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To evaluate the effects of recombinant human luteinizing hormone (rhLH) supplementation on ovarian stimulation and implantation rate in down-regulated women of advanced reproductive age.Prospective randomized study.University teaching hospital.A total of 120 consecutive normogonadotropic infertile womenor = 35 years old undergoing their first cycle of IVF or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment.Ovarian stimulation in a long agonist protocol with a combination of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (rhFSH) and rhLH (group 1, n = 60) starting on day 6 of FSH stimulation until hCG at a daily fixed dose of 150 IU of rhLH, or with rhFSH alone (group 2, n = 60).Ovarian stimulation characteristics, ovum retrieval, and IVF/ICSI outcome.The mean number of intermediate (10-14 mm) and large (14-18 mm) but not leading (or = 18 mm) follicles was significantly lower in group 1 on the day of hCG injection. The oocyte yield and maturity as well as the number of oocytes fertilized were significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1. However, the number of patients having embryo transfer (n = 55 in both treatment groups), the number and quality of embryos replaced, the implantation rate (20.6% vs. 21.7%) and clinical pregnancy rates per embryo transfer (44% vs. 45%) were similar in groups 1 and 2.The rhLH supplementation does not increase ovarian response and implantation rates in patients of older reproductive age stimulated with rhFSH under pituitary suppression for assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs).

Background. Intensity of exercise and low energy consumption, specific type and amount of training, early age at initiation, previous menstrual dysfunctions, low body mass index (BMI) or percentage body fat, pathological feeding habits and psychological stress have been suggested as potential factors accountable for menstrual irregularities in female athletes.Aim. To evaluate the influence of intensive training and of dietetic and anthropometric factors on menstrual cycles in female ballet dancers.Method. A case-control study, in which a structured interview and physical examination were carried out in two groups of teenagers aged between 12 and 18 years. The study included a total of 115 adolescent girls distributed in two groups: dancers (group B, n = 38) and girls of the same age not engaged in any sports activity (group C, n = 77).Results. Early starting high-intensity training delayed the onset of menarche ( p0.001). Dancers had a higher prevalence of oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea than control girls ( p = 0.004). Additionally, the dancers had lower scores in anthropometric variables: breast circumference 80 cm vs. 86.6 cm for controls ( p = 0.0001), low weight in 18% of dancers vs. 2.6% of controls ( p = 0.0001), and low height in 18% of dancers vs. 9% of controls ( p = 0.016). In addition, in dancers, low BMI was observed in 21% compared with 13% of controls ( p = 0.0001). Finally, 32% of the dancers were on a weight-control diet while this percentage decreased to 12% for the girls in control group (odds ratio = 3.49, 95% confidence interval = 1.31-9.25).Conclusions. In ballet dancers, high-intensity training was associated with late onset of menarche, menstrual disorders, lower weight and height development, and abnormal feeding behaviors.

Background Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) has been recently proposed as a marker for ovarian ageing and poor ovarian response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in assisted reproduction cycles. The present study was undertaken to investigate the usefulness of baseline cycle day 3 AMH levels and AMH serum concentrations obtained on the fifth day of gonadotropin therapy in predicting ovarian response and pregnancy in women undergoing ovarian stimulation with FSH under pituitary desensitization for assisted reproduction. Methods A total of 80 women undergoing their first cycle of IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment were studied. Twenty consecutive cycles which were cancelled because of a poor follicular response were initially selected. As a control group, 60 women were randomly selected from our assisted reproduction programme matching by race, age, body mass index, basal FSH and indication for IVF/ICSI to those in the cancelled group. For each cancelled patient, three IVF/ICSI women who met the matching criteria were included. Results Basal and day 5 AMH serum concentrations were significantly lower in the cancelled than in the control group. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that the capacity of day 5 AMH in predicting the likelihood of cancellation in an assisted reproduction treatment programme was significantly higher than that for basal AMH measurement. However, the predictive capacity of day 5 AMH was not better than that provided by day 5 estradiol. In addition, neither basal nor day 5 AMH or estradiol measurements were useful in the prediction of pregnancy after assisted reproductive treatment. Conclusions AMH concentrations obtained early in the follicular phase during ovarian stimulation under pituitary suppression for assisted reproduction are better predictors of ovarian response than basal AMH measurements. However, AMH is not useful in the prediction of pregnancy. Definite clinical applicability of AMH determination as a marker of IVF outcome remains to be established.

Halving the standard daily dose of triptorelin at the start of ovarian stimulation in down-regulated women stimulated with recombinant FSH is enough for pituitary suppression and was associated with higher LH serum concentrations in the follicular phase. However, this did not translate into higher serum concentrations of androstenedione and E2 and had no significant effect on ovarian response and the outcome of IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Background There is scanty information analysing the predictive value of a poor response, in terms of cancellation of the IVF cycle because of poor follicular development, as a predictor of ovarian response in a subsequent treatment cycle. This study, where logistic regression analysis was used, was undertaken to investigate the relative power of the woman's age, basal FSH, and previous cycle cancellation both as single and combined predictors of ovarian response in an IVF program where pituitary desensitization is routinely used. Methods One hundred and twenty-nine consecutive patients having their first cycle of IVF/ICSI treatment cancelled because of poor follicular response and undergoing a second attempt within 6 months after the failed treatment cycle were initially selected (group 1). Group 2 comprised 129 patients undergoing the first cycle of IVF/ICSI treatment and who were randomly selected from our assisted reproductive treatment program matching by BMI and indication for IVF/ICSI to those in group 1. Results Cancellation rate was significantly higher but ovarian response significantly lower in group 1 as compared with group 2. As indicated by the AUC(ROC) determined with ROC analysis, such a poor outcome in patients having a previous IVF/ICSI cycle cancelled due to poor response was observed whatever the level of basal FSH. In a logistic regression analysis and according to the odds ratio values, the predictive capacity of a previous poor response was 9 and 7.6 times higher than the predictive capacity of age and basal FSH, respectively. Any two or all three variables studied did not improve the predictive value of previous cycle cancellation alone. Conclusions The history of an IVF/ICSI cancelled cycle due to poor follicular response in a standard stimulation protocol is a better predictor of cancellation in subsequent treatment cycles than age or FSH. The poor ovarian response associated with previous cycle cancellation occurs whatever the level of basal FSH.

The objective was to evaluate the associations between arterial, venous and intracardiac parameters and adverse perinatal outcome in growth restricted fetuses. Fetuses beyond the 26th week of gestation with an abdominal circumference below the 5th percentile were included in this prospective study. The last Doppler measurement of the umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery, ductus venosus, outflow tract waveforms, atrioventricular flow and ventricular shortening fraction before delivery and adverse perinatal outcome were used for univariate (Fisher's exact test) and multivariate (stepwise logistic regression) statistical analysis. Adverse perinatal outcome was defined as the following: umbilical artery pH

BACKGROUND: Human follicular fluid contains several substances, such as cytokines and growth factors, which may affect follicular growth and maturation. The present study examines the relative contribution of macrophages and granulosa cells in the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and adrenomedullin in the human ovulatory follicle. METHODS: Both follicular fluid samples and blood samples were obtained at the time of oocyte retrieval following ovarian stimulation from 20 women undergoing IVF treatment because of male infertility. Human follicular fluid macrophages and luteinized granulosa cells were obtained from pooled follicular fluid of individual patients. Accumulation of VEGF and adrenomedullin in the culture medium of the isolated macrophages and human granulosa cells was determined at variable time intervals ranging from 0 to 48 h. Plasma and follicular fluid concentrations of VEGF and adrenomedullin were also measured. RESULTS: The follicular fluid concentrations of VEGF and adrenomedullin were significantly higher than those found in plasma. After 48 h, accumulation of VEGF in the culture medium of follicular fluid macrophages was significantly higher than that released in the culture medium of luteinized granulosa cells. In contrast, the production rate of adrenomedullin by follicular fluid macrophages was similar to that found in granulosa cells. VEGF secreted by follicular fluid macrophages increased progressively within 48 h of cell culture. A similar response pattern was observed with the culture medium of luteinized granulosa cells, but with lower production rates. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests for the first time that both luteinized granulosa cells and macrophages actively secrete VEGF and adrenomedullin into follicular fluid in the human ovary.

The most commonly used biomarker tests of ovarian reserve are basal hormone measurements during the early follicular phase, including mainly FSH but also oestradiol, FSH:LH ratio, and inhibin B. This study was designed to assess prospectively the intra- and inter-cycle variability of serum values of those hormone biomarkers in the early follicular phase of consecutive cycles in a group of women candidates for assisted reproduction. Fifty eumenorrhoeic women underwent blood sampling for hormone measurement on cycle day 3 for three consecutive cycles, and during the first study cycle, daily samples were obtained on cycle days 2, 3, 4 and 5. No significant difference was detected among FSH concentrations and FSH:LH ratios during cycle days 2–5; in contrast, oestradiol and inhibin B were not constant through the early follicular phase. No difference in FSH or inhibin B serum concentrations and FSH:LH ratio on cycle day 3 during three consecutive cycles was noted; however, significant inter-cycle variability for oestradiol serum concentration on cycle day 3 was detected. FSH and inhibin serum concentrations, and FSH:LH ratio varied significantly less than oestradiol on cycle day 3, but inter-cycle variability was similar for the first three hormonal biomarkers of ovarian reserve. There was significantly less intra-cycle variability of FSH serum concentration and FSH:LH ratio than oestradiol and inhibin B serum concentrations. Basal FSH serum concentrations (or FSH:LH ratio) during the early follicular phase showed neither significant inter-cycle nor intra-cycle variability when measured during 3 consecutive months in an assisted reproduction patient population, thus offering greater flexibility of pretreatment sampling.

Problem: The majority of women with recurrent miscarriage have no discernible cause but it has been postulated that immunologic aberrations may be the cause in most of such cases. Also, it has been stressed that deliberate modification of the maternal host defense system can improve the chances of success. We tested the hypothesis that it is possible to potentiate maternal immune functions so as to improve reproductive performance by replacing several embryos into the uterus, thus favoring the recognition of fetal antigens. Method of study: A total of 57 couples with three or more (mean 5.52; range 3–12) consecutive first-trimester spontaneous clinical abortions of unknown etiology were treated with in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer for a total of 84 cycles. Patients underwent IVF after combined gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist/gonadotropin treatment for ovarian stimulation, and up to four embryos were replaced into the uterus. Results: There were 32 pregnancies (three of them after frozen–thawed embryo transfers) and 26 (81%) of them were viable gestations. Overall, patients had a previous obstetric history of 315 pregnancy losses and 15 live-born babies. Thus, the probability of having a live baby before treatment was 4.54% (95% CI, 2.78–7.36) a figure significantly lower (P

Objective To investigate the predictive value of ultrasonographic parameters as prognostic indicators of implantation after IVF when measured on the day of embryo transfer. Design Comparative, observational study. Setting University teaching hospital. Patient(s) Two hundred eighty patients undergoing IVF. Intervention(s) Ovarian stimulation, IVF. Main outcome measure(s) Variables related to patients' clinical characteristics, treatment characteristics, ovarian response, ovum retrieval, outcome of IVF and ICSI, embryo transfer, ultrasonographic and Doppler endometrial measurements, and uterine blood flow that have been proposed as potential predictive factors of implantation. All transvaginal ultrasonographic assessments were performed on the day of embryo transfer. Result(s) Among 240 patients finally evaluable, 67 (group 1) became pregnant after IVF, and 173 (group 2) failed to conceive. The 111 nonpregnant patients who had the same embryo score per replacement (group 3) as did patients in group 1 were selected for comparison purposes. The only significant differences between groups 1 and 3 were the type A endometrium and the absence of a protodiastolic notch in the uterine arteries, both of which were more frequently found in group 1. However, a considerable overlap existed between conception and nonconception cycles regarding both variables. Conclusion(s) Ultrasonographic parameters as predictors of implantation in assisted reproduction have a limited value in the clinical setting.

Objective It is well known that ovarian steroids modulate bone turnover. Conditions associated with low levels of these hormones, such as menopause, hypogonadism, and others, have been related to osteopenia or osteoporosis. On the other hand, hyperandrogenism in premenopausal women, mainly in polycystic ovarian syndrome, has been reported to have a protective effect on bone mass. However, data regarding how bone mass is affected by neoformative processes in which steroids are increased are not as well documented. Our aim was to study the effect of secreting ovarian tumors on bone mass. Methods A total of 14 patients were referred to our hospital because of endocrine ovarian tumors. Steroid levels were measured prior to and after surgery. Bone mineral density (BMD) by DEXA was assessed at inclusion in all cases. Additionally, in 7 women bone measurement was repeated after 1-year follow-up. The setting was a tertiary hospital. Results All patients showed increased levels of testosterone, androstenedione, and free testosterone prior to surgery. BMD was also in the normal–upper range or over normal in all of them. As expected in the subjects with a second DEXA a decrease in bone mass was noted. Conclusion Steroid secreting ovarian tumors increase bone mass and thus may protect women from later osteoporosis.

Elevated LH concentrations are frequently encountered in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and increased LH (either endogenous or superimposed through the use of HMG) may have detrimental effects on reproductive function. In spite of this, FSH-only products and HMG have been used indiscriminately for ovulation induction - on the basis that the administration of HMG to patients with PCOS, who are not receiving GnRH agonists, does not result in significant increases in serum LH concentrations as judged by daily single blood samples. However, both endogenous and exogenous LH have a relatively short terminal half-life and studies have reported normal serum LH, but abnormal urinary LH and emphasized that early morning urinary measurements are more informative than those in serum because they reflect nocturnal LH secretion. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to perform a pharmacokinetic and endocrine comparison of recombinant human FSH and HMG in PCOS patients including LH measurements in the urine. Five PCOS patients receiving s.c. recombinant human FSH (rhFSH) and five PCOS patients receiving i.m. HMG for ovulation induction according to a chronic low-dose step-up regimen underwent blood and urine sampling at the following study points: Point 0 was the day of HCG injection; Points 1 to 5 corresponded to days HCG -1 to -2; -3 to -4; -5 to -6; -7 to -8; and -9 to -10; respectively. Serum hormone measurements included oestradiol, FSH, LH, progesterone, inhibin A, androstenedione, testosterone, and free testosterone index. FSH and LH were also measured daily in 8-h urine samples reflecting overnight renal urine secretion. Hormone concentrations calculated as the area under the curve showed that both FSH and LH concentrations in urine were significantly higher in HMG group than in group rhFSH. It is concluded that both LH and FSH concentrations significantly accumulate in the urine of PCOS patients receiving HMG for ovulation induction in a chronic low-dose protocol as compared with rhFSH treatment.

BACKGROUND: There is scanty and contradictory information regarding the comparison of traditional histological dating criteria of the endometrium with the expression of the new markers of endometrial receptivity such as αvβ3 integrin and pinopods. Also, definite data with respect to the potential correlation existing between these different new markers in defining the putative window of implantation are lacking. METHODS: The temporal relationship between αvβ3 integrin expression and pinopod formation in normal and out-of-phase endometrial biopsies from normal healthy women (n 12) and infertile patients (n 36) was investigated. Two endometrial biopsies (postovulatory day 7t o8 and 4 days later) were performed during a single menstrual cycle in each subject. Estradiol and progesterone serum concentrations were quantified on the same days as endometrial sampling. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference regarding αvβ3 integrin expression, pinopod formation, and hormone concentrations was found between fertile controls and infertile patients irrespective of endometria being in-phase or out-of-phase. Although a coordinate high level of expression of αvβ3 integrin and pinopod on postovulatory days 7–8 was observed, there was an evident lack of temporal co-expression of these markers over the luteal phase in the endometrial samples investigated. CONCLUSIONS: There is a clear dissociation in the temporal expression of the most cited markers postulated to frame the window of implantation. The functional significance (if any) of these new markers remains to be established.

Objective The administration of hormonal replacement treatment to women with an intact uterus needs to be supplemented with progestogenic compounds to avoid endometrial hyperplasia. However, progestins may cancel the beneficial effects of estrogens on the cardiovascular system. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of adding cyproterone acetate to estradiol (E(2))on aorta atherogenesis. Design Thirty-two cholesterol-fed New Zealand white rabbits were studied for 4 months. The animals underwent laparotomy and were randomly allocated to four groups. Twenty-four rabbits underwent bilateral ovariectomy, and the other eight were sham-operated (group S). The ovariectomized rabbits were allocated to three groups of eight animals each receiving E(2) valerate (group E), E(2) valerate plus cyproterone acetate (group EC), or placebo after sterilization (group C). Results After 4 months, the cholesterol-rich diet caused atherosclerotic aortic lesions in both treated groups that affected 17.91% +/- 10.19% and 28.16% +/- 7.97% of the aortic surface of groups E and EC, respectively, with a markedly lower aortic plaque size in group E than in groups C and S. Rabbits from group E (but not from group EC) had aortic cholesterol content significantly lower than rabbits from the sham-operated and control groups. Conclusion E(2) valerate reduces aortic atheromatosis in cholesterol-fed, ovariectomized rabbits, and the addition of cyproterone acetate may neutralize this effect.

BACKGROUND It has been recently suggested that gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist down-regulation in some normogonadotrophic women may result in profound suppression of LH concentrations, impairing adequate oestradiol synthesis and IVF and pregnancy outcome. The aims of this study, where receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used, were: (i) to assess the usefulness of serum LH measurement on stimulation day 7 (S7) as a predictor of ovarian response, IVF outcome, implantation, and the outcome of pregnancy in patients treated with recombinant FSH under pituitary suppression; and (ii) to define the best threshold value, if any, to discriminate between women with 'low' or 'normal' LH concentrations. METHODS A total of 144 infertile women undergoing IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment were included. Seventy-two consecutive patients having a positive pregnancy test (including 58 ongoing pregnancies and 14 early pregnancy losses) were initially selected. As a control non-pregnant group, the next non-conception IVF/ICSI cycle after each conceptual cycle in our assisted reproduction programme was used. RESULTS The median and range of LH values in non-conception cycles, conception cycles, ongoing pregnancies, and early pregnancy losses, clearly overlapped. ROC analysis showed that serum LH concentration on S7 was unable to discriminate between conception and non-conception cycles (AUC(ROC) = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.44 to 0.61) or ongoing pregnancy versus early pregnancy loss groups (AUC(ROC) = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.46 to 0.70). To assess further the potential impact of suppressed concentrations of circulating LH during ovarian stimulation on the outcome of IVF/ICSI treatment, the three threshold values of mid-follicular serum LH proposed in the literature (

Background Recent studies have indicated that the corpus luteum is a major source of circulating inhibin-A and serum concentrations of inhibin-A may reflect the human luteal function. The present prospective study was undertaken to determine the usefulness of mid-luteal serum concentrations of inhibin-A as markers of endometrial receptivity (as assessed by histological dating and alphavbeta3 integrin expression) and whether they are better predictors of endometrial function than serum progesterone. Methods Consecutive infertile women (experimental group, n = 50) with regular menstrual cycles, and fertile women who were requesting contraception and had regular menstrual patterns and normal secretory endometria (control group, n = 10) were included. In all women basal body temperature, luteal serum concentrations of oestradiol, progesterone, prolactin, and inhibin-A, and endometrial biopsies were used in the same cycle to assess luteal function. Results Out-of-phase mid-secretory endometria were detected in 17 of the 50 infertile women. Lack of alphavbeta3 integrin expression was detected in 27 of the 50 mid-luteal endometrial biopsies. Thus, hormonal concentrations were compared in the mid-luteal phase between the following eight groups of women: group 1 (n = 10), control fertile women; group 2 (n = 50), infertile women (all); subdivided into group 3 (n = 33), with in-phase biopsies; group 4 (n = 17), with out-of-phase endometria; group 5 (n = 23), expressing alphavbeta3 integrin in endometria; group 6 (n = 27), whose endometria did not express alphavbeta3 integrin; group 7 (n = 18), with both in-phase endometrial biopsy and alphavbeta3 integrin expression; and finally group 8 (n = 12), whose endometria were out-of-phase and did not express alphavbeta3 integrin. Mid-luteal serum concentrations of oestradiol, progesterone, prolactin, and inhibin-A of the seven infertile groups were similar to those of the control group of fertile women. No statistically significant difference between the infertile groups was observed for any hormonal parameter considered. Conclusion Mid-luteal serum inhibin-A determination does not accurately reflect endometrial function/maturation and it is not a better indicator of endometrial luteal phase dysfunction than mid-luteal serum progesterone.

Recent reports investigating the value of basal inhibin B determination as a predictor of ovarian reserve and assisted reproduction treatment have led to discordant results. This study was undertaken to further assess the relative power of day 3 inhibin B and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (defined before treatment) and the woman's age both as single and combined predictors of ovarian response and pregnancy in an in-vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) programme. A total of 120 women undergoing their first cycle of IVF or ICSI was included. Forty consecutive cycles cancelled because of poor follicular response were initially selected. As a control group, the nearest completed IVF/ICSI cycles before and after each cancelled cycle (i.e. the closest cycles in temporal relationship to the index cycle) were used. Mean age and basal FSH concentrations were significantly higher in the cancelled than in the control group (P: < 0.01 and P: < 0.001 respectively), whereas basal inhibin B was significantly higher in the latter (P: < 0.05). The association of basal FSH (with an accuracy or predictive value of ovarian response of 79%) with cancellation rate was significant, independent of, and stronger than the effects of age and inhibin B (P: < 0.05). Any two or all three of these variables studied did not improve the predictive value of FSH alone. Woman's age was the only variable independently associated with pregnancy rate. It is concluded that the stronger predictors of success in patients undergoing their first IVF/ICSI treatment cycle are age and basal FSH rather than inhibin B. Basal FSH concentration was a better predictor of cancellation rate than age, but age was a stronger predictor of pregnancy rate.

Background. Nitric oxide (NO) may play an important role in embryo implantation and early embryo development. This study investigated the potential role of circulating nitric oxide (NO) measurement to predict the outcome of implantation and pregnancy after IVF and ET. Methods. Two blood samples were collected from 237 IVF patients on days 13-14 and 20-21 after ET. Serum concentration of nitrite/nitrate (the two stable oxidation products of NO metabolism), estradiol (E 2 ), progesterone and β-hCG were measured on days 13-14 after ET and one week later. Results. No significant differences were found with respect to nitrite/nitrate serum concentrations in conception versus non-conception cycles, viable versus abnormal pregnancies, and viable pregnancy group versus non-conception cycles, respectively, despite that significant differences were observed regarding E 2 and progesterone values. Nitrite/nitrate serum concentrations were similar for singleton and multiple pregnancies at both study points. In viable ...

Marked granulosa cell proliferation along with important changes in the vascular bed of the ovary characterize IVF cycles associated with multiple follicular growth and maturation. The present report investigated follicular fluid (FF) and circulating concentrations of adrenomedullin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nitric oxide (NO) in 70 IVF patients (14 of whom became pregnant); these three vasoactive substances may be implicated in extensive ovarian tissue remodelling. Serum and FF concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone were also measured in the 70 IVF cycles studied. Follicular fluid concentrations of VEGF and adrenomedullin but not nitrite/nitrate (the two stable oxidation products of NO metabolism) were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than the corresponding circulating concentrations. Follicular fluid concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone were not correlated with those of adrenomedullin, VEGF or nitrite/nitrate. No relationship existed between circulating concentrations of adrenomedullin, VEGF or nitrite/nitrate on the day of oocyte aspiration and parameters of ovarian response to gonadotrophin stimulation. In contrast, FF adrenomedullin concentration showed a direct relationship with day 3 FSH serum concentration (r = 0.53, P < 0.01) and the number of ampoules of gonadotrophin administered (r = 0.36, P < 0.005), but an inverse correlation with the total number of oocytes retrieved (r = -0.29, P < 0.01) and the number of mature oocytes (r = -0.25, P < 0. 05). A positive correlation was found for FF VEGF concentration and chronological age (r = 0.29, P < 0.05) and ampoules of gonadotrophins administered (r = 0.30, P < 0.05). There was no relationship between nitrite/nitrate FF concentrations and parameters of ovarian response. Neither serum concentrations nor FF concentrations of adrenomedullin, VEGF or nitrite/nitrate were correlated with IVF outcome. This study suggested for the first time that increased FF concentrations of adrenomedullin can be a marker of decreased ovarian response in IVF. Our results also provide further evidence favouring an association between FF VEGF and patient's age, while on the basis of our findings NO measurements are not a useful marker of ovarian response.

Purpose: The main goal in the present study was to comparefollicular development and estradiol levels after ovarianstimulation in pituitary suppressed normally ovulatingwomen undergoing IVF, using highly purified urinary folliclestimulating hormone (FSH) (u-FSH-HP) and recombinantFSH (rec-FSH). A secondary variable in our study wasembryo implantation potential, which is closely related toappropriate follicular development and oocyte competence.

Purpose: Our purpose was to determine prospectively, usingreceiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, whetherthe ovarian reserve test with hMG could improve thepredictive value of a woman's age and basal levels of folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), E2, and inhibin or anycombination of them regarding ovarian response and pregnancy ratein IVF treatment following pituitary desensitization. Methods: The hMG test was performed within 3 months ofIVF treatment in 80 women undergoing the first cycle ofIVF and consisted of 2 ampoules of hMG daily for 5 daysstarting on cycle days 2 to 3. Hormone and ultrasoundevaluation was performed on cycle days 2 to 3 and 7 to 8. Results: The mean age and basal FSH levels weresignificantly higher in the canceled (n = 28) than in the control(n = 52) group, whereas the basal inhibin level wassignificantly higher in the latter. Regarding ovarian response, thecombination FSH plus inhibin had the better diagnosticaccuracy (predictive value of 70%) among basal variables.When post-hMG parameters (alone or in combination) wereanalyzed, E2 alone, with a 77% diagnostic accuracy,emerged as the best predictive variable of cancellation inIVF cycles. When ROC analysis was used, the area underthe ROC curve for E2 post-hMG (diagnostic accuracy of84.5%) was significantly higher than that for the estimatesbased on the combination of basal FSH and inhibin(diagnostic accuracy of 71.3%). However, woman's age was theonly variable independently associated with pregnancy rate. Conclusions: The predictive power of the hMG test ofovarian reserve is better than that of age and basal hormonevalues (FSH and inhibin) and it is based mainly on the E2response to hMG treatment. However, given that age is theonly predictor of pregnancy and considering the cost anddiscomfort of the hMG test, the usefulness, if any, of the testin predicting IVF performance in the daily clinical settingremains to be established.

Purpose: The aim was to compare the follicular response to 37.5 and 50 IU of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) as starting doses for ovulation induction in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: Prospective, randomized, crossover study including 15 women with clomiphene citrate-resistant chronic anovulatory infertility. Patients were treated with subcutaneous recombinant FSH at starting doses of 37.5 IU and 50 IU, respectively, according to a low-dose step-up protocol. Each woman received both treatments, in a randomized order, with an interval of ≥1 month between treatments. Results: All treatment cycles were ovulatory after an appropriate follicular response and hormone levels were similar with both treatments, although the total quantity of FSH required and the mean daily dose required to induce identical follicular development were significantly lower with a starting dose of 37.5 IU FSH. The mean duration of treatment to achieve ovulation was approximately 13 days with both treatments but treatment periods ≥20 days were required in some patients. Conclusions: In women with PCOS, a starting dose of 37.5 IU recombinant FSH may be adequate to induce follicular growth. However, the use of low starting doses may result in some cases in increased treatment periods and need for monitoring.

We report a case of a patient with polycystic ovary syndrome and primary infertility who was admitted to our in-vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) programme because of her partner's severe oligozoospermia and asthenozoospermia. Ovarian stimulation was accomplished in the three treatment cycles using gonadotrophin therapy after a dual approach with ovarian suppression using oral contraceptive pills followed by gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist therapy. Oocyte retrieval was unsuccessful in the first two treated cycles despite the fact that human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) from three different batches was used. In the third treatment cycle, recombinant HCG was used and five oocytes were retrieved. This is the first report of recurrent empty follicle syndrome despite the use of different batches of commercially available urinary HCG, and of its successful treatment using recombinant HCG.

OBJECTIVE: Severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is an uncommon cause of ascites that is being increasingly recognized because of the high number of women undergoing assisted reproductive techniques, mainly in vitro fertilization. This prospective study investigates the clinical and biochemical characteristics of a large series of patients with this syndrome and ascites, including renal and electrolyte abnormalities, activity of neurohormonal systems participating in the regulation of extracellular fluid volume, and liver function tests. METHODS: This was a prospective longitudinal study including 50 consecutive patients with ascites due to severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Renal function, serum electrolytes, body weight, mean arterial pressure, pulse rate, plasma renin activity, plasma concentration of aldosterone, norepinephrine, antidiuretic hormone and atrial natriuretic peptide, and standard liver function tests were measured during the syndrome and 4–5 wk after recovery. A sample of ascitic fluid was obtained from eight patients for protein measurement and cell count. RESULTS: At diagnosis, patients had ascites associated with low urinary sodium excretion, oliguria, and hyponatremia. They had also markedly low arterial pressure and increased pulse rate in association with marked activation of vasoconstrictor and antinatriuretic factors. The ascitic fluid was characterized by a high protein concentration, low leukocyte count, and relatively high number of red blood cells. Fifteen (30%) patients had abnormal liver tests characterized by mild to moderate increases in AST (mean 103 ± 17.1 IU/L) and ALT (76 ± 8.3 IU/L), which were associated in some cases with increases in γ-glutamyl transpeptidase or alkaline phosphatase. All abnormalities reverted to normal after the resolution of the syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: With the increasing use of assisted reproductive techniques, physicians should be aware of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome as a cause of ascites. The syndrome is associated with sodium retention, hyponatremia, arterial hypotension, and marked activation of vasoconstrictor and antinatriuretic systems. In one third of patients, liver tests abnormalities are present.

Previous studies have shown that severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is secondary to circulatory dysfunction due to the simultaneous occurrence of increased vascular permeability and marked arteriolar vasodilation which lead to an intense homeostatic stimulation of the renin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). In the present report, we have investigated the correlation between changes in haematocrit concentration, and white blood cell (WBC) and platelet counts and the severity of OHSS, as assessed by these markers of effective intra-arterial blood volume, in a series of 50 patients. In comparison with recovery values (4-5 weeks after hospital discharge), OHSS patients showed arterial hypotension, tachycardia, oliguria, very high plasma concentrations of renin, aldosterone, norepinephrine and ADH, and increased mean haematocrit values and WBC and platelet counts. The haematocrit concentration values were directly related to the plasma concentrations of vasoactive substances (plasma renin activity, aldosterone, norepinephrine and ADH) during OHSS (P < 0.001). In contrast, no correlation was evident between WBC or platelet counts and neurohormonal measurements during the syndrome. It is concluded that haematocrit, but not WBC or platelet counts, can act as a biological marker of the severity of OHSS as indicated by plasma measurement of volume-dependent endogenous vasoactive substances.

Severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is consistently associated with a circulatory dysfunction characterized by arterial hypotension, low peripheral vascular resistance, and increased activity of the renin-aldosterone system. To investigate whether circulatory dysfunction also occurs in asymptomatic patients undergoing controlled gonadotropin ovarian hyperstimulation under pituitary suppression for in vitro fertilization (IVF), 12 women without clinical manifestations of OHSS underwent sequential blood, urine, and hemodynamic measurements at five study points: the 7th day of the menstrual cycle preceding IVF (study point 1 or baseline), the day when pituitary suppression was shown (study point 2), the day of hCG ovulatory injection (study point 3), the day after hCG was injected (study point 4), and 7 days after hCG administration (study point 5). Mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, peripheral vascular resistance, plasma concentrations of estradiol (E2) and aldosterone, and plasma renin act...

Purpose:Our purpose was to compare ovarian performance and hormonal levels, after ovulation induction, in both normal ovulatory women undergoing intrauterine insemination (group 1) and World Health Organization (WHO) group II anovulatory infertile patients (group 2), using two different gonadotropin drugs.

Fundamento y objetivo El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la sensibilidad para detector cambios tras el tratamiento quirurgico en mujeres con incontinencia urinaria tras la aplicacion de la version espanola del International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI) SF. Pacientes y metodo Estudio prospectivo de 71 mujeres con incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo (IUE) tratadas con banda vaginal libre de tension. Se recogio en todos los casos el diagnostico urodinamico de IUE y la puntuacion del ICIQ-UI SF al entrar en el estadio y despues del tratamiento quirurgico para evaluarlo. Resultados Despues del tratamiento, el 86% no tenia IUE segun la urodinamica; esta solo fue normal en 45 (63,4%). Segun el ICIQ-UI SF, resultaron curadas 37 (52,9%). Las puntuaciones postratamiento fueron inferiors a las previas, las puntuaciones de las curadas fueron inferiores a las de las no curadas (p Conclusiones El ICIQ-UI SF es sensible para detectar cambios tras tratamiento quirurgico en mujeres con IUE.

The present prospective clinical study was undertaken to determine the usefulness of midluteal phase serum immunoreactive alpha-inhibin concentrations as markers of luteal phase deficiency and whether they are better indicators of biopsy confirmed luteal phase defect than serum progesterone. Consecutive patients (n = 138) with regular menstrual cycles attending our Infertility Clinic (experimental group) and 15 fertile women who were requesting contraception and had regular menstrual patterns (control group) were included. In all women (patients and controls), basal body temperature, midluteal serum concentrations of oestradiol, prolactin, progesterone and immunoreactive alpha-inhibin, and premenstrual endometrial biopsy were used in the same cycle to assess luteal function. Out-of-phase secretory endometria were detected in 15 of the 138 patients. Thus, hormonal concentrations were compared between the following three groups of women: group 1 (n = 15), infertile patients with defective secretory endometria; group 2 (n = 123), infertile patients with normal secretory endometria; and controls (n = 15), fertile women with normal secretory endometria. Midluteal serum concentrations of progesterone, immunoreactive alpha-inhibin, oestradiol, and prolactin of the two groups studied were similar to those of the control group of fertile women. Our results indicate that midluteal serum inhibin determination does not accurately reflect histological maturation of the endometrium and it is not a better indicator of endometrial luteal phase deficiency than midluteal serum progesterone concentration.

Routine screening for circulating antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), namely the lupus anticoagulant (LA) and anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL), was carried out in a total of 1273 women aged < 45 years. Of them, 822 were experimental subjects and 451 were controls. The former comprised the following three study groups: 498 infertile patients (group 1), 284 spontaneous recurrent aborters (group 2), and 40 patients with repeated failure of embryo transfer (group 3). Controls included five groups of women: 125 normal healthy women who had never been pregnant (group 4), 125 normal healthy parous women with no previous abortion (group 5), 52 women in labour after normal pregnancies at term (group 6), 49 infertile patients achieving a livebirth with their first in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer (group 7), and 100 female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (positive controls, group 8). aPL positivity in the eight groups studied was as follows: 24, 9.2, 10, 0.8, 0, 0, 0 and 42% respectively for groups 1 to 8. There were no differences within groups 1 and 3 regarding incidence of aPL when patients were grouped according to infertility aetiological factors and indications of IVF respectively. Twenty-six out of 284 recurrent aborters (9.2%) tested positive for aPL, and the LA and/or a CL were identified as the aetiological factor in 12% of patients (24/199) with supposedly unexplained recurrent abortion. Incidence of positive sera for aPL in group 1 was similar to that observed in control groups 4, 5 and 6. On the contrary, incidence of aPL positivity in groups 2 and 3 was significantly higher than in control groups 4, 5 and 6 and among infertile women (group 1). The difference between groups 3 and 7 almost reached statistical significance. Interestingly, there was no difference between groups 2 and 3, but groups 2 and 7 resulted probably different regarding incidence of aPL positive sera. As expected, the highest incidence of patients testing positive for aPL was found in group 8. Seven infertile patients having circulating aPL and becoming pregnant spontaneously or after specific infertility treatment, successfully carried to term in spite of the fact that they did not receive immunotherapy. Among recurrent aborters, the live-born baby rate was significantly higher after treatment with low-dose aspirin than prior therapy. It is concluded that the presence of circulating aPL may be associated with recurrent abortion but with infertility. In addition, our results favour a possible role of aPL in failure of implantation after IVF embryo transfer.

To determine the effectiveness of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer for patients with unexplained habitual abortion, we carried out a prospective observational study using a historical comparison group. A total of 12 couples with three or more (mean 4. 91, range 3-10 miscarriages) first trimester spontaneous abortions of unknown aetiology were treated with IVF and embryo transfer (group 1). Patients underwent IVF after combined gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist/gonadotrophin treatment for ovarian stimulation, and three to four embryos were replaced into the uterus in all women. Eight of the 12 women (66.6%) in group 1 became pregnant (one patient after a frozen-thawed embryo transfer), and all of them had viable pregnancies. A patient with 10 previous abortions became pregnant and carried to term after IVF and embryo transfer, and subsequently miscarried two new spontaneous gestations. A historical comparison group (group 2) included the last eight women with unexplained recurrent abortion (mean 4, range 3-8 miscarriages) who underwent the same investigations for the condition and received identical early supportive care in their next spontaneous pregnancy as patients in group 1. Three of the eight pregnancies in group 2 ended in an abortion. Our results suggest that IVF and embryo transfer may be a new therapeutic approach for unexplained recurrent miscarriage.

Long permanent remissions in malignant hematopoietic disorders can often be achieved by autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) or by allogenic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Previous studies have shown that such therapies may induce osteoporosis due to iatrogenic ovarian failure. The administration of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in these women could prevent the adverse effects of long-term ovarian failure without remarkable side effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate how the bone mass is affected by HRT in patients undergoing ABMT or BMT adjusting the results for age, weight, and height. Subjects and methods: Thirteen women with previous ABMT/BMT were treated with a standard dose (0.625 mg/day) of conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) or with 50 μg/day of 17-β-estradiol in transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS) plus 5 mg/day of medroxyprogesterone acetate sequentially added to the last 12 days of estrogen therapy. Bone mass was measured prior to and 12 months following HRT. Blood samples were collected before therapy and during the 6th and 12th treatment months. Results: The mean time elapsed between bone transplantation and HRT initiation was 13.0 months (range 3–26 months). Before treatment nine patients were osteopenic and after HRT bone mass increased in all cases. Following ABMT/BMT, hepatic hyperenzymemia was detected in three patients. After 6 and 12 months of treatment no significant changes were observed in hepatic enzymes. Conclusion: Although hepatic hyperenzymemia is commonly considered as a contraindication for HRT, our results suggest that HRT is safe for these patients and that such therapy should be initiated after transplantation in women to prevent adverse effects of long-term ovarian failure.

Objective To determine the effectiveness of immunotherapy with high-dose IV immunoglobulin preceding IVF-ET for patients with repeated failure of ET. Design Prospective, observational. Setting Assisted Reproduction Unit of the Hospital Clinic i Provincial in Barcelona, a tertiary care setting. Patients Twelve consecutive tubal infertility patients experiencing repeated unexplained IVF-ET failure including at least three ETs replacing three to four fresh embryos each. Two women shared three or more human leukocyte antigens (HLA) with the husband. Intervention During the subsequent new IVF-ET cycle, each patient received 400 mg/kg IV immunoglobulin daily for 5 days during ovarian stimulation, that is, 5 to 7 days before ET. Main Outcome Measures Clinical pregnancies. Results No implantation occurred. There were no side effects. Conclusions High-dose IV immunoglobulin is not a useful tool for IVF-ET failure.

Resumen La adherencia cervicoistmica continua siendo, en algunos casos, un problema de dificil solucion. El diagnostico de esta amenorrea sin hematometra sigue siendo histeroscopico, pero en el tratamiento terapeutico, la adhesiolisis no resulta siempre suficiente. Mediante el presente articulo pretendemos aportar un nuevo caso, intentando proporcionar nuevos datos que nos permita esclarecer los mecanismos fisiopatologicos de este complejo sindrome.

On the basis that gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) induce a significant but transient shrinkage of leiomyomas and that oral contraceptive use may be associated with a decreased risk of fibroids, we tested the hypothesis that sequential GnRHa/low-dose oral contraceptive treatment could be a therapeutic alternative in perimenopausal women with uterine fibroids. Six premenopausal women with leiomyomata uteri were treated with D-tryptophan-6-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (D-Trp-6-LHRH) depot (Decapeptyl 3.75) for 6 months and demonstrated a significant reduction in mean uterine volume. A low-dose oral contraceptive containing 30 micrograms of ethinyl oestradiol plus 150 micrograms of desogestrel was given during the ensuing 12 months. When GnRHa therapy was discontinued, there was a rapid regrowth of the uterine fibroids and the uterine volume had reached, or even exceeded, pretreatment values by the eighth to 12th month of contraceptive therapy. Sequential GnRHa/low-dose oral contraceptive treatment is not a useful tool for leiomyomata uteri.

At present, there is general agreement that ovarian stimulation improves pregnancy rates after intra-uterine insemination (IUI). Also, ovulation induction with gonadotrophins is associated with higher success rates than clomiphene citrate in IUI cycles. However, the drawbacks to the use of gonadotrophin stimulation before IUI include the risks of ovarian hyperstimulation and multiple gestation, and the relative cost of a treatment cycle in a view of the medication costs and the need for increased monitoring by hormone assays and ultrasonographic measurements. In the present prospective randomized trial, the efficacy and safety of ovarian stimulation with clomiphene citrate (50 mg/day for 5 days) and IUI (clomiphene/IUI group) were compared with those of late low-dose pure follicle stimulating hormone (FSH, 75 IU/day from day cycle 7 until the leading follicle reached > 17 mm in diameter) and IUI (FSH/IUI group) in ovulatory women who were infertile because of unexplained infertility (n = 40) or male subfertility (n = 60). The mean length of treatment in the FSH group was 6.4 +/- 2.5 days. Multiple follicular development was seen in 25% of clomiphene-stimulated cycles but only in 8% of those treated with FSH. Pregnancy rate per cycle in clomiphene/IUI and FSH/IUI groups was 4% (4/98) and 13% (12/94) respectively (P = 0.02). All pregnancies obtained were singleton. There were two and one clinical abortions in the clomiphene/IUI (50%) and FSH/IUI (8%) groups respectively. No patient developed ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Use of our therapeutic scheme, which proved to be efficacious, safe and economic for ovarian stimulation in IUI cycles, is advocated before the institution of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) or gamete intra-Fallopian transfer (GIFT) therapy in infertile patients with patient Fallopian tubes. This late low-dose technique of administering pure FSH is suitable for use in offices without immediate access to oestradiol results.

Cervical pregnancy is rare but one of the most dangerous of all pregnancy complications. The aetiology of cervical implantation is unclear and because of the fear of profuse haemorrhage abdominal hysterectomy has been historically considered the standard therapy. We report here an unusual case of an infertile woman with cervical ectopic pregnancy after ovulation induction with gonadotrophins and intrauterine insemination. The patient was successfully treated with parenteral methotrexate without significant morbidity. It is concluded that chemotherapy should be initially considered in most cervical pregnancies either as the sole form of treatment or to improve the chances of success in alternative conservative measures.

There is evidence that skin collagen content and bone mass are influenced by estrogen deficiency, both of them declining in the years following menopause. The aim of our study was to analyze the relationship between changes in skin collagen content and bone mass during aging. A total of 76 nulliparous women who had been admitted for surgery of non-malignant processes were studied. All subjects were arranged into five age-groups (from 20 to 60 years). Bone mineral density was measured by dual photon absorptiometry and expressed in g/cm2 as the mean of the second to fourth lumbar vertebrae. Additionally, in all patients skin biopsies were taken from a non-sun exposed site in the lower abdomen (4 cm above the pubic symphysis) and osteocalcin levels were determined. Collagen decreased significantly with age after the 40s (P < 0.001) and after menopause (P < 0.001). Changes in bone mass were closely related to those detected in collagen (r = 0.586; P < 0.0001). In conclusion, our data suggest that bone mass and skin collagen decline in parallel with aging and that the hypoestrogenism developing in postmenopausal years has a significant effect on skin collagen content. Nevertheless, the question of whether osteoporosis is an intrinsic collagen disorder remains to be demonstrated.

Malignant struma ovarii is a very rare tumour, with considerable controversy concerning the necessary histologic features for malignancy. Still more infrequent is the condition termed 'metastatic ovarian strumosis' or simply 'benign strumosis or strumatosis' and characterized by the presence of peritoneal implants of mature thyroid tissue occurring in struma ovarii. 'Strumosis' should not be confused with malignancy. Presented is a case of 'metastatic ovarian strumosis' in a 36-year-old woman with primary infertility who underwent three in-vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles with ovarian stimulation. She received hormonal treatment for 6 months after her last IVF because of 'persistent enlarged ovarian follicles' which were in fact 'thyroid follicles'.

We report a case of a woman with ectopic pregnancy with fetal cardiac activity after ovulation induction and transvaginal intratubal insemination by tactile sensation. The patient was successfully treated by single-dose methotrexate (MTX) (77 mg or 50 mg/m2 given intramuscularly). Control hysterosalpingograms showed no tubal patency on the involved side. Potential advantages and hazards of transvaginal intratubal insemination and single-dose MTX for ectopic pregnancy are discussed.

Objective To compare two gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRH-a), buserelin acetate and leuprolide acetate [LA], used in combination with gonadotropins in ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF). Design Randomized prospective study. Setting Assisted Reproduction Unit of the Hospital Clinic i Provincial in Barcelona. Patients Thirty-five pairs of IVF patients who were matched on age, indication, and number of attempts. These women were randomized to receive either buserelin acetate plus gonadotropins (group B) or LA plus gonadotropins (group L). Main Outcome Measures Luteolysis, ovarian response, and IVF outcome. Results The mean time for total ovarian arrest and the total dose of gonadotropins and estradiol levels on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration were similar in the two groups of patients. The number of follicles punctured, the number of oocytes retrieved, and the percentage of mature oocytes in group L were significantly higher. The number of embryos suitable for replacement and cryopreservation was higher in group L compared with group B approaching statistical significance. Conclusion Our results warrant further studies to compare different GnRH-a as therapeutic tools in IVF.

So far, the few studies performed on endometrial steroid receptors in in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles have been carried out by the dextran-coated charcoal (DCC) method. Despite widespread efforts to standardize the DCC assay method, assay results still vary and thus, data obtained in IVF cycles are controversial. In the present article, late luteal estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) receptor (R) levels were measured by a new monoclonal enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method in endometrial samples obtained from 21 patients in an IVF program who received no embryo transfer (ET) after ovarian stimulation with follicle-stimulating hormone/human menopausal gonadotrophin/human chorionic gonadotrophin under pituitary suppression with buserelin. Plasma levels of E2, P and prolactin (PRL) were measured in three blood samples collected in the midluteal phase. Results were compared with those obtained in a control group of 21 spontaneous cycles. E2, P and PRL were significantly higher in stimulated than in spontaneous cycles. The level of E2R was decreased in endometrium in IVF stimulated cycles, but PR remained unchanged.

We report a case of a twin pregnancy at term obtained after five multiple embryo transfers in a patient who presented diethylstilbestrol (DES)-associated cervical and uterine structural abnormalities, a septate uterus and bilateral tuberculous salpingitis. The suitability of in-vitro fertilization/embryo transfer in DES-exposed women is discussed.

Objective: To present a case of IVF failure evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Design: Case report. Setting: Research university laboratory and clinical IVF laboratory. Patient(s): An infertile couple with recurrent IVF failure. Intervention(s): Fluorescence in situ hybridization study of the complete cohort of "zygotes" obtained at the third IVF attempt. Main Outcome Measure(s): Fluorescence in situ hybridization studies of chromosomes X, Y, 13, 18, and 21. Result(s): All the recovered putative zygotes were abnormal for the expected ploidy, presumably as a result of abnormal oocytes. Conclusion(s): Fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques represent a promising approach to analyze zygotes that fail to divide normally in vitro and eggs that fail to become fertilized. In cases of recurrent IVF failure, the results of FISH could be used to counsel couples and thus to help them choose among methods other than IVF for assisted reproduction.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of poor-responder patients to controlled ovarian stimulation for assisted reproduction, who have normal basal FSH concentrations, is one of the most difficult challenges in reproductive medicine. This study investigated the usefulness of testosterone pretreatment in such patients. METHODS: Prospective, therapeutic, self-controlled clinical trial including 25 consecutive infertile patients who had a background of the first and second IVF treatment cycle cancellations due to poor follicular response, in spite of vigorous gonadotrophin ovarian stimulation and having normal basal FSH levels. In the third IVF attempt, all patients received transdermal testosterone treatment (20 mg/kg per day) during the 5 days preceding gonadotrophin treatment. RESULTS: Twenty patients (80%) showed an increase of over fivefold in the number of recruited follicles, produced 5.8 ± 0.4 (mean ± SEM) oocytes, received two or three embryos and achieved a clinical pregnancy rate of 30% per oocyte retrieval. There were 20% cancelled cycles. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment with transdermal testosterone may be a useful approach for women known to be low responders on the basis of a poor response to controlled ovarian stimulation but having normal basal FSH concentrations.

The first case of a rare mullerian anomaly characterized by the presence of a complete uterine septum with duplication of the cervix and a longitudinal vaginal septum has been reported very recently. We present here three new cases of such an anomaly in an attempt to alert gynaecologists to the possible occurrence of such a malformation. The cases challenge the classical views of unidirectional (caudad to cranial) mullerian development and support the alternative embryologic hypothesis of Muller et al. according to which fusion and resorption begins at the isthmus and proceeds simultaneously in both the cranial and caudal directions.

To prospectively compare unenhanced power Doppler sonographic findings of arterial vascularization of invasive breast carcinoma with histopathologic and immunohistochemical parameters and to determine whether tumor arterial vascularization contributes to prediction of axillary node status.Ethics committee approval and informed consent were obtained. A total of 97 invasive breast carcinomas were prospectively studied with unenhanced power Doppler sonography before surgery. Lumpectomy or mastectomy with full axillary nodal dissection was performed. Sonographic tumor size and number of tumor arteries were correlated with axillary nodal status by means of logistic regression analysis. Tumor microvascularization was immunohistochemically assessed in a subset of 55 carcinomas. Sonographic variables were correlated with tumor arteries with a diameter larger than 300 mum and with the density and area of microvascularization. The kappa statistic and Bland-Altman agreement limits were used to measure agreement between techniques.Good agreement of sonographic and histologic findings regarding number of tumor arteries (kappa= 0.66, P.001) and tumor size (P = .012) was observed. Multivariate analysis showed an independent relationship between probability of axillary metastasis, number of tumor arteries (P = .016), and sonographic tumor size (P = .035). A predictive model of axillary status was developed. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine 0.2324 as the score to classify axillary nodal status. This score indicated high sensitivity (96.1%), low specificity (53.0%), and high negative predictive value (96.1%).The number of arteries in invasive breast carcinoma detected with unenhanced power Doppler sonography and sonographic tumor size are independent predictors of axillary nodal status; these variables could contribute to reliable prediction of absence of axillary involvement on the basis of a mathematic model.

Recent advances in manufacturing procedures for r-hFSH have resulted in a preparation (follitropin alfa) that is highly consistent in both isoform profile and glycan species distribution. As a result, follitropin alfa can be reliably quantified and vials can be filled by mass. This study compared the clinical results in a well-established assisted reproduction programme during the crossover from standard follitropin alfa filled-by-bioassay (FSH-bio) to follitropin alfa filled-by-mass (FSH-mass). The study included the last 125 patients treated with FSH-bio and the first 125 patients receiving FSH-mass for ovarian stimulation in their first assisted reproduction treatment cycle. Patient baseline characteristics were almost identical in the two groups. The duration of ovarian stimulation was significantly shorter in the FSH-mass group. The number of patients receiving the HCG injection and undergoing oocyte retrieval, follicular development and the serum concentration of oestradiol on the day of HCG injection were similar for the two treatment groups. The oocyte yield and the fertilization rates were similar in both groups of patients. However, embryo quality and implantation rates were significantly higher in the FSH-mass group. Accordingly, in spite of the mean number of embryos transferred being significantly lower in the FSH-mass group, there was a trend for higher clinical pregnancy rates in this group of patients. It is concluded that the new formulation of FSH-mass is more effective than the standard FSH-bio in terms of embryo quality, implantation rates, and number of days of stimulation.

Submitted April 9, 2003; accepted October 23, 2003 Purpose : To investigate the relative power of HCG, estradiol, and progesterone determinations in the prediction of pregnancy outcome after IVF. These prognostic hormonal factors were studied as single and combined predictors. Methods : Serum concentrations of fl-HCG, progesterone, and estradiol were measured 12‐ 13 days after embryo transfer (study point 1) and 7 days later (study point 2) in a series of 20 consecutive infertile patients having a first-trimester spontaneous clinical abortion after an IVF-embryo transfer cycle. As a control group (nD 60), the next three IVF-embryo transfer cycles resulting in an ongoing pregnancy after each miscarried IVF cycle in our assisted reproduction program was used. The discrimination attained between the two study groups (ongoing pregnancies and miscarriages) was evaluated by logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results : Mean hormone concentrations at study points 1 and 2 were higher in the ongoing pregnancy than in the abortion group. Regarding pregnancy outcome the percentage increment of HCG serum levels (‚1321%), with an accuracy (predictive value of pregnancy outcome) of 81.2% (sensitivity 98%, specificity 50%), had the best prognostic reliability but no significant differences were found when this parameter was compared with the predictive value of HCG concentration (‚72 IU/l) at study point 1 (diagnostic accuracy 80.5%; sensitivity 70%; specificity 80%). When ROC analysis was used, the best predictor of ongoing pregnancy according to the AUC ROC was HCG concentration at study point 2 but again no significant differences were found when this parameter was compared with the predictive value of HCG serum levels at study point 1. A multiple marker strategy did not help distinguish viable from nonviable pregnancies. Conclusion : A single, early (days 12‐13 after embryo transfer) HCG quantitative serum measurement in IVF cycles not only is diagnostic but also has good predictive value for pregnancy outcome.