellitus. However, information on its effects on anemic and inflammatory markers in diabetes mellitus is limited. This study investigated the effect of oral magnesium (Mg) treatment on some markers of anemia and inflammation in 25 male Wistar rats. Rats (200 ± 15 g) were randomly divided into five groups (n = 5). Group 1 was control (received orally 0.2 mL distilled water daily), group 2 (Diabetic Untreated), group 3 (Diabetic Mg treated—100 mg/kg bw), group 4 (Diabetic Mg treated—250 mg/kg bw), group 5 (Diabetic Insulin treated—1 IU/kg bw). Diabetes was induced with a single dose of alloxan (100 mg/kg intraperitoneal (i.p.)). All treatments were done for 14 days. Anemic and inflammatory markers were investigated on blood samples obtained from each animal using standard laboratory methods. Significant increase (p < 0.05) in total white blood cell (WBC) count was observed in diabetic untreated rats (7.67 ± 0.397 × 109/L) compar...

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) has been found to be more common in neonates with other congenital anomalies and may worsen prognosis. Early diagnosis and treatment of internal congenital anomalies including CHD will improve outcome and decrease neonatal mortality. This study determined the prevalence of CHD among neonates seen with external congenital anomalies in Jos, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: We performed complete physical examinations on 2,340 neonates delivered in two tertiary hospitals in Jos, Nigeria. We identified neonates with external congenital anomalies and determined the prevalence of congenital heart defects in them using echocardiography. Data were analysed using STATA 14.0. Results: External congenital anomalies were present in 49 of the 2,340 neonates recruited − prevalence of 20.9 per 1,000, with a male to female ratio of 1.1:1. Fourteen (28.6%) neonates were syndromic. CHD was present in 15 of 49 (30.6%) neonates studied– prevalence 30.6 per 100. The mean age of the parents with neonates who had external congenital anomalies and CHD was significantly higher than those without CHD. Conclusion: CHD frequently co-exists with external congenital anomalies especially in syndromic neonates. Hospital-based surveillance systems are needed to capture accurately both internal and external congenital anomalies to improve outcome in these group of neonates.

Background: Adverse Event Following Immunization (AEFI) is any unfavorable event occurring following vaccination related to the vaccine administration and or its handling. AEFI can lead to death or a life-threatening condition requiring hospitalization with or without permanent sequel. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the knowledge of AEFI among mothers of children aged 0–23 months, its prevalence and actions of mothers of following AEFIs. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 400 mothers of children aged 0–23 months between November 2017 and April 2018 using quantitative method of data collection. IBM SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis where chi square was used as a test of association a P-value of ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the respondents in the study was 29.0 ±5.3 years with 222 (55.5%) demonstrating good knowledge of AEFI. The prevalence of AEFI was found to be 46.5% with fever as the most experienced AEFI accounting for 90.3% of all cases experienced followed by pain and swelling mentioned by 141 (75.8%) and 26 (14.0%) respectively. Only 26 (14.5) of the mothers were adjudged to have taken appropriate action following the experience of AEFI in their children. Appropriateness of actions taken by the mothers following the occurrence of AEFI was influenced by the mother’s employment status (COR = 3.84; 95% CI = 1.366–10.575; P = 0.007). Conclusion: This study has demonstrated a sub-optimal level of knowledge of AEFI among the mothers of children aged 0–23 months with a relatively high self-reported prevalence and poor level of appropriateness of actions taken following AEFI.

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a major public health problem in resource-poor countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where about 1 million affected children between 5 and 14 years of age live with the disease. The aim of this paper is to review current knowledge on the clinical epidemiology of RHD in Nigeria, identify gaps, and suggest possible future directions. A systematic literature search was conducted using African Journal online (AJOL), Cinahl, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science. In PubMed, the following medical subject headings and free text terms were used: “Rheumatic heart disease” OR “Rheumatic “Valvular heart disease” OR “Rheumatic fever” AND “Nigeria”. The same text word search was used in Google scholar, AJOL, CINAHL, and Web of Science. A search date was limited to articles published from January 1950 to December, 2018. A total of 44 original studies were reviewed. Nineteen (45.2%) of the studies used clinical criteria for diagnosis of RHD, 19 (40.5%) used echocardiographic diagnosis, and 6 (14.3%) used autopsy or post mortem examination of the patients for the diagnosis of RHD. Five (11.9%) of the studies were conducted in children only, 9 (16.7%) were in both children and adults, and the remaining 31 (73.8%) were done in adults only. Only 6 (14.3%) of the studies reported complications seen in patients with RHD. Of the 6 studies that reported on complications, only 1 reported on recurrent of acute rheumatic fever. Mitral valvular disease was the most common lesion reported in all the studies. RHD still remains a major cardiovascular health problem in Nigeria. There is therefore a need for more recent clinical studies on the contemporary pattern of RHD in Nigeria. In addition, community based screening for RHD is needed to determine the true burden of the disease in Nigeria. Finally, primary and secondary preventive measures are needed to help reduce the burden of RHD in Nigeria.

Introduction and Objectives: Congenital heart disease (CHD) in children with Down syndrome is a common association. This study aims to describe the pattern of CHD and associated co-morbidities seen in children with Down syndrome in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, during a cardiac mission. Children with phenotypic features suggestive of Down syndrome and a prior diagnosis of CHD had trans-thoracic echocardiogram performed by a team of paediatric cardiologists. The data were analyzed with STATA 14.0 Statistical package. Results: Thirty-five children with physical features suggestive of Down syndrome were seen, all of whom had CHD. They had a mean age of 5.8 months at diagnosis and 25.8 months at presentation. The most common heart defects detected were Atrioventricular septal defects in 28.6% of cases. The most common co-morbidity noted was heart failure in 17 (48.6%) of them followed by wasting in 15 (42.9%). Though 14 (40.0%) children were on a pulmonary vasodilator (sildenafil), only 5 (14.3%) children had features suggestive of pulmonary hypertension on echocardiography, all with atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD). Conclusion: AVSD is the most common CHD seen among children with Down syndrome in our study and is frequently associated with pulmonary hypertension.

The use of C-arm fluoroscopy in intraoperative orthopaedic procedures has become an important tool in modern orthopaedic surgical practice. It enhances the technical proficiency of the surgeon in addition to reducing the morbidity and length of hospital stay of the patient. Despite the documented benefits of this device, there has been a growing concern about the increased radiation exposure to the surgical team. We therefore present the review of the literature on the usefulness of C-arm fluoroscopy, pitfalls in application of the machine as well as the harmful radiation effects and precautionary measures that need to be observed when using the C-arm fluoroscopy in orthopaedic surgical procedures.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a public health challenge worldwide and advancement of latent TB to active disease and drug resistant TB is on the increase as a result of immune suppression induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis . There are empirical evidences relating immune suppression and malnutrition. To improve the management strategy of TB patients, this study determined micronutrient concentrations in TB patients and established duration (months) post commencement of anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) chemotherapy that is most important for micronutrient supplementation. Plasma iron, zinc, copper, vitamins A, C, D and E were determined in twenty-four (24) active tuberculosis patients at diagnosis, 2 months, 4 months and 6 months post-commencement of anti-TB chemotherapy, as well as twenty (20) healthy controls. Plasma concentrations of the micronutrients iron, zinc, copper, vitamins A, C, D and E were significantly reduced in TB patients at diagnosis and throughout the period of treatment when compared to controls. Plasma zinc and copper levels were significantly increased at 4 months and 6 months of drug therapy when compared with levels at diagnosis whereas plasma iron was significantly reduced at 4 months of treatment compared with their levels at diagnosis. Vitamins A, C, D and E in TB patients were significantly reduced at 2 months and 4 months of treatment compared to diagnosis. This study concluded that there is micronutrient (Fe, Zn, Cu, Vit A, C, D and E) malnutrition in tuberculosis patients at diagnosis and throughout the duration (6 months) of chemotherapy. Supplementation with vitamins and zinc is advised within the first 4 months of commencing anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy.

Introduction: The APGAR score rapidly assesses the condition of the newborn at birth and is a predictor of neonatal mortality. Despite the fact that this scoring system is limited by inter and intra-observer variation, its knowledge is essential to residents involved in newborn care at delivery. This study was therefore carried out to determine the knowledge and application of the APGAR score by these residents. Materials and Methods: The questionnaire-based survey was conducted at the Jos University Teaching Hospital and administered to all consecutive residents in pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology (O and G), anesthesia, family medicine and public health. Domains assessed both knowledge and application of the APGAR scoring system. Data analyzed with the Epi Info 3.5.1 and P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Of the 74 completed questionnaires, 21 were filled by Pediatric residents, 27 by O and G residents and 26 by other residents. Residents with 10-15 years of work experience had a significantly higher mean score on their knowledge compared with those with

Background Diabetes mellitus causes low-grade chronic inflammation which leads to the development of long-term complications. Oral magnesium (Mg) intake amongst other effects was reported to reduce the levels of inflammatory markers. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory and insulin secretory activities in experimental type-2 diabetic rats (n=32) orally treated with Mg. Methods Experimental type-2 diabetic rats were induced with high fat diet and alloxan (50 mg/kg, single i.p.) for over 10 weeks prior to the experimental procedures. Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 equal groups: control, untreated experimental diabetics, and experimental diabetics treated orally with either metformin (Met) (250 mg/kg), or Mg (250 mg/kg), respectively, for 14 days. The blood glucose (BG) levels were monitored before experimental induction of diabetes and thereafter on days 1, 7, 10, and 14, respectively. Serum insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and lipid profile were assessed using laboratory kits while pancreatic beta cell function (BCF) and insulin resistance were estimated using homeostasis model assessment equations. Results Significant increase in the BG level was observed in all experimental diabetic groups on day 1 compared to controls. On day 14, BG, BCF, triglyceride, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein levels were increased while the high-density lipoprotein level was reduced in untreated diabetics compared to other groups. Insulin and insulin resistance were increased in all groups compared to control. Serum insulin and IL-6 were reduced while CRP was elevated in diabetic treated groups (Met and Mg) compared to untreated diabetics. Conclusions This study shows a hypoglycemic, lipid regulatory, insulin stimulatory, and anti-inflammatory effect of oral Mg treatment in experimental type-2 diabetic rats.

Aims: To determine the incidence and severity of zidovudine -induced anaemia in HIVinfected children initiated on anti -retroviral therapy in Jos, Nigeria. Study Design: This was an observational cohort study. OriginalResearch Article

Background: Diabetes mellitus has been reported to cause thyroid dysfunction, which may also impair renal function. Magnesium has been reported to exert ameliorative effects in diabetes mellitus. This study investigated thyroid and renal functions in experimental type-2-diabetic Wistar rats. Methods: Experimental type-2-diabetes was induced using short duration high-fat (30%) diet feeding followed by single-dose streptozotocin (35 mg/kg i.p.). Fifty rats were randomly divided into five equal groups consisting of control, diabetes untreated, diabetes treated with either magnesium (250 mg/kg) or metformin (250 mg/kg) and diabetes treated with both metformin and magnesium simultaneously.All treatments were carried out orally for 14days post-diabetes induction. Body weight and blood glucose was monitored using the tail tipping method before diabetes induction and thereafter on days 1,7,14 post-treatment respectively. Thereafter, blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture after light anesthesia into plain and EDTA sample bottles. Total protein, albumin, globulin (plasma) and insulin (serum) were assayed in all samples obtained. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine, thyroxine was also evaluated (n = 5/group) in serum while blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine was assessed (n = 5/group) in plasma. Kidney homogenates were obtained per group and analyzed for renal superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (MDA). Kidney histology was also evaluated per group using both Haematoxylin and Eosin and periodic acid Schiff stains. Results: Body weight, blood glucose, insulin, renal MDA was increased in diabetic untreated compared to other groups. Reductions (P < 0.05) in TSH, triiodothynine, Renal SOD and GSH levels where observed in diabetic untreated compared to other groups. Renal histology in diabetic untreated showed glomerula sclerosis, fused messengial cells and either collapsed tubular lumen or lumen with eosinophilic renal cast. These pathologies where partially reversed in the other experimental groups. Conclusion: This study suggests that thyroid and renal impairment may be present in experimental type-2-diabetes. Treatment with oral magnesium may cause a partial restoration of thyroid function that may impede the development of renal dysfunction.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects multiple organs and is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Impaired systolic function of the left ventricle is common in adult CKD patients. Objective: The main objective of the study is to determine the prevalence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) in children with CKD and its association with age, stage of disease, and history of dialysis. Subjects and Methods: This was a comparative cross-sectional descriptive study. Twenty-one children with CKD aged 3–14 years and an equal number of age- and gender-matched apparently healthy controls were recruited. Outcome Measures: LVSD was considered present when ejection fraction (EF)

Background: Lumbar Spinal Canal Stenosis (LSCS), requiring surgical intervention is a common presentation in Orthopaedic practice in Nigeria. Although it is well established that surgery is very effective in relieving the symptoms of this condition, there is a paucity of reports of surgical treatment outcomes of LSCS in Nigeria. Objective: The study aims to report the early outcomes of surgical treatment of LSCS in the study centre. Methods: Prospective Observational Pretest and Post-test Study at a single centre, the University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, located in Ondo State in Southwest Nigeria, West Africa. The study was done between January 2015 and June 2017. Preoperative and postoperative data collected from 32 patients with a diagnosis of LSCS who had Decompressive Laminectomy with or without instrumented fusion were analyzed for relief of symptoms: pain, functional wellbeing and general health status using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for back and leg pain, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Short Form 36 (SF 36). Results: Excellent to good pain relief was reported by 31 (96.9%) and 30 (93.8%) of the patients for leg and back pain respectively at 6 months, 1 (3.1%) reported a fair outcome for leg pain while 2 (6.2%) reported fair outcome for back pain. No patient had a poor pain relief outcome. Functional outcome and general health status were also excellent/good for 28 (87.5%) and 29 (90.6%) respectively. There was no mortality or major cardiorespiratory event recorded. However, there was a minor complication rate of 68.8% (22 patients). These include dural tears 16 (50%), deep vein thrombosis 1 (3.1%), postoperative neurological weakness 2 (6.2%), wound infection 20 (62%), wound dehiscence 10 (31%), reoperation 6 (18.6%). The outcome at 24 weeks was unaffected by these minor complications. Conclusion: Although associated with early perioperative minor complications, Spine surgery is an effective and safe therapeutic option for the relief of LSCS symptoms with short term good clinical outcomes.

Background: Ambient air pollution remains a major public health hazard in urban communities. In Nigeria, air quality management especially in the urban centres, is fraught with enormous challenges including limited data. We assessed the outdoor respirable particulate matter (PM10) concentration and the pulmonary function status of residents in four selected communities in Ibadan. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed. Four locations – Ojoo Park (OP = high traffic area), Bodija Market (BM = commercial area), Oluyole Estate (OE = industrial area) and the University of Ibadan (UI = academic community – reference) – were selected based on varying intensities of urban activity. PM10 levels were recorded in the morning and afternoon for 12 weeks between January and March 2008. Lung function status (FEV1) of 140 randomly selected participants was measured. Daily mean of PM10 levels were compared with WHO guideline limits. Data analysis was done using descriptive, χ2, ANOVA and Spearman-rank correlation tests at 5% level of significance. Results: For all sites, PM10 concentration was generally higher in the afternoon. The highest daily mean PM10 concentration was recorded at BM, followed by OP, OE and UI. These values when compared with WHO guideline limits showed: BM eightfold > OP sevenfold > OE sixfold > UI fivefold ( p < .05). Weekly mean PM10 levels and mean FEV1(obs) gave the following order: UI > OE > OP > BM. There was a significant negative correlation between PM10 burden and FEV1(obs) across the study locations ( r =-0.371, p < .05). Conclusion: Most of the locations with higher particulate burden were observed to have declining lung function status. A longitudinal study to establish more robust associations is advocated.

This study investigated the effect of magnesium on the gastric defence mechanism in alloxan-diabetic male Wistar rats. Sixty rats were randomly divided into 2 groups, A (n=40) and B (n=20). Each group was subdivided into control, diabetic untreated (DU), diabetic magnesium (250mg/kg) treated (DMg250) and diabetic insulin (3IU/kgs.c) treated (DI). Diabetes was induced with alloxan (120mg/kg) and both groups were treated for 14days. By day 14, group A rats were sacrificed, the stomach excised and evaluated for histopathology, mucus content, parietal and mucus cell counts. Blood was withdrawn from the orbital sinus of group B rats for biochemical evaluation (blood glucose, superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxidation (LP) and nitric oxide (NO)) and later sacrificed for gastric SOD, LP and NO evaluation. Blood glucose level was reduced (p

Objective. The objective of this article was to compare the left ventricular (LV) systolic function of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children with that of healthy controls, determine the prevalence of LV systolic dysfunction in HIV-infected children, and its association with age, stage of disease, and use of zidovudine. Study Design. This was a comparative cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting. A University Teaching Hospital in North-Central Nigeria in 2008. Patients. One hundred fifty HIV-infected children aged 6 weeks–14 years, and an equal number of age- and sex-matched apparently healthy controls. Outcome Measures. Left ventricular internal dimensions in diastole and systole, LV fractional shortening (FS) and ejection fraction (EF). Left ventricular systolic dysfunction was considered present when FS was

Aims Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) accounts for over a million premature deaths annually; however, there is little contemporary information on presentation, complications, and treatment. Methods and results This prospective registry enrolled 3343 patients (median age 28 years, 66.2% female) presenting with RHD at 25 hospitals in 12 African countries, India, and Yemen between January 2010 and November 2012. The majority (63.9%) had moderate-to-severe multivalvular disease complicated by congestive heart failure (33.4%), pulmonary hypertension (28.8%), atrial fibrillation (AF) (21.8%), stroke (7.1%), infective endocarditis (4%), and major bleeding (2.7%). One-quarter of adults and 5.3% of children had decreased left ventricular (LV) systolic function; 23% of adults and 14.1% of children had dilated LVs. Fifty-five percent ( n = 1761) of patients were on secondary antibiotic prophylaxis. Oral anti-coagulants were prescribed in 69.5% ( n = 946) of patients with mechanical valves ( n = 501), AF ( n = 397), and high-risk mitral stenosis in sinus rhythm ( n = 48). However, only 28.3% ( n = 269) had a therapeutic international normalized ratio. Among 1825 women of childbearing age (12–51 years), only 3.6% ( n = 65) were on contraception. The utilization of valvuloplasty and valve surgery was higher in upper-middle compared with lower-income countries. Conclusion Rheumatic heart disease patients were young, predominantly female, and had high prevalence of major cardiovascular complications. There is suboptimal utilization of secondary antibiotic prophylaxis, oral anti-coagulation, and contraception, and variations in the use of percutaneous and surgical interventions by country income level.

Summary This study assessed the effects of caffeine combined with caffeic acid on some biomarkers of male reproductive function using normal albino Wistar rats. Rats were divided into four groups (n = 6) and treated for seven successive days; group 1 represents the control rats; group 2 rats were treated with 50 mg/kg body weight (BW) of caffeine only; group 3 rats were treated with 50 mg/kg BW of caffeic acid, while the rats in group 4 were cotreated with an equal combination of caffeine and caffeic acid. The results revealed significant increase in reproductive hormone, testicular and epididymal nitric oxide levels of the rats. Moreover, decreased oxidative stress in the testes and epididymides of the treated rats was evidenced by significant increase in total and nonprotein thiol levels, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. Similarly, decreased testicular cholesterol level with concomitant elevation in testicular steroidogenic enzyme activities, glycogen and zinc levels were observed in the treated rats. No morphological changes were observed as revealed by the photomicrographs from light microscopy in treated rats. Nevertheless, the combination therapy exhibited additive/synergistic effect on these biochemical indices than when they were administered singly. This study suggests the combination therapy of caffeine and caffeic acid at the dose tested for improving male reproductive function.

Diabetes mellitus affects lipid levels resulting in diabetic dyslipidemia as well as electrolyte loss from the body. Musa sapientum has been reported to possess antidiabetic properties. This study assessed the lipid profile and electrolyte composition in alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with methanol leaf extract of M. sapientum (cMEMSL). Diabetes was induced with alloxan (120 mg/kg i.p.). Seventy-five male albino rats were divided into 5 groups of 15 rats each. Group 1 was control; groups 2-5 were made diabetic and treated with 0.2 ml 0.9% NaCl, cMEMSL (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg), and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), respectively, for 14 days. Blood samples were obtained from the retro orbital sinus after light anesthesia from 5 animals in each group on days 2, 7, and 14 for lipids and electrolyte analysis. Lipid profile of diabetic treated (cMEMSL and glibenclamide) animals showed significant reduction (p < .05) in total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. The high density lipoprotein (HDL) level in the treatment groups increased significantly (p < .05) compared with diabetic untreated. Sodium, potassium, and phosphate ions significantly increased in all diabetic treatment groups while chloride ion significantly decreased compared with diabetic untreated. There was no significant difference in calcium and bicarbonate ion concentration in all the groups. This study has showed additional properties of Musa sapientum to include its ability to restore electrolyte balance, reduce cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and increase the HDL levels in diabetic animals.

Background/Purpose: Neonatal morbidity and mortality contributes significantly to under.five morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa accounting for 40% of under-five mortality. A substantial reduction in neonatal mortality is therefore necessary to achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 4 target by 2015. The aim of the study was to assess the pattern of neonatal morbidity and mortality in our environment which will help to identify interventions for better neonatal outcome.Materials and Methods: The study is a review of cases admitted into the neonatal unit of the Jos University Teaching Hospital situated in the North Central part of Nigeria. The unit started operating from the permanent site of the hospital on 1 March 2010 after the relocation of the hospital from the previous site. Data on all neonates admitted into the neonatal unit from 1 March 2010 to 28 February 2011 were obtained from the various registers/records and analyzed. Data extracted included biodata, gestational age, birth weight, main diagnosis, duration of admission, etc., In addition, the outcomes (discharged/died) were documented. All statistical analyses were performed using two.sided tests. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: A total of 572 neonates were admitted, accounting for 54.6% of the 1047 pediatric medical admissions into the hospital. The main causes of admission were neonatal infections (37.1%), prematurity (20.1%), and birth asphyxia (11.5%). Out of the 572 neonates, 111 (19.4%) died. About three quarters (76.5%) of the mortalities occurred in the first week of life with 46.4% of these occurring in the first 24 hours (X2-20.2, P < 0.001). The common causes of mortality were prematurity (43.2%), , birthasphyxia (18.0%) and neonatal infections (17.1%)Conclusion: There is a high burden for neonatal care at the institution. The three main causes of morbidity and mortality are prematurity, infections, and birth asphyxia. Hence, neonatal care/facilities need to be improved especially to care for the high risk neonate. Also, the importance of infection control cannot be overemphasized.

Following the recent discovery that GABA(B) receptors expressed in cell lines are only functional when both GABA(B1) and GABA(B2) are expressed, the present study reports on the development of polyclonal antisera specific for carboxyl-terminal portions of the two related GABA(B) receptor components respectively. Western blotting indicated the specificity of affinity-purified antibodies for native or recombinant expressed GABA(BR1) and GABA(BR2), with no cross-reactivity, both antisera detecting the heterodimer in rat cerebellar membranes. Immunohistochemistry revealed a distinct distribution of both receptor proteins in rat cerebellum. GABA(B1) immunoreactivity was primarily located in the granule cell layer and Purkinje cells, with discrete immuno-positive cell bodies being present in the molecular layer. GABA(B2) staining revealed intense immunoreactivity in the molecular layer, with weaker staining in the granule cell layer. Purkinje cell bodies were less intensely immuno-positive for GABA(B2). Co-localisation of both receptor proteins was observed using double immunofluorescence techniques, consistent with the notion that both proteins are required for the formation of functional GABA(B) receptors in vivo. Immunofluorescence also indicated that GABA(B) receptors did not co-localise with glial fibrillary acid protein, confirming a neuronal localisation for GABA(B) receptors. Electron microscopic analysis of the molecular layer revealed that the distribution of immunolabelling for both GABA(B1) and GABA(B2) was mainly located on the membrane of Purkinje cell dendrites and spines and in parallel fibre terminals.

Background: The prevalence of asthma and role of atopy in asthma among children has not been clearly defined in Nigeria.Objective: To determine the prevalence of asthma and investigate risk factors related to allergy sensitization among urban and rural school children in southwest Nigeria.Methods: Validated ISAAC questionnaire was administered to 1736 high school children in randomly selected schools in rural and urban communities. Identified asthma cases were matched to controls. Allergy skin tests, blood eosinophil count, serum IgE and stool examination for parasites were performed. Dust samples from homes were also collected and analyzed for allergens.Results: The prevalence of asthma was 7.5% (95% CI 6.0 to 9.2%) and 8% (95% CI 6.0-10.4%) in the rural and urban communities respectively . Risk factors for asthma included cigarette-smoking, cats in the home and family size. Eosinophil count (109/L) was elevated in asthmatics [0.70 (95% CI 0.48-1.11) vs. 0.32 (95% CI 0.19-0.69); p

Background: The goal of adolescent transition from child to adult care services is to provide uninterrupted, coordinated and developmentally appropriate health care as transfers are made from paediatric to adult clinics. Adolescent transition practices are available but not in Nigeria. This study was carried out to determine current practice of patient referral and adolescent transition practice. Methodology: The study was a cross sectional studies among paediatricians attending the annual paediatric conference, using a self-administered questionnaire. Result: A total of 80 respondents, 33 consultants and 47 paediatric residents were involved. Females were 41 (51.2%) and 39 (48.8%) were males. Mean duration of practice was 12.5±0.75 (range 2- 20years). Most respondents practice in urban centre, 91.2%; in public hospitals (96.2%) and many attend to adolescents (80%). Most practice intra-departmental referral (96%) done through verbal communication (46.4%); referral notes (92.8%); or through clinical conference (21.9%). Feedbacks were occasional (76.7%) or maybe verbally given (61.4%). Inter departmental referral/transfer was through use of referral notes (96.8%), or involved one-on-one discussion (81.0%). Most referred patients are managed independently (64.2%), or may involve clinical conference (30.8%) and grand rounds (31.2%). Adolescent referral is through referral notes (92.3%) with formal discharge (81.6%). Discussions before transfer with the adolescent, and the relatives, occur frequently (91.6% & 92%). Discussions with the receiving physician, adolescents and caregivers occurs much less (37.8%). No written referral policies were available (86.1%) and no existing policy with adolescents transfer was available (66.2%). Mean age of transfer was 16.8±1.8years (range 12-20years); this was determined by hospital (72.9%) or department (71.9%). Informed consent usually requested before transfer(90.7%). Most respondents, (97%), see refused transfer or returning clients. Possible reasons for refusal of transfer are fear (90%); difficulty with new treatment relationship (89.1%); and physician attitude (61.7%). Conclusion: Little or no guidelines exist and a robust adolescent transition protocol is required.

Background Worldwide 15.5% of neonates are born with low birth weight, 95.6% of them in the developing countries. Prematurity accounts for 10% of neonatal mortality globally. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of birth weight and gender on neonatal outcome. Findings The data of 278 neonates managed in the Special Care Baby Unit (SCBU) of Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) over a 2 year period from July 2006 to June 2008 were analyzed. One hundred and fifty nine (57.2%) were males and 119(42.8%) females. There were 87(31.3%) preterm and 191 (68.7%) term babies. Twelve of the babies died. Seven (2.52%) and 5 (1.80%) being males and females respectively. The neonatal mortality rate by gender was not significant (p > 0.05). The neonatal mortality was 25.2 deaths per 1000 live births for boys and 18.0 for girls. The mean birth weights of the preterm and term babies were 1.88 ± 0.47 kg and 3.02 ± 0.50 kg respectively, with a mean gestational age of 30.62 ± 3.65 weeks and 38.29 ± 0.99 weeks respectively. Eighty seven (31.3%) of the babies were of low birth weight, 188(67.6%) were of normal birth weight and 3(1.1%) high birth weight. Of the low birth weight babies, 6(2.2%) were term small for gestational age. Six (2.2%) of the preterm infants had normal birth weight. Eleven of the babies that died were preterm low birth weight. The overall mortality rate was 4.32%. The birth weight specific mortality rate was 126 per 1000 for the preterm low birth weight and 5 per 1000 for the term babies. Birth weight unlike gender is a significant predictor of mortality, mortality being higher in neonates of The subjects showed one or more major clinical indications for admission. The major clinical indications for the preterm and term babies were respectively as follows: neonatal sepsis 63(22.7%) and 124(44.6%); neonatal jaundice 32(11.1%) and 71(24.7%); malaria 9(3.1%) and 13(4.5%); birth asphyxia 3(1.0%) and 7(2.4%). Neonatal sepsis was a common denominator among the babies that died. Conclusion Birth weight unlike gender is a significant predictor of neonatal outcome

The existence of a unique sarcomeric actin is demonstrated in teleosts that possess substantial amounts of slow skeletal muscle in the trunk. The slow skeletal isotype is conserved. There is one amino acid substitution between Atlantic herring slow skeletal actin and the equivalent in salmonids. Conversely, the intra-species variation is considerable; 13 substitutions between different herring skeletal isotypes (slow versus fast). The isomorphisms (non-conservative underlined: residues, 2, 3, 103, 155, 160, 165, 278, 281, 310, 329, 358, 360 and 363) are restricted to sub-domains 1 and 3 and include the substitution Asp-360 in 'slow' to Gln in 'fast' which results in an electrophoretic shift at alkaline pH. The musculature of the trunk facilitates the preparation of isoactins for biochemical study. Herring slow skeletal G-actin (Ca.ATP) is more susceptible to thermal, and urea, -induced denaturation and subtilisin cleavage than that in fast skeletal, but more stable than the counterpart in salmonids (one substitution, Gln354Ala) highlighting the critical nature of actin's carboxyl-terminal insert. Fluorescent spectra of G-actin isoforms containing the isomorphism Ser155Ala in complexation with 2'-deoxy 3' O-(N'-Methylanthraniloyl) ATP infer similar polarity of the nucleotide binding cleft. An electrophoretic survey detected two skeletal actins in some (smelt and mackerel) but not all teleosts. One skeletal muscle actin was detected in frog and bird.

which were used unsupervised in a placebo-controlled study involving fortyfive healthy adults. Subjects were divided into 3 groups and their saliva samples were assessed for microbial counts at the beginning and the end of an eight-week period during which they rinsed with 10ml of mouthrinse for 15 seconds twice daily (morning and evening) in addition to their usual oral hygiene procedures.The results showed wide variations in their effectiveness: those containing CPC reduced oral microbial count significantly (P

This study was designed to investigate gastric acid secretion and electrolyte composition in diabetic rats. 60 male rats of Wister strain weighing between 200 – 260g were used for the study. Diabetes was induced with 65mg/kgbw alloxan intravenously and confirmed with a constant blood glucose level ≥200mg/dl. Acid secretion was measured using the continuous perfusion method. Gastric juice was collected through a duodenal cannular attached to the pyloric ligation and its electrolyte composition was determined. Basal acid secretion was collected in aliquots every 10minutes for a period of 50minutes Histamine (10mg/kgbw) was injected intramuscularly into the histamine group and carbachol (20μg/kgbw) was injected intramuscularly into the carbachol group to stimulate acid secretion. Stimulated acid secretion was collected for 50 minutes at 10 minutes interval. There were significant reductions (p by diabetes mellitus. (Afr. J. Biomed. Res. 10: 145 – 151)

No Abstract. IFEMED Vol. 13 (1) 2007 pp. 37-41