Author: "Maya Williams" / Topic: medicine - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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1. Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of Psoralen-Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Nonhuman Primates

Author: John W. Sanders, Daniel Ewing, Appavu K. Sundaram, Christopher Scott Gamble, Maria Blevins, Zhaodong Liang, Leigh Ann Sanders, David A. Ornelles, Peifang Sun, Klara Lenart, Hendrik Feuerstein, Karin Loré, Nikolai Petrovsky, Maya Williams, and Kevin R. Porter
Subjects: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 PsIV, SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, conformational epitopes, Advax-CpG, Medicine
Abstract: COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has significantly impacted public health and the economy worldwide. Most of the currently licensed COVID-19 vaccines act by inhibiting the receptor-binding function of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The constant emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants resulting from mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) leads to vaccine immune evasion and underscores the importance of broadly acting COVID-19 vaccines. Inactivated whole virus vaccines can elicit broader immune responses to multiple epitopes of several antigens and help overcome such immune evasions. We prepared a psoralen-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (SARS-CoV-2 PsIV) and evaluated its immunogenicity and efficacy in nonhuman primates (NHPs) when administered with the Advax-CpG adjuvant. We also evaluated the SARS-CoV-2 PsIV as a booster shot in animals vaccinated with a DNA vaccine that can express the full-length spike protein. The Advax-CpG-adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 PsIV elicited a dose-dependent neutralizing antibody response in the NHPs, as measured using a serum microneutralization assay against the SARS-CoV-2 Washington strain and the Delta variant. The animals vaccinated with the DNA vaccine followed by a boosting dose of the SARS-CoV-2 PsIV exhibited the highest neutralizing antibody responses and were able to quickly clear infection after an intranasal challenge with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. Overall, the data show that the Advax-CpG-adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 PsIV, either by itself or as a booster shot following nucleic acid (NA) vaccines, has the potential to protect against emerging variants.
Published: 2024
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2. Immunogenicity of Adjuvanted Psoralen-Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines and SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein DNA Vaccines in BALB/c Mice

Author: Appavu K. Sundaram, Daniel Ewing, Zhaodong Liang, Vihasi Jani, Ying Cheng, Peifang Sun, Kanakatte Raviprakash, Shuenn-Jue Wu, Nikolai Petrovsky, Gabriel Defang, Maya Williams, and Kevin R. Porter
Subjects: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, psoralen-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, anti-SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies, conformational epitopes of surface antigens, 4′-aminomethyl-4,5′,8-trimethylpsoralen (AMT), Medicine
Abstract: The development of a safe and effective vaccine to protect against COVID-19 is a global priority due to the current high SARS-CoV-2 infection rate. Currently, there are over 160 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates at the clinical or pre-clinical stages of development. Of these, there are only three whole-virus vaccine candidates produced using β-propiolactone or formalin inactivation. Here, we prepared a whole-virus SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (SARS-CoV-2 PsIV) using a novel psoralen inactivation method and evaluated its immunogenicity in mice using two different adjuvants, alum and Advax-2. We compared the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 PsIV against SARS-CoV-2 DNA vaccines expressing either full-length or truncated spike proteins. We also compared the psoralen-inactivated vaccine against a DNA prime, psoralen-inactivated vaccine boost regimen. After two doses, the psoralen-inactivated vaccine, when administered with alum or Advax-2 adjuvants, generated a dose-dependent neutralizing antibody responses in mice. Overall, the pattern of cytokine ELISPOT responses to antigen-stimulation observed in this study indicates that SARS-CoV-2 PsIV with the alum adjuvant promotes a Th2-type response, while SARS-CoV-2 PsIV with the Advax-2 adjuvant promotes a Th1-type response.
Published: 2021
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3. Molecular and antigenic characterization of group C orthobunyaviruses isolated in Peru.

Author: Roger M Castillo Oré, Roxana E Caceda, Alfredo A Huaman, Maya Williams, Jun Hang, Diana E Juarez, Tadeusz J Kochel, Eric S Halsey, and Brett M Forshey
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Group C orthobunyaviruses (GRCVs) are a complex of viruses in the genus Orthobunyavirus and are associated with human febrile disease in tropical and subtropical areas of South and Central America. While numerous GRCVs have been isolated from mosquitoes, animals, and humans, genetic analysis of these viruses is limited. In this study, we characterized 65 GRCV isolates from febrile patients identified through clinic-based surveillance in the northern and southern Peruvian Amazon. A 500 base pair region of the S segment and 750 base pair regions of the M and L segments were sequenced. Pairwise sequence analysis of the clinical isolates showed nucleotide identities ranging from 68% to 100% and deduced amino acid sequence identities ranging from 72% to 100%. Sequences were compared with reference strains of the following GRCVs: Caraparu virus (CARV), Murutucu virus (MURV), Oriboca virus (ORIV), Marituba virus (MTBV), Itaqui virus (ITQV), Apeu virus (APEUV), and Madrid virus (MADV). Sequence comparison of clinical isolates with the prototype strains based on the S and L segments identified two clades; clade I included isolates with high genetic association with CARV-MADV, and clade II included isolates with high genetic association with MURV, ORIV, APEUV, and MTBV. Genetic relationships based on the M segment were at time inconsistent with those based on the S and L segments. However, clade groupings based on the M segment were highly consistent with relationships based on microneutralization assays. These results advance our understanding of the genetic and serologic relationships of GRCVs circulating in the Peruvian Amazon.
Published: 2018
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4. Little evidence of subclinical avian influenza virus infections among rural villagers in Cambodia.

Author: Gregory C Gray, Whitney S Krueger, Channimol Chum, Shannon D Putnam, Thomas F Wierzba, Gary L Heil, Benjamin D Anderson, Chadwick Y Yasuda, Maya Williams, Matthew R Kasper, Vonthanak Saphonn, and Patrick J Blair
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: In 2008, 800 adults living within rural Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia were enrolled in a prospective cohort study of zoonotic influenza transmission. After enrollment, participants were contacted weekly for 24 months to identify acute influenza-like illnesses (ILI). Follow-up sera were collected at 12 and 24 months. A transmission substudy was also conducted among the family contacts of cohort members reporting ILI who were influenza A positive. Samples were assessed using serological or molecular techniques looking for evidence of infection with human and avian influenza viruses. Over 24 months, 438 ILI investigations among 284 cohort members were conducted. One cohort member was hospitalized with a H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus infection and withdrew from the study. Ninety-seven ILI cases (22.1%) were identified as influenza A virus infections by real-time RT-PCR; none yielded evidence for AIV. During the 2 years of follow-up, 21 participants (3.0%) had detectable antibody titers (≥ 1:10) against the studied AIVs: 1 against an avian-like A/Migratory duck/Hong Kong/MPS180/2003(H4N6), 3 against an avian-like A/Teal/Hong Kong/w312/97(H6N1), 9 (3 of which had detectible antibody titers at both 12- and 24-month follow-up) against an avian-like A/Hong Kong/1073/1999(H9N2), 6 (1 detected at both 12- and 24-month follow-up) against an avian-like A/Duck/Memphis/546/74(H11N9), and 2 against an avian-like A/Duck/Alberta/60/76(H12N5). With the exception of the one hospitalized cohort member with H5N1 infection, no other symptomatic avian influenza infections were detected among the cohort. Serological evidence for subclinical infections was sparse with only one subject showing a 4-fold rise in microneutralization titer over time against AvH12N5. In summary, despite conducting this closely monitored cohort study in a region enzootic for H5N1 HPAI, we were unable to detect subclinical avian influenza infections, suggesting either that these infections are rare or that our assays are insensitive at detecting them.
Published: 2014
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5. The diagnostic and prognostic value of dengue non-structural 1 antigen detection in a hyper-endemic region in Indonesia.

Author: Herman Kosasih, Bachti Alisjahbana, Susana Widjaja, Nurhayati, Quirijn de Mast, Ida Parwati, Patrick J Blair, Timothy H Burgess, Andre van der Ven, and Maya Williams
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: As dengue fever is undifferentiated from other febrile illnesses in the tropics and the clinical course is unpredictable, early diagnosis is important. Several commercial assays to detect dengue NS1 antigen have been developed; however, their performances vary and data is lacking from hyper-endemic areas where all four serotypes of dengue are equally represented. To assess the sensitivity of the Bio-Rad platelia Dengue NS1 antigen assay according to virus serotype, immune status, gender, and parameters of severe disease, acute sera from 220 individuals with confirmed dengue and 55 individuals with a non-dengue febrile illness were tested using the Bio-Rad platelia Dengue NS1 antigen assay. The overall sensitivity of the NS1 ELISA was 46.8% and the specificity was 100%. The sensitivity in primary infections was significantly higher than in secondary infections (100% vs. 35.7%). In secondary infections, the sensitivity of NS1 detection was highest in DENV-3 (47.1%), followed by DENV-1 (40.9%), DENV-2 (30%) and DENV-4 (27%) infections. NS1 was less frequently detected in sera with high titers of HI antibodies or in acute samples from patients whose pre-illness sera showed neutralizing antibodies to more than one serotype. The detection of NS1 was higher in females, severe cases, and individuals with lower platelet counts (
Published: 2013
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6. Independent Evaluation of Two Prototype Immunochromatographic Tests for Dengue Fever Developed by InBios

Author: Marshall T Van de Wyngaerde, Cheng-Rei Lee, Gabriel Defang, Maya Williams, Damon Ellison, Hua-Wei Chen, Tania D Maldonado, Shuenn-Jue Wu, and Calli M Rooney
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Immunochromatographic test, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, General Medicine, Dengue virus, Antibodies, Viral, medicine.disease, medicine.disease_cause, Sensitivity and Specificity, Dengue fever, Highly sensitive, Dengue, Humans, Medicine, In patient, Medical physics, Multiplex, Overall performance, business, Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques, Clearance
Abstract: Introduction Dengue fever, caused by any of the four dengue viruses (DENV1–4), is endemic in more than 100 countries around the world. Each year, up to 400 million people get infected with dengue virus. It is one of the most important arthropod-borne viral diseases. Dengue’s global presence poses a medical threat to deploying military personnel and their dependents. An accurate diagnosis followed by attentive supportive care can improve outcomes in patients with severe dengue disease. Dengue diagnostic tests based on PCR and ELISA platforms have been developed and cleared by the U.S. FDA. However, these diagnostic assays are laborious and usually require highly trained personnel and specialized equipment, which presents a significant challenge when conducting operations in austere and resource-constrained areas. InBios International, Inc. (Seattle, WA) has developed two rapid and instrument-free immunochromatographic test prototype devices (multiplex and traditional formats) for dengue diagnosis. Materials and Methods To determine the performance of the InBios immunochromatographic tests, 183 clinical samples were tested on both prototype devices. Both assays were performed without any instruments and the results were read in 20 minutes. Results The traditional format had better overall performance (sensitivity: 97.4%; specificity: 90%) than the multiplex format (sensitivity: 86.9%; specificity: 63.3%). The traditional format was superior in serotype-specific detection with 100% overall sensitivity for DENV1, DENV3, and DENV4 and 93.3% sensitivity for DENV2 compared to the multiplex format (91.7%, 78.3%, 83.3%, and 96.3% for DENV1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively). The traditional format was easier to read than the multiplex format. The multiplex format was simpler and faster to set up than the traditional format. Conclusions The InBios traditional format had a better overall performance and readability profile than the multiplex format, while the multiplex format was easier to set up. Both formats were highly sensitive and specific, were easy to perform, and did not require sophisticated equipment. They are ideal for use in resource-limited settings where dengue is endemic. Based on our overall assessment, the traditional format should be considered for further development and used in the upcoming multicenter clinical trial toward FDA clearance.
Published: 2021

7. The role of CD8 + T lymphocytes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review

Author: Maya Williams, Lucy C. Fairclough, and Ian Todd
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Allergy, Neurology, Exacerbation, Cytotoxic T cell, Immunology, Population, Review, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, CD8 + T lymphocyte, 03 medical and health sciences, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, education, Pharmacology, education.field_of_study, COPD, business.industry, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Smoking, medicine.disease, Rheumatology, 030104 developmental biology, 030228 respiratory system, Lung disease, Cytokines, business, CD8
Abstract: Objective and design This systematic review aims to establish the role of CD8 + T lymphocytes in COPD. Methods Forty-eight papers published in the last 15 years were identified for inclusion. Results CD8 + T-cells are increased in the lungs of patients with COPD (17 studies, 16 positive) whereas in the circulation, findings were inconclusive. Activation of CD8 + T-cells was enhanced in lungs (four studies, three positive) but cell phenotype was unclear. There was substantial evidence of a higher proportion of type 1 CD8 + (Tc1) cells in COPD (11 studies, 9 positive), though the population of type 2 (Tc2) cells was also increased (5 studies, 4 positive). CD8 + T-cells in COPD exhibited greater expression of cytotoxic proteins (five studies, five positive). Studies assessed a variety of questions so evidence was insufficient to draw firm conclusions. The role of CD8 + T-cells at acute exacerbation of COPD and also their contribution to alveolar destruction can only be hypothesised at this stage. Conclusions Not only is the number of CD8 + T-cells increased in COPD, these cells have increased capacity to exert effector functions and are likely to contribute to disease pathogenesis. Several mechanisms highlighted show promise for future investigation to consolidate current knowledge.
Published: 2020

8. Tetravalent dengue DNA vaccine is not immunogenic when delivered by retrograde infusion into salivary glands

Author: Guy El Helou, David L. Caudell, Maria Blevins, Maya Williams, John W. Sanders, Kanakatte Raviprakash, Kevin R. Porter, Daniel Ewing, Todd A. Ponzio, and Joseph F. Goodman
Subjects: DNA vaccine, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Salivary gland infusion, lcsh:RC955-962, 030231 tropical medicine, Short Report, Pharmacology, Dengue virus, medicine.disease_cause, Macaque, DNA vaccination, Dengue fever, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, biology.animal, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, biology, Salivary gland, business.industry, Immunogenicity, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Antibody titer, Tetravalent dengue vaccine, medicine.disease, Non-human primate, Vaccination, Infectious Diseases, medicine.anatomical_structure, business
Abstract: Introduction and background A tetravalent DNA vaccine for Dengue virus is under development but has not yet achieved optimal immunogenicity. Salivary glands vaccination has been reported efficacious in rodents and dogs. We report on a pilot study testing the salivary gland as a platform for a Dengue DNA vaccine in a non-human primate model. Materials and methods Four cynomolgus macaques were used in this study. Each macaque was pre-medicated with atropine and sedated with ketamine. Stensen’s duct papilla was cannulated with a P10 polyethylene tube, linked to a 500ul syringe. On the first two infusions, all macaques were infused with 300ul of TVDV mixed with 2 mg of zinc. For the 3rd infusion, to increase transfection into salivary tissue, two animals received 100uL TVDV mixed with 400uL polyethylenimine 1μg/ml (PEI) and the other two animals received 500uL TVDV with zinc. Antibody titers were assessed 4 weeks following the second and third infusion. Results and conclusions SGRI through Stensen’s duct is a well-tolerated, simple and easy to reproduce procedure. TVDV infused into macaques salivary glands elicited a significantly weaker antibody response than with different delivery methods.
Published: 2020

9. Comparison of purified psoralen-inactivated and formalin-inactivated dengue vaccines in mice and nonhuman primates

Author: John W. Sanders, Daniel Ewing, Gabriel Defang, Josef Lassan, Maya Williams, Sandy Sink, Kevin R. Porter, Kanakatte Raviprakash, Zhaodong Liang, Appavu K. Sundaram, and Maria Blevins
Subjects: Primates, Serotype, viruses, 030231 tropical medicine, Dengue Vaccines, Dengue virus, Antibodies, Viral, medicine.disease_cause, Epitope, Dengue fever, Dengue, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, Immunogenicity, Vaccine, 0302 clinical medicine, Formaldehyde, medicine, Animals, 030212 general & internal medicine, Neutralizing antibody, Dengue vaccine, Attenuated vaccine, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, biology, Immunogenicity, Ficusin, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, virus diseases, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, medicine.disease, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Virology, Infectious Diseases, Vaccines, Inactivated, biology.protein, Molecular Medicine
Abstract: Dengue fever, caused by dengue viruses (DENV 1-4) is a leading cause of illness and death in the tropics and subtropics. Therefore, an effective vaccine is urgently needed. Currently, the only available licensed dengue vaccine is a chimeric live attenuated vaccine that shows varying efficacy depending on serotype, age and baseline DENV serostatus. Accordingly, a dengue vaccine that is effective in seronegative adults, children of all ages and in immunocompromised individuals is still needed. We are currently researching the use of psoralen to develop an inactivated tetravalent dengue vaccine. Unlike traditional formalin inactivation, psoralen inactivates pathogens at the nucleic acid level, potentially preserving envelope protein epitopes important for protective anti-dengue immune responses. We prepared highly purified monovalent vaccine lots of formalin- and psoralen-inactivated DENV 1-4, using Capto DeVirS and Capto Core 700 resin based column chromatography. Tetravalent psoralen-inactivated vaccines (PsIV) and formalin-inactivated vaccines (FIV) were prepared by combining the four monovalent vaccines. Mice were immunized with either a low or high dose of PsIV or FIV to evaluate the immunogenicity of monovalent as well as tetravalent formulations of each inactivation method. In general, the monovalent and tetravalent PsIVs elicited equivalent or higher titers of neutralizing antibodies to DENV than the FIV dengue vaccines and this response was dose dependent. The immunogenicity of tetravalent dengue PsIVs and FIVs were also evaluated in nonhuman primates (NHPs). Consistent with what was observed in mice, significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers for each dengue serotype were observed in the NHPs vaccinated with the tetravalent dengue PsIV compared to those vaccinated with the tetravalent dengue FIV, indicative of the importance of envelope protein epitope preservation during psoralen inactivation of DENV.
Published: 2020

10. Habenular TCF7L2 links nicotine addiction to diabetes

Author: Maya Williams, Alexander Duncan, RichardÂ M. O'Connor, Maria Vittoria Micioni Di Bonaventura, Zuxin Chen, Jessica L. Ables, Xin-An Liu, William M. Howe, Avi Ma'ayan, Mary P. Heyer, Paul J. Kenny, Qun Lu, Clementine Fillinger, Masago Ishikawa, Purva Bali, Theodore M. Kamenecka, Karim S. Elayouby, Inés Ibañez-Tallon, Zichen Wang, Aron M. Geurts, Stephanie P.B. Caligiuri, and Heidi C. O'Neill
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Nicotine, endocrine system, medicine.medical_specialty, endocrine system diseases, medicine.medical_treatment, Stimulation, Receptors, Nicotinic, PC12 Cells, Glucagon, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Diabetes mellitus, Cyclic AMP, medicine, Animals, Humans, Glucose homeostasis, Pancreas, Glucose Metabolism Disorders, Acetylcholine receptor, Habenula, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, Insulin, Tobacco Use Disorder, medicine.disease, Rats, Glucose, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrinology, Nicotinic agonist, Mutagenesis, business, Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 Protein, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Signal Transduction, medicine.drug
Abstract: Diabetes is far more prevalent in smokers than non-smokers, but the underlying mechanisms of vulnerability are unknown. Here we show that the diabetes-associated gene Tcf7l2 is densely expressed in the medial habenula (mHb) region of the rodent brain, where it regulates the function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Inhibition of TCF7L2 signalling in the mHb increases nicotine intake in mice and rats. Nicotine increases levels of blood glucose by TCF7L2-dependent stimulation of the mHb. Virus-tracing experiments identify a polysynaptic connection from the mHb to the pancreas, and wild-type rats with a history of nicotine consumption show increased circulating levels of glucagon and insulin, and diabetes-like dysregulation of blood glucose homeostasis. By contrast, mutant Tcf7l2 rats are resistant to these actions of nicotine. Our findings suggest that TCF7L2 regulates the stimulatory actions of nicotine on a habenula-pancreas axis that links the addictive properties of nicotine to its diabetes-promoting actions.
Published: 2019

11. NK Cells Activated through Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity and Armed with Degranulation/IFN-γ Production Suppress Antibody-dependent Enhancement of Dengue Viral Infection

Author: Maya Williams, Brian J. Morrison, Gabriel Defang, Nishith Nagabhushana, Vihasi Jani, and Peifang Sun
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, lcsh:Medicine, Dengue virus, Cross Reactions, medicine.disease_cause, Antibodies, Viral, Lymphocyte Activation, Virus Replication, Viral infection, Peripheral blood mononuclear cell, Cell Degranulation, Lymphocyte Depletion, Article, Dengue fever, Dengue, Immunomodulation, 03 medical and health sciences, Interferon-gamma, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Humans, Antibody-dependent enhancement, lcsh:Science, Cells, Cultured, Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, Antigen Presentation, Multidisciplinary, biology, Chemistry, Immune Sera, lcsh:R, Degranulation, Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity, Dengue Virus, medicine.disease, Molecular biology, Antibody-Dependent Enhancement, Killer Cells, Natural, 030104 developmental biology, biology.protein, lcsh:Q, Antibody, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Antibody (Ab)-dependent enhancement (ADE) is a hypothesized mechanism of increased disease severity during secondary dengue virus (DENV) infection. This study investigates Ab-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) in counteracting ADE. In our system, DENV and DENV-immune sera were added to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and ADE and NK cell activation were simultaneously monitored. ADE was detected in monocytes and a concurrent activation of NK cells was observed. Activated NK cells expressed IFN-γ and CD107a. IFN-γ was detected at 24 hours (24 h) followed by a rapid decline; CD107a expression peaked at 48 h and persisted for >7 days. Optimal activation of NK cells required the presence of enhancement serum together with ADE-affected monocytes and soluble factors, suggesting the coexistence of the counteractive ADCC Abs, in the same ADE-serum, capable of strongly promoting NK cell activation. The function of NK cells against ADE was demonstrated using a depletion assay. NK cell-depleted PBMCs had increased ADE as compared to whole PBMCs. Conversely, adding activated NK cells back into the NK-depleted-PBMCs or to purified monocytes decreased ADE. Blocking IFN-γ expression also increased ADE. The study suggests that under ADE conditions, NK cells can be activated by ADCC Abs and can control the magnitude of ADE.
Published: 2019

12. T cell and memory B cell responses in tetravalent DNA, tetravalent inactivated and tetravalent live-attenuated prime-boost dengue vaccines in rhesus macaques

Author: Ying Cheng, Alison Johnson, Nishith Nagabhushana, Brian J. Morrison, Vihasi Jani, Peifang Sun, Maya Williams, and Gabriel Defang
Subjects: T cell, Dengue Vaccines, Biology, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Antibodies, Viral, Dengue, Memory B Cells, medicine, Vaccines, DNA, Animals, Vaccines, Combined, Memory B cell, Dengue vaccine, B cell, Attenuated vaccine, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, DNA, Dengue Virus, Virology, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Macaca mulatta, Vaccination, Infectious Diseases, medicine.anatomical_structure, Inactivated vaccine, Molecular Medicine, CD8
Abstract: We previously reported the efficacy of prime-boost vaccination using three tetravalent (T) dengue vaccines, DNA (TDNA), purified inactivated vaccine (TPIV), and live attenuated vaccine (TLAV). We demonstrated that the TPIV/TLAV prime-boost vaccination yielded the highest and most durable neutralizing antibodies and 100% protection to all 4 serotypes of dengue virus in rhesus macaques. This study compares gene transcription, T and B cell responses elicited by these prime-boost combinations in rhesus macaques. This study shows that the TLAV vaccine increased the expression of the innate immune genes, DDX58 and TLR7, IL1A, IL1B, TNF, CXCL8, CXCL10, IRF1, IRF7, and IFNB, more robustly as compared to TDNA and TPIV vaccines. Overall, two doses of TDNA and one dose of TLAV efficiently elicited a T cell IFNγ response to PrM/E with a comparable magnitude. Compared to TDNA vaccine, the TLAV vaccine elicited additional IFNγ response to C, NS1, NS3, and NS5. The TPIV vaccine alone produced poor IFNγ response; however, the TLAV significantly boosted its IFNγ response. The T cell response repertoire associated with TPIV/TLAV prime-boost was to both the structural C/PrM/E and NS proteins, and the T cells were multifunctional as the CD4+ T cells produced IFNγ, TNF α, and IL2 and the CD8+ cells produced TNF α and IFNγ. Opposite to the pattern of CMI, the TPIV vaccine alone elicited the highest BMem compared to the other two vaccines, which continuously remained as the highest after boosting. In summary, the TDNA and TLAV vaccines elicited a strong T cell response whereas the TPIV vaccine elicited a superior BMem. The T cell response of the TPIV vaccine was significantly boosted by the TLAV vaccine. The elevated T cell response may have provided T cell help for a sustained antibody response for TPIV/TLAV vaccines, which is required for a protective immunity against a live virus challenge.
Published: 2021

13. Immunogenicity of Adjuvanted Psoralen-Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines and SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein DNA Vaccines in BALB/c Mice

Author: Peifang Sun, Shuenn-Jue Wu, Vihasi Jani, Maya Williams, Appavu K. Sundaram, Gabriel Defang, Zhaodong Liang, Kevin R. Porter, Nikolai Petrovsky, Ying Cheng, Daniel Ewing, and Kanakatte Raviprakash
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), DNA vaccine, 4′-aminomethyl-4,5′,8-trimethylpsoralen (AMT), medicine.medical_treatment, viruses, psoralen-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, Article, DNA vaccination, BALB/c, prime-boost, chemistry.chemical_compound, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Alum adjuvant, Neutralizing antibody, skin and connective tissue diseases, Molecular Biology, Advax-2, General Immunology and Microbiology, biology, conformational epitopes of surface antigens, Alum, SARS-CoV-2, ELISPOT, Immunogenicity, fungi, COVID-19, biology.organism_classification, Virology, body regions, Infectious Diseases, chemistry, biology.protein, Medicine, Adjuvant, anti-SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies
Abstract: The development of a safe and effective vaccine to protect against COVID-19 is a global priority due to the current high SARS-CoV-2 infection rate. Currently, there are over 160 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates at the clinical or pre-clinical stages of development. Of these, there are only three whole-virus vaccine candidates produced using β-propiolactone or formalin inactivation. Here, we prepared a whole-virus SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (SARS-CoV-2 PsIV) using a novel psoralen inactivation method and evaluated its immunogenicity in mice using two different adjuvants, alum and Advax-2. We compared the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 PsIV against SARS-CoV-2 DNA vaccines expressing either full-length or truncated spike proteins. We also compared the psoralen-inactivated vaccine against a DNA prime, psoralen-inactivated vaccine boost regimen. After two doses, the psoralen-inactivated vaccine, when administered with alum or Advax-2 adjuvants, generated a dose-dependent neutralizing antibody responses in mice. Overall, the pattern of cytokine ELISPOT responses to antigen-stimulation observed in this study indicates that SARS-CoV-2 PsIV with the alum adjuvant promotes a Th2-type response, while SARS-CoV-2 PsIV with the Advax-2 adjuvant promotes a Th1-type response.
Published: 2021

14. A randomized controlled trial of NSAIDs or exercise to reduce delayed local pain after influenza vaccination

Author: Limone C. Collins, Maya Williams, Christina Spooner, Daniel Ewing, Thomas A Beltran, Laurie A. Housel, and Bruce M. McClenathan
Subjects: Local pain, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, Vaccination, MEDLINE, Pain, law.invention, Randomized controlled trial, law, Influenza Vaccines, Internal medicine, Influenza, Human, Immunology and Allergy, Medicine, Humans, business, Exercise
Published: 2020

15. The habenular G-protein-coupled receptor 151 regulates synaptic plasticity and nicotine intake

Author: Jianxi Liu, Andreas Görlich, Sylvia M. Lipford, Nathaniel Heintz, Inés Ibañez-Tallon, Cuidong Wang, Maya Williams, Jessica L. Ables, Michael H. Riad, Kun Li, Maria Dao, Henrik Molina, Paul J. Kenny, and Beatriz Antolin-Fontes
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Nicotine, Substance-Related Disorders, CHO Cells, Neurotransmission, GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go, Synaptic vesicle, Synaptic Transmission, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cricetulus, medicine, Epithalamus, Animals, Humans, Nicotinic Agonists, Acetylcholine receptor, Mice, Knockout, Habenula, Multidisciplinary, Neuronal Plasticity, Chemistry, Biological Sciences, Cell biology, 030104 developmental biology, Nicotinic agonist, Synaptic plasticity, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, medicine.drug
Abstract: The habenula, an ancient small brain area in the epithalamus, densely expresses nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and is critical for nicotine intake and aversion. As such, identification of strategies to manipulate habenular activity may yield approaches to treat nicotine addiction. Here we show that GPR151, an orphan G-protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) highly enriched in the habenula of humans and rodents, is expressed at presynaptic membranes and synaptic vesicles and associates with synaptic components controlling vesicle release and ion transport. Deletion of Gpr151 inhibits evoked neurotransmission but enhances spontaneous miniature synaptic currents and eliminates short-term plasticity induced by nicotine. We find that GPR151 couples to the G-alpha inhibitory protein Gα o1 to reduce cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in mice and in GPR151-expressing cell lines that are amenable to ligand screens. Gpr151– knockout (KO) mice show diminished behavioral responses to nicotine and self-administer greater quantities of the drug, phenotypes rescued by viral reexpression of Gpr151 in the habenula. These data identify GPR151 as a critical modulator of habenular function that controls nicotine addiction vulnerability.
Published: 2020

16. Evaluation of T and B memory cell responses elicited by the pandemic H1N1 vaccine in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals

Author: Peifang Sun, Anuradha Ganesan, Timothy Burgess, Gabriel Defang, Nancy F. Crum-Cianflone, Timothy J. Whitman, Brian K. Agan, Carolyn Brandt, Maya Williams, and Tahaniyat Lalani
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, T-Lymphocytes, HIV Infections, Antibodies, Viral, Peripheral blood mononuclear cell, 03 medical and health sciences, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune system, Antigen, Influenza, Human, Humans, Live attenuated influenza vaccine, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, B-Lymphocytes, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, biology, business.industry, Immunogenicity, Vaccination, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, virus diseases, Virology, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, Vaccines, Inactivated, Immunization, Influenza Vaccines, Immunology, biology.protein, Molecular Medicine, business, Neuraminidase
Abstract: Background This study was to compare B and T memory cells elicited by a single dose monovalent 2009 influenza A (H1N1) vaccine (strain A/California/7/2009 H1N1) in HIV + and HIV − groups, and to analyze the impact of the prior seasonal vaccines to the immunogenicity of this vaccine. Methods Blood samples were collected before vaccination (day 0) and at days 28 and 180. Participants were categorized into HIV − /LAIV, HIV − /TIV and HIV + /TIV subgroups according to the trivalent live-attenuated or inactivated (LAIV or TIV) seasonal influenza vaccines they received previously. The IgG + memory B cells (B Mem ) and IFNγ + T cells were measured against antigens including the H1N1 vaccine, the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins or peptide pools of the pandemic and the seasonal H1N1 strains, respectively. Results Overall B Mem responses increased significantly at day 28 but returned to baseline by day 180 in all three subgroups. The average frequency of the H1N1-specific B Mem at day 28 for the HIV − /LAIV, HIV − /TIV and HIV + /TIV groups was 2.14%, 1.26% and 1.67%, respectively, and the average fold change was 14.39, 3.81 and 3.93, respectively. The differences of B Mem between HIV − /LAIV and the two TIV subgroups were significant. For the IFNγ response, the overall spot counts ranged widely between 0 and 958/10 6 PBMCs. The group average spot counts to H1N1 vaccine was 89, 102, and 30 at day 28 for HIV − /LAIV, HIV − /TIV and HIV + /TIV subgroups, respectively. The average increase of IFNγ response at day 28 vs day 0 in all three subgroups did not reach 2-fold. Conclusion Participants with a prior LAIV seasonal vaccine, as compared to a TIV seasonal vaccine, responded significantly better to the monovalent H1N1 vaccine. Excluding LAIV participants, no difference was seen between the HIV + and HIV − subject groups in terms of B Mem . The B Mem response declined at 6 months.
Published: 2017

17. Leptospirosis Seroconversion Surveillance Among US Marines Assigned to Japan, 2011–2015

Author: Zhiwen Zhang, Wei-Mei Ching, Hua-Wei Chen, Maya Williams, and Tatyana Belinskaya
Subjects: Adult, Male, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Zoonotic disease, Japan, Leptospira, Environmental health, Humans, Medicine, Leptospirosis, Seroconversion, biology, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, General Medicine, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, United States, Pathogenic organism, Contaminated water, Military personnel, Military Personnel, Population Surveillance, business
Abstract: Introduction: Leptospirosis is a global zoonotic disease spread through contact with contaminated water/soil. The US soldiers at the military bases in these countries are extremely vulnerable, as most of them are immunologically naïve to the responsible pathogen. No recent sero-epidemiological data of leptospirosis among US Marines stationed in Japan were available. Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed the presence of leptospirosis in US Marines stationed in Japan. One thousand posttour sera samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Leptospira-specific Immunoglobulin G. Results: Among these 1,000 posttour samples, 85 of them were positive and corresponding pretour samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay also. Seroconversion occurred for 35 (3.5%) Marines during their assignment to Japan. These results also indicate that 50 Marine personnels were exposed to leptospires before their assignment to Japan, perhaps because of previous exposure to leptospires at home. Conclusion: The 5% rate of seroconversion in 2013 and 2014 suggests that leptospirosis is a potential threat for Marines in the endemic region in Japan.
Published: 2019

18. The Habenular Receptor GPR151 Regulates Addiction Vulnerability Across Drug Classes

Author: Dao M, Michael H. Riad, Paul J. Kenny, Beatriz Antolin-Fontes, Kun Li, Henrik Molina, Sylvia M. Lipford, Jessica L. Ables, Jianjun Liu, Inés Ibañez-Tallon, Andreas Görlich, Maya Williams, and Cuidong Wang
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, Cannabinoid receptor, Biology, Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, Synaptic vesicle, Nicotine, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Habenula, medicine, Receptor, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 030304 developmental biology, G protein-coupled receptor, Addiction vulnerability, medicine.drug
Abstract: SUMMARYThe habenula controls the addictive properties of nicotine but also densely expresses opioid and cannabinoid receptors. As such, identification of strategies to manipulate habenular activity may yield new approaches to treat substance use disorders. Here we show that GPR151, an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) highly enriched in the habenula of humans and rodents plays a critical role in regulating habenular function and behavioral responses to addictive drugs. We show that GPR151 is expressed on axonal and presynaptic membranes and synaptic vesicles, and regulates synaptic fidelity and plasticity. We find that GPR151 associates with synaptic components controlling vesicle release and ion transport and couples to the G-alpha inhibitory protein Gαo1to reduce cAMP levels. Stable cell lines expressing GPR151 confirm that it signals via Gi/o and are amenable to ligand screens.Gpr151null mice show diminished behavioral responses to nicotine, and self-administer greater quantities of the drug, phenotypes rescued by viral re-expression ofGpr151in the habenula.Gpr151null mice are also insensitive to the behavioral actions of morphine and cannabinoids. These data identify GPR151 as a critical modulator of habenular function that controls addiction vulnerability across different drug classes.HighlightsHabenula neurons are enriched in nicotinic, opioid, cannabinoid and GPR151 receptorsGPR151 modulates synaptic fidelity and release probability at habenular terminals.Habenular GPR151 plays a role in drug abuse and food intake/weight controlGPR151 couples to the G-alpha inhibitory protein Gαo1to reduce cAMP levels.eTOC BlurbAntolin-Fontes at al. identify a G protein-coupled receptor, GPR151, which is highly enriched in human habenular neurons. These neurons are primarily enriched with nicotinic, opioid and cannabinoid receptors. We find that GPR151 modulates habenular synaptic vesicle release probability and behavioral responses to these drugs of abuse.
Published: 2019
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19. Enhanced immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a tetravalent dengue DNA vaccine using electroporation and intradermal delivery

Author: Peifang Sun, Maria Blevins, Appavu K. Sundaram, John W. Sanders, Daniel Ewing, Kanakatte Raviprakash, Maya Williams, and Kevin R. Porter
Subjects: Injections, Intradermal, 030231 tropical medicine, Dengue Vaccines, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Antibodies, Viral, Injections, Intramuscular, DNA vaccination, Dengue, 03 medical and health sciences, Interferon-gamma, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune system, Drug Delivery Systems, Immunogenicity, Vaccine, Antigen, Vaccines, DNA, Medicine, Animals, 030212 general & internal medicine, Neutralizing antibody, B-Lymphocytes, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, biology, business.industry, Immunogenicity, Electroporation, Vaccination, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Dengue Virus, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Macaca fascicularis, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, biology.protein, Molecular Medicine, Intramuscular injection, business
Abstract: Phase 1 clinical trials with a DNA vaccine for dengue demonstrated that the vaccine is safe and well tolerated, however it produced less than optimal humoral immune responses. To determine if the immunogenicity of the tetravalent dengue DNA vaccine could be enhanced, we explored alternate, yet to be tested, methods of vaccine administration in non-human primates. Animals were vaccinated on days 0, 28 and 91 with either a low (1 mg) or high (5 mg) dose of vaccine by the intradermal or intramuscular route, using either needle-free injection or electroporation devices. Neutralizing antibody, IFN-γ T cell and memory B cell responses were compared to a high dose group vaccinated with a needle-free intramuscular injection delivery device similar to what had been used in previous preclinical and clinical studies. All previously untested vaccination methodologies elicited improved immune responses compared to the high dose needle-free intramuscular injection delivery group. The highest neutralizing antibody responses were observed in the group that was vaccinated with the high dose formulation via intradermal electroporation. The highest IFN-γ T cell responses were also observed in the high dose intradermal electroporation group and the CD8+ T cells were the dominant contributors for the IFNγ response. Memory B cells were detected for all four serotypes. More than a year after vaccination, groups were challenged with dengue-1 virus. Both the low and high dose intradermal electroporation groups had significantly fewer days of dengue-1 virus RNAemia compared to the control group. The results from this study demonstrate that using either an electroporation device and/or the intradermal route of delivery increases the immune response generated by this vaccine in non-human primates and should be explored in humans.
Published: 2019

20. Development and Validation of a Quantitative, One-Step, Multiplex, Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay for Detection of Dengue and Chikungunya Viruses

Author: Carolina Guevara, Todd E. Myers, Monika Simmons, Donald Jungkind, Huo-Shu H. Houng, and Maya Williams
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), Time Factors, viruses, 030106 microbiology, Biology, Dengue virus, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, medicine.disease_cause, Sensitivity and Specificity, Virus, Dengue fever, Microbiology, Dengue, 03 medical and health sciences, Virology, Multiplex polymerase chain reaction, TaqMan, medicine, Humans, Multiplex, Chikungunya, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, virus diseases, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, Dengue Virus, medicine.disease, Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, 030104 developmental biology, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, Chikungunya Fever, Chikungunya virus, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction
Abstract: Dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are important human pathogens with common transmission vectors and similar clinical presentations. Patient care may be impacted by the misdiagnosis of DENV and CHIKV in areas where both viruses cocirculate. In this study, we have developed and validated a one-step multiplex reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) to simultaneously detect, quantify, and differentiate between four DENV serotypes (pan-DENV) and chikungunya virus. The assay uses TaqMan technology, employing two forward primers, three reverse primers, and four fluorophore-labeled probes in a single-reaction format. Coextracted and coamplified RNA was used as an internal control (IC), and in vitro -transcribed DENV and CHIKV RNAs were used to generate standard curves for absolute quantification. The diagnostic 95% limits of detection (LOD) within the linear range were 50 and 60 RNA copies/reaction for DENV (serotypes 1 to 4) and CHIKV, respectively. Our assay was able to detect 53 different strains of DENV, representing four serotypes, and six strains of CHIKV. No cross-reactivity was observed with related flaviviruses and alphaviruses, To evaluate diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, 89 clinical samples positive or negative for DENV (serotypes 1 to 4) and CHIKV by the standard virus isolation method were tested in our assay. The multiplex RT-PCR assay showed 95% sensitivity and 100% specificity for DENV and 100% sensitivity and specificity for CHIKV. With an assay turnaround time of less than 2 h, including extraction of RNA, the multiplex quantitative RT-PCR assay provides rapid diagnosis for the differential detection of two clinically indistinguishable diseases, whose geographical occurrence is increasingly overlapping.
Published: 2016

21. Geographical Assessment of Rickettsioses in Indonesia

Author: Allen L. Richards, Patrick J. Blair, Maya Williams, Imelda Winoto, Craig A. Stoops, Arik Farzeli, Susana Widjaja, and Kathryn A. Barbara
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Orientia tsutsugamushi, Indonesian archipelago, Range (biology), 030231 tropical medicine, 030106 microbiology, Small mammal, Ectoparasitic Infestations, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Virology, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Humans, Significant risk, Mammals, biology, Ecology, Rickettsia Infections, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Antibodies, Bacterial, Spotted fever, Infectious Diseases, Geography, Rickettsia, Indonesia, geographic locations, Typhus
Abstract: To expand the documentation of rickettsioses in Indonesia, we conducted an ectoparasite and small mammal investigation involving four major islands: Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, and Kalimantan. Coastal and highland regions on each island surveyed were chosen to represent different ecologies in Indonesia. Indication of the presence of Rickettsia spp. was evident in all areas sampled. Typhus group rickettsiae-specific antibodies had significantly higher prevalence among small mammals captured in Java compared to the other islands surveyed (78% in coastal and 50% in highland regions) and the prevalence of spotted fever group rickettsiae-specific antibodies was significantly higher in Kalimantan than the other islands investigated. Hosts and vectors were restricted by Rickettsia spp. but not by coastal or highland regions. Our findings expand the range in which rickettsial pathogens have been documented within the Indonesian archipelago and point to a significant risk to human health.
Published: 2016

22. The surgical safety checklist and patient outcomes after surgery

Author: T.E.F. Abbott, T. Ahmad, M.K. Phull, A.J. Fowler, R. Hewson, B.M. Biccard, M.S. Chew, M. Gillies, R.M. Pearse, Rupert M. Pearse, Scott Beattie, Pierre-Alain Clavien, Nicolas Demartines, Lee A. Fleisher, Mike Grocott, James Haddow, Andreas Hoeft, Peter Holt, Rui Moreno, Naomi Pritchard, Andrew Rhodes, Duminda Wijeysundera, Matt Wilson, Tahania Ahmed, Kirsty Everingham, Russell Hewson, Marta Januszewska, Mandeep-Kaur Phull, Richard Halliwell, Mark Shulman, Paul Myles, Werner Schmid, Michael Hiesmayr, Patrick Wouters, Stefan de Hert, Suzana Lobo, Xiangming Fang, Lars Rasmussen, Emmanuel Futier, Matthieu Biais, Aurélien Venara, Karem Slim, Michael Sander, Despoina Koulenti, Kostoula Arvaniti, Mathew Chan, Atul Kulkarni, Susilo Chandra, Aida Tantri, Emad Geddoa, Muntadhar Abbas, Giorgio Della Rocca, Datin Sivasakthi, Marzida Mansor, Pastor Luna, Arthur Bouwman, Wolfgang Buhre, Vanessa Beavis, Douglas Campbell, Tim Short, Tunde Osinaike, Ricardo Matos, Ioana Grigoras, Mikhail Kirov, Denis Protsenko, Bruce Biccard, Cesar Aldecoa, Michelle Chew, Christoph Hofer, Martin Hubner, James Ditai, Tamas Szakmany, Lee Fleisher, Marissa Ferguson, Michael MacMahon, Ritchie Cherian, Helen Currow, Kathirgamanathan Kanathiban, David Gillespie, Edward Pathmanathan, Katherine Phillips, Jenifer Reynolds, Joanne Rowley, Jeanene Douglas, Ross Kerridge, Sameer Garg, Michael Bennett, Megha Jain, David Alcock, Nico Terblanche, Rochelle Cotter, Kate Leslie, Marcelle Stewart, Nicolette Zingerle, Antony Clyde, Oliver Hambidge, Adam Rehak, Sharon Cotterell, Wilson Binh Quan Huynh, Timothy McCulloch, Erez Ben-Menachem, Thomas Egan, Jennifer Cope, Paul Fellinger, Markus Haisjackl, Simone Haselberger, Caroline Holaubek, Paul Lichtenegger, Florian Scherz, Franz Hoffer, Veronika Cakova, Andreas Eichwalder, Norbert Fischbach, Reinhold Klug, Elisabeth Schneider, Martin Vesely, Reinhart Wickenhauser, Karl Gernot Grubmueller, Marion Leitgeb, Friedrich Lang, Nancy Toro, Marlene Bauer, Friedrich Laengle, Claudia Haberl, Thomas Mayrhofer, Christoph Trybus, Christian Buerkle, Karin Forstner, Reinhard Germann, Harald Rinoesl, Elke Schindler, Ernst Trampitsch, Gerhard Bogner, Daniel Dankl, Martin Duenser, Gerhard Fritsch, Ilse Gradwohl-Matis, Andreas Hartmann, Thomas Hoelzenbein, Tarkan Jaeger, Franz Landauer, Gregor Lindl, Michael Lux, Johannes Steindl, Ottokar Stundner, Christian Szabo, Jawad Bidgoli, Hans Verdoodt, Patrice Forget, David Kahn, Fernande Lois, Mona Momeni, Caroline Prégardien, Audrey Pospiech, Arnaud Steyaert, Laurent Veevaete, Dirk De Kegel, Karen De Jongh, Luc Foubert, Carine Smitz, Marcel Vercauteren, Jan Poelaert, Veerle Van Mossevelde, Jacques Abeloos, Stefaan Bouchez, Marc Coppens, Luc De Baerdemaeker, Isabel Deblaere, Ann De Bruyne, Kristine Fonck, Bjorn Heyse, Tom Jacobs, Koen Lapage, Anneliese Moerman, Martine Neckebroek, Aliaksandra Parashchanka, Nathalie Roels, Nancy Van Den Eynde, Michael Vandenheuvel, JurgenVan Limmen, Ann Vanluchene, Caroline Vanpeteghem, Piet Wyffels, Christel Huygens, Punitha Vandenbempt, Marc Van de Velde, Dimitri Dylst, Bruno Janssen, Evelien Schreurs, Fábia Berganton Aleixo, Keulle Candido, Hugo Dias Batista, Mario Guimarães, Jaqueline Guizeline, João Hoffmann, Francisco Ricardo Marques Lobo, Vinícius Nascimento, Katia Nishiyama, Lucas Pazetto, Daniela Souza, Rodrigo Souza Rodrigues, Ana Maria Vilela dos Santos, Jaquelline Jardim, Luiz Marcelo Sá Malbouisson, Joao Silva, Paulo do Nascimento Junior, Thalissa Hermínia Baio, Gabriel Isaac Pereira de Castro, Henri Roger Watanabe Oliveira, Cristina Prata Amendola, Gutemberg Cardoso, Daniela Ortega, Ana Flavia Brotto, Mirella Cristine De Oliveira, Álvaro Réa-Neto, Fernando Dias, Maria Eduarda Travi, Luiza Zerman, Pedro Azambuja, Marcos Freitas Knibel, Antonio Martins, William Almeida, Calim Neder Neto, Maria Angela Tardelli, Eliana Caser, Marcio Machado, Crisitiano Aguzzoli, Sérgio Baldisserotto, Fernanda Beck Tabajara, Fernanda Bettega, La Hore Correa Rodrigues Júnior, Julia de Gasperi, Lais Faina, Marcos Farias Nolasco, Bruna Ferreira da Costa Fischer, Mariana Fosch de Campos Ferreira, Cristina Hartmann, Marta Kliemann, Gustavo Luis Hubert Ribeiro, Julia Merladete Fraga, Thiago Motta Netto, Laura Valduga Pozza, Paulo Rafael Wendling, Caroline Azevedo, Juliana Garcia, Marcel Lopes, Bernardo Maia, Paula Maselli, Ralph Melo, Weslley Mendes, Matheus Neves, Jacqueline Ney, Claudio Piras, Christopher Applewhaite, Adrienne Carr, Lorraine Chow, Kaylene Duttchen, Julena Foglia, Michael Greene, Ashley Hinther, Kendra Houston, Thomas Jared McCormick, Jennifer Mikhayel, Sam Montasser, Alex Ragan, Andrew Suen, Adrianna Woolsey, Hai Chuan Yu, Duane Funk, Stephen Kowalski, Regina Legaspi, Heather McDonald, Faisal Siddiqui, Jeremy Pridham, Bernadette Rowe, Sonia Sampson, Barton Thiessen, Geoff Zbitnew, Andre Bernard, Ronald George, Philip Jones, Rita Moor, Naveed Siddiqui, Alexandra Wolfer, Diem Tran, Denyse Winch, Gary Dobson, Thomas McCormick, Osama Montasser, Richard Hall, Leyla Baghirzada, Gerard Curley, Si Yuan Dai, Gregory Hare, Esther Lee, Uma Shastri, Albert Tsui, Anmol Yagnik, Danielle Alvares, Stephen Choi, Heather Dwyer, Kathrina Flores, Colin McCartney, Priya Somascanthan, Jo Carroll, Janneth Pazmino-Canizares, Noam Ami, Vincent Chan, Anahi Perlas, Ruth Argue, Yang Huang, Katie Lavis, Kelly Mayson, Ying Cao, Hong Gao, Tingju Hu, Jie Lv, Jian Yang, Yang Yang, Yi Zhong, Jing Zhou, Xiaohua Zou, Miao He, Xiaoying Li, Dihuan Luo, Haiying Wang, Tian Yu, Liyong Chen, Lijun Wang, Yunfei Cai, Zhongming Cao, Yanling Li, Jiaxin Lian, Haiyun Sun, Sheng Wang, Zhipeng Wang, Kenru Wang, Yi Zhu, Xindan Du, Hao Fan, Yunbin Fu, Lixia Huang, Yanming Huang, Haifang Hwan, Hong Luo, Pi-Sheng Qu, Fan Tao, Zhen Wang, Guoxiang Wang, Shun Wang, Yan Zhang, Xiaolin Zhang, Chao Chen, Weixing Wang, Zhengyuan Liu, Lihua Fan, Jing Tang, Yijun Chen, Yongjie Chen, Yangyang Han, Changshun Huang, Guojin Liang, Jing Shen, Jun Wang, Qiuhong Yang, Jungang Zhen, Haidong Zhou, Junping Chen, Zhang Chen, Xiaoyu Li, Bo Meng, Haiwang Ye, Xiaoyan Zhang, Yanbing Bi, Jianqiao Cao, Fengying Guo, Hong Lin, Yang Liu, Meng Lv, Pengcai Shi, Xiumei Song, Chuanyu Sun, Yongtao Sun, Yuelan Wang, Shenhui Wang, Min Zhang, Rong Chen, Jiabao Hou, Yan Leng, Qing-tao Meng, Li Qian, Zi-ying Shen, Zhong-yuan Xia, Rui Xue, Yuan Zhang, Bo Zhao, Xian-jin Zhou, Qiang Chen, Huinan Guo, Yongqing Guo, Yuehong Qi, Zhi Wang, Jianfeng Wei, Weiwei Zhang, Lina Zheng, Qi Bao, Yaqiu Chen, Yijiao Chen, Yue Fei, Nianqiang Hu, Xuming Hu, Min Lei, Xiaoqin Li, Xiaocui Lv, Fangfang Miao, Lingling Ouyang, Lu Qian, Conyu Shen, Yu Sun, Yuting Wang, Dong Wang, Chao Wu, Liyuan Xu, Jiaqi Yuan, Lina Zhang, Huan Zhang, Yapping Zhang, Jinning Zhao, Chong Zhao, Lei Zhao, Tianzhao Zheng, Dachun Zhou, Haiyan Zhou, Ce Zhou, Kaizhi Lu, Ting Zhao, Changlin He, Hong Chen, Shasha Chen, Baoli Cheng, Jie He, Lin Jin, Caixia Li, Hui Li, Yuanming Pan, Yugang Shi, Xiao Hong Wen, Shuijing Wu, Guohao Xie, Kai Zhang, Bing Zhao, Xianfu Lu, Feifei Chen, Qisheng Liang, Xuewu Lin, Yunzhi Ling, Gang Liu, Jing Tao, Lu Yang, Jialong Zhou, Fumei Chen, Zhonggui Cheng, Hanying Dai, Yunlin Feng, Benchao Hou, Haixia Gong, Chun hua Hu, Haijin Huang, Jian Huang, Zhangjie Jiang, Mengyuan Li, Jiamei Lin, Mei Liu, Weicheng Liu, Zhen Liu, Zhiyi Liu, Foquan Luo, Longxian Ma, Jia Min, Xiaoyun Shi, Zhiping Song, Xianwen Wan, Yingfen Xiong, Lin Xu, Shuangjia Yang, Qin Zhang, Hongyan Zhang, Huaigen Zhang, Xuekang Zhang, Lili Zhao, Weihong Zhao, Weilu Zhao, Xiaoping Zhu, Yun Bai, Linbi Chen, Sijia Chen, Qinxue Dai, Wujun Geng, Kunyuan Han, Xin He, Luping Huang, Binbin Ji, Danyun Jia, Shenhui Jin, Qianjun Li, Dongdong Liang, Shan Luo, Lulu Lwang, Yunchang Mo, Yuanyuan Pan, Xinyu Qi, Meizi Qian, Jinling Qin, Yelong Ren, Yiyi Shi, Junlu Wang, Junkai Wang, Leilei Wang, Junjie Xie, Yixiu Yan, Yurui Yao, Mingxiao Zhang, Jiashi Zhao, Xiuxiu Zhuang, Yanqiu Ai, Fang Du, Long He, Ledan Huang, Zhisong Li, Huijuan Li, Yetong Li, Liwei Li, Su Meng, Yazhuo Yuan, Enman Zhang, Jie Zhang, Shuna Zhao, Zhenrong Ji, Ling Pei, Li Wang, Chen Chen, Beibei Dong, Jing Li, Ziqiang Miao, Hongying Mu, Chao Qin, Lin Su, Zhiting Wen, Keliang Xie, Yonghao Yu, Fang Yuan, Xianwen Hu, Ye Zhang, Wangpin Xiao, Zhipeng Zhu, Qingqing Dai, Kaiwen Fu, Rong Hu, Xiaolan Hu, Song Huang, Yaqi Li, Yingping Liang, Shuchun Yu, Zheng Guo, Yan Jing, Na Tang, Jie Wu, Dajiang Yuan, Ruilin Zhang, Xiaoying Zhao, Yuhong Li, Hui-Ping Bai, Chun-Xiao Liu, Fei-Fei Liu, Wei Ren, Xiu-Li Wang, Guan-Jie Xu, Na Hu, Bo Li, Yangwen Ou, Yongzhong Tang, Shanglong Yao, Shihai Zhang, Cui-Cui Kong, Bei Liu, Tianlong Wang, Wei Xiao, Bo Lu, Yanfei Xia, Jiali Zhou, Fang Cai, Pushan Chen, Shuangfei Hu, Hongfa Wang, Qiong Xu, Liu Hu, Liang Jing, Bin Li, Qiang Liu, Yuejiang Liu, Xinjian Lu, Zhen Dan Peng, Xiaodong Qiu, Quan Ren, Youliang Tong, Jin Wang, Yazhou Wen, Qiong Wu, Jiangyan Xia, Jue Xie, Xiapei Xiong, Shixia Xu, Tianqin Yang, Hui Ye, Ning Yin, Jing Yuan, Qiuting Zeng, Baoling Zhang, Kang Zheng, Jing Cang, Shiyu Chen, Yu Fan, Shuying Fu, Xiaodong Ge, Baolei Guo, Wenhui Huang, Linghui Jiang, Xinmei Jiang, Yi Liu, Yan Pan, Yun Ren, Qi Shan, Jiaxing Wang, Fei Wang, Chi Wu, Xiaoguang Zhang, Ida Cecilie Christiansen, Simon Nørgaard Granum, Bodil Steen Rasmussen, Morten Daugaard, Rajiv Gambhir, Birgitte Brandsborg, Guðný Erla Steingrímsdóttir, Peter Jensen-Gadegaard, Karsten Skovgaard Olsen, Hanna Siegel, Katrine Zwicky Eskildsen, Mona Ring Gätke, Ida Wibrandt, Simon Bisgaard Heintzelmann, Kai Henrik Wiborg Lange, Rune Sarauw Lundsgaard, Louise Amstrup-Hansen, Claus Hovendal, Michael Larsen, Mette Lenstrup, Tina Kobborg, Jens Rolighed Larsen, Anette Barbre Pedersen, Søren Hübertz Smith, Rebecca Monett Oestervig, Arash Afshari, Cheme Andersen, Kim Ekelund, Erik Lilja Secher, Helene Beloeil, Sigismond Lasocki, Alexandre Ouattara, Marlene Sineus, Serge Molliex, Marie Lim Legouge, Florent Wallet, Antoine Tesniere, Christophe Gaudin, Paul Lehur, Emma Forsans, Stéphane de Rudnicki, Valerie Serra Maudet, Didier Mutter, Ghassan Sojod, Mehdi Ouaissi, Jean-Marc Regimbeau, Jacques Desbordes, Nicolas Comptaer, Diae el Manser, Sabine Ethgen, Gilles Lebuffe, Patrick Auer, Christine Härtl, Maria Deja, Kirill Legashov, Susanne Sonnemann, Carola Wiegand-Loehnert, Elke Falk, Marit Habicher, Stefan Angermair, Beatrix Laetsch, Katrin Schmidt, Christian Von Heymann, Axel Ramminger, Florian Jelschen, Svenja Pabel, Andreas Weyland, Elke Czeslick, Jochen Gille, Michael Malcharek, Armin Sablotzki, Katharina Lueke, Peter Wetzel, Joerg Weimann, Franz-Peter Lenhart, Florian Reichle, Frederike Schirmer, Michael Hüppe, Karl Klotz, Carla Nau, Julika Schön, Thomas Mencke, Christina Wasmund, Carla Bankewitz, Georg Baumgarten, Andreas Fleischer, Vera Guttenthaler, Yvonne Hack, Katharina Kirchgaessner, Olja Männer, Marlen Schurig-Urbaniak, Rafael Struck, Rebekka van Zyl, Maria Wittmann, Ulrich Goebel, Sarah Harris, Siegfried Veit, Evangelia Andreadaki, Flora Souri, Ioannis Katsiadramis, Anthi Skoufi, Maria Vasileiou, Eleni Aimoniotou- Georgiou, Anastasios Katsourakis, Fotini Veroniki, Glyceria Vlachogianni, Konstantina Petra, Dimitra Chlorou, Eirini Oloktsidou, Vasileios Ourailoglou, Konstantinos Papapostolou, Georgia Tsaousi, Panagoula Daikou, Georgia Dedemadi, Ioannis Kalaitzopoulos, Christos Loumpias, Sotirios Bristogiannis, Nikolaos Dafnios, Georgios Gkiokas, Elissaios Kontis, Dimitra Kozompoli, Aspasia Papailia, Theodosios Theodosopoulos, Christol Bizios, Anastasia Koutsikou, Aleaxandra Moustaka, Ioannis Plaitakis, Apostolos Armaganidis, Theodora Christodoulopoulou, Mihail Lignos, Maria Theodorakopoulou, Andreas Asimakos, Eleni Ischaki, Angeliki Tsagkaraki, Spyros Zakynthinos, Eleni Antoniadou, Ioannis Koutelidakis, Dimitrios Lathyris, Irene Pozidou, Nikolaos Voloudakis, Maria Dalamagka, Gkonezou Elena, Christos Chronis, Dimitra Manolakaki, Dimitris Mosxogiannidis, Tatiana Slepova, Isaia-sissy Tsakiridou, Claire Lampiri, Anastasia Vachlioti, Christos Panagiotakis, Dimitrios Sfyras, Fotios Tsimpoukas, Athanasia Tsirogianni, Elena Axioti, Andreas Filippopoulos, Elli Kalliafa, George Kassavetis, Petros Katralis, Ioannis Komnos, Georgios Pilichos, Ifigenia Ravani, Antonis Totis, Eymorfia Apagaki, Andromachi Efthymiadi, Nikolaos Kampagiannis, Theoniki Paraforou, Agoritsa Tsioka, Georgios Georgiou, Aristeidis Vakalos, Aggeliki Bairaktari, Efthimios Charitos, George Markou, Panagiota Niforopoulou, Nikolaos Papakonstantinou, Evdoxia Tsigou, Archontoula Xifara, Menelaos Zoulamoglou, Panagiota Gkioni, Stylianos Karatzas, Aikaterini Kyparissi, Efstratios Mainas, Ioannis Papapanagiotou, Theonymfi Papavasilopoulou, George Fragandreas, Eleni Georgopoulou, Eleni Katsika, Kyriakos Psarras, Eirini Synekidou, Maria Verroiotou, Evangelia Vetsiou, Donika Zaimi, Athina Anagnou, Konstantinos Apostolou, Theodora Melissopoulou, Theophilos Rozenberg, Christos Tsigris, Georgios Boutsikos, Vasileios Kalles, Nikolaos Kotsalas, Christina Lavdaiou, Fotini Paikou, Georgia-Laura Panagou, Anna Spring, Ioannis Botis, Maria Drimala, Georgios Georgakakis, Ellada Kiourtzieva, Panagiota Ntouma, Apostolos Prionas, Kyriakos Xouplidis, 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Weatherill, Zoe Whitman, Elinor Wighton, Chamika Abayasinghe, Alexander Chan, Sharif Darwish, James Gill, Emma Glasgow, Daniel Hadfield, Clair Harris, Phil Hopkins, Arun Kochhar, Gudrun Kunst, Clare Mellis, Andrew Pool, Paul Riozzi, Andrew Selman, Emma-Jane Smith, Liana Vele, Yuksel Gercek, Kramer Guy, Douglas Holden, Nicholas Watson, Karen Whysall, Prematie Andreou, Dawn Hales, Jonathan Thompson, Sarah Bowrey, Shara McDonald, Jemma Gilmore, Vicky Hills, Chan Kelly, Sinead Kelly, Geraint Lloyd, Tom Abbott, Lewis Gall, Hew Torrance, Mark Vivian, Emer Berntsen, Tracey Nolan, Angus Turner, Akbar Vohra, Andrew Brown, Richard Clark, Elaine Coughlan, Conway Daniel, Chinmay Patvardhan, Rachel Pearson, Sheba Predeep, Hesham Saad, Mohanakrishnan Shanmugam, Simon Varley, Katharine Wylie, Lucy Cooper, Arystarch Makowski, Beata Misztal, Eliza Moldovan, Claire Pegg, Andrew Donovan, Jayne Foot, Simon Large, Andrew Claxton, Bhagyashree Netke, Richard Armstrong, Claire Calderwood, Andy Kwok, Otto Mohr, Peter Oyeniyi, Lisa Patnaik, Benjamin Post, Sarah Ali, Homa Arshad, Gerard Baker, Laura Brenner, Maximilian Brincat, Annemarie Brunswicker, Hannah Cox, Octavian Ionut Cozar, Edward Cheong, Alexander Durst, Lior Fengas, Jim Flatt, Georgina Glister, Vishal Narwani, Evangelos Photi, Adeline Rankin, Melissa Rosbergen, Mark Tan, Ceri Beaton, Rachel Horn, Jane Hunt, Guy Rousseau, Lucia Stancombe, Mohammed Absar, Joanne Allsop, Zoe Drinkwater, Tracey Hodgkiss, Kirsty Smith, Jamie Brown, Farhad Alexander-Sefre, Lorraine Campey, Lucy Dudgeon, Kathryn Hall, Rachael Hitchcock, Lynne James, Kate Smith, Ulrika Winstone, Norfaizan Ahmad, Kris Bauchmuller, Jonathan Harrison, Holly Jeffery, Duncan Miller, Angela Pinder, Sailaja Pothuneedi, Jonathan Rosser, Sumayer Sanghera, Diane Swift, Rachel Walker, Delia Bester, Sarah Cavanagh, Heather Cripps, Harvey Daniel, Julie Lynch, Alison Paton, Shirley Pyke, John Scholefield, Helen Whitworth, Fiona Bottrill, Ganesh Ramalingam, Stephen Webb, Nik 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Thomas, Joanne Thunder, Andrew Torrance, Ravinder Vohra, null Arlo whitehouse, Tony Wong, Mark Blunt, Kate Wong, Julian Giles, Isabelle Reed, Debbie Weller, Gillian Bell, Julie Birch, Rose Damant, Jane Maiden, Clare Mewies, Claire Prince, Jane Radford, Tim Reynolds, Birender Balain, Robin Banerjee, Andrew Barnett, Ben Burston, Kirsty Davies, Jayne Edwards, Chris Evans, David Ford, Pete Gallacher, Simon Hill, David Jaffray, Sudheer Karlakki, Cormac Kelly, Julia Kennedy, Nigel Kiely, Simon Lewthwaite, Chris Marquis, Matthew Ockendon, Stephen Phillips, Simon Pickard, James Richardson, Richard Roach, Tony Smith, Richard Spencer-Jones, Niall Steele, Julie Steen, Marck Van Liefland, Steve White, Matthew Faulds, Meredyth Harris, Carrie Kelly, Scott Nicol, Sally Anne Pearson, Srikanth Chukkambotla, Alyson Andrew, Elizabeth Attrill, Graham Campbell, Amanda Datson, Anna Fouracres, Juan Graterol, Lynne Graves, Bosun Hong, Alexander Ishimaru, Arvind Karthikeyan, Helen King, Tom Lawson, Gregory 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Ian Wrench, Lisa Zeidan, Diane Ardern, Benjamin Harris, Johanna Hellstrom, Jane Martin, Richard Thomas, Nimu Varsani, Caroline Wrey Brown, Philip Docherty, Michael Gillies, Euan McGregor, Helen Usher, Jayne Craig, Andrew Smith, Tahania Ahmad, Phoebe Bodger, Thais Creary, Alexander Fowler, Russ Hewson, Eke Ijuo, Timothy Jones, Ilya Kantsedikas, Sumitra Lahiri, Aaron Lawson McLean, Edyta Niebrzegowska, Mandeep Phull, Difei Wang, Nadine Wickboldt, Jacqueline Baldwin, Donna Doyle, Sean Mcmullan, Michelle Oladapo, Thomas Owen, Alexandra Williams, Hull Daniel, Peter Gregory, Tauqeer Husain, Justin Kirk-Bayley, Edward Mathers, Laura Montague, Mark Harper, Stuart White, James Jack, Carrie Ridley, Joanne Avis, Tim Cook, Lola Dali-Kemmery, Ian Kerslake, Victoria Lambourne, Annabel Pearson, Christine Boyd, Mark Callaghan, Cathy Lawson, Roopa McCrossan, Vanessa Nesbitt, Laura O'connor, Julia Scott, Rhona Sinclair, Nahla Farid, Ciro Morgese, Kailash Bhatia, Swati Karmarkar, Jamil Ahmed, Graham Branagan, Monica Hutton, Andrew Swain, Jamie Brookes, Jonathan Cornell, Rachael Dolan, Jonathan Hulme, Amanda Jansen van Vuuren, Tom Jowitt, Gunasheela Kalashetty, Fran Lloyd, Kiran Patel, Nicholas Sherwood, Lynne Brown, Ben Chandler, Kerry Deighton, Temlett Emma, Kirsty Haunch, Michelle Cheeseman, Kathy Dent, Sanjeev Garg, Carol Gray, Marion Hood, Dawn Jones, Joanne Juj, Roshan Rao, Tara Walker, Mashel Al Anizi, Clarissa Cheah, Yushio Cheing, Francisco Coutinho, Prisca Gondo, Bernard Hadebe, Mazvangu Onie Hove, null Ahamed khader, Bobby Krishnachetty, Karen Rhodes, Jagdish Sokhi, Katie-Anne Baker, Wendy Bertram, Alex Looseley, Ronelle Mouton, George Hanna, Glenn Arnold, Shobhit Arya, Danai Balfoussia, Linden Baxter, James Harris, Craig Jones, Alison Knaggs, Sheraz Markar, Anisha Perera, Alasdair Scott, Asako Shida, Ravneet Sirha, Sally Wright, Victoria Frost, Catherine Gray, Emma Andrews, Lindsay Arrandale, Stephen Barrett, Elna Cifra, Mariese Cooper, Dragos Dragnea, Cifra Elna, Jennifer Maclean, Sonja Meier, Donald Milliken, Christopher Munns, Nadir Ratanshi, Suneil Ramessur, Abegail Salvana, Anthony Watson, Hani Ali, Gill Campbell, Rebecca Critchley, Simon Endersby, Catherine Hicks, Alison Liddle, Marc Pass, Charlotte Ritchie, Charlotte Thomas, Lingxi Too, Sarah Welsh, Talvinder Gill, Joanne Johnson, Joanne Reed, Edward Davis, Sam Papadopoullos, Clare Attwood, Andrew Biffen, Kerenza Boulton, Sophie Gray, David Hay, Sarah Mills, Jane Montgomery, Rory Riddell, James Simpson, Neeraj Bhardwaj, Elaine Paul, Nosakhare Uwubamwen, Maini Alexander, James Arrich, Swarna Arumugam, Douglas Blackwood, Victoria Boggiano, Robyn Brown, Yik Lam Chan, Devnandan Chatterjee, Ashok Chhabra, Rachel Christian, Hannah Costelloe, Madeline Coxwell Matthewman, Emma Dalton, Julia Darko, Maria Davari, Tejal Dave, Matthew Deacon, Shantal Deepak, Holly Edmond, Jessica Ellis, Ahmed El-Sayed, Philip Eneje, Rose English, Renee Ewe, William Foers, John Franklin, Laura Gallego, Emily Garrett, 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Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Royal Free Hospital [London, UK], NHS Foundation Trust [London], The Royal Marsden, University of Cape Town, Linköping university hospital, University of Edinburgh, Abbott, T E F, Ahmad, T, Phull, M K, Fowler, A J, Hewson, R, Biccard, B M, Chew, M S, Gillies, M, Pearse RM, Beattie S, Clavien PA, Demartines N, Fleisher LA, Grocott M, Haddow J, Hoeft A, Holt P, Moreno R, Pritchard N, Rhodes A, Wijeysundera D, Wilson M, Ahmed T, Everingham K, Hewson R, Januszewska M, Phull MK, Halliwell R, Shulman M, Myles P, Schmid W, Hiesmayr M, Wouters P, de Hert S, Lobo S, Fang X, Rasmussen L, Futier E, Biais M, Venara A, Slim K, Sander M, Koulenti D, Arvaniti K, Chan M, Kulkarni A, Chandra S, Tantri A, Geddoa E, Abbas M, Della Rocca G, Sivasakthi D, Mansor M, Luna P, Bouwman A, Buhre W, Beavis V, Campbell D, Short T, Osinaike T, Matos R, Grigoras I, Kirov M, Protsenko D, Biccard B, Aldecoa C, Chew M, Hofer C, Hubner M, Ditai J, Szakmany T, Fleisher L, Ferguson M, MacMahon M, Cherian R, Currow H, Kanathiban K, Gillespie D, Pathmanathan E, Phillips K, Reynolds J, Rowley J, Douglas J, Kerridge R, Garg S, Bennett M, Jain M, Alcock D, Terblanche N, Cotter R, Leslie K, Stewart M, Zingerle N, Clyde A, Hambidge O, Rehak A, Cotterell S, Huynh WBQ, McCulloch T, Ben-Menachem E, Egan T, Cope J, Fellinger P, Haisjackl M, Haselberger S, Holaubek C, Lichtenegger P, Scherz F, Hoffer F, Cakova V, Eichwalder A, Fischbach N, Klug R, Schneider E, Vesely M, Wickenhauser R, Grubmueller KG, Leitgeb M, Lang F, Toro N, Bauer M, Laengle F, Haberl C, Mayrhofer T, Trybus C, Buerkle C, Forstner K, Germann R, Rinoesl H, Schindler E, Trampitsch E, Bogner G, Dankl D, Duenser M, Fritsch G, Gradwohl-Matis I, Hartmann A, Hoelzenbein T, Jaeger T, Landauer F, Lindl G, Lux M, Steindl J, Stundner O, Szabo C, Bidgoli J, Verdoodt H, Forget P, Kahn D, Lois F, Momeni M, Prégardien C, Pospiech A, Steyaert A, Veevaete L, De Kegel D, De Jongh K, Foubert L, Smitz C, Vercauteren M, Poelaert J, Van Mossevelde V, Abeloos J, Bouchez S, Coppens M, De Baerdemaeker L, Deblaere I, De Bruyne A, Fonck K, Heyse B, Jacobs T, Lapage K, Moerman A, Neckebroek M, Parashchanka A, Roels N, Van Den Eynde N, Vandenheuvel M, Limmen J, Vanluchene A, Vanpeteghem C, Wyffels P, Huygens C, Vandenbempt P, Van de Velde M, Dylst D, Janssen B, Schreurs E, Aleixo FB, Candido K, Batista HD, Guimarães M, Guizeline J, Hoffmann J, Lobo FRM, Nascimento V, Nishiyama K, Pazetto L, Souza D, Rodrigues RS, Vilela Dos Santos AM, Jardim J, Sá Malbouisson LM, Silva J, Nascimento Junior PD, Baio TH, Pereira de Castro GI, Watanabe Oliveira HR, Amendola CP, Cardoso G, Ortega D, Brotto AF, De Oliveira MC, Réa-Neto Á, Dias F, Travi ME, Zerman L, Azambuja P, Knibel MF, Martins A, Almeida W, Neto CN, Tardelli MA, Caser E, Machado M, Aguzzoli C, Baldisserotto S, Tabajara FB, Bettega F, Rodrigues Júnior HC, de Gasperi J, Faina L, Nolasco MF, Ferreira da Costa Fischer B, Fosch de Campos Ferreira M, Hartmann C, Kliemann M, Hubert Ribeiro GL, Fraga JM, Netto TM, Pozza LV, Wendling PR, Azevedo C, Garcia J, Lopes M, Maia B, Maselli P, Melo R, Mendes W, Neves M, Ney J, Piras C, Applewhaite C, Carr A, Chow L, Duttchen K, Foglia J, Greene M, Hinther A, Houston K, McCormick TJ, Mikhayel J, Montasser S, Ragan A, Suen A, Woolsey A, Yu HC, Funk D, Kowalski S, Legaspi R, McDonald H, Siddiqui F, Pridham J, Rowe B, Sampson S, Thiessen B, Zbitnew G, Bernard A, George R, Jones P, Moor R, Siddiqui N, Wolfer A, Tran D, Winch D, Dobson G, McCormick T, Montasser O, Hall R, Baghirzada L, Curley G, Dai SY, Hare G, Lee E, Shastri U, Tsui A, Yagnik A, Alvares D, Choi S, Dwyer H, Flores K, McCartney C, Somascanthan P, Carroll J, Pazmino-Canizares J, Wolfer A, Ami N, Chan V, Perlas A, Argue R, Huang Y, Lavis K, Mayson K, Cao Y, Gao H, Hu T, Lv J, Yang J, Yang Y, Zhong Y, Zhou J, Zou X, He M, Li X, Luo D, Wang H, Yu T, Chen L, Wang L, Cai Y, Cao Z, Li Y, Lian J, Sun H, Wang S, Wang Z, Wang K, Zhu Y, Du X, Fan H, Fu Y, Huang L, Huang Y, Hwan H, Luo H, Qu PS, Tao F, Wang Z, Wang G, Wang S, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Chen C, Wang W, Liu Z, Fan L, Tang J, Chen Y, Chen Y, Han Y, Huang C, Liang G, Shen J, Wang J, Yang Q, Zhen J, Zhou H, Chen J, Chen Z, Li X, Meng B, Ye H, Zhang X, Bi Y, Cao J, Guo F, Lin H, Liu Y, Lv M, Shi P, Song X, Sun C, Sun Y, Wang Y, Wang S, Zhang M, Chen R, Hou J, Leng Y, Meng QT, Qian L, Shen ZY, Xia ZY, Xue R, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Zhou XJ, Chen Q, Guo H, Guo Y, Qi Y, Wang Z, Wei J, Zhang W, Zheng L, Bao Q, Chen Y, Chen Y, Fei Y, Hu N, Hu X, Lei M, Li X, Lv X, Miao F, Ouyang L, Qian L, Shen C, Sun Y, Wang Y, Wang D, Wu C, Xu L, Yuan J, Zhang L, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhao C, Zhao L, Zheng T, Zhou D, Zhou H, Zhou C, Lu K, Zhao T, He C, Chen H, Chen S, Cheng B, He J, Jin L, Li C, Li H, Pan Y, Shi Y, Wen XH, Wu S, Xie G, Zhang K, Zhao B, Lu X, Chen F, Liang Q, Lin X, Ling Y, Liu G, Tao J, Yang L, Zhou J, Chen F, Cheng Z, Dai H, Feng Y, Hou B, Gong H, Hu CH, Huang H, Huang J, Jiang Z, Li M, Lin J, Liu M, Liu W, Liu Z, Liu Z, Luo F, Ma L, Min J, Shi X, Song Z, Wan X, Xiong Y, Xu L, Yang S, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhao L, Zhao W, Zhao W, Zhu X, Bai Y, Chen L, Chen S, Dai Q, Geng W, Han K, He X, Huang L, Ji B, Jia D, Jin S, Li Q, Liang D, Luo S, Lwang L, Mo Y, Pan Y, Qi X, Qian M, Qin J, Ren Y, Shi Y, Wang J, Wang J, Wang L, Xie J, Yan Y, Yao Y, Zhang M, Zhao J, Zhuang X, Ai Y, Du F, He L, Huang L, Li Z, Li H, Li Y, Li L, Meng S, Yuan Y, Zhang E, Zhang J, Zhao S, Ji Z, Pei L, Wang L, Chen C, Dong B, Li J, Miao Z, Mu H, Qin C, Su L, Wen Z, Xie K, Yu Y, Yuan F, Hu X, Zhang Y, Xiao W, Zhu Z, Dai Q, Fu K, Hu R, Hu X, Huang S, Li Y, Liang Y, Yu S, Guo Z, Jing Y, Tang N, Wu J, Yuan D, Zhang R, Zhao X, Li Y, Bai HP, Liu CX, Liu FF, Ren W, Wang XL, Xu GJ, Hu N, Li B, Ou Y, Tang Y, Yao S, Zhang S, Kong CC, Liu B, Wang T, Xiao W, Lu B, Xia Y, Zhou J, Cai F, Chen P, Hu S, Wang H, Xu Q, Hu L, Jing L, Li B, Liu Q, Liu Y, Lu X, Peng ZD, Qiu X, Ren Q, Tong Y, Wang J, Wen Y, Wu Q, Xia J, Xie J, Xiong X, Xu S, Yang T, Ye H, Yin N, Yuan J, Zeng Q, Zhang B, Zheng K, Cang J, Chen S, Fan Y, Fu S, Ge X, Guo B, Huang W, Jiang L, Jiang X, Liu Y, Pan Y, Ren Y, Shan Q, Wang J, Wang F, Wu C, Zhang X, Christiansen IC, Granum SN, Rasmussen BS, Daugaard M, Gambhir R, Brandsborg B, Steingrímsdóttir GE, Jensen-Gadegaard P, Olsen KS, Siegel H, Eskildsen KZ, Gätke MR, Wibrandt I, Heintzelmann SB, Wiborg Lange KH, Lundsgaard RS, Amstrup-Hansen L, Hovendal C, Larsen M, Lenstrup M, Kobborg T, Larsen JR, Pedersen AB, Smith SH, Oestervig RM, Afshari A, Andersen C, Ekelund K, Secher EL, Beloeil H, Lasocki S, Ouattara A, Sineus M, Molliex S, Legouge ML, Wallet F, Tesniere A, Gaudin C, Lehur P, Forsans E, de Rudnicki S, Maudet VS, Mutter D, Sojod G, Ouaissi M, Regimbeau JM, Desbordes J, Comptaer N, Manser DE, Ethgen S, Lebuffe G, Auer P, Härtl C, Deja M, Legashov K, Sonnemann S, Wiegand-Loehnert C, Falk E, Habicher M, Angermair S, Laetsch B, Schmidt K, Von Heymann C, Ramminger A, Jelschen F, Pabel S, Weyland A, Czeslick E, Gille J, Malcharek M, Sablotzki A, Lueke K, Wetzel P, Weimann J, Lenhart FP, Reichle F, Schirmer F, Hüppe M, Klotz K, Nau C, Schön J, Mencke T, Wasmund C, Bankewitz C, Baumgarten G, Fleischer A, Guttenthaler V, Hack Y, Kirchgaessner K, Männer O, Schurig-Urbaniak M, Struck R, van Zyl R, Wittmann M, Goebel U, Harris S, Veit S, Andreadaki E, Souri F, Katsiadramis I, Skoufi A, Vasileiou M, Aimoniotou-Georgiou E, Katsourakis A, Veroniki F, Vlachogianni G, Petra K, Chlorou D, Oloktsidou E, Ourailoglou V, Papapostolou K, Tsaousi G, Daikou P, Dedemadi G, Kalaitzopoulos I, Loumpias C, Bristogiannis S, Dafnios N, Gkiokas G, Kontis E, Kozompoli D, Papailia A, Theodosopoulos T, Bizios C, Koutsikou A, Moustaka A, Plaitakis I, Armaganidis A, Christodoulopoulou T, Lignos M, Theodorakopoulou M, Asimakos A, Ischaki E, Tsagkaraki A, Zakynthinos S, Antoniadou E, Koutelidakis I, Lathyris D, Pozidou I, Voloudakis N, Dalamagka M, Elena G, Chronis C, Manolakaki D, Mosxogiannidis D, Slepova T, Tsakiridou IS, Lampiri C, Vachlioti A, Panagiotakis C, Sfyras D, Tsimpoukas F, Tsirogianni A, Axioti E, Filippopoulos A, Kalliafa E, Kassavetis G, Katralis P, Komnos I, Pilichos G, Ravani I, Totis A, Apagaki E, Efthymiadi A, Kampagiannis N, Paraforou T, Tsioka A, Georgiou G, Vakalos A, Bairaktari A, Charitos E, Markou G, Niforopoulou P, Papakonstantinou N, Tsigou E, Xifara A, Zoulamoglou M, Gkioni P, Karatzas S, Kyparissi A, Mainas E, Papapanagiotou I, Papavasilopoulou T, Fragandreas G, Georgopoulou E, Katsika E, Psarras K, Synekidou E, Verroiotou M, Vetsiou E, Zaimi D, Anagnou A, Apostolou K, Melissopoulou T, Rozenberg T, Tsigris C, Boutsikos G, Kalles V, Kotsalas N, Lavdaiou C, Paikou F, Panagou GL, Spring A, Botis I, Drimala M, Georgakakis G, Kiourtzieva E, Ntouma P, Prionas A, Xouplidis K, Dalampini E, Giannaki C, Iasonidou C, Ioannidis O, Lavrentieva A, Lavrentieva A, Papageorgiou G, Kokkinoy M, Stafylaraki M, Gaitanakis S, Karydakis P, Paltoglou J, Ponireas P, Chaloulis P, Provatidis A, Sousana A, Gardikou VV, Konstantivelli M, Lataniotou O, Lisari E, Margaroni M, Stamatiou K, Nikolaidis E, Pnevmatikos I, Sertaridou E, Andreou A, Arkalaki E, Athanasakis E, Chaniotaki F, Chatzimichali CA, Christofaki M, Dermitzaki D, Fiorentza K, Frantzeskos G, Geromarkaki E, Kafkalaki K, Kalogridaki M, Karydi K, Kokkini S, Kougentakis G, Lefaki T, Lilitsis E, Makatounaki A, Malliotakis P, Michelakis D, Neonaki M, Nyktari V, Palikyra I, Papadakis E, Papaioannou A, Sfakianakis K, Sgouraki M, Souvatzis X, Spartinou A, Stefanidou N, Syrogianni P, Tsagkaraki G, Arnaoutoglou E, Arnaoutoglou C, Bali C, Bouris V, Doumos R, Gkini KP, Kapaktsi C, Koulouras V, Lena A, Lepida D, Michos E, Papadopoulos D, Paschopoulos M, Rompou VA, Siouti I, Tsampalas S, Ververidou O, Zilis G, Charlalampidoy A, Christodoulidis G, Flossos A, Stamoulis K, Chan M, Tsang MSC, Tsang MS, Lai ML, Yip CP, Heymans Chan HM, Law B, Li WS, Chu HM, Koo EGY, Lam CCJ, Cheng KH, Lam T, Chu S, Lam WY, Wong KWK, Kwok D, Hung CYJ, Chan WKJ, Wong WL, Chung CKE, Ma SK, Kaushik S, Shah B, Shah D, Shah S, Ar P, Muthuchellappan R, Agarwal V, Divatia J, Mishra S, Nimje G, Pande S, Savarkar S, Shrivastava A, Thomas M, Yegnaram S, Hidayatullah R, Puar N, Niman S, Indra I, Hamzah Z, Yuliana A, Abidin UN, Dursin AN, Kurnia A, Susanti A, Handayani D, Alit MA, Arya A, Senapathi TGA, Utara UH, Wid WM, Wima S, Wir WM, Jehosua B, Kaunang J, Lantang EY, Najoan R, Waworuntu N, Awad H, Fuad A, Geddoa B, Khalaf AR, Al Hussaini S, Albaj S, Kenber M, Bettinelli A, Spadaro S, AlbertoVolta C, Giancarlo L, Sottosanti V, Copetti E, Spagnesi L, Toretti I, Alloj C, Cardellino S, Carmino L, Costanzo E, Fanfani LC, Novelli MT, Roasio A, Bellandi M, Beretta L, Bignami E, Bocchino S, Cabrini L, Corti D, Landoni G, Meroni R, Moizo E, Monti G, Pintaudi M, Plumari VP, Taddeo D, Testa V, Winterton D, Zangrillo A, Cloro LM, Colangelo C, Colangelo A, Rotunno G, Paludi MA, Maria CP, Pata A, Parrini V, Gatta A, Nastasi M, Tinti C, Baroselli A, Arrigo M, Benevento A, Bottini C, Cannavo' M, Gastaldi C, Marchesi A, Pascazio A, Pata F, Pozzi E, Premoli A, Tessera G, Boschi L, D'Andrea R, Ghignone F, Poggioli G, Sibilio A, Taffurelli M, Ugolini G, Ab Majid MA, Ab Rahman R, Joseph J, Pathan F, Sybil Shah MH, Yap HL, Cheah S, Chin II, Looi JK, Tan SC, Visvalingam S, Kwok FY, Lee CK, Tan TS, Wong SM, Abdullah NH, Liew CF, Luxuman L, Mohd Zin NH, Norddin MF, Raja Alias RL, Wong JY, Yong J, Bin Mustapha MT, Chan WK, Dzulkipli N, Kuan PX, Lee YC, Alias A, Guok EC, Jee CC, Ramon BR, Wong CW, Abd Ghafar FNI, Aziz FZ, Hussain N, Lee HS, Sukawi I, Woon YL, Abd Hadi HZ, Ahmad Azam UA, Alias AH, Kesut SA, Lee JM, Ooi DV, Sulaiman HA, Lih TAT, Veerakumaran J, Rojas E, Resendiz GEA, Zapata DDM, López JCJA, Flores AAA, Amador JCB, Avila EJD, Aquino LPG, Rodriguez RL, Landa MT, Urias E, Hollmann M, Hulst A, Benedikt Preckel OK, Gemert AK, Buise M, Tolenaar N, Weber E, de Fretes J, Houweling P, Ormskerk P, Van Bommel J, Lance M, Smit-Fun V, van Zundert T, Baas P, de Boer HD, Sprakel J, Elferink-Vonk R, Noordzij P, van Zeggeren L, Brand B, Spanjersberg R, Bokkel-Andela JT, Numan S, van Klei W, van Zaane B, Boer C, van Duivenvoorde Y, Hering JP, van Rossum S, Zonneveldt H, Campbell D, Hoare S, Santa S, Ali M, Allen SJ, Beavis V, Bell R, Choi HD, Drake M, Farrell H, Hayes K, Higgie K, Holmes K, Jenkins N, Kim CJ, Kim S, Law KC, McAllister D, Park K, Pedersen K, Pfeifer L, Pozaroszczyk A, Salmond T, Steynor M, Tan M, Waymouth E, Ab Rahman AS, Armstrong J, Dudson R, Jenkins N, Nilakant J, Richard S, Virdi P, Dixon L, Donohue R, Farrow M, Kennedy R, Marissa H, McKellow M, Nicola D, Pascoe R, Roberts SJ, Rowell G, Sumner M, Templer P, Chandrasekharan S, Fulton G, Jammer I, More R, Wilson L, Chang YH, Foley J, Fowler C, Panckhurst J, Sara R, Stapelberg F, Cherrett V, Ganter DL, McCann L, Gilmour F, Lumsden R, Moores M, Olliff S, Sardareva E, Tai J, Wikner M, Wong C, Chaddock M, Czepanski C, McKendry P, Polakovic D, Polakovich D, Robert A, Belda MT, Norton T, Alherz F, Barneto L, Ramirez A, Sayeed A, Smith N, Bennett C, McQuoid S, Jansen TL, Nico Z, Scott J, Freschini D, Freschini A, Hopkins B, Manson L, Stoltz D, Bates A, Davis S, Freeman V, McGaughran L, Williams M, Sharma SB, Burrows T, Byrne K, English D, Johnson R, Manikkam B, Naidoo S, Rumball M, Whittle N, Franks R, Gibson-Lapsley H, Salter R, Walsh D, Cooper R, Perry K, Obobolo A, Sule UM, Ahmad A, Atiku M, Mohammed AD, Sarki AM, Adekola O, Akanmu O, Durodola A, Olukoju O, Raji V, Olajumoke T, Oyebamiji E, Adenekan A, Adetoye A, Faponle F, Olateju S, Owojuyigbe A, Talabi A, Adenike O, Adewale B, Collins N, Ezekiel E, Fatungase OM, Grace A, Sola S, Stella O, Ademola A, Adeolu AA, Adigun T, Akinwale M, Fasina O, Gbolahan O, Idowu O, Olonisakin RP, Osinaike BB, Asudo F, Mshelia D, Abdur-Rahman L, Agodirin O, Bello J, Bolaji B, Oyedepo OO, Ezike H, Iloabachie I, Okonkwo I, Onuora E, Onyeka T, Ugwu I, Umeh F, Alagbe-Briggs O, Dodiyi-Manuel A, Echem R, Obasuyi B, Onajin-Obembe B, Bandeira ME, Martins A, Tomé M, Costa ACMM, Krystopchuk A, Branco T, Esteves S, Melo MA, Monte J, Rua F, Martins I, Pinho-Oliveira VM, Rodrigues CM, Cabral R, Marques S, Rêgo S, Jesus JST, Marques MC, Romao C, Dias S, Santos AM, Alves MJ, Salta C, Cruz S, Duarte C, Paiva AAF, Cabral TDN, Faria E Maia D, Correia da Silva RFM, Langner A, Resendes HO, Soares MDC, Abrunhosa A, Faria F, Miranda L, Pereira H, Serra S, Ionescu D, Margarit S, Mitre C, Vasian H, Manga G, Stefan A, Tomescu D, Filipescu D, Paunescu MA, Stefan M, Stoica R, Gavril L, Pătrășcanu E, Ristescu I, Rusu D, Diaconescu C, Iosep GF, Pulbere D, Ursu I, Balanescu A, Grintescu I, Mirea L, Rentea I, Vartic M, Lupu MN, Stanescu D, Streanga L, Antal O, Hagau N, Patras D, Petrisor C, Tosa F, Tranca S, Copotoiu SM, Ungureanu LL, Harsan CR, Papurica M, Cernea DD, Dragoescu NA, CarmenVaida LA, Ciobotaru OR, Aignatoaie M, Carp CP, Cobzaru I, Mardare O, Purcarin B, Tutunaru V, Ionita V, Arustei M, Codita A, Busuioc M, Chilinciuc I, Ciobanu C, Belciu I, Tincu E, Blaj M, Grosu RM, Sandu G, Bruma D, Corneci D, Dutu M, Krepil A, Copaciu E, Dumitrascu CO, Jemna R, Mihaescu F, Petre R, Tudor C, Ursache E, Kulikov A, Lubnin A, Grigoryev E, Pugachev S, Tolmasov A, Hussain A, Ilyina Y, Roshchina A, Iurin A, Chazova E, Dunay A, Karelov A, Khvedelidze I, Voldaeva O, Belskiy V, Dzhamullaev P, Grishkowez E, Kretov V, Levin V, Molkov A, Puzanov S, Samoilenko A, Tchekulaev A, Tulupova V, Utkin I, Allorto NL, Bishop DG, Builu PM, Cairns C, Dasrath A, de Wet J, Hoedt MD, Grey B, Hayes MP, Küsel BS, Shangase N, Wise R, Cacala S, Farina Z, Govindasamy V, Kruse CH, Lee C, Marais L, Naidoo TD, Rajah C, Rodseth RN, Ryan L, von Rhaden R, Adam S, Alphonsus C, Ameer Y, Anderson F, Basanth S, Bechan S, Bhula C, Biccard BM, Biyase T, Buccimazza I, Cardosa J, Chen J, Daya B, Drummond L, Elabib A, Abdel Goad EH, Goga IE, Goga R, Harrichandparsad R, Hodgson RE, Jordaan J, Kalafatis N, Kampik C, Landers AT, Loots E, Madansein R, Madaree A, Madiba TE, Manzini VT, Mbuyisa M, Moodley R, Msomi M, Mukama I, Naidoo D, Naidoo R, Naidu TK, Ntloko S, Padayachee E, Padayachee L, Phaff M, Pillay B, Pillay D, Pillay L, Ramnarain A, Ramphal SR, Ryan P, Saloojee A, Sebitloane M, Sigcu N, Taylor JL, Torborg A, Visser L, Anderson P, Conradie A, de Swardt M, de Villiers M, Eikman J, Liebenberg R, Mouton J, Paton A, van der Merwe L, Wilscott-Davids C, Barrett WJ, Bester M, de Beer J, Geldenhuys J, Gouws H, Potgieter JH, Strydom M, WilberforceTurton E, Chetty RR, Chirkut S, Cronje L, de Vasconcellos K, Dube NZ, Gama NS, Green GM, Green-Thompson R, Kinoo SM, Kistnasami P, Maharaj K, Moodley MS, Mothae SJ, Naidoo R, Aslam F Noorbhai M, Rughubar V, Reddy J, Singh A, Skinner DL, Smith MJ, Singh B, Misra R, Naidoo M, Ramdharee P, Selibea Y, Sewpersad S, Sham S, Wessels JD, Africander C, Bejia T, Blakemore SP, Botes M, Bunwarie B, Hernandez CB, Jeeraz MA, Legutko DA, Lopez AG, De Meyer JN, Muzenda T, Naidoo N, Patel M, Pentela R, Junge M, Mansoor N, Rademan L, Scislowski P, Seedat I, van den Berg B, van der Merwe D, van Wyk S, Govender K, Naicker D, Ramjee R, Saley M, Kuhn WP, Matos-Puig R, Alberto Lisi ZM, Perez G, Beltran AV, Lozano A, Navarro CD, Duca A, Ernesto EPM, Ferrando C, Fuentes I, García-Pérez ML, Gracia E, Palomares AI, Katime A, Miñana A, Incertis RR, Romero E, Romero Garcia CS, Rubio C, Artiles TS, Soro M, Valls P, Laguarda GA, Benavent P, Cuenca VC, Cueva A, Lafuente M, Parra AM, Rodrigo AR, Sanchez-Morcillo S, Tormo S, Redondo FJ, De Andrés Ibanez JA, Diago LG, José Hernández Cádiz M, Manuel GG, Peris R, Saiz C, Vivo JT, Soto MTT, Brunete T, Cancho D, Delgado García DR, Zamudio D, Del Valle SG, Serrano ML, Alonso E, Anillo V, Maseda E, Salgado P, Suarez L, Suarez-de-la-Rica A, Villagrán MJ, Alonso JI, Cabezuelo E, Garcia-Saiz I, Lopez Del Moral O, Martín S, Gonzalez AP, Doncel MST, Vera MA, José Ávila Sánchez F, Castaño B, Moreira BC, Risco SF, Martín DP, Martín FP, Poza P, Ruiz A, Serna Martínez WF, Vicente BV, Dominguez SV, Fernández S, Munoz-López A, Bernat MJ, Mas A, Planas K, Jawad M, Saeed Y, Hedin A, Levander H, Holmström S, Lönn D, Zoerner F, Åkring I, Widmark C, Zettergren J, Liljequist VA, Nystrom L, Odeberg-Wernerman S, Oldner A, Fagerlund MJ, Reje P, Lyckner S, Sperber J, Adolfsson A, Klarin B, Ögren K, Barras JP, Bührer T, Despotidis V, Helmy N, Holliger S, Raptis DA, Schmid R, Meyer A, Jaquet Y, Kessler U, Muradbegovic M, Nahum SR, Rotunno T, Schiltz B, Voruz F, Worreth M, Christoforidis D, Popeskou SG, Furrer M, Prevost GA, Stocker A, Lang K, Breitenstein S, Ganter MT, Geisen M, Soll C, Korkmaz M, Lubach I, Schmitz M, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen M, Moritz MZS, Zingg U, Hillermann T, Wildi S, Pinto BB, Walder B, Mariotti G, Slankamenac K, Namuyuga M, Kyomugisha E, Kituuka O, Shikanda AW, Kakembo N, Tom CO, Antonina W, Bua E, Ssettabi EM, Epodoi J, Kabagenyi F, Kirya F, Dempsey G, Seasman C, Nawaz Khan RB, Kurasz C, Macgregor M, Shawki B, Francis D, Hariharan V, Chau S, Ellis K, Butt G, Chicken DW, Christmas N, Allen S, Daniel GD, Dempster A, Kemp J, Matthews L, Mcglone P, Tambellini J, Trodd D, Freitas K, Garg A, Gupta JK, Karpate S, Kulkarni A, O'Hara C, Troko J, Angus K, Bradley J, Brennan E, Brooks C, Brown J, Brown G, Finch A, Gratrix K, Hesketh S, Hill G, Jeffs C, Morgan M, Pemberton C, Slawson N, Spickett H, Swarbrick G, Thomas M, Van Duyvenvoorde G, Brennan A, Briscoe R, Cooper S, Lawton T, Northey M, Senaratne R, Stanworth H, Burrows L, Cain H, Craven R, Davies K, Jonas A, Pachucki M, Walkden G, Davies H, Gudaca M, Hobrok M, Arawwawala D, Fergey L, Gardiner M, Gunn J, Johnson L, Lofting A, Lyle A, Neela FM, Smolen S, Topliffe J, Williams S, Bland M, Balaji P, Kaura V, Lanka P, Smith N, Ahmed A, Myatt J, Shenoy R, Soon WC, Tan J, Karadia S, Self J, Durant E, Tripathi S, Bullock C, Campbell D, Ghosh A, Hughes T, Zsisku L, Bengeri S, Cowton A, Khalid MS, Limb J, McAdam C, Porritt M, Rafi MA, Shekar P, Adams D, Harden C, Hollands H, King A, March L, Minto G, Patrick A, Squire R, Waugh D, Kumara P, Simeson K, Yarwood J, Browning J, Hatton J, Julian H, Mitra A, Newton M, Pernu PK, Wilson A, Commey T, Foot H, Glover L, Gupta A, Lancaster N, Levin J, Mackenzie F, Mestanza C, Nofal E, Pout L, Varden R, Wild J, Jones S, Moreton S, Pulletz M, Davies C, Martin M, Thomas S, Burns K, McArthur C, Patel P, Lau G, Rich N, Davis F, Lyons R, Port B, Prout R, Smith C, Adelaja Y, Bennett V, Bidd H, Dumitrescu A, Murphy JF, Keen A, Mguni N, Ong C, Adams G, Boshier P, Brown R, Butryn I, Chatterjee J, Freethy A, Lockwood G, Tsakok M, Tsiligiannis S, Peat W, Stephenson L, Bradburn M, Pick S, Cunha P, Olagbaiye O, Tayeh S, Packianathaswamy B, Abernethy C, Balasubramaniam M, Bennett R, Bolton D, Martinson V, Naylor C, Bell S, Heather B, Kushakovsky V, Alcock L, Alexander H, Anderson C, Baker P, Brookes M, Cawthorn L, Cirstea E, Clarkson R, Colling K, Coulter I, Das S, Haigh K, Hamdan A, Hugill K, Kottam L, Lisseter E, Mawdsley M, McGivern J, Padala K, Phelps V, Ramesh Kumar V, Stewart K, Towse K, Tregonning J, Vahedi A, Walker A, Baines D, Bilolikar A, Chande S, Copley E, Dunk N, Kulkarni R, Kumar P, Metodiev Y, Ncomanzi D, Raithatha B, Raymode P, Szafranski J, Twohey L, Watt P, Weatherall L, Weatherill J, Whitman Z, Wighton E, Abayasinghe C, Chan A, Darwish S, Gill J, Glasgow E, Hadfield D, Harris C, Hopkins P, Kochhar A, Kunst G, Mellis C, Pool A, Riozzi P, Selman A, Smith EJ, Vele L, Gercek Y, Guy K, Holden D, Watson N, Whysall K, Andreou P, Hales D, Thompson J, Bowrey S, McDonald S, Gilmore J, Hills V, Kelly C, Kelly S, Lloyd G, Abbott T, Gall L, Torrance H, Vivian M, Berntsen E, Nolan T, Turner A, Vohra A, Brown A, Clark R, Coughlan E, Daniel C, Patvardhan C, Pearson R, Predeep S, Saad H, Shanmugam M, Varley S, Wylie K, Cooper L, Makowski A, Misztal B, Moldovan E, Pegg C, Donovan A, Foot J, Large S, Claxton A, Netke B, Armstrong R, Calderwood C, Kwok A, Mohr O, Oyeniyi P, Patnaik L, Post B, Ali S, Arshad H, Baker G, Brenner L, Brincat M, Brunswicker A, Cox H, Cozar OI, Cheong E, Durst A, Fengas L, Flatt J, Glister G, Narwani V, Photi E, Rankin A, Rosbergen M, Tan M, Beaton C, Horn R, Hunt J, Rousseau G, Stancombe L, Absar M, Allsop J, Drinkwater Z, Hodgkiss T, Smith K, Brown J, Alexander-Sefre F, Campey L, Dudgeon L, Hall K, Hitchcock R, James L, Smith K, Winstone U, Ahmad N, Bauchmuller K, Harrison J, Jeffery H, Miller D, Pinder A, Pothuneedi S, Rosser J, Sanghera S, Swift D, Walker R, Bester D, Cavanagh S, Cripps H, Daniel H, Lynch J, Paton A, Pyke S, Scholefield J, Whitworth H, Bottrill F, Ramalingam G, Webb S, Akerman N, Antill P, Bourner L, Buckley S, Castle G, Charles R, Eggleston C, Foster R, Gill S, Lindley K, Lklouk M, Lowery T, Martin O, Milne D, O'Connor P, Ratcliffe A, Rose A, Smith A, Varma S, Ward J, Barcraft-Barnes H, Camsooksai J, Colvin C, Reschreiter H, Tbaily L, Venner N, Hamilton C, Kelly L, Toth-Tarsoly P, Dodsworth K, Foord D, Gordon P, Hawes E, Lamb N, Mouland J, Nightingale J, Rose S, Schrieber J, Al'Amri K, Aladin H, Arshad MA, Barraclough J, Bentley C, Bergin C, Carrera R, Clarkson A, Collins M, Cooper L, Denham S, Griffiths E, Ip P, Jeyanthan S, Joory K, Kaur S, Marriott P, Mitchell N, Nagaiah S, Nilsson A, Parekh N, Pope M, Seager J, Serag H, Tameem A, Thomas A, Thunder J, Torrance A, Vohra R, Arlo Whitehouse, Wong T, Blunt M, Wong K, Giles J, Reed I, Weller D, Bell G, Birch J, Damant R, Maiden J, Mewies C, Prince C, Radford J, Reynolds T, Balain B, Banerjee R, Barnett A, Burston B, Davies K, Edwards J, Evans C, Ford D, Gallacher P, Hill S, Jaffray D, Karlakki S, Kelly C, Kennedy J, Kiely N, Lewthwaite S, Marquis C, Ockendon M, Phillips S, Pickard S, Richardson J, Roach R, Smith T, Spencer-Jones R, Steele N, Steen J, Van Liefland M, White S, Faulds M, Harris M, Kelly C, Nicol S, Pearson SA, Chukkambotla S, Andrew A, Attrill E, Campbell G, Datson A, Fouracres A, Graterol J, Graves L, Hong B, Ishimaru A, Karthikeyan A, King H, Lawson T, Lee G, Lyons S, Hall AM, Mathoulin S, Mcintyre E, Mclaughlin D, Mulcahy K, Paddle J, Ratcliffe A, Robbins J, Sung W, Tayo A, Trembath L, Venugopal S, Walker R, Wigmore G, Boereboom C, Downes C, Humphries R, Melbourne S, Smith C, Tou S, Ullah S, Batchelor N, Boxall L, Broomby R, Deen T, Hellewell A, Helliwell L, Hutchings M, Hutchins D, Keenan S, Mackie D, Potter A, Smith F, Stone L, Thorpe K, Wassall R, Woodgate A, Baillie S, Campbell T, James S, King C, Marques de Araujo D, Martin D, Morkane C, Neely J, Rajendram R, Burton M, James K, Keevil E, Minik O, Morgan J, Musgrave A, Rajanna H, Roberts T, Adamson M, Jumbe S, Kendall J, Muthuswamy MB, Anderson C, Cruikshanks A, Wrench I, Zeidan L, Ardern D, Harris B, Hellstrom J, Martin J, Thomas R, Varsani N, Brown CW, Docherty P, Gillies M, McGregor E, Usher H, Craig J, Smith A, Ahmad T, Bodger P, Creary T, Fowler A, Hewson R, Ijuo E, Jones T, Kantsedikas I, Lahiri S, McLean AL, Niebrzegowska E, Phull M, Wang D, Wickboldt N, Baldwin J, Doyle D, Mcmullan S, Oladapo M, Owen T, Williams A, Daniel H, Gregory P, Husain T, Kirk-Bayley J, Mathers E, Montague L, Harper M, White S, Jack J, Ridley C, Avis J, Cook T, Dali-Kemmery L, Kerslake I, Lambourne V, Pearson A, Boyd C, Callaghan M, Lawson C, McCrossan R, Nesbitt V, O'connor L, Scott J, Sinclair R, Farid N, Morgese C, Bhatia K, Karmarkar S, Ahmed J, Branagan G, Hutton M, Swain A, Brookes J, Cornell J, Dolan R, Hulme J, Jansen van Vuuren A, Jowitt T, Kalashetty G, Lloyd F, Patel K, Sherwood N, Brown L, Chandler B, Deighton K, Emma T, Haunch K, Cheeseman M, Dent K, Garg S, Gray C, Hood M, Jones D, Juj J, Rao R, Walker T, Al Anizi M, Cheah C, Cheing Y, Coutinho F, Gondo P, Hadebe B, Hove MO, Ahamed Khader, Krishnachetty B, Rhodes K, Sokhi J, Baker KA, Bertram W, Looseley A, Mouton R, Hanna G, Arnold G, Arya S, Balfoussia D, Baxter L, Harris J, Jones C, Knaggs A, Markar S, Perera A, Scott A, Shida A, Sirha R, Wright S, Frost V, Gray C, Andrews E, Arrandale L, Barrett S, Cifra E, Cooper M, Dragnea D, Elna C, Maclean J, Meier S, Milliken D, Munns C, Ratanshi N, Ramessur S, Salvana A, Watson A, Ali H, Campbell G, Critchley R, Endersby S, Hicks C, Liddle A, Pass M, Ritchie C, Thomas C, Too L, Welsh S, Gill T, Johnson J, Reed J, Davis E, Papadopoullos S, Attwood C, Biffen A, Boulton K, Gray S, Hay D, Mills S, Montgomery J, Riddell R, Simpson J, Bhardwaj N, Paul E, Uwubamwen N, Alexander M, Arrich J, Arumugam S, Blackwood D, Boggiano V, Brown R, Chan YL, Chatterjee D, Chhabra A, Christian R, Costelloe H, Matthewman MC, Dalton E, Darko J, Davari M, Dave T, Deacon M, Deepak S, Edmond H, Ellis J, El-Sayed A, Eneje P, English R, Ewe R, Foers W, Franklin J, Gallego L, Garrett E, Goldberg O, Goss H, Greaves R, Harris R, Hennings C, Jones E, Kamali N, Kokkinos N, Lewis C, Lignos L, Malgapo EV, Malik R, Milne A, Mulligan JP, Nicklin P, Palipane N, Parsons T, Piper R, Prakash R, Ramesh B, Rasip S, Reading J, Rela M, Reyes A, Stephens R, Rooms M, Shah K, Simons H, Solanki S, Spowart E, Stevens A, Thomas C, Waggett H, Yassaee A, Kennedy A, Scott S, Somanath S, Berg A, Hernandez M, Nanda R, Tank G, Wilson N, Wilson D, Al-Soudaine Y, Baldwin M, Cornish J, Davies Z, Davies L, Edwards M, Frewer N, Gallard S, Glasbey J, Harries R, Hopkins L, Kim T, Koompirochana V, Lawson S, Lewis M, Makzal Z, Scourfield S, Ahmad Y, Bates S, Blackwell C, Bryant H, Collins H, Coulter S, Cruickshank R, Daniel S, Daubeny T, Edwards M, Golder K, Hawkins L, Helen B, Hinxman H, Levett D, Salmon K, Seaward L, Skinner B, Tyrell B, Wadams B, Walsgrove J, Dickson J, Constantin K, Karen M, O'Brien P, O'Donohoe L, Payne H, Sundayi S, Walker E, Brooke J, Cardy J, Humphreys S, Kessack L, Kubitzek C, Kumar S, Cotterill D, Hodzovic E, Hosdurga G, Miles E, Saunders G, Campbell M, Chan P, Jemmett K, Raj A, Naik A, Oshowo A, Ramamoorthy R, Shah N, Sylvan A, Blyth K, Burtenshaw A, Freeman D, Johnson E, Lo P, Martin T, Plunkett E, Wollaston J, Allison J, Carroll C, Craw N, Craw S, Pitt-Kerby T, Rowland-Axe R, Spurdle K, McDonald A, Simon D, Sinha V, Smith T, Banner-Goodspeed V, Boone M, Campbell K, Lu F, Scannell J, Sobol J, Balajonda N, Clemmons K, Conde C, Elgasim M, Funk B, Hall R, Hopkins T, Olaleye O, Omer O, Pender M, Porto A, Stevens A, Waweru P, Yeh E, Bodansky D, Evans A, Kleopoulos S, Maril R, Mathney E, Sanchez A, Tinuoye E, Bateman B, Eng K, Jiang N, Ladha K, Needleman J, Chen LL, Lane R, Robinowitz D, Ghushe N, Irshad M, O'Connor J, Patel S, Takemoto S, Wallace A, Mazzeffi M, Rock P, Wallace K, Zhu X, Chua P, Mattera M, Sharar R, Thilen S, Treggiari M, Morgan A, Sofjan I, Subramaniam K, Avidan M, Maybrier H, Muench M, Wildes T., Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Queen Mary University of London [QMUL], Graduate School, Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, 01 Internal and external specialisms, ACS - Heart failure & arrhythmias, AGEM - Endocrinology, metabolism and nutrition, APH - Quality of Care, ACS - Diabetes & metabolism, AII - Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, ACS - Microcirculation, Pearse, R M, International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISO), Group, Zangrillo, A, Landoni, G, Beretta, L., International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISOS) group, Pearse, R.M., Beattie, S., Clavien, P.A., Demartines, N., Fleisher, L.A., Grocott, M., Haddow, J., Hoeft, A., Holt, P., Moreno, R., Pritchard, N., Rhodes, A., Wijeysundera, D., Wilson, M., Ahmed, T., Everingham, K., Hewson, R., Januszewska, M., Phull, M.K., Halliwell, R., Shulman, M., Myles, P., Schmid, W., Hiesmayr, M., Wouters, P., de Hert, S., Lobo, S., Fang, X., Rasmussen, L., Futier, E., Biais, M., Venara, A., Slim, K., Sander, M., Koulenti, D., Arvaniti, K., Chan, M., Kulkarni, A., Chandra, S., Tantri, A., Geddoa, E., Abbas, M., Della Rocca, G., Sivasakthi, D., Mansor, M., Luna, P., Bouwman, A., Buhre, W., Beavis, V., Campbell, D., Short, T., Osinaike, T., Matos, R., Grigoras, I., Kirov, M., Protsenko, D., 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Sun, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, M., Chen, R., Hou, J., Leng, Y., Meng, Q.T., Qian, L., Shen, Z.Y., Xia, Z.Y., Xue, R., Zhao, B., Zhou, X.J., Chen, Q., Guo, H., Guo, Y., Qi, Y., Wei, J., Zhang, W., Zheng, L., Bao, Q., Fei, Y., Hu, N., Hu, X., Lei, M., Lv, X., Miao, F., Ouyang, L., Shen, C., Wang, D., Wu, C., Xu, L., Yuan, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, H., Zhao, J., Zhao, C., Zhao, L., Zheng, T., Zhou, D., Zhou, C., Lu, K., Zhao, T., He, C., Chen, H., Chen, S., Cheng, B., He, J., Jin, L., Li, C., Li, H., Pan, Y., Shi, Y., Wen, X.H., Wu, S., Xie, G., Zhang, K., Lu, X., Chen, F., Liang, Q., Lin, X., Ling, Y., Liu, G., Tao, J., Yang, L., Cheng, Z., Dai, H., Feng, Y., Hou, B., Gong, H., Hu, C.H., Huang, H., Huang, J., Jiang, Z., Li, M., Lin, J., Liu, M., Liu, W., Luo, F., Ma, L., Min, J., Shi, X., Song, Z., Wan, X., Xiong, Y., Yang, S., Zhang, Q., Zhao, W., Zhu, X., Bai, Y., Dai, Q., Geng, W., Han, K., He, X., Ji, B., Jia, D., Jin, S., Li, Q., Liang, D., Luo, S., Lwang, L., Mo, Y., Qi, X., Qian, M., Qin, J., Ren, Y., Xie, J., Yan, Y., Yao, Y., Zhuang, X., Ai, Y., Du, F., He, L., Li, Z., Li, L., Meng, S., Yuan, Y., Zhang, E., Zhang, J., Zhao, S., Ji, Z., Pei, L., Dong, B., Li, J., Miao, Z., Mu, H., Qin, C., Su, L., Wen, Z., Xie, K., Yu, Y., Yuan, F., Xiao, W., Zhu, Z., Fu, K., Hu, R., Huang, S., Liang, Y., Yu, S., Guo, Z., Jing, Y., Tang, N., Wu, J., Yuan, D., Zhang, R., Zhao, X., Bai, H.P., Liu, C.X., Liu, F.F., Ren, W., Wang, X.L., Xu, G.J., Li, B., Ou, Y., Tang, Y., Yao, S., Zhang, S., Kong, C.C., Liu, B., Wang, T., Lu, B., Xia, Y., Cai, F., Chen, P., Hu, S., Xu, Q., Hu, L., Jing, L., Liu, Q., Peng, Z.D., Qiu, X., Ren, Q., Tong, Y., Wen, Y., Wu, Q., Xia, J., Xiong, X., Xu, S., Yang, T., Yin, N., Zeng, Q., Zhang, B., Zheng, K., Cang, J., Fan, Y., Fu, S., Ge, X., Guo, B., Huang, W., Jiang, L., Jiang, X., Shan, Q., Wang, F., Christiansen, I.C., Granum, S.N., Rasmussen, B.S., Daugaard, M., Gambhir, R., Brandsborg, B., Steingrímsdóttir, G.E., Jensen-Gadegaard, P., Olsen, K.S., Siegel, H., Eskildsen, K.Z., Gätke, M.R., Wibrandt, I., Heintzelmann, S.B., Wiborg Lange, K.H., Lundsgaard, R.S., Amstrup-Hansen, L., Hovendal, C., Larsen, M., Lenstrup, M., Kobborg, T., Larsen, J.R., Pedersen, A.B., Smith, S.H., Oestervig, R.M., Afshari, A., Andersen, C., Ekelund, K., Secher, E.L., Beloeil, H., Lasocki, S., Ouattara, A., Sineus, M., Molliex, S., Legouge, M.L., Wallet, F., Tesniere, A., Gaudin, C., Lehur, P., Forsans, E., de Rudnicki, S., Maudet, V.S., Mutter, D., Sojod, G., Ouaissi, M., Regimbeau, J.M., Desbordes, J., Comptaer, N., Manser, D.E., Ethgen, S., Lebuffe, G., Auer, P., Härtl, C., Deja, M., Legashov, K., Sonnemann, S., Wiegand-Loehnert, C., Falk, E., Habicher, M., Angermair, S., Laetsch, B., Schmidt, K., Von Heymann, C., Ramminger, A., Jelschen, F., Pabel, S., Weyland, A., Czeslick, E., Gille, J., Malcharek, M., Sablotzki, A., Lueke, K., Wetzel, P., Weimann, J., Lenhart, F.P., Reichle, F., Schirmer, F., Hüppe, M., Klotz, K., Nau, C., Schön, J., Mencke, T., Wasmund, C., Bankewitz, C., Baumgarten, G., Fleischer, A., Guttenthaler, V., Hack, Y., Kirchgaessner, K., Männer, O., Schurig-Urbaniak, M., Struck, R., van Zyl, R., Wittmann, M., Goebel, U., Harris, S., Veit, S., Andreadaki, E., Souri, F., Katsiadramis, I., Skoufi, A., Vasileiou, M., Aimoniotou-Georgiou, E., Katsourakis, A., Veroniki, F., Vlachogianni, G., Petra, K., Chlorou, D., Oloktsidou, E., Ourailoglou, V., Papapostolou, K., Tsaousi, G., Daikou, P., Dedemadi, G., Kalaitzopoulos, I., Loumpias, C., Bristogiannis, S., Dafnios, N., Gkiokas, G., Kontis, E., Kozompoli, D., Papailia, A., Theodosopoulos, T., Bizios, C., Koutsikou, A., Moustaka, A., Plaitakis, I., Armaganidis, A., Christodoulopoulou, T., Lignos, M., Theodorakopoulou, M., Asimakos, A., Ischaki, E., Tsagkaraki, A., Zakynthinos, S., Antoniadou, E., Koutelidakis, I., Lathyris, D., Pozidou, I., Voloudakis, N., Dalamagka, M., Elena, G., Chronis, C., Manolakaki, D., Mosxogiannidis, D., Slepova, T., Tsakiridou, I.S., Lampiri, C., Vachlioti, A., Panagiotakis, C., Sfyras, D., Tsimpoukas, F., Tsirogianni, A., Axioti, E., Filippopoulos, A., Kalliafa, E., Kassavetis, G., Katralis, P., Komnos, I., Pilichos, G., Ravani, I., Totis, A., Apagaki, E., Efthymiadi, A., Kampagiannis, N., Paraforou, T., Tsioka, A., Georgiou, G., Vakalos, A., Bairaktari, A., Charitos, E., Markou, G., Niforopoulou, P., Papakonstantinou, N., Tsigou, E., Xifara, A., Zoulamoglou, M., Gkioni, P., Karatzas, S., Kyparissi, A., Mainas, E., Papapanagiotou, I., Papavasilopoulou, T., Fragandreas, G., Georgopoulou, E., Katsika, E., Psarras, K., Synekidou, E., Verroiotou, M., Vetsiou, E., Zaimi, D., Anagnou, A., Apostolou, K., Melissopoulou, T., Rozenberg, T., Tsigris, C., Boutsikos, G., Kalles, V., Kotsalas, N., Lavdaiou, C., Paikou, F., Panagou, G.L., Spring, A., Botis, I., Drimala, M., Georgakakis, G., Kiourtzieva, E., Ntouma, P., Prionas, A., Xouplidis, K., Dalampini, E., Giannaki, C., Iasonidou, C., Ioannidis, O., Lavrentieva, A., Papageorgiou, G., Kokkinoy, M., Stafylaraki, M., Gaitanakis, S., Karydakis, P., Paltoglou, J., Ponireas, P., Chaloulis, P., Provatidis, A., Sousana, A., Gardikou, V.V., Konstantivelli, M., Lataniotou, O., Lisari, E., Margaroni, M., Stamatiou, K., Nikolaidis, E., Pnevmatikos, I., Sertaridou, E., Andreou, A., Arkalaki, E., Athanasakis, E., Chaniotaki, F., Chatzimichali, C.A., Christofaki, M., Dermitzaki, D., Fiorentza, K., Frantzeskos, G., Geromarkaki, E., Kafkalaki, K., Kalogridaki, M., Karydi, K., Kokkini, S., Kougentakis, G., Lefaki, T., Lilitsis, E., Makatounaki, A., Malliotakis, P., Michelakis, D., Neonaki, M., Nyktari, V., Palikyra, I., Papadakis, E., Papaioannou, A., Sfakianakis, K., Sgouraki, M., Souvatzis, X., Spartinou, A., Stefanidou, N., Syrogianni, P., Tsagkaraki, G., Arnaoutoglou, E., Arnaoutoglou, C., Bali, C., Bouris, V., Doumos, R., Gkini, K.P., Kapaktsi, C., Koulouras, V., Lena, A., Lepida, D., Michos, E., Papadopoulos, D., Paschopoulos, M., Rompou, V.A., Siouti, I., Tsampalas, S., Ververidou, O., Zilis, G., Charlalampidoy, A., Christodoulidis, G., Flossos, A., Stamoulis, K., Tsang, MSC, Tsang, M.S., Lai, M.L., Yip, C.P., Heymans Chan, H.M., Law, B., Li, W.S., Chu, H.M., Koo, EGY, Lam, CCJ, Cheng, K.H., Lam, T., Chu, S., Lam, W.Y., Wong, KWK, Kwok, D., Hung, CYJ, Chan, WKJ, Wong, W.L., Chung, CKE, Ma, S.K., Kaushik, S., Shah, B., Shah, D., Shah, S., Ar, P., Muthuchellappan, R., Agarwal, V., Divatia, J., Mishra, S., Nimje, G., Pande, S., Savarkar, S., Shrivastava, A., Thomas, M., Yegnaram, S., Hidayatullah, R., Puar, N., Niman, S., Indra, I., Hamzah, Z., Yuliana, A., Abidin, U.N., Dursin, A.N., Kurnia, A., Susanti, A., Handayani, D., Alit, M.A., Arya, A., Senapathi, TGA, Utara, U.H., Wid, W.M., Wima, S., Wir, W.M., Jehosua, B., Kaunang, J., Lantang, E.Y., Najoan, R., Waworuntu, N., Awad, H., Fuad, A., Geddoa, B., Khalaf, A.R., Al Hussaini, S., Albaj, S., Kenber, M., Bettinelli, A., Spadaro, S., AlbertoVolta, C., Giancarlo, L., Sottosanti, V., Copetti, E., Spagnesi, L., Toretti, I., Alloj, C., Cardellino, S., Carmino, L., Costanzo, E., Fanfani, L.C., Novelli, M.T., Roasio, A., Bellandi, M., Bignami, E., Bocchino, S., Cabrini, L., Corti, D., Landoni, G., Meroni, R., Moizo, E., Monti, G., Pintaudi, M., Plumari, V.P., Taddeo, D., Testa, V., Winterton, D., Zangrillo, A., Cloro, L.M., Colangelo, C., Colangelo, A., Rotunno, G., Paludi, M.A., Maria, C.P., Pata, A., Parrini, V., Gatta, A., Nastasi, M., Tinti, C., Baroselli, A., Arrigo, M., Benevento, A., Bottini, C., Cannavo', M., Gastaldi, C., Marchesi, A., Pascazio, A., Pata, F., Pozzi, E., Premoli, A., Tessera, G., Boschi, L., D'Andrea, R., Ghignone, F., Poggioli, G., Sibilio, A., Taffurelli, M., Ugolini, G., Ab Majid, M.A., Ab Rahman, R., Joseph, J., Pathan, F., Sybil Shah, M.H., Yap, H.L., Cheah, S., Chin, I.I., Looi, J.K., Tan, S.C., Visvalingam, S., Kwok, F.Y., Lee, C.K., Tan, T.S., Wong, S.M., Abdullah, N.H., Liew, C.F., Luxuman, L., Mohd Zin, N.H., Norddin, M.F., Raja Alias, R.L., Wong, J.Y., Yong, J., Bin 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E., Hosdurga, G., Miles, E., Saunders, G., Campbell, M., Chan, P., Jemmett, K., Raj, A., Naik, A., Oshowo, A., Ramamoorthy, R., Shah, N., Sylvan, A., Blyth, K., Burtenshaw, A., Freeman, D., Johnson, E., Lo, P., Martin, T., Plunkett, E., Wollaston, J., Allison, J., Carroll, C., Craw, N., Craw, S., Pitt-Kerby, T., Rowland-Axe, R., Spurdle, K., McDonald, A., Simon, D., Sinha, V., Banner-Goodspeed, V., Boone, M., Campbell, K., Lu, F., Scannell, J., Sobol, J., Balajonda, N., Clemmons, K., Conde, C., Elgasim, M., Funk, B., Hopkins, T., Olaleye, O., Omer, O., Pender, M., Porto, A., Waweru, P., Yeh, E., Bodansky, D., Evans, A., Kleopoulos, S., Maril, R., Mathney, E., Sanchez, A., Tinuoye, E., Bateman, B., Eng, K., Jiang, N., Ladha, K., Needleman, J., Chen, L.L., Lane, R., Robinowitz, D., Ghushe, N., Irshad, M., O'Connor, J., Patel, S., Takemoto, S., Wallace, A., Mazzeffi, M., Rock, P., Wallace, K., Chua, P., Mattera, M., Sharar, R., Thilen, S., Treggiari, M., Morgan, A., Sofjan, I., Subramaniam, K., Avidan, M., Maybrier, H., Muench, M., and Wildes, T.
Subjects: Male, Postoperative Complications/epidemiology, Hospital mortality, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], surgery, Postoperative Complications, 0302 clinical medicine, cohort studies, 030202 anesthesiology, patient safety, 030212 general & internal medicine, Postoperative Period, Medicine(all), Middle Aged, Checklist, 3. Good health, Treatment Outcome, operative/mortality, Elective Surgical Procedures, Surgical Procedures, Operative, Meta-analysis, Cohort, Cohort studies, Female, Elective Surgical Procedure, postoperative care/methods, postoperative care/statistics and numerical data, surgical procedures, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Cohort study, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Evidence-based medicine, NO, 03 medical and health sciences, Patient safety, medicine, postoperative care/method, Humans, Elective Surgical Procedures/standards, Aged, Cohort Studies, Evidence-Based Medicine, Hospital Mortality, Patient Safety, Postoperative Complications/mortality, Postoperative Complications/prevention & control, Surgical Procedures, Operative/methods, business.industry, Odds ratio, Surgery, Observational study, business, cohort studie
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The surgical safety checklist is widely used to improve the quality of perioperative care. However, clinicians continue to debate the clinical effectiveness of this tool.METHODS: Prospective analysis of data from the International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISOS), an international observational study of elective in-patient surgery, accompanied by a systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature. The exposure was surgical safety checklist use. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality and the secondary outcome was postoperative complications. In the ISOS cohort, a multivariable multi-level generalized linear model was used to test associations. To further contextualise these findings, we included the results from the ISOS cohort in a meta-analysis. Results are reported as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals.RESULTS: We included 44 814 patients from 497 hospitals in 27 countries in the ISOS analysis. There were 40 245 (89.8%) patients exposed to the checklist, whilst 7508 (16.8%) sustained ≥1 postoperative complications and 207 (0.5%) died before hospital discharge. Checklist exposure was associated with reduced mortality [odds ratio (OR) 0.49 (0.32-0.77); PCONCLUSIONS: Patients exposed to a surgical safety checklist experience better postoperative outcomes, but this could simply reflect wider quality of care in hospitals where checklist use is routine.
Published: 2018

23. The Trend of Prevalence for Leptospira Specific Antibodies among the Acute Febrile Patients in Peru

Author: Mark P Simons, Hua Wei Chen, Crystyan Siles, Robert D. Hontz, Tatyana Belinskaya, Wei Mei Ching, Maya Williams, Carolina Guevara, Zhiwen Zhang, and Helvio Astete
Subjects: Specific antibody, biology, business.industry, Leptospira, Medicine, business, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Virology, Leptospirosis
Published: 2018

24. Occurrence and Correlates of Symptom Persistence Following Acute Dengue Fever in Peru

Author: Stalin Vilcarromero, V. Alberto Laguna-Torres, Tadeusz J. Kochel, Maya Williams, Eric S. Halsey, Morgan A. Marks, and Victor Ocaña
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Gastrointestinal Diseases, viruses, Respiratory Tract Diseases, Pain, Dengue virus, medicine.disease_cause, Dengue fever, Persistence (computer science), Dengue, Young Adult, Sex Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Virology, Internal medicine, Peru, Odds Ratio, medicine, Humans, Young adult, Child, Fatigue, business.industry, Age Factors, Headache, Case-control study, Articles, Odds ratio, Dengue Virus, Exanthema, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Rash, Infectious Diseases, Case-Control Studies, Child, Preschool, Acute Disease, Symptom persistence, Immunology, Disease Progression, Regression Analysis, Female, Parasitology, medicine.symptom, business, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: Dengue virus (DENV) infection causes an acute febrile illness generally considered to result in either complete recovery or death. Some reviews describe persistent symptoms after the febrile phase, although empirical data supporting this phenomenon is scarce. We evaluated symptom persistence in acute febrile DENV-infected and DENV-negative (controls) individuals from Peru. Self-reported solicited symptoms were evaluated at an acute and a follow-up visit, occurring 10–60 days after symptom onset. Rate of persistence of at least one symptom was 7.7% and 10.5% for DENV infected and control subjects, respectively (P < 0.01). The DENV-infected individuals had lower rates of persistent respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, headache, and fatigue, but higher rates of persistent rash compared with controls. Older age and female gender were positively associated with symptom persistence. As dengue cases continue to increase annually, even a relatively low frequency of persistent symptoms may represent a considerable worldwide morbidity burden.
Published: 2014

25. 2286. Revisiting Immune Interference: Evaluation of Immune Response to Yellow Fever Vaccine at Various Time Points Following Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccination

Author: Maya Williams, Clinton K. Murray, Zhaodong Liang, and Dana M Blyth
Subjects: Vaccination, Abstracts, Infectious Diseases, Immune system, Oncology, B. Poster Abstracts, business.industry, Immunology, medicine, Yellow fever vaccine, Interference (genetic), business, medicine.drug
Abstract: Background Due to concerns for immune interference, current recommendations are to avoid other live virus vaccines for 30 days pre- and post-mass vaccination campaigns leading to interruptions in routine vaccinations. During rapid preparations for Operation United Assistance (OUA) which supplied humanitarian assistance during the Ebola epidemic, mass yellow fever vaccine (YFV) administration to deploying personnel was needed during ongoing live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) administration. This study is the first to compare seroconversion rates for YFV when given per guidelines (VBG) to rates when YFV is given 1–29 days post-LAIV (NVBG). Methods All personnel who received LAIV concurrently or before YFV for OUA and had pre- and post-vaccination archived serum at the Department of Defense Serum Repository were included. VBG was defined as YFV given concurrently or ≥30 days after LAIV and NVBG as YFV given 1–29 days post-LAIV. YFV seroresponse was determined by screening ELISA followed by confirmation with plaque reduction neutralization testing (PRNT) on all positive samples. YFV PRNT ≥1:20 was considered positive. Exclusion criteria were prior YFV and pre-vaccination positive PRNT. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v22. Results During OUA preparations, 676 personnel were vaccinated with LAIV concurrently or before YFV. Sixteen were excluded due to positive pre-vaccination PRNT. Of the 660 who met inclusion criteria, 507 were VBG (482 concurrently and 25 vaccinated ≥30 days post-LAIV) and 153 were NVBG. Median age was 25 (IQR 22, 29) for both groups. Pre-vaccination serum was drawn 280 and 345 days for VBG and NVBG respectively (P = 0.05). Post-YFV serum was drawn a median of 154 days following YFV in both groups. Seroconversion rates were 98% for VBG and 95% for NVBG (P = 0.15). Median yellow fever titers were 320 (IQR 160, 640) in both groups post-vaccination. Seroconversion rates were 98% for those with LAIV and YFV concurrently (n = 471), 100%, 95%, 92%, 100%, and 100% for those with YFV on days 1–6 (n = 18), days 7–13 (n = 42), days 14–21 (n = 66), days 22–27 (n = 8), and ≥28 days (n = 44) post-LAIV respectively (P = 0.12). Conclusion In this healthy, adult population, YFV provided high levels of protection regardless of timing following LAIV. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
Published: 2018

26. Evidence for avian H9N2 influenza virus infections among rural villagers in Cambodia

Author: Hongxia Shao, Gary L. Heil, Thomas F. Wierzba, Malik Peiris, Whitney S. Krueger, Channimol Chum, Gregory C. Gray, Chadwick Y. Yasuda, Shannon D. Putnam, Maya Williams, Daniel R. Perez, Matthew R. Kasper, Vonthanak Saphonn, John A. Friary, Ana W. Capuano, and Patrick J. Blair
Subjects: Male, Rural Population, Avian, Communicable diseases, Antibodies, Viral, medicine.disease_cause, Disease Outbreaks, Serology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Zoonoses, Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype, Influenza A virus, Prospective Studies, Emerging, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Transmission (medicine), lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, virus diseases, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Occupational exposure, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Cohort, Human mortality from H5N1, Cohort studies, Female, Cambodia, Adult, Population, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Biology, Article, Virus, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Influenza, Human, medicine, Animals, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, education, 030304 developmental biology, 030306 microbiology, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, lcsh:RA1-1270, Virology, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, Immunology
Abstract: Summary: Background: Southeast Asia remains a critical region for the emergence of novel and/or zoonotic influenza, underscoring the importance of extensive sampling in rural areas where early transmission is most likely to occur. Methods: In 2008, 800 adult participants from eight sites were enrolled in a prospective population-based study of avian influenza (AI) virus transmission where highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus had been reported in humans and poultry from 2006 to 2008. From their enrollment sera and questionnaires, we report risk factor findings for serologic evidence of previous infection with 18 AI virus strains. Results: Serologic assays revealed no evidence of previous infection with 13 different low-pathogenic AI viruses or with HPAI avian-like A/Cambodia/R0404050/2007(H5N1). However, 21 participants had elevated antibodies against avian-like A/Hong Kong/1073/1999(H9N2), validated with a monoclonal antibody blocking ELISA assay specific for avian H9. Conclusions: Although cross-reaction from antibodies against human influenza viruses cannot be completely excluded, the study data suggest that a number of participants were previously infected with the avian-like A/Hong Kong/1073/1999(H9N2) virus, likely due to as yet unidentified environmental exposures. Prospective data from this cohort will help us better understand the serology of zoonotic influenza infection in a rural cohort in SE Asia. Keywords: Influenza A virus, Avian, Zoonoses, Occupational exposure, Communicable diseases, Emerging, Cohort studies
Published: 2013
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27. Comparison of the Hemagglutination Inhibition Test and IgG ELISA in Categorizing Primary and Secondary Dengue Infections Based on the Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test

Author: Maya Williams, Bachti Alisjahbana, Herman Kosasih, Ida Parwati, Nurhayati Lukman, Nugroho Harry Susanto, Silvita Fitri, Susana Widjaja, and Gustiani Salim
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Adult, Male, Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests, Article Subject, Adolescent, Secondary infection, lcsh:Medicine, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Hemolytic Plaque Technique, Dengue virus, medicine.disease_cause, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Immunoglobulin G, Dengue fever, Dengue, 03 medical and health sciences, Plaque reduction neutralization test, Neutralization Tests, medicine, Humans, Child, Hemagglutination assay, General Immunology and Microbiology, biology, business.industry, Coinfection, lcsh:R, General Medicine, Gold standard (test), Dengue Virus, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Virology, 030104 developmental biology, Immunology, biology.protein, Female, business, Research Article
Abstract: Secondary dengue infection by heterotypic serotypes is associated with severe manifestations of disease, that is, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended criteria based on the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test to distinguish between primary and secondary dengue infections. Since the HI test has practical limitations and disadvantages, we evaluated the accuracy of WHO HI criteria and compared it with criteria based on an IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) as the gold standard. Both WHO HI criteria and IgG ELISA criteria performed strongly (16/16) in determining primary infection. However, to determine secondary infection, the IgG ELISA criteria performed better (72/73) compared to the WHO HI criteria (23/73).
Published: 2016

28. NK cell degranulation as a marker for measuring antibody-dependent cytotoxicity in neutralizing and non-neutralizing human sera from dengue patients

Author: Maya Williams, An Li, Peifang Sun, Kevin R. Porter, Charmagne G. Beckett, Brian J. Morrison, Nishith Nagabhushana, and Zhaodong Liang
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Immunology, Population, chemical and pharmacologic phenomena, Dengue virus, CD16, medicine.disease_cause, Antibodies, Viral, GPI-Linked Proteins, Neutralization, Cell Degranulation, Dengue, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Antigen, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Humans, education, Cytotoxicity, Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, education.field_of_study, biology, Chemistry, Receptors, IgG, Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity, Dengue Virus, Virology, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Killer Cells, Natural, 030104 developmental biology, biology.protein, Antibody, 030215 immunology
Abstract: The study assessed antibody-dependent NK cell degranulation, a biomarker relevant to antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC), to analyze dengue immune sera. We first determined binding intensity of patient sera to the surface of DENV-infected cells and examined the types of antigens expressed on infected cells. Antigens from pre-membrane (PreM) and envelope (E), but not from NS proteins were detected on the surface of infected cells. After adding NK cells to infected target cells previously treated with patient sera, rapid NK cell degranulation was observed. Non-neutralizing patient sera generated comparable NK cell degranulation as that of neutralizing sera, suggesting ADCC may be a protective mechanism apart from Ab neutralization. The level of NK cell degranulation varied dramatically among human individuals and was associated with the level of CD16 expression on NK cells, informing on the complexity of ADCC among human population.
Published: 2016

29. Cytokine Analysis and Correlation to Viral Loads in an Otherwise Healthy Population With Influenza Infection

Author: Michael Rajnik, Peifang Sun, Eugene V. Millar, Michelande Ridore, Michelle S Flores, Mary P. Fairchok, Martin G. Ottolini, Jacqueline Owens Milzman, Wei-Ju Chen, Maya Williams, Patrick Danaher, Erin Hansen, Timothy Burgess, John H. Arnold, and Tahaniyat Lalani
Subjects: Correlation, Infectious Diseases, Cytokine, Oncology, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Healthy population, Immunology, medicine, business, Viral load
Published: 2016

30. The Epidemiology, Virology and Clinical Findings of Dengue Virus Infections in a Cohort of Indonesian Adults in Western Java

Author: Hadi Jusuf, Nurhayati, Quirijn de Mast, Herman Kosasih, Patrick J. Blair, Maya Williams, Bachti Alisjahbana, Irani Fianza Rudiman, Susana Widjaja, André J. A. M. van der Ven, Charmagne G. Beckett, Timothy Burgess, Harli Novriani, Kevin R. Porter, Ungke Antonjaya, and Nugroho Harry Susanto
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, myalgia, Male, RNA viruses, Viral Diseases, Physiology, lnfectious Diseases and Global Health Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences [Radboudumc 4], Fevers, Disease, Dengue virus, medicine.disease_cause, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biochemistry, Dengue fever, Dengue Fever, Dengue, Geographical Locations, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune Physiology, Epidemiology, Medicine and Health Sciences, Prospective Studies, Enzyme-Linked Immunoassays, Immune System Proteins, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Incidence (epidemiology), lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Incidence, Middle Aged, Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology, Viral Pathogens, Cohort, Viruses, RNA, Viral, Female, medicine.symptom, Pathogens, Java, Research Article, Neglected Tropical Diseases, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Asia, Adolescent, lcsh:RC955-962, 030231 tropical medicine, 030106 microbiology, Molecular Sequence Data, Immunology, Oceania, Research and Analysis Methods, Asymptomatic, Microbiology, Antibodies, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Signs and Symptoms, medicine, Humans, Adults, Immunoassays, Microbial Pathogens, Aged, Biology and life sciences, Flaviviruses, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Organisms, Proteins, lcsh:RA1-1270, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Dengue Virus, medicine.disease, Tropical Diseases, Virology, lnfectious Diseases and Global Health Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 4], Indonesia, Age Groups, People and Places, Immunologic Techniques, Population Groupings, business
Abstract: Background Dengue has emerged as one of the most important infectious diseases in the last five decades. Evidence indicates the expansion of dengue virus endemic areas and consequently the exponential increase of dengue virus infections across the subtropics. The clinical manifestations of dengue virus infection include sudden fever, rash, headache, myalgia and in more serious cases, spontaneous bleeding. These manifestations occur in children as well as in adults. Defining the epidemiology of dengue in a given area is critical to understanding the disease and devising effective public health strategies. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we report the results from a prospective cohort study of 4380 adults in West Java, Indonesia, from 2000–2004 and 2006–2009. A total of 2167 febrile episodes were documented and dengue virus infections were confirmed by RT-PCR or serology in 268 cases (12.4%). The proportion ranged from 7.6 to 41.8% each year. The overall incidence rate of symptomatic dengue virus infections was 17.3 cases/1,000 person years and between September 2006 and April 2008 asymptomatic infections were 2.6 times more frequent than symptomatic infections. According to the 1997 WHO classification guidelines, there were 210 dengue fever cases, 53 dengue hemorrhagic fever cases (including one dengue shock syndrome case) and five unclassified cases. Evidence for sequential dengue virus infections was seen in six subjects. All four dengue virus serotypes circulated most years. Inapparent dengue virus infections were predominantly associated with DENV-4 infections. Conclusions/Significance Dengue virus was responsible for a significant percentage of febrile illnesses in an adult population in West Java, Indonesia, and this percentage varied from year to year. The observed incidence rate during the study period was 43 times higher than the reported national or provincial rates during the same time period. A wide range of clinical severity was observed with most infections resulting in asymptomatic disease. The circulation of all four serotypes of dengue virus was observed in most years of the study., Author Summary Dengue is the fastest spreading mosquito borne diseases in the world and is endemic in most tropical and sub-tropical countries with an estimated 96 million infections resulting in clinical disease annually. Population-based longitudinal prospective studies are essential for understanding dengue virus in the natural setting and developing prevention strategies to curtail the impact of disease. We present the results of a longitudinal cohort study of adults in West Java, Indonesia that was conducted between 2000–2004 and 2006–2009. We found that in adults, dengue virus was a significant cause of febrile illness. The entire spectrum of clinical severity was observed with most dengue virus infections manifesting as asymptomatic. The incidence of symptomatic dengue virus infections observed in this cohort was much higher than reported national or provincial rates. In addition, we observed all four dengue virus serotypes circulating during most years of the study.
Published: 2016

31. Study of viremic profile in febrile specimens of chikungunya in Bandung, Indonesia

Author: Aditya Perkasa, Bachti Alisjahbana, Frilasita A. Yudhaputri, Ann M. Powers, Chairin Nisa Ma'roef, Ungke Anton Jaya, Herman Kosasih, Jeremy P. Ledermann, Maya Williams, Hofiya Djauhari, A.H.G.S. van der Ven, Silvita Fitri Riswari, Khin Saw Aye Myint, and I.M. Artika
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Adult, Male, Time Factors, Adolescent, Viremia, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Antibodies, Viral, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Virus, 03 medical and health sciences, Virology, medicine, Dengue transmission, Humans, Chikungunya, Child, Infection kinetics, Transmission (medicine), Background data, Outbreak, virus diseases, Middle Aged, Viral Load, medicine.disease, Viremia profile, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, lnfectious Diseases and Global Health Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 4], Immunoglobulin M, Indonesia, Immunology, Vero cell, Chikungunya Fever, RNA, Viral, Female, Chikungunya virus
Abstract: Contains fulltext : 171554.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) BACKGROUND: Data regarding the viremia profile of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infected patients especially during the pre-febrile period is limited. OBJECTIVE: To obtain virological kinetic data on CHIKV infections. STUDY DESIGN: A two-week community observation for dengue transmission was conducted in Bandung, Indonesia, from 2005 to 2009. Acute specimens from non-dengue febrile patients were screened by pan-alphavirus conventional RT-PCR. The positives were confirmed for CHIKV RNA by a specific RT-PCR followed by sequencing. Simultaneously these specimens were also cultured in Vero cells and tested for anti-CHIK IgM MAC-ELISA. All the available serial specimens,including the pre-febrile specimens, from confirmed CHIK cases, were tested by virus isolation, RT-PCR, qRT-PCR, and CHIK IgM ELISA. RESULTS: There were five laboratory confirmed CHIK cases identified and studied. Among these, viremia was determined to extend from as early as 6 days prior to until 13 days post fever onset. Quantitative RT-PCR showed viremia peaked at or near onset of illness. CONCLUSION: In this study, individuals were identified with viremia prior to fever onset and extending beyond the febrile phase. This extended viremic phase has the potential to impact transmission dynamics and thus the public health response to CHIK outbreaks.
Published: 2016

32. Infectious Etiologies of Acute Febrile Illness among Patients Seeking Health Care in South-Central Cambodia

Author: Chadwick Y. Yasuda, Maya Williams, Patrick J. Blair, Buth Sokhal, Timothy Burgess, Shannon D. Putnam, Matthew R. Kasper, Thomas F. Wierzba, Allen L. Richards, and Sok Touch
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Orthohantavirus, Adolescent, Fever, Developing country, Dengue fever, Specimen Handling, Dengue, Young Adult, Virology, Internal medicine, Health care, Influenza, Human, medicine, Hepatitis E virus, Prevalence, Humans, Blood culture, Young adult, Rickettsia, Intensive care medicine, Child, Developing Countries, medicine.diagnostic_test, Bacteria, business.industry, Public health, Articles, medicine.disease, Malaria, Orientia tsutsugamushi, Infectious Diseases, Acute Disease, Etiology, Parasitology, Female, Public Health, business, Cambodia
Abstract: The agents of human febrile illness can vary by region and country suggesting that diagnosis, treatment, and control programs need to be based on a methodical evaluation of area-specific etiologies. From December 2006 to December 2009, 9,997 individuals presenting with acute febrile illness at nine health care clinics in south-central Cambodia were enrolled in a study to elucidate the etiologies. Upon enrollment, respiratory specimens, whole blood, and serum were collected. Testing was performed for viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens. Etiologies were identified in 38.0% of patients. Influenza was the most frequent pathogen, followed by dengue, malaria, and bacterial pathogens isolated from blood culture. In addition, 3.5% of enrolled patients were infected with more than one pathogen. Our data provide the first systematic assessment of the etiologies of acute febrile illness in south-central Cambodia. Data from syndromic-based surveillance studies can help guide public health responses in developing nations.
Published: 2012

33. Rickettsial Infections of Fleas Collected From Small Mammals on Four Islands in Indonesia

Author: Kathryn A. Barbara, Ungke Antonjaya, Patrick J. Blair, Andre Yunianto, Maya Williams, Ima Nurisa Ibrahim, Arik Farzeli, Dian Perwitasari, Susana Widjaya, Ester, Imelda Winoto, and Allen L. Richards
Subjects: Mammals, General Veterinary, biology, Felis, Zoology, Rickettsia rickettsii, biology.organism_classification, Murine typhus, medicine.disease, Virology, Rickettsia felis, Spotted fever, Infectious Diseases, Rickettsia, Rickettsiosis, Indonesia, Insect Science, Rickettsia typhi, medicine, Animals, Siphonaptera, Parasitology
Abstract: Ectoparasites were sampled from small mammals collected in West Java, West Sumatra, North Sulawesi, and East Kalimantan, Indonesia, in 2007-2008 and were screened for evidence of infection from bacteria in the Rickettsaceae family. During eight trap nights at eight sites, 208 fleas were collected from 96 of 507 small mammals trapped from four orders (379 Rodentia; 123 Soricomorpha; two Carnivora; three Scandentia). Two species of fleas were collected: Xenopsylla cheopis (n = 204) and Nosopsyllus spp. (n = 4). Among the 208 fleas collected, 171 X. cheopis were removed from rats (Rattus spp.) and 33 X. cheopis from shrews (Suncus murinus). X. cheopis were pooled and tested for DNA from rickettsial agents Rickettsia typhi, Rickettsia felis, and spotted fever group rickettsiae. R. typhi, the agent of murine typhus, was detected in X. cheopis collected from small mammals in West Java and East Kalimantan. R. felis was detected in X. cheopis collected from small mammals in Manado, North Sulawesi. R. felis and spotted fever group rickettsiae were detected in a pool of X. cheopis collected from an animal in East Kalimantan. Sixteen percent of the X. cheopis pools were found positive for Rickettsia spp.; four (10.8%) R. typhi, one (2.7%) R. felis, and one (2.7%) codetection of R. felis and a spotted fever group rickettsia. These data suggest that rickettsial infections remain a threat to human health across Indonesia.
Published: 2010

34. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef Domains Required for Disruption of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Trafficking Are Also Necessary for Coprecipitation of Nef with HLA-A2

Author: Jeremiah F. Roeth, Tracey Filzen, Kathleen L. Collins, Matthew R. Kasper, and Maya Williams
Subjects: T-Lymphocytes, viruses, Genetic Vectors, Immunology, Protein domain, Cell, Major histocompatibility complex, Microbiology, Gene Products, nef, Virus, Adenoviridae, Immune system, Virology, HLA-A2 Antigen, medicine, Humans, nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Polyproline helix, biology, Histocompatibility Antigens Class I, virus diseases, biology.organism_classification, medicine.anatomical_structure, Insect Science, Mutation, Lentivirus, HIV-1, biology.protein, Pathogenesis and Immunity, Function (biology)
Abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Nef is a critical protein that is necessary for HIV pathogenesis. Its roles include the disruption of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and CD4 trafficking to promote immune evasion and viral spread. Mutational analyses have revealed that separate domains of Nef are required to affect these two molecules. To further elucidate how Nef disrupts MHC-I trafficking in T cells, we examined the role of protein domains that are required for this function (N-terminal alpha helix, polyproline, acidic, and oligomerization domains). We found that each of these regions was required for Nef to disrupt the transport of HLA-A2 to the cell surface and for Nef to coprecipitate with HLA-A2.
Published: 2005

35. Lineage II of Southeast Asian/American DENV-2 Is Associated with a Severe Dengue Outbreak in the Peruvian Amazon

Author: Thomas G. Wood, William Johnson, Kanya C. Long, Sandra V. Mayer, Luis Suarez-Ognio, Maya Williams, Rubing Chen, Steven G. Widen, Kathryn A. Hanley, Evgeniya Volkova, Stalin Vilcarromero, Eric S. Halsey, Nikos Vasilakis, and Amy C. Morrison
Subjects: Male, viruses, Dengue virus, medicine.disease_cause, Dengue fever, Disease Outbreaks, Dengue, Aedes, Genotype, Peru, Child, Asia, Southeastern, Phylogeny, virus diseases, Articles, Middle Aged, Infectious Diseases, RNA, Viral, Female, Adult, Lineage (genetic), Adolescent, Molecular Sequence Data, Amazonas, Aedes aegypti, Genome, Viral, Biology, Southeast asian, Young Adult, Species Specificity, Virology, medicine, Animals, Humans, Severe Dengue, Base Sequence, Sequence Analysis, RNA, DENV-2, Outbreak, Dengue Virus, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, United States, Insect Vectors, Amino Acid Substitution, Parasitology
Abstract: During 2010 and 2011, the Loreto region of Peru experienced a dengue outbreak of unprecedented magnitude and severity for the region. This outbreak coincided with the reappearance of dengue virus-2 (DENV-2) in Loreto after almost 8 years. Whole-genome sequence indicated that DENV-2 from the outbreak belonged to lineage II of the southeast Asian/American genotype and was most closely related to viruses circulating in Brazil during 2007 and 2008, whereas DENV-2 previously circulating in Loreto grouped with lineage I (DENV-2 strains circulating in South America since 1990). One amino acid substitution (NS5 A811V) in the 2010 and 2011 isolates resulted from positive selection. However, the 2010 and 2011 DENV-2 did not replicate to higher titers in monocyte-derived dendritic cells and did not infect or disseminate in a higher proportion of Aedes aegypti than DENV-2 isolates previously circulating in Loreto. These results suggest that factors other than enhanced viral replication played a role in the severity of this outbreak.
Published: 2014

36. HIV-1 Nef Blocks Transport of MHC Class I Molecules to the Cell Surface Via a PI 3-Kinase-Dependent Pathway

Author: Maya Williams, Kevin R. Bobbitt, Rebekah I. Fleis, Craig M. Story, S.A. Swann, and Kathleen L. Collins
Subjects: Dynamins, Morpholines, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Blotting, Western, Cell, Down-Regulation, Golgi Apparatus, PI 3-kinase, chemical and pharmacologic phenomena, Major histocompatibility complex, Endocytosis, Transport Pathway, Gene Products, nef, GTP Phosphohydrolases, src Homology Domains, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune system, Virology, HLA-A2 Antigen, MHC class I, Tumor Cells, Cultured, medicine, Humans, Cytotoxic T cell, nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Nef, biology, Cell Membrane, HIV, virus diseases, Flow Cytometry, CD4, 3. Good health, Transport protein, Cell biology, Protein Transport, medicine.anatomical_structure, Chromones, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, CD4 Antigens, HIV-1, biology.protein
Abstract: HIV causes a chronic infection by evading immune eradication. A key element of HIV immune escape is the HIV-1 Nef protein. Nef causes a reduction in the level of cell surface major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) protein expression, thus protecting HIV-infected cells from anti-HIV cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) recognition and killing. Nef also reduces cell surface levels of the HIV receptor, CD4, by accelerating endocytosis. We show here that endocytosis is not required for Nef-mediated downmodulation of MHC-I molecules. The main effect of Nef is to block transport of MHC-I molecules to the cell surface, leading to accumulation in intracellular organelles. Furthermore, the effect of Nef on MHC-I molecules (but not on CD4) requires phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) activity. We propose that Nef diverts MHC-1 proteins into a PI 3-kinase-dependent transport pathway that prevents expression on the cell surface.
Published: 2001
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37. Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease

Author: P. Hemachandra Reddy, Maya Williams, and Danilo A. Tagle
Subjects: Huntingtin, Mice, Transgenic, In Vitro Techniques, Biology, Translocation, Genetic, Pathogenesis, Mice, Degenerative disease, Trinucleotide Repeats, Huntington's disease, Mutant protein, medicine, Animals, Humans, Protein Isoforms, Oligochaeta, Genetics, Diptera, General Neuroscience, Brain, Chorea, medicine.disease, Abnormal involuntary movement, Disease Models, Animal, Huntington Disease, Gene Expression Regulation, Protein Biosynthesis, Mutation, Disease Progression, medicine.symptom, Trinucleotide repeat expansion, Neuroscience
Abstract: Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal, dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by abnormal involuntary movements (chorea), intellectual impairment and selective neuronal loss. The expansion of a polymorphic trinucleotide repeat (the sequence CAG that codes for glutamine) to a length that exceeds 40 repeat units in exon 1 of the gene, HD, correlates with the onset and progression of the disease. The protein encoded by HD, huntingtin, is normally localized in the cytoplasm, whereas the mutant protein is also found in the nucleus, suggesting that its translocation to this site is important for the pathogenesis of HD. Although several proteins that interact with huntingtin have been identified in vitro, the significance of these interactions with the mutant protein in the pathogenesis of HD has yet to be determined. Recent progress in the development of cellular and animal models for the disease have provided invaluable insights and resources for studying the disease mechanisms underlying HD, and will be useful for screening and evaluating possible therapeutic strategies.
Published: 1999

38. The diagnostic and prognostic value of dengue non-structural 1 antigen detection in a hyper-endemic region in Indonesia

Author: Timothy Burgess, Herman Kosasih, André J. A. M. van der Ven, Nurhayati, Maya Williams, Bachti Alisjahbana, Ida Parwati, Susana Widjaja, Patrick J. Blair, and Quirijn de Mast
Subjects: Serotype, Adult, Male, Adolescent, Fever, Secondary infection, viruses, lcsh:Medicine, Dengue virus, Viral Nonstructural Proteins, medicine.disease_cause, Antibodies, Viral, Sensitivity and Specificity, Virus, Dengue fever, Dengue, Diagnosis, Differential, Antigen, medicine, Humans, lcsh:Science, Child, Antigens, Viral, Multidisciplinary, biology, business.industry, lcsh:R, virus diseases, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, Dengue Virus, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Prognosis, Virology, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Titer, Early Diagnosis, Immunoglobulin M, Indonesia, Child, Preschool, Immunology, biology.protein, lcsh:Q, Female, Reagent Kits, Diagnostic, Antibody, business, Poverty-related infectious diseases Infectious diseases and international health [N4i 3], Research Article
Abstract: Contains fulltext : 126079.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) As dengue fever is undifferentiated from other febrile illnesses in the tropics and the clinical course is unpredictable, early diagnosis is important. Several commercial assays to detect dengue NS1 antigen have been developed; however, their performances vary and data is lacking from hyper-endemic areas where all four serotypes of dengue are equally represented. To assess the sensitivity of the Bio-Rad platelia Dengue NS1 antigen assay according to virus serotype, immune status, gender, and parameters of severe disease, acute sera from 220 individuals with confirmed dengue and 55 individuals with a non-dengue febrile illness were tested using the Bio-Rad platelia Dengue NS1 antigen assay. The overall sensitivity of the NS1 ELISA was 46.8% and the specificity was 100%. The sensitivity in primary infections was significantly higher than in secondary infections (100% vs. 35.7%). In secondary infections, the sensitivity of NS1 detection was highest in DENV-3 (47.1%), followed by DENV-1 (40.9%), DENV-2 (30%) and DENV-4 (27%) infections. NS1 was less frequently detected in sera with high titers of HI antibodies or in acute samples from patients whose pre-illness sera showed neutralizing antibodies to more than one serotype. The detection of NS1 was higher in females, severe cases, and individuals with lower platelet counts (
Published: 2013

39. Characterization of a novel flavivirus isolated from Culex (Melanoconion) ocossa mosquitoes from Iquitos, Peru

Author: Eric S. Halsey, Brett M. Forshey, Amy C. Morrison, Julio Evangelista, Carolina Guevara, Cristhopher Cruz, Maya Williams, Cristiam Carey, Tadeusz J. Kochel, and Helvio Astete
Subjects: Male, Culex, viruses, Molecular Sequence Data, Virus, Cell Line, Flavivirus Infections, Mice, Viral Proteins, Dogs, Phylogenetics, Virology, Cricetinae, Peru, medicine, Animals, Humans, Amino Acid Sequence, Phylogeny, Phylogenetic tree, biology, Flavivirus, Yellow fever, virus diseases, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Insect Vectors, biology.protein, Female, Antibody, Sequence Alignment, Encephalitis
Abstract: We describe the isolation and characterization of a novel flavivirus, isolated from a pool of Culex (Melanoconion) ocossa Dyar and Knab mosquitoes collected in 2009 in an urban area of the Amazon basin city of Iquitos, Peru. Flavivirus infection was detected by indirect immunofluorescent assay of inoculated C6/36 cells using polyclonal flavivirus antibodies (St. Louis encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus and dengue virus type 1) and confirmed by RT-PCR. Based on partial sequencing of the E and NS5 gene regions, the virus isolate was most closely related to the mosquito-borne flaviviruses but divergent from known species, with less than 45 and 71 % pairwise amino acid identity in the E and NS5 gene products, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of E and NS5 amino acid sequences demonstrated that this flavivirus grouped with mosquito-borne flaviviruses, forming a clade with Nounané virus (NOUV). Like NOUV, no replication was detected in a variety of mammalian cells (Vero-76, Vero-E6, BHK, LLCMK, MDCK, A549 and RD) or in intracerebrally inoculated newborn mice. We tentatively designate this genetically distinct flavivirus as representing a novel species, Nanay virus, after the river near where it was first detected.
Published: 2013

40. Population-based active surveillance cohort studies for influenza: lessons from Peru

Author: Ernesto J. Ortiz, Andrew J. Bennett, Yeny Tinoco, Jorge Gomez, J.S. Bresee, Erik J. Reaves, Joel M. Montgomery, Victor Alberto Laguna-Torres, Timothy M. Uyeki, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Maya Williams, Maria Claudia Guezala, Eric S. Halsey, Maria Silva, Candice Romero, Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner, Hugo Razuri, Ann Moen, and Daniel G. Bausch
Subjects: Disease surveillance, medicine.medical_specialty, Case detection, business.industry, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Population based, World Health Organization, Risk Assessment, World health, Cohort Studies, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, Environmental health, Pandemic, Influenza, Human, Peru, Medicine, Humans, Risk assessment, business, Pandemics, Sentinel Surveillance, Cohort study, Perspectives
Abstract: Disease surveillance, essential for guid -ing the public health response to influ-enza and other respiratory diseases, al-lows for early case detection and for the implementation of preventive measures. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends passive health-provider based surveillance, or “sentinel surveil -lance”, for influenza-like illness (ILI)
Published: 2012

41. H5N1 surveillance in migratory birds in Java, Indonesia

Author: Patrick J. Blair, Ima Nurisa Ibrahim, Arik Farzeli, Shannon D. Putnam, N. Hidayatullah, Maya Williams, Mochamad Indrawan, Ige Kristanto, S. Purnama, A.M. Tampubolon, Arthur C. Stoops, Timothy Burgess, Lim W. Sin, Ungke Antonjaya, Katie A. Barbara, Steve Tobias, Susan Wijaya, Adam Supriatna, and Wicaksana B. Petrus
Subjects: Sandpiper, Hemagglutination, Zoology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Antibodies, Viral, Microbiology, law.invention, Serology, Birds, Cloaca, law, Virology, biology.animal, medicine, Prevalence, Animals, Polymerase chain reaction, Phylogeny, Hemagglutination assay, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Zoonosis, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, Infectious Diseases, Indonesia, Influenza in Birds, Population Surveillance, Pharynx, Animal Migration, Heron, Databases, Nucleic Acid
Abstract: We sought to elucidate the role of migratory birds in transmission of H5N1 in an enzoonotic area. Resident, captive, and migratory birds were sampled at five sites in Java, Indonesia. Mist nets were used to trap birds. Birds were identified to species. RNA was extracted from swabs and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) conducted for the HA and M genes of H5N1. Antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and hemagglutination inhibition test. Between October 2006 and September 2007, a total of 4,067 captive, resident, and migratory birds comprising 98 species in 23 genera were sampled. The most commonly collected birds were the common sandpiper (6% of total), striated heron (3%), and the domestic chicken (14%). The overall prevalence of H5N1 antibodies was 5.3%. A significantly higher percentage of captive birds (16.1%) showed antibody evidence of H5N1 exposure when compared to migratory or resident birds. The greatest number of seropositive birds in each category were Muschovy duck (captive), striated heron (resident), and the Pacific golden plover (migratory). Seven apparently well captive birds yielded molecular evidence of H5N1 infection. Following amplification, the HA, NA, and M genes were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA gene showed that the isolates were 97% similar to EU124153.1 A/chicken/West Java/Garut May 2006, an isolate obtained in a similar region of West Java. While no known markers of neuraminidase inhibitor resistance were found within the NA gene, M segment analysis revealed the V27A mutation known to confer resistance to adamantanes. Our results demonstrate moderate serologic evidence of H5N1 infection in captive birds, sampled in five sites in Java, Indonesia, but only occasional infection in resident and migratory birds. These data imply that in an enzoonotic region of Indonesia the role of migratory birds in transmission of H5N1 is limited.
Published: 2009

42. Microglial activation is not prevented by tacrolimus but dopamine neuron damage is reduced in a rat model of Parkinson's disease progression

Author: Ann K. Wright, Maya Williams, Gordon W. Arbuthnott, and Clare E. Miller
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Parkinson's disease, Time Factors, Dopamine, Substantia nigra, Biology, Globus Pallidus, Neuroprotection, Tacrolimus, Lesion, chemistry.chemical_compound, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Gliosis, Molecular Biology, Neurons, Cell Death, General Neuroscience, MPTP, Dopaminergic, Parkinson Disease, medicine.disease, Rats, Substantia Nigra, Disease Models, Animal, Globus pallidus, Endocrinology, Neuroprotective Agents, nervous system, chemistry, Disease Progression, Neurology (clinical), Microglia, medicine.symptom, Developmental Biology, medicine.drug
Abstract: A progressive model of Parkinson's disease has been recently developed in the rat where a unilateral excitotoxic injection into the globus pallidus leads to a gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons in the ipsilateral substantia nigra over a period of at least 6 weeks. In this model microglial activation is observed in the ipsilateral substantia nigra 3 weeks after the lesion and could contribute to neuronal death at this time. The immunosuppressant drug tacrolimus (FK506) reduces dopamine cell death at 3 weeks following a globus pallidus lesion, but not thereafter. Tacrolimus-mediated neuroprotection could result from suppression of microglial activation but the microglial activation at three weeks post-lesion was not much reduced. Microglial activation was observed even in the apparent absence of neuronal death, prompting the suggestion that tacrolimus may prevent, or at least delay, the release of toxic cytokines from activated microglia. By 6 weeks after the GP lesion, even this mechanism fails to protect the dopamine cells from damage.
Published: 2008

43. Little Evidence of Subclinical Avian Influenza Virus Infections among Rural Villagers in Cambodia

Author: Thomas F. Wierzba, Chadwick Y. Yasuda, Shannon D. Putnam, Gary L. Heil, Maya Williams, Channimol Chum, Whitney S. Krueger, Patrick J. Blair, Gregory C. Gray, Benjamin Anderson, Matthew R. Kasper, and Vonthanak Saphonn
Subjects: Rural Population, Viral Diseases, Epidemiology, lcsh:Medicine, Global Health, medicine.disease_cause, Cohort Studies, 0302 clinical medicine, Zoonoses, Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype, Medicine and Health Sciences, Influenza A virus, Public and Occupational Health, 030212 general & internal medicine, lcsh:Science, Prospective cohort study, Avian influenza A viruses, Subclinical infection, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Antibody titer, virus diseases, Medical microbiology, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Diseases, Cohort, Human mortality from H5N1, Cambodia, Research Article, Cohort study, Adult, Microbiology, Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Animal Influenza, 03 medical and health sciences, Influenza, Human, medicine, Humans, Influenza viruses, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype, Biology and life sciences, Population Biology, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, lcsh:R, Viral pathogens, Veterinary Virology, Virology, Influenza, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, Microbial pathogens, lcsh:Q, Veterinary Science, business, Orthomyxoviruses
Abstract: In 2008, 800 adults living within rural Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia were enrolled in a prospective cohort study of zoonotic influenza transmission. After enrollment, participants were contacted weekly for 24 months to identify acute influenza-like illnesses (ILI). Follow-up sera were collected at 12 and 24 months. A transmission substudy was also conducted among the family contacts of cohort members reporting ILI who were influenza A positive. Samples were assessed using serological or molecular techniques looking for evidence of infection with human and avian influenza viruses. Over 24 months, 438 ILI investigations among 284 cohort members were conducted. One cohort member was hospitalized with a H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus infection and withdrew from the study. Ninety-seven ILI cases (22.1%) were identified as influenza A virus infections by real-time RT-PCR; none yielded evidence for AIV. During the 2 years of follow-up, 21 participants (3.0%) had detectable antibody titers (≥ 1:10) against the studied AIVs: 1 against an avian-like A/Migratory duck/Hong Kong/MPS180/2003(H4N6), 3 against an avian-like A/Teal/Hong Kong/w312/97(H6N1), 9 (3 of which had detectible antibody titers at both 12- and 24-month follow-up) against an avian-like A/Hong Kong/1073/1999(H9N2), 6 (1 detected at both 12- and 24-month follow-up) against an avian-like A/Duck/Memphis/546/74(H11N9), and 2 against an avian-like A/Duck/Alberta/60/76(H12N5). With the exception of the one hospitalized cohort member with H5N1 infection, no other symptomatic avian influenza infections were detected among the cohort. Serological evidence for subclinical infections was sparse with only one subject showing a 4-fold rise in microneutralization titer over time against AvH12N5. In summary, despite conducting this closely monitored cohort study in a region enzootic for H5N1 HPAI, we were unable to detect subclinical avian influenza infections, suggesting either that these infections are rare or that our assays are insensitive at detecting them.
Published: 2014

44. Transgenic mice expressing mutated full-length HD cDNA: a paradigm for locomotor changes and selective neuronal loss in Huntington's disease

Author: Danilo A. Tagle, William O. Whetsell, Vinod Charles, Maya Williams, P. Hemachandra Reddy, and Georgina F. Miller
Subjects: Genetically modified mouse, Huntingtin, DNA, Complementary, Transgene, Mice, Transgenic, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Biology, Motor Activity, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Mice, Huntington's disease, medicine, Animals, Humans, Gliosis, Neurons, Huntingtin Protein, Neurodegeneration, Brain, Nuclear Proteins, Exons, Trinucleotide repeat disorder, medicine.disease, Cell biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Huntington Disease, Phenotype, Cerebral cortex, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Trinucleotide repeat expansion, Peptides, Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion, Neuroscience, Research Article
Abstract: Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized clinically by motor and psychiatric disturbances and pathologically by neuronal loss and gliosis (reactive astrocytosis) particularly in the striatum and cerebral cortex. We have recently created HD full-length cDNA transgenic mouse models that may serve as a paradigm for HD. A more detailed characterization of these models is presented here. The transgene encoding normal huntingtin consists of 9417 bp of the huntingtin coding sequences including 16 tandem CAGs coding for polyglutamines as part of exon 1. The transgene is driven by a heterologous cytomegalovirus promoter. Five independent transgenic mouse lines were obtained using this construct. An additional six transgenic lines were obtained using full-length HD constructs that have been modified to include either 48 or 89 CAG repeat expansions. Southern blot and densitometric analyses indicated unique integration sites for the transgene in each of the lines with a copy number ranging from two to 22 copies. Widespread expression of the transgene in brain, heart, spleen, kidney, lung, liver and gonads from each line was determined by Western blot analyses. In the brain, transgene expression was found in cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus and cerebellum. Expression of the transgene was as much as five times the endogenous mouse huntingtin level. Phenotypically, only mice expressing 48 or 89 CAG repeats manifested progressive behavioural and motor dysfunction. Early behavioural abnormalities were characterized by trunk curling and clasping of both fore- and hindlimbs when the animals were suspended by their tails. Subsequently, these mice exhibited hyperkinetic movements, including heightened exploratory activities, unidirectional rotational behaviour, backflipping and excessive grooming that lasted for several weeks. Eventually, the animals progressed to a hypokinetic phase consisting of slowed movements and lack of response to sensory stimuli. Urine retention or incontinence was also a prominent feature of the hypokinetic phase. At the end stage of the disease process, HD48(B,D) and HD89(A-C) mice became akinetic just prior to death. Neuropathological examination of mice at various stages indicated that it was only during the hypokinetic phase and thereafter when selective neuronal loss was most apparent. Regions of neurodegeneration and loss included the striatum, cerebral cortex, thalamus and hippocampus. TUNEL staining indicated an apoptotic mode of cell death in these brain regions. Comparative neuronal counts after Nissl staining showed as much as 20% loss of small and medium neurons in the striatum in mice at the hypokinetic and akinetic stages. Reactive astrocytosis accompanied the areas of neurodegeneration and loss. Polyglutamine aggregates in the form of neuronal intranuclear inclusions and diffuse nuclear and perinuclear aggregations were found in a small percentage of neurons, including those in brain regions that are typically spared in HD. This observation suggests that polyglutamine aggregates may not be sufficient to cause neuronal loss in HD. In both behavioural and neuropathological analyses, wild-type and transgenic animals with 16 CAG repeats were indistinguishable from each other and do not exhibit the changes observed for mice carrying the 48 and 89 CAG repeat mutations. Thus, animals expressing the CAG repeat expansions appear to represent clinically analogous models for HD pathogenesis, and may also provide insights into the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of other triplet repeat disorders.
Published: 1999

45. Behavioural abnormalities and selective neuronal loss in HD transgenic mice expressing mutated full-length HD cDNA

Author: Maya Williams, William O. Whetsell, P. Hemachandra Reddy, Vinod Charles, Georgina F. Miller, Danilo A. Tagle, Lisa Pike-Buchanan, and Lisa Garrett
Subjects: Huntingtin, DNA, Complementary, Thalamus, Restriction Mapping, Hippocampus, Apoptosis, Mice, Transgenic, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Striatum, Biology, Mice, Degenerative disease, Trinucleotide Repeats, Genetics, medicine, Animals, Humans, Ubiquitins, Neurons, Huntingtin Protein, Behavior, Animal, Subthalamus, Nuclear Proteins, medicine.disease, Corpus Striatum, medicine.anatomical_structure, Huntington Disease, Gliosis, Cerebral cortex, medicine.symptom, Neuroscience
Abstract: Huntington disease (HD) is an adult-onset, autosomal dominant inherited human neurodegenerative disorder characterized by hyperkinetic involuntary movements, including motor restlessness and chorea, slowing of voluntary movements and cognitive impairment. Selective regional neuron loss and gliosis in striatum, cerebral cortex, thalamus, subthalamus and hippocampus 1,2,3,4 are well recognized as neuropathological correlates for the clinical manifestations of HD. The underlying genetic mutation is the expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeats (coding for polyglutamines) to 36-121 copies in exon 1 of the HD gene 5,6,7,8. The HD mRNA and protein product (huntingtin) show widespread distribution9,10,11, and thus much remains to be understood about the selective and progressive neurodegeneration in HD. To create an experimental animal model for HD, transgenic mice were generated showing widespread expression of full-length human HD cDNA with either 16, 48 or 89 CAG repeats. Only mice with 48 or 89 CAG repeats manifested progressive behavioural and motor dysfunction with neuron loss and gliosis in striatum, cerebral cortex, thalamus and hippocampus. These animals represent clinically relevant models for HD pathogenesis, and may provide insights into the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of other triplet repeat disorders.
Published: 1998

46. Evidence for Endemic Chikungunya Virus Infections in Bandung, Indonesia

Author: Timothy Burgess, Ungke Antonjaya, Bachti Alisjahbana, Herman Kosasih, Primal Sudjana, Chairin Nisa Ma'roef, Silvita Fitri Riswari, André J. A. M. van der Ven, Kevin R. Porter, Susana Widjaja, Maya Williams, and Quirijn de Mast
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Adolescent, Endemic Diseases, lcsh:RC955-962, Molecular Sequence Data, Antibodies, Viral, medicine.disease_cause, Dengue fever, Cohort Studies, Young Adult, Epidemiology, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, Chikungunya, Alphavirus infection, Aged, biology, Alphavirus Infections, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Transmission (medicine), business.industry, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Incidence, Incidence (epidemiology), Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, virus diseases, Outbreak, lcsh:RA1-1270, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Virology, Infectious Diseases, Immunoglobulin M, Indonesia, Immunoglobulin G, biology.protein, RNA, Viral, Female, Poverty-related infectious diseases Infectious diseases and international health [N4i 3], business, Chikungunya virus, Research Article
Abstract: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is known to cause sporadic or explosive outbreaks. However, little is known about the endemic transmission of CHIKV. To ascertain the endemic occurrence of CHIKV transmission, we tested blood samples from patients with a non-dengue febrile illness who participated in a prospective cohort study of factory workers in Bandung, Indonesia. From August 2000 to June 2004, and September 2006 to April 2008, 1901 febrile episodes occurred and 231 (12.2%) dengue cases were identified. The remaining febrile cases were evaluated for possible CHIKV infection by measuring anti-CHIKV IgM and IgG antibodies in acute and convalescent samples. Acute samples of serologically positive cases were subsequently tested for the presence of CHIKV RNA by RT-PCR and/or virus isolation. A total of 135 (7.1%) CHIKV infections were identified, providing an incidence rate of 10.1/1,000 person years. CHIKV infections were identified all year round and tended to increase during the rainy season (January to March). Severe illness was not found and severe arthralgia was not a prominently reported symptom. Serial post-illness samples from nine cases were tested to obtain a kinetic picture of IgM and IgG anti-CHIKV antibodies. Anti-CHIKV IgM antibodies were persistently detected in high titers for approximately one year. Three patients demonstrated evidence of possible sequential CHIKV infections. The high incidence rate and continuous chikungunya cases in this adult cohort suggests that CHIKV is endemically transmitted in Bandung. Further characterization of the circulating strains and surveillance in larger areas are needed to better understand CHIKV epidemiology in Indonesia., Author Summary Chikungunya is one of the neglected diseases. It has only attracted attention during outbreaks, in particular, the large epidemics in the Indian Ocean in 2005–2006. To our knowledge, there has never been any surveillance to determine the transmission of this virus among humans in non-outbreak settings. Such surveillance is particularly important because it will provide a better estimate of the disease burden and valuable information on how this virus is maintained outside outbreaks. Our study, conducted between 2000 and 2008 in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia, yielded several important findings: 1. Chikungunya is an important cause of fever among adults in Bandung, Indonesia. 2. The clinical symptoms are mostly mild and short lasting. 3. In addition to previously described epidemiological features involving episodic outbreaks, it is also continuously transmitted throughout the year. 4. A few patients may have experienced more than one chikungunya virus infection. 5. Only the Asian genotype was found and not the East Central South African genotype that was responsible for the 2005 outbreak in the Indian Ocean. 6. The persistence of IgM for a long period after illness may complicate the interpretation of laboratory results.
Published: 2013

47. A growing global network’s role in outbreak response: AFHSC-GEIS 2008-2009

Author: Matthew C, Johns, Ronald L, Burke, Kelly G, Vest, Mark, Fukuda, Julie A, Pavlin, Sanjaya K, Shrestha, David C, Schnabel, Steven, Tobias, Jeffrey A, Tjaden, Joel M, Montgomery, Dennis J, Faix, Mark R, Duffy, Michael J, Cooper, Jose L, Sanchez, David L, Blazes, Sonam, Wangchuk, Tandin, Dorji, Robert, Gibbons, Sopon, Iamsirithaworn, Jason, Richardson, Rome, Buathong, Richard, Jarman, In-Kyu, Yoon, Geeta, Shakya, Victor, Ofula, Rodney, Coldren, Wallace, Bulimo, Rosemary, Sang, Duke, Omariba, Beryl, Obura, Dennis, Mwala, Matthew, Kasper, Gary, Brice, Maya, Williams, Chad, Yasuda, Robert V, Barthel, Guillermo, Pimentel, Chris, Meyers, Peter, Kammerer, Darcie E, Baynes, David, Metzgar, Anthony, Hawksworth, Patrick, Blair, Melody, Ellorin, Robert, Coon, Victor, Macintosh, Kristen, Burwell, Elizabeth, Macias, Thomas, Palys, and Kurt, Jerke
Subjects: Outbreak response, medicine.medical_specialty, Economic growth, International Cooperation, Review, Disease, Global Health, World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, International Health Regulations, Disease Outbreaks, Government Agencies, Environmental health, Global network, Humans, Medicine, Disease surveillance, business.industry, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Outbreak, United States, Military Personnel, Communicable Disease Control, Emerging infectious disease, business, Sentinel Surveillance
Abstract: A cornerstone of effective disease surveillance programs comprises the early identification of infectious threats and the subsequent rapid response to prevent further spread. Effectively identifying, tracking and responding to these threats is often difficult and requires international cooperation due to the rapidity with which diseases cross national borders and spread throughout the global community as a result of travel and migration by humans and animals. From Oct.1, 2008 to Sept. 30, 2009, the United States Department of Defense’s (DoD) Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System (AFHSC-GEIS) identified 76 outbreaks in 53 countries. Emerging infectious disease outbreaks were identified by the global network and included a wide spectrum of support activities in collaboration with host country partners, several of which were in direct support of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005). The network also supported military forces around the world affected by the novel influenza A/H1N1 pandemic of 2009. With IHR (2005) as the guiding framework for action, the AFHSC-GEIS network of international partners and overseas research laboratories continues to develop into a far-reaching system for identifying, analyzing and responding to emerging disease threats.
Published: 2011

48. Department of Defense influenza and other respiratory disease surveillance during the 2009 pandemic

Author: Ronald L, Burke, Kelly G, Vest, Angelia A, Eick, Jose L, Sanchez, Matthew C, Johns, Julie A, Pavlin, Richard G, Jarman, Jerry L, Mothershead, Miguel, Quintana, Thomas, Palys, Michael J, Cooper, Jian, Guan, David, Schnabel, John, Waitumbi, Alisa, Wilma, Candelaria, Daniels, Matthew L, Brown, Steven, Tobias, Matthew R, Kasper, Maya, Williams, Jeffrey A, Tjaden, Buhari, Oyofo, Timothy, Styles, Patrick J, Blair, Anthony, Hawksworth, Joel M, Montgomery, Hugo, Razuri, Alberto, Laguna-Torres, Randal J, Schoepp, David A, Norwood, Victor H, Macintosh, Thomas, Gibbons, Gregory C, Gray, David L, Blazes, Kevin L, Russell, Jennifer, Rubenstein, Kyle, Hathaway, Robert, Gibbons, In-Kyu, Yoon, David, Saunders, Jariyanart, Gaywee, Mikal, Stoner, Ans, Timmermans, Sanjaya K, Shrestha, John Mark S, Velasco, Maria T, Alera, Darunee, Tannitisupawong, Khin Saw, Myint, Sathit, Pichyangkul, Ben, Woods, Kurt H, Jerke, Michael G, Koenig, Denis K, Byarugaba, Fred Wabwire, Mangen, Berhane, Assefa, Gary, Brice, Moustafa, Mansour, Guillermo, Pimentel, Peter, Sebeny, Maha, Talaat, Tamer, Saeed, Ben, Espinosa, Dennis, Faix, Ryan, Maves, Tadeusz, Kochel, James, Smith, Alicia, Guerrero, Gen, Maupin, Paul, Sjoberg, Mark, Duffy, Jason, Garner, Linda, Canas, Elizabeth, Macias, Robert A, Kuschner, Dennis, Shanks, Sheri, Lewis, Gosia, Nowak, Lucy M, Ndip, Nathan, Wolfe, and Karen, Saylors
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Respiratory Tract Diseases, Disease, Review, medicine.disease_cause, Global Health, Military medicine, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, Pandemic, Global network, Influenza, Human, medicine, Global health, Influenza A virus, Humans, Military Medicine, Pandemics, business.industry, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Capacity building, virus diseases, medicine.disease, United States Department of Defense, Virology, United States, Medical emergency, business, Sentinel Surveillance
Abstract: The Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center’s Division of Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System (AFHSC-GEIS) supports and oversees surveillance for emerging infectious diseases, including respiratory diseases, of importance to the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). AFHSC-GEIS accomplishes this mission by providing funding and oversight to a global network of partners for respiratory disease surveillance. This report details the system’s surveillance activities during 2009, with a focus on efforts in responding to the novel H1N1 Influenza A (A/H1N1) pandemic and contributions to global public health. Active surveillance networks established by AFHSC-GEIS partners resulted in the initial detection of novel A/H1N1 influenza in the U.S. and several other countries, and viruses isolated from these activities were used as seed strains for the 2009 pandemic influenza vaccine. Partners also provided diagnostic laboratory training and capacity building to host nations to assist with the novel A/H1N1 pandemic global response, adapted a Food and Drug Administration-approved assay for use on a ruggedized polymerase chain reaction platform for diagnosing novel A/H1N1 in remote settings, and provided estimates of seasonal vaccine effectiveness against novel A/H1N1 illness. Regular reporting of the system’s worldwide surveillance findings to the global public health community enabled leaders to make informed decisions on disease mitigation measures and controls for the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic. AFHSC-GEIS’s support of a global network contributes to DoD’s force health protection, while supporting global public health.
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