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The "Be sweet to babies" video is a knowledge translation tool targeted at parents on the use of analgesic strategies during painful procedures performed in neonates. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Portuguese version of this video on maternal involvement in neonatal pain management during the newborn screening blood test. Nonrandomized, pragmatic clinical trial. The study was conducted in a rooming-in unit. All mothers received a pamphlet regarding neonatal pain management and were invited to participate in daily education sessions conducted by nurses, which included the video. The intervention group included mothers who voluntarily watched the video, while the control group was comprised of mothers who did not attend the education sessions or left the session before watching the video. Data were collected by interviews conducted by the research team. Descriptive and inferential analysis considered a confidence interval of 95%. A total of 73 mothers were included in the study. Analgesic strategies were used in 14 (40%) of the procedures in the intervention group and 9 (24%) in the control group, a clinically important difference of 16% points between groups, although no statistically significant difference was found (

Objective: To characterize painful procedures, analgesic strategies, vital signs, and pain scores in hospitalized newborns. Method: This is a primary, observational, prospective clinical study, developed in a Brazilian public hospital. Demographic data, painful procedures, pain relief measures, vital signs, and pain scores were collected from the clinical records of 90 newborns admitted to the intensive care unit and evaluated between admission and the third day of admission. For statistical analysis, the software Statistic Package for the Social Sciences and the R Software were used. Results: Newborns underwent 2,732 painful procedures, 540 non-pharmacological and 216 pharmacological strategies. The most frequently performed procedure was the heel prick (20.96%). The most commonly recorded non-pharmacological strategy was dim lighting (28.33%) and continuous fentanyl (48.83%) was the main pharmacological measure adopted. Pain score and vital signs show variability in the period evaluated. Conclusion: Despite the high number of painful procedures, pain assessment records do not reflect procedural pain and the use of analgesic strategies was insufficient. RESUMEN Objetivo: Caracterizar los procedimientos dolorosos, estrategias analgésicas, señales vitales y los scores de dolor en recién nascidos hospitalizados. Método: Estudio clínico primario, de observación, prospectivo, desarrollado en un hospital público brasileño. Datos demográficos, procedimientos dolorosos, medidas de alivio del dolor, señales vitales y scores de dolor fueron seleccionados de las historias clínicas de 90 recién nacidos admitidos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y evaluados entre la admisión y el tercer día de hospitalización. Para el análisis estadístico fueron utilizados el programa Statistic Package for the Social Sciences y el Software R. Resultados: Los recién nacidos fueron sometidos a 2.732 procedimientos dolorosos, 540 estrategias no farmacológicas y 216 farmacológicas. El procedimiento más realizado fue la punción del talón (20,96%). La estrategia no farmacológica más común fue la reducción de luminosidad (28,33%) y el fetanyl continuo (48,83%) fue la principal medida farmacológica adoptada. Conclusión: A pesar del número elevado de procedimientos dolorosos, los registros de evaluación del dolor no reflejan el dolor procedural y el uso de las estrategias analgésicas fue insuficiente. RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar os procedimentos dolorosos, estratégias analgésicas, sinais vitais e os escores de dor em recém-nascidos hospitalizados. Método: Estudo clínico primário, observacional, prospectivo, desenvolvido em um hospital público brasileiro. Dados demográficos, procedimentos dolorosos, medidas de alívio da dor, sinais vitais e escores de dor foram coletados dos prontuários clínicos de 90 recém-nascidos admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva e avaliados entre a admissão e o terceiro dia de internação. Para a análise estatística foram utilizados o programa Statistic Package for the Social Sciences e o Software R. Resultados: Os recém-nascidos foram submetidos a 2.732 procedimentos dolorosos, 540 estratégias não farmacológicas e 216 farmacológicas. O procedimento mais realizado foi a lancetagem de calcâneo (20,96%). A estratégia não farmacológica mais comumente registrada foi a redução de luminosidade (28,33%) e o fentanil contínuo (48,83%) foi a principal medida farmacológica adotada. O escore de dor e os sinais vitais apresentam variabilidade no período avaliado. Conclusão: A despeito do número elevado de procedimentos dolorosos, os registros de avaliação da dor não refletem a dor procedural e o uso das estratégias analgésicas foi insuficiente.

Background Electronic health (e-health) learning is a potential avenue to educate health professionals about accurately using infant pain assessment tools, although little is known about the impact of e-health interventions on clinical competence. Purpose To evaluate whether an e-health learning module for teaching the accurate use of the Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R) pain assessment tool results in immediate and sustained competency to assess infant pain. Methods Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurses who participated in a larger study across 2 tertiary NICUs in Canada examining the implementation and clinical utility of the PIPP-R e-learning module completed 2 follow-up evaluations at 1 week and 3 months. Participants were asked to view a video recording of an infant undergoing a painful procedure and to assess the infant's pain intensity response using the PIPP-R measure. Immediate and sustained competency was assessed via interrater consensus of participant-reported PIPP-R scores compared with those of an experienced trained coder. Results Of the 25 eligible nurses, 22 completed 1-week and 3-month follow-up evaluations. At the 1-week follow-up, 84% of nurses scored the video accurately compared with 50% at 3 months. Behavioral pain indicators were more likely to be scored incorrectly than physiological indicators. Implications for practice Follow-up training after completion of the initial e-learning module training may improve competency related to the clinical use of the PIPP-R tool to assess infant pain over time. Implications for research Additional study regarding the need and timing of e-health training to optimize sustained competency in infant pain assessment is warranted.

Pain assessment is an essential foundation to mitigate pain and its consequences in the developing child. However, pain assessment in neonates and infants is challenging and, to date, there is no “gold standard” infant pain indicator, measure, or approach. This chapter encompasses (1) a comprehensive evaluation of the most current and well validated neonatal/infant pain assessment measures; (2) an overview on biomarkers and cortical indicators on neonatal/infant pain; (3) the integration of recommendations on pain-assessment measures and practices within clinical practice guidelines, policies, and procedures; and (4) challenges associated with neonatal and infant pain assessment in terms of research, clinical, and knowledge translation issues.

Objective: to analyze skin-to-skin contact practice in full-term newborns after birth. Method: a cross-sectional study carried out in São Paulo-SP with 78 mother-child binomials. Data were obtained from medical records and by non-participant observation. Maternal, neonatal and care conditions, length of skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding attachment were analyzed. Results: skin-to-skin contact was performed in 94.9% of births, with a mean length of 29 minutes. Births with intact perineum took longer, neonates with Apgar 10, without upper airway aspiration, assisted by a nurse-midwife and with neonatal assistance by a resident in pediatrics. The variables that favor breastfeeding attachment were perineal integrity, newborn with good vitality, without upper airway aspiration and who received professional assistance for breastfeeding attachment. Conclusion: skin-to-skin contact was performed in almost all births, but with less time than recommended as best practice. RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la práctica del contacto piel-a-piel en recién-nacidos a término durante el parto normal. Método: estudio transversal, realizado en São Paulo-SP, con 78 binomios madre-hijo. Los datos provienen de historias clínicas y observación no participante. Se analizaron las condiciones maternas, neonatales y del parto, la duración del contacto piel-a-piel y el acople mamario. Resultados: el contacto piel-a-piel se realizó en el 94,9% de los partos, con duración media de 29 minutos, que fue mayor en partos con perineo intacto, neonatos con Apgar 10, sin aspiración de vía aérea superior, asistidos por enfermera obstétrica y con atención neonatal por médico pediatra residente. Las variables que favorecieron el acople fueron integridad perineal y neonatos con buena vitalidad, sin aspiración de la vía aérea superior, que recibieron ayuda profesional para el acople. Conclusión: el contacto piel-a-piel se realizó en casi todos los partos, con menos tiempo del recomendado como buena práctica. RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a prática do contato pele-a-pele em recém-nascidos a termo no parto normal. Método: estudo transversal, realizado em São Paulo-SP, com 78 binômios mãe-filho. Os dados foram obtidos nos prontuários e por observação não participante. Foram analisadas as condições maternas, neonatais e assistenciais, duração do contato pele-a-pele e pega da mama materna. Resultados: o contato pele-a-pele foi realizado em 94,9% dos nascimentos, com duração média de 29 minutos. A duração foi maior em partos com períneo íntegro, neonatos com Apgar 10, sem aspiração das vias aéreas superiores, assistidos por enfermeira obstétrica e com assistência neonatal por médico residente em pediatria. As variáveis que favorecem a pega da mama foram integridade perineal, neonato com boa vitalidade, sem aspiração das vias aéreas superiores e que receberam ajuda profissional para a pega. Conclusão: o contato pele-a-pele foi realizado na quase totalidade dos nascimentos, mas com tempo inferior ao recomendado como boa prática.

The genus Ehrlichia includes tick-borne bacterial pathogens affecting humans, domestic and wild mammals. Ehrlichia minasensis has been identified in different animal species and geographical locations, suggesting that this is a widely distributed and generalist Ehrlichia. In the present study, we evaluated Ehrlichial infection in 148 Equidae presented to the Medical Clinic Department of a Veterinary Hospital from a midwestern region of Brazil. Blood samples and ticks collected from the animals were tested by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for the presence of Ehrlichia spp. A multigenic approach including Anaplasmataceae-specific (i.e., 16S rRNA, groEL, gltA) and Ehrlichia-specific (i.e., dsb and trp36) genes was used for accurate bacteria identification. Sera samples were also collected and evaluated for the detection of anti-Ehrlichia antibodies by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA). Possible associations between molecular and serological diagnostics and clinical and hematological manifestations were tested using chi-squared or Fisher’s exact tests. Sequence analysis of the dsb fragment revealed that three horses (2.03%) were exposed to E. minasensis. Sixty-one (41.2%) Equidae (58 equines and three mules), were seropositive for Ehrlichia spp., with antibody titers ranging between 40 and 2560. Seropositivity to ehrlichial antigens was statistically associated with tick infestation, rural origin, hypoalbuminemia and hyperproteinemia (p ≤ 0.05). The present study reports the first evidence of natural infection by E. minasensis in horses from Brazil.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of recurrent wheezing (RW) in preterm infants who received prophylaxis against severe infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and to identify genetic susceptibility (atopy or asthma) and risk factors for RW. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving preterm infants who received prophylaxis with palivizumab at a referral center in Brazil during the first two years of age. A structured questionnaire was administered in a face-to-face interview with parents or legal guardians. Results: The study included 410 preterm infants (median age = 9 months [0-24 months]). In the sample as a whole, 111 children (27.1%; [95% CI, 22.9-31.5]) had RW. The univariate analysis between the groups with and without RW showed no differences regarding the following variables: sex, ethnicity, maternal level of education, gestational age, birth weight, breastfeeding, number of children in the household, day care center attendance, pets in the household, and smoking caregiver. The prevalence of RW was twice as high among children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (adjusted OR = 2.08; 95% CI, 1.11-3.89; p = 0.022) and almost five times as high among those with a personal/family history of atopy (adjusted OR = 4.96; 95% CI, 2.62-9.39; p < 0.001) as among those without these conditions. Conclusions: Preterm infants who received prophylaxis with palivizumab but have a personal/family history of atopy or bronchopulmonary dysplasia are more likely to have RW than do those without these conditions. RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de sibilância recorrente (SR) em crianças pré-termo que receberam profilaxia contra infecção grave pelo vírus sincicial respiratório (VSR) e identificar susceptibilidade genética (atopia ou asma) e fatores de risco para SR. Métodos: Estudo transversal envolvendo crianças pré-termo que receberam profilaxia com palivizumabe em um centro de referência no Brasil durante os primeiros dois anos de vida. Um questionário estruturado foi aplicado em entrevista presencial com os pais ou responsáveis. Resultados: O estudo incluiu 410 crianças pré-termo (mediana de idade = 9 meses [0-24 meses]). Na amostra total, 111 crianças (27,1%; IC95%: 22,9-31,5) apresentavam SR. A análise univariada entre os grupos com e sem SR não mostrou diferenças em relação às seguintes variáveis: sexo, etnia, escolaridade materna, idade gestacional, peso ao nascer, aleitamento materno, número de crianças no domicílio, frequência em creche, presença de animais de estimação no domicílio e cuidador tabagista. A prevalência de SR foi duas vezes maior entre crianças com displasia broncopulmonar (OR ajustada = 2,08; IC95%: 1,11-3,89; p = 0,022) e quase cinco vezes maior entre aquelas com história pessoal/familiar de atopia (OR ajustada = 4,96; IC95%: 2,62-9,39; p < 0,001) do que entre aquelas sem essas condições. Conclusões: Crianças pré-termo que receberam profilaxia com palivizumabe, mas apresentam história pessoal/familiar de atopia ou displasia broncopulmonar, têm maior probabilidade de apresentar SR do que aquelas sem essas condições.

Objectives The Premature Infant Pain Profile-revised (PIPP-R) is a well-established measure for infant pain assessment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation and clinical utility of the PIPP-R electronic learning (e-Learning) module to promote standardized health care training for nurses. Materials and methods A descriptive mixed-methods study was conducted in 2 tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Units in Canada. Nurses were recruited and asked to complete the PIPP-R e-Learning Module and evaluate it. A 26-item questionnaire was used to describe nurse demographics and clinical experience and to evaluate implementation success (ie, acceptability, feasibility, usability) and clinical utility. Results In all, 98 nurses from 2 settings in Central and Eastern Canada participated; most were registered nurses highly experienced in neonatal nursing care. The majority had received previous training on the PIPP-R (61.2%) and routinely used it in practice (67.4%). They considered the e-Learning module as acceptable and feasible as it was easy to access (94.9%) and to navigate (94.8%). Content was considered clear (98.9%) and met users' learning needs (99.0%). Nurses agreed that completing the module improved their understanding of neonatal pain (96.0%) and was clinically useful in improving their ability to assess pain in neonates (97.9%). The module was accessed primarily from work settings (77.8%) using desktop computers (49.0%) or tablets (28.0%) and was usually completed in a single session (75.7%). Discussion Nurses' evaluation of the PIPP-R e-Learning module was overwhelmingly positive. The module was perceived as easy to implement, clinically useful, and was considered as a promising online educational tool. Further testing in clinical practice is needed to build on the results of this study and support the importance of dissemination of this module for standardized training purposes.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-11T15:32:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-03-09 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Acinetobacter baumannii is the main species of the Acinetobacter genus; however, non-baumannii Acinetobacter (NBA) species causing infections have been described for the past years, as well as antimicrobial resistance. In this study, we describe the occurrence of two multidrug-resistant (MDR) IMP-1-producing Acinetobacter bereziniae isolates recovered from bloodstream infections in different patients but in the same intensive care unit among 134 carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter screened. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed resistance to carbapenems, extended spectrum, and antipseudomonad cephalosporins, amikacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Both A. bereziniae isolates shared the same ApaI-pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern. Whole-genome sequencing of both isolates revealed that bla(IMP-1) was embedded into an In86 Class I integron carrying also sul1, aac(6 ')-31, and aadA genes. A new sequence type (ST1309 Pasteur) was deposited. The virulence genes lpxC and ompA, seen in A. baumannii, were detected in the A. bereziniae strains. Recognition of A. bereziniae causing invasive MDR infection underscores the role of NBA species as human pathogens especially in at-risk patients. Adolfo Lutz Inst, Ctr Bacteriol, Ave Dr Arnaldo 355,9 Andar, BR-01246902 Sao Paulo, Brazil Adolfo Lutz Inst, Lab Estrateg, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med Vet & Zootecnia, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Med Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Med Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2015/13179-4 FAPESP: 2016/20727-0 FAPESP: 2017/16988-6

Background:Actinobacillosis in adult horses is rare, and is often associated with infection due to Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli, which is a commensal organism inhabiting the oral cavity of healthy animals. It is an opportunistic pathogen, and the infection usually occurs secondary to another primary disease or due to predisposing factors such as pre-existing lesions, mainly in the oral cavity. Infection may be associated with peritonitis, bacterial endocarditis, pneumonia, enteritis, infectious periorchitis, abortion, and septicemia. This paper aims to describe the clinical, microbiological, and pathological aspects of actinobacillosis in the oral cavity of a horse.Case:A case of actinobacillosis has been reported in a 22-year-old gelding Quarter Horse. According to the owner, the animal presented with progressive weight loss during the previous three months, and leakage of food from the oral cavity. Examination of the oral cavity revealed sharp enamel overgrowths, which had been corrected during a previous dental procedure. However, five days after the procedure, the animal developed halitosis. Ceftiofur sodium (4.4 mg/kg intramuscularly, every 24 h) was prescribed; two days after the commencement of antimicrobial therapy, the animal presented with sialorrhea, bilateral submandibular lymphadenomegaly, protrusion of the tongue, edema of the base of the tongue, cheeks, and gums, in addition to black-colored sores and scales in the oral mucosa, particularly affecting the base of the tongue and gums. Samples from ulcerative lesions found at the base of the tongue and gums were collected using sterile swabs, and culture and antibiogram were requested. Microbiological culture led to the growth of small colonies measuring less than 5 mm in diameter, that were non-hemolytic, slightly whitish in color but non-opaque, smooth and bright in appearance. These were identified as gram-negative rods on microscopy, and further characterized as Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli based on the phenotypic and biochemical findings. The antibiogram revealed sensitivity of the organisms to cephalothin and doxycycline, intermediate sensitivity to amoxicillin, and resistance to florfenicol, metronidazole, clindamycin, and sulfazotrim. The complete blood count revealed anemia with a reduction in hemoglobin (10.1 g/dL) and hematocrit (27.9%), neutrophilia (10.670 x 10³ /mm³), and lymphopenia (330 x 10³ /mm³). Decrease in serum albumin (2.0 g/dL) and alkaline phosphatase (91 IU/L), and increase in globulin (4.9 g/dL), aspartate aminotransferase (361 4 IU/L), and urea (123.8 mg/dL) were noted on biochemical analyses. Two days after the onset of acute clinical signs, the animal died; necropsy revealed severe, subacute, fibronecrotic glossitis associated with myriads of basophilic bacteria.Discussion:This report describes an infection of the oral cavity by Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli following a dental procedure, a finding compatible with the opportunistic nature of these bacteria. The presence of enamel overgrowths resulted in the formation of traumatic lesions on the oral mucosa and tongue that favored colonization of the bacteria. The case of equine glossitis reported in this study had a similar clinical presentation to the classic actinobacillosis in cattle, also known as “wooden tongue”, an infection caused by Actinobacillus lignieresii; common symptoms in cattle include oral edema, sialorrhea, and dysphagia.

BackgroundHospitalized infants undergo multiple painful procedures daily. Despite the significant evidence, procedural pain assessment and management continues to be suboptimal. Repetitive and untreated pain at this vital developmental juncture is associated with negative behavioral and neurodevelopmental consequences. To address this knowledge to practice gap, we developed the web-based Implementation of Infant Pain Practice Change (ImPaC) Resource to guide change in healthcare professionals’ pain practice behaviors. This protocol describes the evaluation of the intervention effectiveness and implementation of the Resource and how organizational context influences outcomes.MethodsAn effectiveness-implementation hybrid type 1 design, blending a cluster randomized clinical trial and a mixed-methods implementation study will be used. Eighteen Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) across Canada will be randomized to intervention (INT) or standard practice (SP) groups. NICUs in the INT group will receive the Resource for six months; those in the SP group will continue with practice as usual and will be offered the Resource after a six-month waiting period. Data analysts will be blinded to group allocation. To address the intervention effectiveness, the INT and SP groups will be compared on clinical outcomes including the proportion of infants who have procedural pain assessed and managed, and the frequency and nature of painful procedures. Data will be collected at baseline (before randomization) and at completion of the intervention (six months). Implementation outcomes (feasibility, fidelity, implementation cost, and reach) will be measured at completion of the intervention. Sustainability will be assessed at six and 12 months following the intervention. Organizational context will be assessed to examine its influence on intervention and implementation outcomes.DiscussionThis mixed-methods study aims to determine the effectiveness and the implementation of a multifaceted online strategy for changing healthcare professionals’ pain practices for hospitalized infants. Implementation strategies that are easily and effectively implemented are important for sustained change. The results will inform healthcare professionals and decision-makers on how to address the challenges of implementing the Resource within various organizational contexts.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov,NCT03825822. Registered 31 January 2019.

Objective: to identify evidence available in the literature on educational strategies used in the teaching of insulin therapy to children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Method: systematic review undertaken in five databases, using the descriptors Insulin/therapeutic use, Patient education as topic, Diabetes mellitus type 1, Child, Infant, Adolescent and keywords, without any time limit. Primary studies on insulin therapy teaching were included, while research on insulin pumps was excluded. Results: 243 studies were identified, 13 of which were included. The results present educational strategies focused on children, adolescents and young people of up to 24 years of age, applied individually or in groups; by telephone contact or text messages by mobile phone; dramatization and educational camps; by a single professional or a multidisciplinary team. The strategies described in the analyzed studies addressed the adjustment of insulin dosages in everyday situations and education for insulin management, associated with the nutritional strategy of carbohydrate counting, diabetes education with a specific module on insulin therapy and intensive insulin use. The studies analyzed the effect of the educational intervention on several clinical and behavioral outcomes, such as glycated hemoglobin and self-efficacy. Conclusion: this review could not identify a single educational strategy able to improve metabolic and psychosocial outcomes. In most cases, nurses are the professionals responsible for the development of educational strategies focused on insulin therapy in children and adolescents with diabetes, regardless of the context in which they will be deployed. This confirms their role as educators. RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar la evidencia disponible en la literatura sobre las estrategias educativas utilizadas para enseñar la terapia con insulina a niños y adolescentes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Método: revisión sistemática, realizada en cinco bases de datos, con los descriptores Insulina / uso terapéutico, Educación del paciente como tema, Diabetes mellitus tipo 1, Niño, Lactante, Adolescente y palabras clave, sin delimitación de períodos. Se incluyeron estudios primarios sobre la enseñanza de la terapia con insulina y se excluyó la investigación sobre la bomba de insulina. Resultados: se identificaron 243 estudios, de los cuales se incluyeron 13. Los resultados presentan estrategias educativas dirigidas a niños, adolescentes y jóvenes hasta los 24 años, aplicadas individualmente o en grupos; por contacto telefónico o mensajes de texto por teléfono celular; juegos de rol y campamentos educativos; por un solo equipo profesional o multidisciplinar. Las estrategias descritas en los estudios analizados abordaron el ajuste de la insulina en situaciones cotidianas y la educación para el manejo de la insulina, asociadas a la estrategia nutricional de conteo de carbohidratos, educación en diabetes con módulo específico sobre terapia insulínica y uso intensivo de insulina. Los estudios analizaron el efecto de la intervención educativa sobre varios resultados clínicos y conductuales, como la hemoglobina glucosilada y la autoeficacia. Conclusión: no fue posible determinar una única estrategia sobre la terapia con insulina capaz de mejorar el control metabólico y psicosocial. El desarrollo de estrategias educativas orientadas a la terapia con insulina para niños y adolescentes con diabetes, independientemente del contexto en el que se implementen, tiene, en su mayor parte, al enfermero como profesional responsable, lo que reafirma su rol educativo. RESUMO Objetivo: identificar evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre estratégias educativas utilizadas no ensino da insulinoterapia às crianças e adolescentes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Método: revisão sistemática, realizada em cinco bases de dados, com os descritores Insulin/therapeutic use, Patient education as topic, Diabetes mellitus type 1, Child, Infant, Adolescent e palavras-chave, sem delimitação de período. Incluídos estudos primários acerca do ensino da insulinoterapia e excluídas pesquisas sobre bomba de insulina. Resultados: identificados 243 estudos, dos quais foram incluídos 13. Os resultados apresentam estratégias educativas direcionadas às crianças, adolescentes e jovens de até 24 anos de idade, aplicadas de forma individual ou em grupos; por contato telefônico ou mensagens de texto por celular; dramatização e acampamentos educativos; por um único profissional ou equipe multidisciplinar. As estratégias descritas nos estudos analisados abordaram ajuste da insulina em situações cotidianas e educação para manejo da insulina, associados com a estratégia nutricional de contagem de carboidratos, educação em diabetes com módulo específico sobre insulinoterapia e uso da insulina de forma intensiva. Os estudos analisaram o efeito da intervenção educativa sobre diversos desfechos clínicos e comportamentais, como a hemoglobina glicada e autoeficácia. Conclusão: não foi possível determinar uma única estratégia sobre a insulinoterapia capaz de melhorar o controle metabólico e psicossocial. O desenvolvimento de estratégias educativas voltadas à insulinoterapia de crianças e adolescentes com diabetes, independentemente do contexto em que serão implementadas, tem, em sua maioria, o enfermeiro como profissional responsável, o que reafirma seu papel educador.

Aims To assess parents’ knowledge on breastfeeding, skin to skin care, and sweet solutions as neonatal analgesic strategies, and to evaluate parents’ perception on the feasibility, acceptability, and usefulness of the Portuguese version of the ‘Be Sweet to Babies’ video. Background Neonatal pain management during blood sampling is suboptimal and knowledge translation strategies are needed to improve clinical practices. The ‘Be Sweet to Babies’ video is a parent-targeted knowledge translation tool that shows the effectiveness of breastfeeding, skin to skin contact, and sweet solutions for procedural pain relief. Design Cross-sectional study. Methods Parents of infants hospitalized in an intensive care unit watched the video during their infants’ hospitalization and then answered a survey. Descriptive analyses of the data were performed. Results 100 parents were included. The majority did not know about the analgesic effects of breastfeeding (80%), skin to skin contact (69%), and sweet solutions (93%), and a limited number of parents stated their infants had received the strategies during painful procedures (7%, 11%, 2%, respectively). After watching the video, all (100%) parents intended to use or to advocate for one of the strategies; most (90%) of the parents would use any of the methods. All parents (100%) would recommend the video, and considered the video useful, easy to understand, easy to apply in real scenarios. Length of the video was considered as ideal by 92%. Conclusions The Portuguese version of the ‘Be Sweet to Babies’ video is feasible, acceptable, and useful for parental education and is a persuasive knowledge translation tool. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of this parent-targeted intervention on the implementation of the analgesic strategies during clinical care. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

To assess the reach, acceptability, and effect of the BSweet2Babies video showing breast-feeding, skin-to-skin care, and sucrose during blood sampling on intention to recommend the video or advocate for use of the interventions. In July 2014, the video and an electronic survey were produced and posted. After 1 year, the online viewer survey responses and YouTube analytics were analyzed. One year after posting, the BSweet2Babies video had 10 879 views from 125 countries and 187 (1.7%) viewers completed the survey. Most respondents were aware of the analgesic effects of breast-feeding, skin-to-skin care, and sucrose. Nearly all respondents (n = 158, 92%) found the BSweet2Babies video to be a helpful resource and 146 (84%) answered that they would recommend the video to others. After viewing the video, 183 (98%) respondents answered that they would advocate for 1 or more of the interventions. The BSweet2Babies video showing effective pain treatment during blood sampling had a large reach but a very small response rate for the survey. Therefore, analysis of acceptability and effect on intention to recommend the video and advocate for the interventions depicted are limited. Further research is warranted to explore how to best evaluate videos delivered through social media and to determine the effect of the video to promote knowledge translation into clinical practice.

The Be Sweet to Babies video demonstrates the analgesic effects of breastfeeding, skin-to-skin care, and sweet-tasting solutions as interventions to reduce pain during blood sampling in newborns. Although effective and safe, these strategies are implemented inconsistently in clinical settings. Given the increasing popularity of social media, there is a potential to disseminate and promote health information through it. The study aim was to evaluate the use of Facebook as a means of disseminating the Be Sweet to Babies video in Portuguese, and to evaluate respondents' prior knowledge, previous use of the three pain management strategies and intent to use the strategies in the future. We conducted a cross-sectional study, using the "virtual snowball" sampling method. A Facebook webpage was created, in which the video was posted along with a brief survey. Data analyzed included number of views and visits to the page, number of views of the video, likes, dislikes, and survey responses. One year after posting, the page had 70 753 views and 2199 accesses; there were 1553 "likes", no dislikes, and 43 positive comments. The survey was completed by 930 respondents (42% response rate based on the page access). Over two thirds of the respondents had previous knowledge about breastfeeding, skin-to-skin care, and sweet solutions for pain relief. After watching the video, 87% of the respondents intended to use breastfeeding or skin-to-skin care in the future, and 71% intended to use sweet solutions. Almost all viewers rated the video as very useful (n = 917, 99%), easy to understand (n = 926, 99%), and easy to apply in real-life situations (n = 903, 97%). Using Facebook to deliver and evaluate an intervention is feasible, rapid in obtaining responses, low cost, and it is promising for data collection and knowledge dissemination. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the actual impact of the use of social media in practice change.

This study sought to describe and quantify the pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies used to relieve the pain/stress of neonates during hospitalization in neonatal intensive care units.This quantitative, longitudinal, and descriptive study examined 50 neonates from neonatal intensive care unit admission to discharge.A total of 9,948 painful/stressful procedures were recorded (mean = 11.25 ± 6.3) per day per neonate. A total of 11,722 pain-management and relief interventions were performed, of which 11,495 (98.1%) were nonpharmacological strategies, and 227 (1.9%) were pharmacological interventions. On average, each neonate received 235 pain-management and treatment interventions during hospitalization, 13 nonpharmacological interventions per day, and one pharmacological intervention every 2 days.Neonates receive few specific measures for pain relief given the high number of painful and stressful procedures performed during hospitalization. Thus, it is essential to implement effective pain-relief protocols.Descrever e quantificar as estratégias farmacológicas e não farmacológicas utilizadas para alívio da dor/estresse de recém-nascidos durante a hospitalização em unidades neonatais.Estudo quantitativo, descritivo longitudinal desenvolvido com 50 recém-nascidos admitidos e acompanhados até a alta da unidade neonatal.Foram registrados 9.948 procedimentos dolorosos/estressantes, média de 11,25 (± 6,3) por dia por neonato. Foram registradas 11.722 intervenções para controle e alívio da dor, sendo 11.495 (98,1%) estratégias não farmacológicas e 227 (1,9%) farmacológicas. Cada neonato recebeu, em média, 235 intervenções de controle e tratamento da dor em sua hospitalização, sendo 13 intervenções não farmacológicas por dia e uma intervenção farmacológica a cada 2 dias.Os neonatos receberam poucas medidas específicas para o alívio da dor, considerando o elevado número de procedimentos dolorosos e estressantes ao longo da internação. Nesse sentido, considera-se essencial a implementação de protocolos efetivos que visam ao alívio da dor.

Commentary on: Apaydin Cirik V, Efe E. The effect of expressed breast milk, swaddling and facilitated tucking methods in reducing the pain caused by orogastric tube insertion in preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial. Int J Nurs Studies 2020;104:103532. Hospitalised neonates around the world experience multiple painful and distressful procedures each day with suboptimal analgesia.1 Gastric tube insertions are commonly performed in intensive care, usually for feeding or gastric decompression. Tube replacements are regularly performed, in intervals from 24 to 72 hours. Although demonstrated to be painful and distressful, pain management strategies are infrequently used during this procedure. In a randomised controlled trial, …

Background The use of reliable pain assessment measures is essential for scoring and managing pain in infants. The Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) is reliable and valid and has been recently revised. To adapt and validate the PIPP-R into Portuguese and to evaluate its psychometric properties are required to ensure maintenance of meaning and content. Aims The aim of this study was to culturally adapt to Brazilian Portuguese and explore content validity and construct validity of the Premature Infant Pain Profile–Revised. Design This is a methodological study. Participants/Settings Two existing data sets of randomized clinical trials previously conducted were used to examine initial construct validity of the prefinal version of the Premature Infant Pain Profile–Revised. Methods Cross-cultural adaptation and validation occurred in four steps. Independent versions of the Premature Infant Pain Profile–Revised were produced, followed by the preparation of a synthetic version. Two back-translated versions were realized by professional translators. An expert committee evaluated idiomatic and semantic equivalence and clarity and relevance of the items. A content validity index was calculated. Finally, a consolidated prefinal version in Portuguese was then produced. Results No difficulties in producing the material were reported. Semantic and idiomatic aspects were considered adequate, and content validity index was 1.0. Premature Infant Pain Profile and Premature Infant Pain Profile–Revised scores were highly correlated for pain after heel lancing and venipuncture (R2 = 0.986, p Conclusions The Premature Infant Pain Profile–Revised was culturally adapted into Brazilian Portuguese. Appropriate content validity index was determined. Evidence of construct validity was also found. Future studies are warranted to explore the feasibility and other psychometric properties of using the Premature Infant Pain Profile–Revised translated and adapted into Brazilian Portuguese in the clinical setting.

Bathing is a routine care procedure that exposes preterm infants to prolonged handling, which could cause stress and potentially disrupt infants' biobehavioral responses. The aim of this double-blind randomized crossover trial was to compare the preterm infant's body temperature, heart rate (HR), peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2), salivary cortisol levels, and sleep-wake states during and after swaddled and conventional tub baths. Forty-three infants born at 32 to 36 weeks postmenstrual age, weighing 2225 g or less, were enrolled in the study. Infants were videotaped before and after each type of baths. The time interval between baths ranged from 24 to 72 hours to allow a washout period. Physiological, hormonal, and behavioral responses were collected at baseline and during recovery from baths. No significant differences in the mean body temperature, HR, SpO2, salivary cortisol levels, and sleep-wake states between the bath types were observed in the baseline or recovery responses during the first 20 minutes after bath. Regardless of bath type, salivary cortisol levels showed a nonstatistical significant increase.

A provincial-wide online survey was conducted to: 1) ascertain frequency of use of breastfeeding (BF), skin-to-skin care (SSC) and sucrose for pain reduction during heel lance and venipuncture in maternal newborn units and neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), and 2) to identify barriers to using these strategies for pain reduction. An invitation and link to an electronic survey were emailed to nurse managers of 91 maternal newborn units and NICUs in Ontario, Canada, and 40 completed surveys were submitted (44%). Results showed variable but infrequent use of pain reduction strategies. Barriers were coded as health care provider (HCP), infant, parent and organizational factors. Most barriers related to BF and SSC and included: preference to perform blood sampling without parents; parental preference to not be involved during blood sampling; unit cultures; out of date policies; insufficient time, knowledge and education; and staff being uncomfortable performing blood sampling with infants BF or held SSC.

Objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of YouTube videos showing neonatal blood sampling, and to evaluate pain management and comforting interventions used. Selected videos were consumer- or professional-produced videos showing human newborns undergoing heel lancing or venipuncture for blood sampling, videos showing the entire blood sampling procedure (from the first attempt or puncture to the time of application of a cotton ball or bandage), publication date prior to October 2014, Portuguese titles, available audio. Search terms included "neonate," "newborn," "neonatal screening," and "blood collection." Two reviewers independently screened the videos and extracted the following data. A total of 13 140 videos were retrieved, of which 1354 were further evaluated, and 68 were included. Videos were mostly consumer produced (97%). Heel lancing was performed in 62 (91%). Forty-nine infants (72%) were held by an adult during the procedure. Median pain score immediately after puncture was 4 (interquartile range [IQR] = 0-5), and median length of cry throughout the procedure was 61 seconds (IQR = 88). Breastfeeding (3%) and swaddling (1.5%) were rarely implemented. Posted YouTube videos in Portuguese of newborns undergoing blood collection demonstrate minimal use of pain treatment, and maximal distress during procedures. Knowledge translation strategies are needed to implement effective measures for neonatal pain relief and comfort.

CONTEXT: Abundant evidence of sweet taste analgesia in neonates exists, yet placebo-controlled trials continue to be conducted. OBJECTIVE: To review all trials evaluating sweet solutions for analgesia in neonates and to conduct cumulative meta-analyses (CMAs) on behavioral pain outcomes. DATA SOURCES: (1) Data from 2 systematic reviews of sweet solutions for newborns; (2) searches ending 2015 of CINAHL, Medline, Embase, and psychINFO. DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors screened studies for inclusion, conducted risk-of-bias ratings, and extracted behavioral outcome data for CMAs. CMA was performed using random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-eight studies were included; 148 (88%) included placebo/no-treatment arms. CMA for crying time included 29 trials (1175 infants). From the fifth trial in 2002, there was a statistically significant reduction in mean cry time for sweet solutions compared with placebo (−27 seconds, 95% confidence interval [CI] −51 to −4). By the final trial, CMA was −23 seconds in favor of sweet solutions (95% CI −29 to −18). CMA for pain scores included 50 trials (3341 infants). Results were in favor of sweet solutions from the second trial (0.5, 95% CI −1 to −0.1). Final results showed a standardized mean difference of −0.9 (95% CI −1.1 to −0.7). LIMITATIONS: We were unable to use or obtain data from many studies to include in the CMA. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence of sweet taste analgesia in neonates has existed since the first published trials, yet placebo/no-treatment, controlled trials have continued to be conducted. Future neonatal pain studies need to select more ethically responsible control groups.

The study aimed to translate and to adapt a version of the Premature Infant Pain Profile into the Brazilian Portuguese language. This is a cross-sectional and methodological study for the validation of a translated version of a tool. The process was conducted in four stages: initial translation, synthesis, back-translation, and analysis by experts. Four independent versions of the instrument translated into Brazilian Portuguese were produced. Based on these initial translations, a synthesis version was developed. Two back-translated versions were independently produced, and none showed major differences compared to the original instrument. An expert committee reviewed the summary version and the back-translations with respect to semantic and idiomatic equivalence. The committee considered the translation into Brazilian Portuguese as appropriate. Therefore, the Perfil de Dor no Recem-Nascido Pre-termo was considered adapted to Brazilian Portuguese, for research purposes and for clinical practice. It will contribute to the internationalization of research results in Brazil. DESCRIPTORS: Neonate. Pain. Pain assessment. Nursing.

Background Bladder perforation by ventriculoperitoneal shunt is a rare complication that has been describe in 19 cases in prior literature. Case description This work describes the case of a 4-month-old baby who presented with extrusion of the distal catheter through the urethra. The patient underwent a laparotomy; the catheter was cut close to the bladder wall and repositioned into the peritoneal cavity. The bladder wall was sutured, and the remaining distal portion of the catheter was removed through the urethra. Discussion and conclusion Based on this single experience and a literature review, the authors classified the clinical signs and symptoms of bladder perforation by the ventriculoperitoneal shunt catheter. Finally, the authors propose a more conservative approach for this rare complication. Fundo A perfuração vesical por derivação ventrículo-peritoneal é uma complicação rara descrita em 19 casos na literatura anterior. Descrição do caso Este trabalho descreve o caso de um bebê de 4 meses que apresentou extrusão do cateter distal pela uretra. O paciente foi submetido a laparotomia; o cateter foi cortado próximo à parede da bexiga e reposicionado na cavidade peritoneal. A parede da bexiga foi suturada e a porção distal restante do cateter foi removida pela uretra. Discussão e conclusão Com base nessa experiência única e em uma revisão de literatura, os autores classificaram os sinais e sintomas clínicos de perfuração vesical pelo cateter de derivação ventrículo-peritoneal. Por fim, os autores propõem uma abordagem mais conservadora para esta rara complicação.

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to review published studies of analgesic effects of sweet solutions, to ascertain areas with sufficient evidence of effectiveness and areas of uncertainty. METHODS: Databases searched included Medline, Embase, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature database, and PsycINFO, using the terms pain*, infant*, neonat*, newborn*, sucrose, glucose, and alternative sugars. Publications were sorted according to type, year, painful procedure studied, placebo/no-treatment groups, population studied, and country of publication. RESULTS: A total of 298 relevant unique publications involving human infants were identified; 125 (42%) were primary research studies, of which 116 (93%) were randomized controlled trials. Healthy preterm or term newborns were included in 82 studies (65%), and sick or very low birth weight infants were included in 22 (18%). Most studies included single episodes of painful procedures, with only 3 (2%) conducted over long periods. Procedures investigated most frequently were heel lance (49%), venipuncture (14%), and intramuscular injection (14%). Placebo or no-treatment groups were included in 111 studies (89%); in 103 (93%) of those studies, sweet solutions reduced behavioral responses, compared with placebo/ no treatment. CONCLUSION: Clinical equipoise relating to analgesic effects of sweet solutions no longer exists for single episodes of procedures for healthy preterm and term newborn infants. Uncertainties include outcomes after prolonged use of sweet solutions, concomitant use of other analgesics, and effectiveness beyond the newborn period. Future research should focus on addressing these knowledge and research gaps.

Objective To compare the efficacy of oral sweet solutions to water or no treatment in infants aged 1–12 months during immunisation. Methods Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were retrieved through internet searches or manual searches of reference lists. Search terms included newborn, infant, pain, sucrose and alternative names for sweet solutions. Summary estimates with 95% CIs were calculated and included relative risk (RR), risk difference (RD) and number needed to treat to benefit (NNTB) for dichotomous outcomes, and weighted mean differences (WMD) for continuous outcomes. Where pooling of results was not possible, a narrative summary of study results is presented. Results Of the 695 studies identified, 14 RCTs with 1674 injections met the inclusion criteria. Sucrose or glucose, compared to water or no treatment decreased crying during or following immunisation in 13 of the 14 studies. Infants receiving 30% glucose (three trials, 243 infants) had a decreased RR in crying incidence following immunisation (typical RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93; RD −0.17, 95% CI −0.29 to −0.05; NNTB 6, 95% CI 3 to 20). With sucrose or glucose, there was a 10% WMD reduction in proportion of crying time (95% CI −18 to −2) and a 12 s reduction in crying duration (95% CI −23 to −0.7 s). An optimal dose of sucrose or glucose could not be ascertained due to the varied volumes and concentrations used. Conclusion Infants aged 1–12 months administered sucrose or glucose before immunisation had moderately reduced incidence and duration of crying. Healthcare professionals should consider using sucrose or glucose before and during immunisation.

OBJETIVOS: avaliar a presença de dor durante a fisioterapia respiratória em prematuros submetidos à ventilação mecânica. MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo realizado entre fevereiro de 2003 e maio de 2004, sendo incluídos prematuros com idade gestacional

Background Treatment for horses with pythiosis of a limb is challenging. This study aims to evaluate the effects of administering amphotericin B in a 10 % solution of dimethylsulfoxide by intravenous regional limb perfusion (IRLP) to treat horses for cutaneous pythiosis of a limb. Results All 15 of the horses treated had complete resolutions of their lesion between 6 to 9 weeks after a single IRLP treatment. No complications were observed at the site of venipuncture for IRLP. Before initiation of treatment, there was anemia and marked leucocytosis which resolved following treatment. Serum biochemistry showed no significant changes. Conclusions IRLP administration of amphotericin B in a 10 % DMSO solution was easily performed, relatively inexpensive and an effective treatment for treating horses for pythiosis of a limb and resolved the infection with no complications.

Brucella abortus is a Gram-negative bacterium that infects humans and cattle, causing a chronic inflammatory disease known as brucellosis. A Th1-mediated immune response plays a critical role in host control of this pathogen. Recent findings indicate contrasting roles for lipid mediators in host responses against infections. 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) is an enzyme required for the production of the lipid mediators leukotrienes and lipoxins. To determine the involvement of 5-LO in host responses to B. abortus infection, we intraperitoneally infected wild-type and 5-LO-deficient mice and evaluated the progression of infection and concomitant expression of immune mediators. Here, we demonstrate that B. abortus induced the upregulation of 5-LO mRNA in wild-type mice. Moreover, this pathogen upregulated the production of the lipid mediators leukotriene B 4 and lipoxin A 4 in a 5-LO-dependent manner. 5-LO-deficient mice displayed lower bacterial burdens in the spleen and liver and less severe liver pathology, demonstrating an enhanced resistance to infection. Host resistance paralleled an increased expression of the proinflammatory mediators interleukin-12 (IL-12), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) during the course of infection. Moreover, we demonstrated that 5-LO downregulated the expression of IL-12 in macrophages during B. abortus infection. Our results suggest that 5-LO has a major involvement in B. abortus infection, by functioning as a negative regulator of the protective Th1 immune responses against this pathogen.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the preventive effect of sodium bicarbonate on systemic acidosis due to ruminal acidosis, which was induced by ingestion of concentrate after prolonged fasting. Fourteen sheep were divided into three experimental groups: control group (Cg), with four sheep, submitted to fasting without development of ruminal acidosis; no-treated group (NTg), with five sheep with rumen acidosis without preventive treatment; and treated group (Tg), with five sheep with rumen acidosis and preventively treated with sodium bicarbonate. Assessments of ruminal pH and arterial hemogasometry were performed for 48 hours after ingestion of the concentrate. There was a reduction in the ruminal pH in all groups, whereas the Cg showed a reduction only after 24 hours. A reduction in the arterial pH, bicarbonate and base excess in all groups was also noted, indicating systemic metabolic acidosis, but the NTg presented the greatest alteration. It is concluded that sodium bicarbonate prevents systemic metabolic acidosis, reducing its severity in sheep subjected to ruminal acidosis. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito preventivo do bicarbonato de sódio sobre a acidose sistêmica em decorrência da acidose ruminal, a qual foi induzida pelo fornecimento de concentrado após jejum prolongado. Foram utilizados 14 ovinos, divididos em três grupos experimentais: grupo controle (Cg), contendo quatro ovinos, submetidos a jejum sem desenvolvimento de acidose ruminal; grupo não tratado (NTg), contendo cinco ovinos submetidos a acidose ruminal sem tratamento preventivo; e grupo tratado (Tg), contendo cinco ovinos, submetidos a acidose ruminal e tratados preventivamente com bicarbonato de sódio. Foram realizadas avaliações do pH ruminal e hemogasometria arterial, durante 48 horas após o fornecimento do concentrado. Houve redução do pH ruminal em todos os grupos, sendo que o Cg apresentou a redução apenas às 24 horas. Notou-se redução do pH arterial, bicarbonato e excesso de base em todos os grupos, indicando acidose metabólica sistêmica; no entanto, o NTg apresentou o quadro mais grave. Conclui-se que o bicarbonato de sódio possui efeito preventivo da acidose metabólica sistêmica, reduzindo a sua gravidade em ovinos submetidos à acidose ruminal.

Background Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) show that breastfeeding newborn infants during painful procedures reduces pain. Mechanisms are considered to be multifactorial and include sucking, skin-to-skin contact, warmth, rocking, sound and smell of the mother, and possibly endogenous opiates present in the breast milk. Objectives To determine the effect of breastfeeding on procedural pain in infants beyond the neonatal period (first 28 days of life) up to one year of age compared to no intervention, placebo, parental holding, skin-to-skin contact, expressed breast milk, formula milk, bottle feeding, sweet-tasting solutions (e.g. sucrose or glucose), distraction, or other interventions. Search methods We searched the following databases to 18 February 2016: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (the Cochrane Library), MEDLINE including In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations (OVID), Embase (OVID), PsycINFO (OVID), and CINAHL (EBSCO); the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT), ClinicalTrials.gov (clinicaltrials.gov), and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) (apps.who.int/trialsearch/) for ongoing trials. Selection criteria We included RCTs and quasi-RCTs involving infants aged 28 days postnatal to 12 months and receiving breastfeeding while undergoing a painful procedure. Comparators included, but were not limited to, oral administration of water, sweet-tasting solutions, expressed breast or formula milk, no intervention, use of pacifiers, positioning, cuddling, distraction, topical anaesthetics, and skin-to-skin care. Procedures included, but were not limited to: subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, venipuncture, intravenous line insertion, heel lance, and finger lance. We applied no language restrictions. Data collection and analysis We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Two review authors independently considered trials for inclusion in the review, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data. The main outcome measures were behavioural or physiological indicators and composite pain scores, as well as other clinically important outcomes reported by the authors of included studies. We pooled data for the most comparable outcomes and where data from at least two studies could be included. We used mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI), employing a random-effects model for continuous outcomes measured on the same scales. For continuous outcomes measured on different scales, we pooled standardised mean differences (SMDs) and associated 95% CIs. For dichotomous outcomes, we planned to pool events between groups across studies using risk ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs. However, as insufficient studies reported dichotomous outcomes, we did not pool such events. We assessed the evidence using GRADE and created a 'Summary of findings' table. Main results We included 10 studies with a total of 1066 infants. All studies were conducted during early childhood immunisation. As the breastfeeding intervention cannot be blinded, we rated all studies as being at high risk of bias for blinding of participants and personnel. We assessed nine studies as being at low risk of bias for incomplete outcome data. In addition, we rated nine studies as high risk for blinding of outcome assessment. We scored risk of bias related to random sequence generation, allocation concealment, and selective reporting as unclear for the majority of the studies due to lack of information. Our primary outcome was pain. Breastfeeding reduced behavioural pain responses (cry time and pain scores) during vaccination compared to no treatment, oral water, and other interventions such as cuddling, oral glucose, topical anaesthetic, massage, and vapocoolant. Breastfeeding did not consistently reduce changes in physiological indicators, such as heart rate. We pooled data for duration of cry from six studies (n = 547 infants). Breastfeeding compared to water or no treatment resulted in a 38-second reduction in cry time (MD -38, 95% CI -50 to -26; P < 0.00001). The quality of the evidence according to GRADE for this outcome was moderate, as most infants were 6 months or younger, and outcomes may be different for infants during their 12-month immunisation. We pooled data for pain scores from five studies (n = 310 infants). Breastfeeding was associated with a 1.7-point reduction in standardised pain scores (SMD -1.7, 95% CI -2.2 to -1.3); we considered this evidence to be of moderate quality as data were primarily from infants younger than 6 months of age. We could pool heart rate data following injections for only two studies (n = 186); we considered this evidence to be of low quality due to insufficient data. There were no differences between breastfeeding and control (MD -3.6, -23 to 16). Four of the 10 studies had more than two study arms. Breastfeeding was more effective in reducing crying duration or pain scores during vaccination compared to: 25% dextrose and topical anaesthetic cream (EMLA), vapocoolant, maternal cuddling, and massage. No included studies reported adverse events. Authors' conclusions We conclude, based on the 10 studies included in this review, that breastfeeding may help reduce pain during vaccination for infants beyond the neonatal period. Breastfeeding consistently reduced behavioural responses of cry duration and composite pain scores during and following vaccinations. However, there was no evidence that breastfeeding had an effect on physiological responses. No studies included in this review involved populations of hospitalised infants undergoing other skin-breaking procedures. Although it may be possible to extrapolate the review results to this population, further studies of efficacy, feasibility, and acceptability in this population are warranted.

Objetivou-se caracterizar as estratégias de analgesia e sedação em neonatos submetidos à instalação do cateter central de inserção periférica (CCIP) e relacioná-las ao número de punções venosas, duração do procedimento e posicionamento da ponta do cateter. Estudo transversal com coleta prospectiva de dados, realizado em uma unidade de cuidados intensivos neonatais de um hospital privado na cidade de São Paulo, no período de 31 de agosto de 2010 a 01 de julho de 2011, em que foram avaliadas 254 inserções do CCIP. A adoção de estratégias analgésicas ou sedativas ocorreu em 88 (34,6%) instalações do cateter e não esteve relacionada ao número de punções venosas, duração do procedimento ou posicionamento da ponta do cateter. As estratégias mais frequentes foram a administração endovenosa de midazolam em 47 (18,5%) e fentanil em 19 (7,3%) inserções do cateter. Recomenda-se maior adoção de estratégias analgésicas antes, durante e após o procedimento. El objetivo fue caracterizar las estrategias de la analgesia y sedación en neonatos sometidos a la instalación del catéter venoso central de inserción periférica (CCIP) y relacionarlas con el número de punciones venosas, duración del procedimiento y la posición de la punta del catéter. Estudio transversal con recolección prospectiva de datos conducido en unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatal de un hospital privado en la ciudad de Sao Paulo; realizado en el periodo del 31 de agosto de 2010 al 01 de julio de 2011 donde fueron evaluadas 254 instalaciones del CCIP. La adopción de estrategias analgésicas o sedación ocurrió en 88 (34,6%) instalaciones de catéter y no estuvo relacionada con el número de punciones venosas, duración del procedimiento o la posición de la punta del catéter. Las estrategias más utilizadas fueron la administración intravenosa de Midazolam en 47 (18,5%) y Fentanil en 19 (7,3%) respectivamente. Se recomienda una mayor adopción de estrategias analgésicas antes, durante y después del procedimiento. This study aimed to characterize the analgesia and sedation strategies in neonates having a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) placed, and to relate it to the number of venipunctures, duration of procedure and catheter tip position. This was a cross-sectional study with prospective data collection, conducted in a neonatal intensive care unit of a private hospital in the city of São Paulo, during the period from August 31, 2010 to July 1, 2011, which evaluated 254 PICC insertions. The adoption of analgesic or sedative strategies occurred in 88 (34.6%) catheter placements and was not related to the number of venipunctures, duration of procedure or catheter tip position. Intravenous administration of midazolam, in 47 (18.5%), and fentanyl, in 19 (7.3%), catheter insertions were the most frequent strategies. Wider adoption of analgesic strategies is recommended before, during and after the procedure.

OBJECTIVE: The study goal was to compare the efficacy of expressed breast milk (EBM) versus 25% glucose on pain responses of late preterm infants during heel lancing. METHODS: In a noninferiority randomized controlled trial, a total of 113 newborns were randomized to receive EBM (experimental group [EG]) or 25% glucose (control group [CG]) before undergoing heel lancing. The primary outcome was pain intensity (Premature Infant Pain Profile [PIPP]) and a 10% noninferiority margin was established. Secondary outcomes were incidence of cry and percentage of time spent crying and adverse events. Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis was used. RESULTS: Groups were similar regarding demographics and clinical characteristics, except for birth weight and weight at data collection day. There were lower pain scores in the CG over 3 minutes after lancing (P < .001). A higher number of infants in the CG had PIPP scores indicative of minimal pain or absence of pain (P = .002 and P = .003 on ITT analysis) at 30 seconds after lancing, and the mean difference in PIPP scores was 3 (95% confidence interval: 1.507–4.483). Lower incidence of cry (P = .001) and shorter duration of crying (P = .014) were observed for CG. Adverse events were benign and self-limited, and there was no significant difference between groups (P = .736 and P = .637 on ITT analysis). CONCLUSIONS: Results based on PIPP scores and crying time indicate poorer effects of EBM compared with 25% glucose during heel lancing. Additional studies exploring the vol and administration of EBM and its combination with other strategies such as skin-to-skin contact and sucking are necessary.

INTRODUCTION: It is important to know the reasons for resubmitting research projects to the Research Ethics Committee in order to help researchers to prepare their research projects, informed consent forms and needed research documentation. OBJECTIVES: To verify the reasons for resubmitting projects that were previously rejected by the Ethics Committee. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study that evaluated research projects involving human beings. Research projects were submitted in 2007 to the Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo. RESULTS: One thousand two hundred and fifty six research projects were submitted to the ethics committee and the average time for evaluating the research projects and related documents until a final decision was reached was 49.95 days. From the total, 399 projects were reviewed in 2 or more meetings until a final decision was reached. Of these, 392 research projects were included in the study; 35 projects were subsequently excluded for involving animals. Among the research projects included, 42.5% concerned research with new drugs, vaccines and diagnostic tests, 48.5% consisted of undergraduate students' research projects, 68.9% of the research had no sponsorship, and 97.5% were eventually approved. The main reasons for returning the projects to the researchers were the use of inadequate language and/or difficulty of understanding the informed consent form (32.2%), lack of information about the protocol at the informed consent form (25.8%), as well as doubts regarding methodological and statistical issues of the protocol (77.1%). Other reasons for returning the research projects involved lack of, inaccuracy on or incomplete documentation, need of clarification or approval for participation of external entities on the research, lack of information on financial support. CONCLUSION: Among the research projects that were returned to the researchers for additional clarification, the main reasons were inadequacies or doubts about the terms used in the informed consent form as well as lack of information regarding the research at the informed consent form and methodological and statistical issues regarding the protocol.

The objectives of this study were to verify the frequency of pharmacological analgesia and the occurrence of postoperative pain in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study and data were collected from 30 medical charts of neonates who underwent cardiac surgery in a private hospital in the city of São Paulo. RESULTS: The majority (96.6%) of neonates received analgesia: 18 (60.0%) received continuous analgesics, five (16.7%) received intermittent drugs, and six (20.0%) received a combination of continuous and intermittent analgesics. Fentanyl citrate was continuously administered to 24 (80.0%) neonates. Intermittent dipyrone and morphine was administered to ten (33.3%) and one (3.3%) neonates, respectively. Pain registers were observed in 17 (56.7%) medical charts and the occurrence of pain among neonates who received analgesics was 53.4%. CONCLUSION: There was no efficacy in pharmacological postoperative pain control in the neonates included in this study. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron verificar la frecuencia de cobertura analgésica farmacológica y la aparición de dolor postoperatorio en neonatos sometidos a la cirugía cardiaca. MÉTODO: Se Trata de un estudio transversal con recolección de datos de Historias Clínicas de 30 neonatos sometidos a cirugía cardiaca en un hospital privado de la ciudad de San Pablo. RESULTADOS: La frecuencia de cobertura analgésica fue de 96,6%, 18(60,0%) recibieron analgesia continua, cinco (16,7%) intermitente y seis (20,0%) intermitente y continua. El citrato de fentanil fue administrado continuamente a 24 (80,0%) neonatos. Dipirona y morfina fueron administradas en dosis intermitentes a diez (33,3%) y a un (3,3%) neonatos, respectivamente. Fueron identificados registros de ocurrencia de dolor en 17 (56,7%) Historias Clínicas. La ocurrencia de dolor postoperatorio en recién nacidos con cobertura analgésica fue 53,4 %. CONCLUSIÓN: los datos apuntan que el abordaje analgésico adoptado se mostró ineficaz para controlar el dolor postoperatorio en los neonatos estudiados. Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar freqüência de cobertura analgésica farmacológica e ocorrência de dor pós-operatória em neonatos submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal com coleta de dados de prontuários de 30 neonatos submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca em um hospital privado da cidade de São Paulo. RESULTADOS: a freqüência de cobertura analgésica foi de 96,6%, 18(60%) receberam analgesia contínua, cinco (16,7%) intermitente e seis (20%) intermitente e contínua. O citrato de fentanil foi administrado continuamente a 24 (80%) neonatos. Dipirona e morfina foram administradas em doses intermitentes a dez (33,3%) e um (3,3%) neonato, respectivamente. Foram identificados registros de ocorrência de dor em 17 (56,7%) prontuários. A ocorrência de dor pós-operatória em recém-nascidos com cobertura analgésica foi 53,4%. CONCLUSÃO: os dados apontam que a abordagem analgésica adotada mostrou-se ineficaz para controlar a dor pós-operatória nos neonatos estudados.

Neonates have blood work for newborn screening in their first days of life, and preterm and sick hospitalized infants often require repeated invasive needle-related procedures over the duration of their hospitalization. Reducing newborn infants' pain during such painful procedures is important and may reduce the risk of negative sequela of poorly treated procedural pain. High-quality synthesized evidence demonstrates analgesic effects of three pain manage- ment strategies: breastfeeding; skin-to-skin care, also referred to as kangaroo care; and small amounts of sweet solutions. These strategies are simple to use, easily accessible, and extremely cost-effective. Published neonatal and infant pain guidelines include recommendations to use these strategies prior to and during painful procedures. Yet, despite the robust evidence and pain management recommendations in guidelines and national and international organizations, knowledge has not been translated into consistent normalized care in diverse maternal newborn, neonatal, and pediatric settings where painful procedures for infants take place. There may be knowledge gaps or barriers impeding consistent use of effective pain management for newborn infants. This paper will present a brief review of methods used to assess neonatal pain, followed by a summary of the evidence supporting breastfeeding, skin-to-skin care, and sweet solutions for procedural pain reduction with a discussion about barriers and facilitators to using these strategies in the clinical setting. Finally, a review of recommendations included in current neo- natal pain guidelines will be presented.

OBJECTIVE To analyze nurses' knowledge and practices regarding pain management of newborns admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Units. METHOD A descriptive and cross-sectional study. Data were collected from 51 nurses based on an adapted questionnaire aimed at evaluating knowledge and practices regarding the management of neonatal pain in six hospitals in Curitiba and its Metropolitan Region. RESULTS For most nurses (86.0%), neonates feel pain. A total of 34.7% of the nurses reported never using pain assessment scales. Pain management was recorded by 84.3% of the nurses. Administered pharmacological measures were Paracetamol and Fentanyl (47.1%) and Morphine (17.6%); while non-pharmacological measures adopted were sweetened solution (68.6%), non-nutritive sucking (58.8%) and positioning (56.9%). CONCLUSION Nurses considered neonatal pain a real event; however, they do not perform pain assessment or treatment of newborns in a systematized way.It is necessary to implement knowledge translation strategiesin order to improve pain management in newborns. Resumen OBJETIVO Verificar el conocimiento y las prácticas de los enfermeros sobre el manejo del dolor de recién nacidos admitidos en Unidades de Tratamiento Intensivo Neonatal. MÉTODO Estudio descriptivo y transversal. Los datos fueron recolectados con 51 enfermeros, mediante un cuestionario adaptado que tiene el fin de evaluar el conocimiento y las prácticas acerca del manejo del dolor neonatal, en seis hospitales de Curitiba y Región Metropolitana. RESULTADOS Para la mayoría de los enfermeros (86,0%), los neonatos sienten dolor. Un total del 34,7% afirmaron nunca utilizar escalas de evaluación del dolor. El registro del manejo del dolor fue realizado por el 84,3% de los enfermeros. Las medidas farmacológicas realizadas fueron Paracetamol y Fentanilo (47,1%) y Morfina (17,6%); las no farmacológicas adoptadas fueron solución azucarada (68,6%), succión no nutritiva (58,8%) y posicionamiento (56,9%). CONCLUSIÓN Los enfermeros consideraron el dolor neonatal como un evento real; sin embargo, no realizaban evaluación o tratamiento del dolor en el recién nacido de modo sistematizado. Es necesario implantar estrategias de traducción del conocimiento a fin de perfeccionar el manejo del dolor de recién nacidos. Resumo OBJETIVO Verificar o conhecimento e as práticasdos enfermeiros sobreo manejo da dor de recém-nascidos admitidos em Unidades de Tratamento Intensivo Neonatal. MÉTODO Estudo descritivo e transversal. Os dados foram coletados com 51 enfermeiros, a partir de um questionário adaptado que visa avaliar o conhecimento e as práticas sobre o manejo da dor neonatal, em seis hospitais de Curitiba e Região Metropolitana. RESULTADOS Para a maioria dos enfermeiros(86,0%), os neonatos sentem dor. Um total de 34,7% afirmaramnunca utilizar escalas de avaliaçãoda dor. O registro do manejo da dor foi realizado por 84,3% dos enfermeiros. As medidas farmacológicas realizadas foram Paracetamol e Fentanil (47,1%) e Morfina (17,6%);as não farmacológicas adotadas foram solução adocicada (68,6%), sucção não nutritiva (58,8%) e posicionamento (56,9%). CONCLUSÃO Os enfermeiros consideraram a dor neonatal como um evento real, porém não realizavam avaliação ou tratamento da dor no recém-nascido de modosistematizado. É necessário implementarestratégias de tradução do conhecimento paraaprimorar o manejo da dor de recém-nascidos.

Introdução: O agrupamento de cuidados é uma estratégia que visa evitar a manipulação intermitente dos neonatos pré-termos, proporcionando um período maior de repouso, fundamental para seu adequado crescimento e desenvolvimento. Esta prática é amplamente utilizada nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN). Objetivo: Estabelecer evidências acerca da efetividade do agrupamento de cuidados na organização do ciclo sono-vigília, na estabilidade das respostas fisiológicas e mímica facial em pré-termos com idade gestacional até 32 semanas. Método: Revisão sistemática que identificou estudos publicados e indexados nas bases eletrônicas Cochrane, LILACS, EMBASE, CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Science. Foram utilizados os descritores/termos livres clustered care, neonatal individualized developmental care program OR NIDCAP, kangaroo mother care OR KMC e skin to skin para identificação dos estudos. Além destas bases, foram realizadas buscas por estudos não publicados em revistas indexadas como anais de eventos científicos, teses e dissertações indexadas nas bases eletrônicas de bancos de teses disponibilizados em páginas eletrônicas de universidades e pela ferramenta Google scholar. A análise e seleção das publicações foram realizadas por dois revisores independentes, as publicações com análises discrepantes para inclusão ou não na revisão foram submetidas à avaliação de um terceiro revisor. As publicações que atenderam os critérios de inclusão foram selecionadas para a leitura e análise na íntegra. Após esta avaliação, as que preencheram os critérios de inclusão, foram incluídas na revisão sistemática. Resultados: Foram identificadas 1255 publicações nas bases de dados, das quais 18 foram selecionadas como prováveis inclusão e analisadas na íntegra. Destas, cinco ensaios clínicos randomizados do tipo cross-over foram incluídos na presente revisão. Os sujeitos que compuseram a amostra dos ensaios clínicos analisados foram os neonatos pré-termos com idade gestacional igual ou inferior a 32 semanas. O agrupamento de cuidados foi comparado com um procedimento doloroso. Os resultados mostraram que os RNs apresentam alterações na mímica facial (olhos espremidos), alterações comporamentais (extenção de braços, língua protusa, mãos abertas com adução dos dedos, bocejo) e diminuição na saturação de oxigênio mais significativamente no grupo submetido ao procedimento doloroso comparado ao grupo de cuidados agrupados (p

Introdução: Dispositivos de acesso venoso central tornaram-se vitais para a recuperação e sobrevivência dos neonatos e lactentes internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN). O cateter central de inserção periférica (CCIP) tem sido amplamente utilizado para atender às demandas terapêuticas dos neonatos e lactentes criticamente doentes e inovações nos dispositivos têm sido introduzidos e confeccionados com materiais biocompatíveis, como o silicone e o poliuretano, com único ou duplo lúmen. Objetivo: analisar a relação entre os tipos de cateteres centrais de inserção periférica (monolúmen de silicone e duplolúmen de poliuretano) instalados em neonatos e lactentes com os motivos de remoção do dispositivo. Método: coorte prospectiva, composta por neonatos e lactentes submetidos à instalação do CCIP, internados em UTIN de um hospital privado da cidade de São Paulo, no período de 1 de julho de 2010 a 30 de junho de 2011. Os neonatos e lactentes foram incluídos no estudo no momento da instalação do cateter e acompanhados durante a permanência do dispositivo. O projeto de pesquisa foi apreciado e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da instituição, campo do estudo (Processo 219/2010). Resultados: foram analisados dados referentes a 270 CCIPs, 189 (70%) cateteres de monolúmen e 81 (30%) de duplolúmen. Os dois grupos de cateteres apresentaram características demográficas, clínicas, terapêuticas e relacionadas ao procedimento de inserção do cateter homogêneas, exceto para as variáveis: diagnóstico prévio de septicemia (p=0,0210) e ocorrência de dificuldade de progressão do cateter na instalação do mesmo (p=0,0296). Contudo, o valor de p para o teste de homogeneidade para razão de chances do diagnóstico prévio de septicemia e da dificuldade de progressão do cateter, não demonstrou diferença estatística, p=0,955 e p=0,400, respectivamente. A taxa de densidade de incidência (TI) de remoção não eletiva para o cateter monolúmen de silicone foi 34,8 em 1.000 cateteres-dia e a do cateter duplolúmen de poliuretano foi 32,8 em 1.000 cateteres-dia. Houve diferença estatística significante, p=0,0005, na média do tempo de permanência entre os dois tipos de cateteres, maior para o dispositivo de duplolúmen de poliuretano, 14 dias em relação ao dispositivo de monolúmen de silicone, 10 dias. Entretanto, não é possível afirmar que a taxa de densidade de incidência entre os cateteres se diferem entre si ao se estimar a curva de sobrevida pelo método Kaplan Meier dos cateteres com remoção não eletiva. As curvas de sobrevivência de ambos os cateteres se sobrepõem, entretanto o valor do logrank (0,45) indica que não há diferença estatística entre a incidência de remoção não eletiva entre os cateteres. Dessa forma, a hipótese conceitual defendida no presente estudo não pode ser confirmada. Conclusão: os resultados do estudo apontaram que não há diferença estatística significante nas taxas de incidência de remoção não eletiva entre os dois grupos de cateteres. Entretanto, o CCIP de duplolúmen de poliuretano apresentou média de tempo de permanência maior comparado ao dispositivo de monolúmen de silicone. Introduction: Central venous access devices have become vital to the recovery and survival of newborns and infants hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). The peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) has been widely used to supply the therapeutic demands of critically ill newborns. Innovation in the PICC devices have been available, made from biocompatible materials such as silicone and polyurethane, with single or double lumen. Objective: To analyze the relationship between the type of peripherally inserted central catheter device (silicone single lumen or polyurethane double lumen) used in neonates and infants with the reasons for their removal. Method: prospective cohort study consisting of neonates and infants undergoing installation of PICC devices, admitted at the NICU of a private hospital in the city of São Paulo in the period from July 1st, 2010 to June 30, 2011. The neonates and infants were enrolled at the time of catheters installation and followed up until PICC device removal. The research project was examined and approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Boards where the study was carried out (Protocol number 219/2010). Results: Data from 270 PICC devices installed in 213 neonates, 189 (70%) silicon single lumen catheter and 81 (30%) with polyurethane double lumen catheter devices, were analysed. The distribution of demographic, clinical, therapeutic and cathers insertion procedure variables were homogeneous between the two groups of catheters, except for the variables: previous diagnosis of septicemia (p=0,0210) and difficulty on the progression of the catheter during the catheter instalation (p=0,0296). However, the p value for homogeneity test for the odds ratio for the diagnosis of septicemia and the difficulty of catheter progression, no have statistical difference, respectively p=0,955 and p=0,400. The rate of incidence density (ID) for non-elective silicon single lumen catheter removal was 34,8 per 1.000 catheter-days and for the polyurethane double lumen catheter was 32,8 per 1.000 catheter-days. Difference statistically significant, p=0,0005, in the average of length of stay between the two types of catheters was found, the polyurethane double lumen was largest, 14 days, silicone single lumen was 10 days. However, it is not possible to state that the rate of incidence density between the catheters is different when estimated by the Kaplan Meier method survival curve of the catheters with non-elective removal. The survival curves of both catheters overlap in 20th to 25th days, and the logrank value, 0,45, indicates no statistical difference in the non-elective removal catheters incidences between the two types of catheters. Thus, the statistical hypothesis in the length of stay of non-elective removal between both catheters can not be rejected, not confirming the theoretical hypothesis of this study. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that there is no statistically significant difference in the incidence rates of non-elective removal between the two types of catheters. However, the polyurethane double lumen catheter had higher length of stay mean compared to the silicone single lumen catheter.