Search

Background The history and the discovery of the benefits of traditional medicines are fascinating over wide variety of disease. Various molecules have been erupted from traditional medicine for various diseases through reverse pharmacology. In current scenario plant-based medicines backed by modern scientific evidences are one of the most promising therapies in diabetes management. Scope and approach Garlic (allicin), European barberry (berberine), Bitter gourd (charantin, polypeptide-p), Sweet potato (adiponectin, tiliroside), Orka (quercetin, hyperin) are some plants that have been used in folk medicine as well as traditional healing systems and are being assessed for their hypoglycemic effects in modern medicine. Key findings and conclusions “Old wine in new bottle” proverb applies traditional medicine in new modern medicine. Various novel delivery aspects have modified the pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals and indirectly enhance the bioavailability, which in turn gives fruitful effect of their therapeutic action.

Gymnema sylvestre, a plant typical of India, has long been known for its hypoglycemic effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of G. sylvestre administration on glycemic cont...

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is among the diseases with high morbidity and mortality The pathogenesis of DM involves pancreatic s-cell damage or insulin sensitivity disorder that result in hyperglycemia. Tapak liman (Elephantopus scaber L) is known to have high flavonoid content. Flavonoids are antioxidants that play a role in reducing pancreatic s-cell damage or damage to other tissues, which potentially reduce blood glucose levels. Objective: To determine the hypoglycemic effects of tapak liman using the DM rat models. Methods: Twenty-eight Wistar albino rats (Rattus novergicus) were divided into four groups: the normal control group (KKn), not induced by streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA) intraperitoneal; negative control group (KK-), induced by STZ-NA; treatment group 1 (KP1), induced by STZ-NA and 150 mg/kg body weight of tapak liman plant extract; and the treatment group 2 (KP2), induced by STZ-NA and 300 mg/kg body weight of tapak liman. Blood glucose levels were measured on the 7th day after STZ-NA induction and the 28th day after the administration of tapak liman plant extract. The results were analyzed for statistical significance. Results: There was a significant decrease in blood glucose levels in KP1 and KP2 (p= 0.05). The decrease in blood glucose in KP1 had not reached normal levels compared to KP2. Conclusion: Administration of tapak liman plant extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight in DM rat models reduced blood glucose levels to normal.

Background: Ammodaucus leucotrichus (Apiaceae) is a medicinal plant widely used by the Moroccan population to treat various diseases including diabetes. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of the aqueous extract prepared from the fruits of this medicinal plant. Normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated orally by the extract of Ammodaucus leucotrichus (A. leucotrichus) at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Methods: The blood glucose levels were determined during 6 hours and 15 days during this treatment. In addition the oral glucose tolerance test as well as the analysis of histopathological changes of liver was performed. The antioxidant activity of aqueous A. Leucotrichus extract was also valuated by the method of trapping of free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results: A. Leucotrichus fruit aqueous extract (ALFAE) reduced the blood glucose levels in both normal and diabetic rats. In addition, a remarkable influence on glucose tolerance was also noticed after ALFAE treatment. Moreover, ALFAE was able to exhibit a beneficial effect on histologlogical structure of liver. Finally a potential antioxidant effect has been shown in vitro. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study demonstrates the antihyperglycemic and hypoglycemic effects of A. Leucotrichus in rats supporting then its traditional use for the management of diabetes.

Pomegranate juice (PJ) has gained popularity attributed to its phenolic compounds and their medicinal properties. Its potential hypoglycemic effect has been related to enzymatic inhibition, insulin release, and the protection of pancreatic tissue. These effects depend on several aspects, such as the content and composition of phenols in pomegranate and characteristics of the organism that consumes the juice. The objective of this study was to systematically review scientific evidence investigating the hypoglycemic effect of PJ; the factors that affect bioactive compounds; and the mechanisms of action attributed to this effect. Human and rodent in vivo and in vitro studies were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases. After reviewing the articles, it was identified that the methodologies and results among the scientific evidence were quite heterogeneous. Despite these limitations, many of the in vivo and in vitro studies found important hypoglycemic effects from PJ, as well as an increase in the function of β-cell, insulin secretion, a significantly lower activity of α-amylase enzyme, an inhibition of the enzyme α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), and the protection against DNA damage. Determining the potential health benefits of polyphenols contained in the pomegranate is limited for multiple factors that could affect the efficacy of PJ. Overall, the results of this review suggest the need for further experimentation, using controlled variable factors and testing the effect of PJ under similar experimental conditions.

Purpose Non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cancers and cardiovascular diseases have become a major health concern globally. As literature claims that frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables can delay the onset of type 2 diabetes and its complications, this paper aims to evaluate the potential hypoglycemic properties in five types of non-leafy vegetables (pumpkin, sweet potato, bitter gourd, onion and lady’s finger), which are commonly available in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach Articles were identified through several main search engines, including Pubmed, Google Scholar, Taylor and Francis Online, EDS, Wiley, ScienceDirect and Scopus. The search was limited to selected keywords to refine the outcome. Findings All the five types of non-leafy vegetables demonstrate hypoglycemic properties to some extent. Emerging findings indicate that there are several phytonutrients in the non-leafy vegetables contributing to the hypoglycemic effects. To date, the underlying mechanism of action remains to be elucidated, although a number of potential mechanisms of action have been proposed in the literature. Originality/value This review provides some insights into the hypoglycemic properties in non-leafy vegetables. In addition, phytonutrients that are responsible for the hypoglycemic effects and their mechanism of action are also highlighted.

Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng and Mollugo oppositifolia L., also known as “bignay” and “malagoso” respectively, are commonly used medicinal plants in the Philippines to treat diabetes. However, the hypoglycemic effect of A. bunius (L.) Spreng and M. oppositifolia L. has not been reported to date. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the hypoglycemic effects of the fresh and ethanolic extracts of the plants in db/db diabetic male mice. Fresh and ethanolic extracts (12.5 ml/kg and 250 mg/kg, respectively) were administered by gavage in db/db mouse, an animal model of diabetes. Blood from the tail snip was used to measure blood sugar levels on days 1 (D1), 8 (D8), 15 (D15), 22 (D22) and 29 (D29). Fresh extract of M. oppositifolia L. caused a significant reduction of blood glucose levels on D22 compared to untreated db/db mice (P < 0.05). On D29, fresh extract of A. bunius (L.) Spreng (P < 0.01), and fresh (P < 0.01) and ethanolic leaf extracts (P < 0.05) of M. oppossitifolia L. caused a significant reduction of blood glucose compared to untreated db/db mice. Fresh and ethanolic extracts of A. bunius (L.) Spreng and M. oppositifolia L. exhibited a significant hypoglycemic activity in db/db mice. Key words: Antidesma bunius L, Spreng, Mollugo oppositifolia L., diabetes, mouse, hypoglycemic.

This present study was to evaluate the protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitory activity of nine diterpenes isolated from seeds of Phalaris canariensis, as well as their effect on strepto...

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic progressive systemic disease caused by a metabolic disorder. In recent years, a large number of studies have shown that certain traditional Chinese medicines and their bioactive ingredients have obvious hypoglycemic effects. This literature review focuses on medicine food homology (MFH) and medicinal health food (MHF) species used in China with a hypoglycemic function and emphasizes the bioactive ingredients and their pharmacological effects. The bioactive ingredients of MFH and MHF have been divided into six categories: saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and others; and their sources, models, efficacy, and mechanisms of action have been described. It is noteworthy that the mechanisms of the bioactive ingredients of MFH and MHF with hypoglycemic effects have been summarized as follows: a) insulin-mimetic effects and restoration of the damaged pancreas; b) effect on glucose metabolism; c) increased insulin sensitivity and improved insulin resistance; and d) regulation of intestinal flora. We conclude that this review provides useful data and information to support the further investigation and application of MFH and MHF to treat DM.

Dietary intervention in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a hotspot in international research because of potential threats to human health. Phellinus baumii, a wild fungus traditionally used as a food and medicine source, is now cultivated in certain East Asian countries, and is rich in polyphenols, which are effective anti-inflammatory ingredients useful in treatment of T2DM, with fewer side effects than drugs. To examine the hypoglycaemic effects of Phellinus baumii phenolics (PPE), the metabolite profiles of T2DM mice induced by streptozotocin after PPE intervention were systematically analyzed. Here, 10 normal mice were given normal saline as control group, and 50 model mice were randomly assigned to five groups and daily intragastric administrated with saline, metformin (100 mg/kg), and PPE (50, 100, 150 mg/kg of body weight), for 60 days. The pro-inflammatory factor contents of lipopolysaccharide stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells were decreased in a dose-dependent manner after PPE treatment, we propose that PPE could exert anti-inflammatory properties. PPE could also effectively reduce blood glucose levels, increased insulin sensitivity, and improved other glucolipid metabolism. Q-PCR results suggested that the hypoglycemic effects of PPE might be through activating IRS1/PI3K/AKT pathway in diabetic mice. These results suggest that PPE has strong potential as dietary components in the prevention or management of T2DM.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been reported to cause various health damages. However, some PAH derivatives are still used as agents, and some of them have hypoglycemic effects. Till now, few studies explored the relationship between urinary PAH metabolites and fasting plasma glucose (FPG). In this study, A total of 2682 non-smokers in the second follow-up of the Wuhan-Zhuhai cohort were included to explore the relationship between urinary PAH metabolites and FPG. FPG related epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) was conducted among 212 never smokers, and the mediation analysis was performed to find potential mediator cytosine-phosphoguanine (CpG) sites in the above relationship. The concentration of total urinary PAH metabolites was 3.60 (2.37, 5.85) μg/mmol Cr. The urinary PAH metabolites were negatively associated with FPG. Each 1-U increase in ln-transformed levels of 1-hydroxynaphthalene, 4-hydroxyphenanthrene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, or 2- hydroxyphenanthrene was associated with 0.008-, 0.007-, 0.010-, or 0.010- unit decreased in ln-transformed levels of FPG, respectively (all p 0.05). We found 28 new CpG sites related to FPG (FDR0.05) through EWAS. Mediation analysis found that cg11350141 on AMER3 mediated 41.91% of the negative association of total urinary PAH metabolites with FPG. These results provide a new clue for the development of hypoglycemic agents.

The incidence rate of diabetes has been increasing every year in nearly all nations and regions. The traditional control of diabetes using transdermal insulin delivery by metal needles is generally associated with pain and potential infections. While microneedle arrays (MAs) have emerged as painless delivery techniques, the integration of MA systems with electronic devices to precisely control drug delivery has rarely been realized. In this study, we developed an iontophoresis-microneedle array patch (IMAP) powered by a portable smartphone for the active and controllable transdermal delivery of insulin. The IMAP in situ integrates iontophoresis and charged nanovesicles into one patch, achieving a one-step drug administration strategy of “penetration, diffusion and iontophoresis”. The MA of the IMAP is first pressed on the skin to create microholes and then is retracted, followed by the iontophoresis delivery of insulin-loaded nanovesicles through these microholes in an electrically controlled manner. This method has synergistically and remarkably enhanced controlled insulin delivery. The amount of insulin can be effectively regulated by the IMAP by applying different current intensities. This in vivo study has demonstrated that the IMAP effectively delivers insulin and produces robust hypoglycemic effects in a type-1 diabetic rat model, with more advanced controllability and efficiency than delivery by a pristine microneedle or iontophoresis. The IMAP system shows high potential for diabetes therapy and the capacity to provide active as well as long-term glycemic regulation without medical staff care. A device developed by researchers in China uses a microneedle array to efficiently and painlessly deliver precise doses of insulin and can be used by patients without help from medical staff. The new system was developed by a team led by Xi Xie and Lelun Jiang of Sun Yat-Sen University. The array of microneedles is pressed against the skin to create micro-holes and then automatically retracted. A mild electric current then drives charged nanovesicles carrying insulin through the holes. The circuit is powered and controlled via a smartphone, which can alter the intensity of the current to determine the dosage of insulin delivered. The team showed that the device effectively delivered insulin to a diabetic rat model with no obvious harmful effects. It thus offers a powerful tool for efficient, controllable, and convenient delivery of macromolecular drugs.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of oral administration of cinnamon extract (CE) in rats fed on high fat diet (HFD). Thirty two adult male albino rats were divided into four groups; control group, HFD group, HFD group treated by cinnamon and the last group was treated with cinnamon extract. In HFD group, rats were fed on HFD for two months. In HFD group treated by cinnamon, rats fed on HFD for two months then CE was orally administered for a period of 4 weeks at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight. In CE treated group, rats were fed on standard diet for two months then orally administered CE for a period of 4 weeks at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight. The obtained results indicated that the oral administration of cinnamon extract has antihyperlipidemic effect that improving the lipid profile. There were reductions in the levels of serum triglycerides, LDL-C, VLDL-C (P≤ 0.01) and total cholesterol (P

To improve the oral efficiency of exenatide, we prepared polyethylene glycol-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PEG-PLGA) NPs modified with Fc (NPs-Fc) for exenatide oral delivery. Exenatide was encapsulated into the NPs by the w/o/w emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The particle size of the NPs-Fc was approximately 30 nm larger than that of the unmodified NPs with polydispersity indices in a narrow range (PDIs; PDI in vivo imaging in live mice. Therefore, Fc-targeted nano-delivery systems show great promise for oral peptide/protein drug delivery.

The prevalence of natural health product (NHP) use in Canada is extensive. Patients with chronic diseases, including diabetes, use NHPs at a higher rate than the general population. Many NHPs exert hypoglycemic effects, among other effects relevant to diabetes management. To provide a practical, clinical review of NHPs with such effects targeted to pharmacists, a literature search was performed to collect data on the efficacy and safety profiles of 10 commonly used NHPs that exert antidiabetic properties. The following NHPs are included in this clinical review: alpha-lipoic acid, chromium, magnesium, bitter melon, cinnamon, fenugreek, gymnema, milk thistle, Reishi mushroom and white mulberry. Given the potential of NHPs to additively cause hypoglycemia when used concurrently with conventional medications, pharmacists should be up to date with current evidence around NHPs that may affect diabetes care to prevent adverse reactions and interactions. In addition, effective and respectful communication with patients around NHP use and collaboration with various health-care providers are essential in the patient care process.

Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the immediate effect of bitter gourd, Knol-khol, and ash gourd juices on blood glucose level among Type II diabetes mellitus patients. Methods In 2015, pilot study was conducted randomly enrolling 30 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus into three groups in SRK college, India. The first group received bitter gourd juice at FBS range between 120 to 300 mg per dl. The second, third group received Knol-khol, ash gourd juice respectively in the same range of fasting blood sugar level. Blood sugar level was evaluated ½ hour interval till 2 h after received respective juices. Data were collected for statistical analysis. Results The mean blood glucose concentration in bitter gourd group was not statistically significant between time points, (P = .176). However, 90 min after the intake of bitter gourd juice shows statistical significant reduction of blood glucose level when compare with fasting level, (p = .049). After Knol khol juice the mean blood glucose level differed statistically significant between time points, shown in (p = .029). But no statistical changes seen in ash gourd group. As a result bitter gourd juice is immediately reducing the blood glucose level, while Knol khol juice reduces the blood sugar level gradually for longer period of 120 min. Conclusion This study shows the significance of hypoglycemic effects of bitter gourd and Knol khol juices among the type 2 Diabetic patients. Hence Bitter gourd juice, Knol khol juices may be beneficial in Diabetes patients to reduce the blood glucose level., Graphical abstract

Thiazolo[2, 3-f]purine derivatives and their analogs – dihydrothiazolo[2, 3-f]purine, 7-(thietan-3-yl)purine, and 8-(2-hydroxypropylthio)purine derivatives – were synthesized. The compounds synthesized here had no effects on protein glycation reactions using glucose; they gave weak inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase; they had no hemorheological activity. Substances with hypotensive activity greater than that of Dibazol were found. A number of substances had hypoglycemic effects greater than those of chlorpropamide and Adebit. Two compounds inhibited dipeptidylpeptidase-4, but were less active than reference agent vildagliptin.

Aim: A semisynthetic primary bile acid (PBA) has exerted hypoglycemic effects in Type 1 diabetic animals, which were hypothesized to be due to its anti-inflammatory and cellular glucose-regulatory effects. Thus, the research purpose aimed to examine antidiabetic effects of a PBA, in terms of cellular inflammation and survival and insulin release, in the context of supporting β-cell delivery and Type 1 diabetic treatment. Materials & methods: 10 formulations were prepared, five without PBA (control) and five with PBA (test). Formulations were used to microencapsulate pancreatic β cells and the microcapsules were examined for morphology, cell viability, insulin release and inflammation. Results & conclusion: PBA improved cell viability, insulin release and reduced inflammation in a formulation-dependent manner, which suggests potential use in cell delivery and diabetes treatment. [Formula: see text]

Graphical abstract, The recent discoveries in the fields of pathogenesis and management of diabetic nephropathy have revolutionized the knowledge about this disease. Little was added to the management of diabetic nephropathy after the introduction of renin angiotensin system blockers. The ineffective role of the renin- angiotensin system blockers in primary prevention of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus necessitated the search for other early therapeutic interventions that target alternative pathogenic mechanisms. Among the different classes of oral hypoglycemic agents, recent studies highlighted the distinguished mechanisms of sodium glucose transporter 2 blockers and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors that settle their renoprotective actions beyond the hypoglycemic effects. The introduction of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents to this field had also added wealth of knowledge. However, many of these agents are still waiting well-designed clinical studies in order to prove their beneficial therapeutic role. The aim of this review of literature is to highlight the recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, the established and the potential renoprotective therapeutic agents that would prevent the development or the progression of diabetic nephropathy.

Polygonum multiflorum (PM) has been used as a tonic edible plant and is a popular anti-ageing dietary supplement. Trans-2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-β-glucopyranoside (trans-THSG) is the major active compound in PM. It was found to have potent anti-inflammatory effects in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and in TPA-induced mouse ear edema model. Research in the significance and rational of traditional process of post-harvested PM has been neglected. With the aid of modern analytical technology, we studied the major phytochemical transformation of PM solution from trans- to cis-THSG under UV light, reminiscent of traditional process, and further evaluated the hypoglycemic effects of the processed PM extract. In a high fat diet-induced type 2 diabetic mice model, processed PM extract containing cis- and trans-THSG (ratio = 2:3) exhibited significant hypoglycemic capacity, while pure trans-THSG and unprocessed PM extract (cis-/trans-THSG ratio = 1:20) did not, suggesting the importance of anti-diabetic effect of cis-THSG and PM natural process.

Morus alba L. is an edible fruit with multiple medical function. To reveal the geographic variation pattern of polysaccharide content in the mulberry fruits and its antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities, the fruit samples were collected and analyzed from seven geographic locations throughout the distribution areas in China. The polysaccharide content in the mulberry fruits ranged from 4.13 ± 0.04% to 1.07 ± 0.07%. All the polysaccharides derived from mulberry fruit showed certain antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities with a significant variation. Significant differences were observed among polysaccharide content, antioxidant activity, and sunshine hours, but no clear geographical or polysaccharide content variation patterns were observed for hypoglycemic activity. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the annual average sunshine hours was significantly correlated to the polysaccharide content and antioxidant activity. According to the polysaccharide contents and bioactivities, certain natural populations of M. alba L. such as Xinjiang, Hunan, and Anhui were recommended for food and medical use in future. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Morus alba L. belonging to the family Moraceae, is cultivated across an extensive range of geographical, climatic, and soil conditions. Polysaccharides from mulberry fruit have been proved to have the function of enhancing immunity, antiaging, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic effects with no toxic record in clinic. It has been reported that the phytochemicals accumulation in plants is greatly affected by genetic, climatic, and harvesting factors during the growing period. We revealed the geographic variation pattern of polysaccharide content in the mulberry fruits and its antioxidant activity. Based on the polysaccharide contents and bioactivities, certain natural populations of M. alba L. such as Xinjiang, Hunan, and Anhui were recommended for food and medical use in future. The information obtained by this study could be useful for the selection of natural populations with adequate polysaccharide content, as well as high food and medical use for M. alba L.

Hepatic-directed insulin utilizes a hepatocyte-targeting moiety passively attaching free insulin, improving subcutaneous insulin’s hepatic biodistribution. We assessed injections of HDV-insulin lispro (HDV-L) vs. insulin lispro (LIS) in T1DM in a 26-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial of 176 subjects (randomized 2:1 HDV-L:LIS) with A1C 7.0-10.5% treated with basal insulin glargine or degludec. Primary objective was HDV-L A1C non-inferiority (prespecified margin 0.4%). Mean A1C change to week 26 was -0.09% (HDV-L) and -0.16% (LIS), (estimated treatment difference, HDV-L - LIS: +0.09% [95% CI -0.18 to 0.35]), confirming HDV-L non-inferiority. A1C status modified treatment group effect on “severe” hypoglycemia (subjectively categorized by investigators as “mild,” “moderate,” “severe,” or “life threatening”) incidence (interaction p-value Disclosure D.C. Klonoff: Consultant; Self; EOFlow, Lifecare, Inc., Merck & Co., Inc., Novo Nordisk A/S, Roche Diagnostic USA, Voluntis USA. B.W. Bode: Consultant; Self; ADOCIA, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Novo Nordisk Inc. Research Support; Self; Becton, Dickinson and Company, Dexcom, Inc., Diasome Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Eyenuk Inc., Insulet Corporation, National Institutes of Health, Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi Research & Development, Senseonics, Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Speaker's Bureau; Self; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi US, Senseonics. Stock/Shareholder; Self; AgaMatrix, Glytec, LLC. N.J. Cohen: None. W. Geho: Board Member; Self; Diasome Pharmaceuticals, Inc. D.B. Muchmore: Consultant; Self; ADOCIA, Capillary Biomedical, Inc., Diasome Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Zucara Therapeutics Inc. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Capillary Biomedical, Inc., Diasome Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Funding JDRF

Background: Cardiovascular complications account for the majority of deaths caused by diabetes mellitus. Platelet hyperactivity has been shown to increase the risk of thrombotic events and is a therapeutic target for their prevention in diabetes. Modulation of platelet function by diabetes agents in addition to their hypoglycemic effects would contribute to cardiovascular protection. Newly introduced antidiabetic drugs of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors may have anti-platelet effects, and in the case of SGLT2i and GLP-1RA may contribute to their proven cardiovascular benefit that has been shown clinically. Objective: Here, we reviewed the potential effects of these agents on platelet function in diabetes. Results and Conclusion: GLP-1RA and DPP-4i drugs have antiplatelet properties beyond their primary hypoglycemic effects. Whilst we have little direct evidence for the antiplatelet effects of SGLT2 inhibitors, some studies have shown that these agents may inhibit platelet aggregation and reduce the risk of thrombotic events in diabetes.

The study was aimed to determine whether treatment with oat oligopeptides (OOPs) could modulate hyperglycemia related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Sprague&ndash, Dawley (SD) rats. Diabetic SD rats modeling by a joint effect of high-calorie diet for 45 days and twice intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg streptozotocin at one-week interval were observed with or without OOPs administration (0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00 g/kg Body Weight) for 12 weeks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), oral glucose test tolerance (OGTT), serum insulin, level of antioxidant, and hepatic enzymes were measured. In addition, frequency of micturition was recorded in this study for the first time. It was observed that the administration of OOPs (2.00 g/kg Body Weight) resulted in a significant decrease (p &lt, 0.05) in FBG since 6th week and a significant decrease (p &lt, 0.05) in the OGTT-AUC on 6th and 10th week. In addition, the administration of OOPs (2.00 g/kg Body Weight) reduced HOMA-IR index and 24-h urine volume significantly (p &lt, 0.05) whereas increased SOD activity significantly (p &lt, 0.05). These results suggested that OOPs may have a hypoglycemic effect in diabetic rats.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder in which there is increased blood sugar level, glycosuria, dyslipidemia and sometimes ketonemia occurs. Increased blood sugar level leads to characteristic symptoms such as polydipsia, polyurea, blurring of vision, polyphagia and weight loss.Methods: Healthy male Wister rats weighing between 150-250 gm were taken. Total 2 groups A and B were prepared and each group contains 6 animals. Group A was administered voglibose as 0.6 mg/70 kg body weight. Group B was administered vildagliptin as 100 mg/70 kg body weight. Diabetes was induced in group A and B by administration of 120 mg/kg body weight of nicotinamide and 60 mg/kg body weight of streptozocin intraperitoneally. Streptozocin was administered after 15-20 minutes of administration of nicotinamide. After 72 hours of streptozotocin injection, fasting blood glucose level was determined and induction of diabetes was confirmed. The fasting blood samples were collected from all the groups on further days 7, 14, 21 and 28 day to determine the glucose level by glucometer. Results: The decline in fasting blood sugar level by voglibose was 36.4% on day 7, 40.2% on day 14, 43.94% on day 21 and 46.4% on day 28. The reduction in Fasting blood sugar level by vildagliptin was 49% on day 7, 52.25% on day 14 and 54% on day 21 and 28. Thus in group B rats, decline was maximal on day 7 and little fall was recorded on subsequent days. It suggests good efficacy as vildagliptin normalized the blood glucose level effectively. Conclusions: Vildagliptin was found significantly more effective in lowering fasting blood glucose level than voglibose.

Raspberry leaf is commonly consumed by pregnant women. Hypoglycemic effects have been documented with other species within the plant family. Whether raspberry leaf affects glycemic control in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is unknown.A 38-year-old nulliparous woman with GDM developed hypoglycemia requiring lowered insulin dose after consuming raspberry leaf tea at 32 weeks of gestation. The temporal relationship was confirmed by the patient's self-withdrawal and reintroduction of the herb. Fetal surveillance and growth were reassuring. A cesarean delivery was performed at 39 weeks of gestation. The neonate did not experience hypoglycemia or other complications. Placental biopsy revealed normal findings.Consumption of raspberry leaf may lead to reduced insulin requirements in GDM. Women with GDM should be cautioned about its use and their glucose levels more closely monitored.

In order to investigate the hypoglycemic effects and potential mechanism of recombinant irisin on diabetes, STZ-induced diabetic mice were established and treated with irisin. The results showed that daily water and food intake, and blood glucose significantly decreased after various concentrations of recombinant irisin treatment by intraperitoneal injection, of which 1.0 mg/kg was the optimal dose for lowering blood glucose. However, the body weight exhibited no significant difference during the treatment within groups, although the 0.9% NaCl treated group showed a trend of decreased body weight and the irisin treated groups showed a tendency of increasing weight. The oral glucose tolerance was improved, and serum insulin and circulating irisin content were significantly elevated in diabetic mice after 1.0 mg/kg irisin-injection treatment, compared to diabetic mice treated with 0.9% NaCl. 1.0 mg/kg irisin-injection also significantly increased the expression of energy and metabolism-related genes. In addition, oral administration of irisin lowered the blood glucose in diabetic mice. Our data suggested that irisin could lower blood glucose in insulin-deficient diabetic mice, to some extent, through irisin-mediated induction of energy and metabolic genes expression. These observations laid a foundation for the development of irisin-based therapy.

Backgrounds Diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 diabetes, with its fast-rising prevalence, has become a global epidemic. Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf has been known to have hypoglycemic effects since ancient times. In Asia mulberry leaf is used as tea to complement the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The methods by which mulberry leaf affects the body and its mechanism when combined with chemical agents have been studied extensively. Conclusions We summarize the possible mechanisms of the anti-diabetic effects of mulberry leaf based on extraction procedures, in vitro and in vivo experiments, and clinical trials. We also discuss the hypothesis that crosstalk and “critical nodes” may be useful for a deeper molecular understanding of the treatment and prevention of diabetes with mulberry leaf.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in the world; one of its main characteristics is chronic hyperglycemia. Pharmacotherapy and other alternatives such as regular exercise are among the therapeutic methods used to control this pathology and participate in glycemic control, as well as the ingestion of plant extracts with antioxidant effects. Among the different plants used for this purpose, curcumin has potential to be used to attenuate the hyperglycemic condition triggered by diabetes mellitus (DM). Some prior studies suggest that this plant has antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential. This review aims to evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential of curcumin supplementation in Type 1 DM (T1DM) and Type 2 DM (T2DM). The search considered articles published between 2010 and 2019 in English and Portuguese, and a theoretical survey of relevant information was conducted in the main databases of scientific publications, including the Virtual Health Library and its indexed databases, PubMed, LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences—Health Information for Latin America and the Caribbean—BIREME/PAHO/WHO), and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). The associated use of turmeric and physical exercise has demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic effects, suggesting that these could be used as potential therapeutic methods to improve the quality of life and survival of diabetic patients.

Objective: To demonstrate important points regarding the possible hypoglycemic effects of sulfasalazine and suggest possible underlying mechanism(s) accounting for sulfasalazine-induced hypoglycemia.Methods: We describe a case of reversible sulfasalazine-induced hypoglycemia, review the literature, and discuss a potential mechanism accounting for sulfasalazine-induced hypoglycemia.Results: A 63-year-old man with Crohn disease treated with sulfasalazine and type 2 diabetes complicated by end-stage renal disease was admitted for treatment of persistent hypoglycemia. Insulinoma was initially suspected, but localization studies including endoscopic ultrasound were negative. This raised the possibility of sulfasalazine-induced hypoglycemia. Three days after sulfasalazine was stopped, he became normoglycemic. Hypoglycemia has not recurred since discontinuing sulfasalazine.Conclusion: Clinicians should be aware of the potential hypoglycemic effect of sulfasalazine. Doses should be reduced in patients with impaired renal function, and it should be discontinued if otherwise unexplained hypoglycemia develops.Abbreviations: CT = computed tomography; ESRD = end-stage renal disease

The aim of this research work was to carry out a comparative study on the aqueous extracts of the leaves and fruits of Garden egg (Solanum melongena) using alloxan induced diabetic guinea pigs. Blood glucose level analysis was used as diabetic indices. Z-test was used in comparing the mean fasting blood glucose level of alloxan induced diabetic guinea pigs after administration of aqueous leaf extracts and that of the aqueous extracts of the fruits of Garden egg (Solanum melongena) against the negative control (0.9%N/S) and positive control group (Glibenclamide solution).The results showed that there was a significant difference between the group that had oral administration of aqueous leaf extracts and the negative control group (p 0.05).

O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar a literatura sobre o efeito da farinha da casca do maracujá amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) nos distúrbios metabólicos que compõem a síndrome metabólica. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática, realizada por meio do levantamento bibliográfico de estudos publicados entre 2005 e 2017, indexados nas bases de dados IBECS, PubMed, CisSaúde, Cochrame, MedCarib, Lilacs, Medline e SciELO, bem como no Google Scholar, bancos de teses e dissertações. Os estudos selecionados avaliaram o efeito do uso da casca do maracujá amarelo (P. edulis) sobre os parâmetros da síndrome metabólica. Os estudos experimentais demonstraram discordâncias quanto ao efeito hipoglicemiante e resultados positivos quanto ao efeito hipotensor. Em pesquisas realizadas com humanos saudáveis, a suplementação com 30 gramas da farinha da casca de P. edulis demonstrou eficiência na redução glicêmica e lipidêmica para LDL e colesterol total, sem toxicidade. Em estudos com portadores de síndrome metabólica e diabetes mellitus tipo 2, os efeitos hipolipemiantes e hipoglicemiantes também foram demonstrados. Entretanto, ainda há escassez de publicações sobre o uso da casca de P. edulis para tratamento de distúrbios metabólicos, sendo necessária padronização metodológica que viabilize sua recomendação na prática clínica.DOI: 10.12957/demetra.2018.28957

Background Berberine is one of the most important examples of a Chinese traditional medicine that has hypoglycemic effects but there have been no randomized controlled trials of the drug in a larger sample. In addition, the use of probiotic biotherapy to maintain an appropriate intestinal flora may represent an effective early intervention for hyperglycemia. Unfortunately, there has been a shortage of relevant research on this possibility at the population level. This study was designed to determine the hypoglycemic effect and safety of both bifidobacteria and berberine administration to newly diagnosed patients with pre-diabetes or diabetes mellitus. Methods/design This is a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, and parallel-controlled study that includes a run-in period of 2 weeks and a treatment period of 16 weeks, which will be conducted between June 2015 and October 2018. The 300 randomized patients will be assigned to the following four groups for 16 weeks’ treatment: Bifidobacterium, berberine, Bifidobacterium combined berberine, and placebo control groups. The primary outcome is the absolute value of fasting plasma glucose compared with baseline after 16 weeks of treatment. Discussion This is the first randomized controlled trial to determine the hypoglycemic effect and safety of both bifidobacteria and berberine administration to newly diagnosed patients with pre-diabetes or diabetes mellitus. It may provide support for the use of berberine and bifidobacteria in the treatment of diabetes. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT03330184. Retrospectively registered on 18 October 2017. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2438-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Historically, edible wild plants have been used as medical components throughout different regions of the world (e.g., China, Jordan, Egypt, Greece). Over the past decade, their possible applications in the food and drug industries have been extensively researched, due to renewed interest in novel bioactive phytochemicals with nutraceutical and pharmaceutical properties. The main bioactive compounds currently recognized in medicinal wild plants are phenolic compounds, volatile, and essential oil components, and small chain peptides. Unique chemical features of phenolics from wild medicinal plants have a broad range of applications in the health sector as functional food ingredients, nutraceuticals, dietary supplements, and drugs. Numerous studies have shown phenolic extracts to have anticancer, antiviral, antiinflammatory, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and hypoglycemic effects in vivo, due to the ability of phenolics to interact with biological molecules such as DNA, hormones, and enzymes (e.g., angiotensin-I converting enzyme [ACE], α-glucosidase, and α-amylase), and to modulate cell-signaling pathways and epigenetic modifications. This chapter will cover the chemical, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical properties of selected wild medicinal herbs (thyme, spearmint, and rosemary) and their phenolic constituents.

Xylaria nigripes (XN) is a medicinal fungus with a high-economic value. The aim of this study was to explore the hypoglycemic effects and mechanisms of the XN aqueous extract in steroid-induced insulin-resistant (SIIR) rats. Significant hypoglycemic effects were observed 60 min after administration of XN aqueous extract. In normal Wistar, hypoglycemic effects were 21% (the plasma glucose level decreased from 128.6 ± 12.5 to 100.9 ± 10.7 mg/dL). In SIIR, hypoglycemic effects were 26% (the plasma glucose level decreased from 177.6 ± 12.5 to 133.3 ± 29.7 mg/dL) rats refer to their baseline. The signaling proteins for insulin-receptor substrate-1 and glucose transporter-4 increased 0.51-fold and 1.12-fold, respectively, as determined by Western blotting; the increase in the proteins was 13% and 9%, respectively, as determined by immunohistochemistry. The serotonin antagonist, α-p-chlorophenylalanine, effectively blocked the hypoglycemic effects and increased the signaling protein levels. After XN administration, none of the animals showed significant changes in plasma-free fatty acids in 60 min. In summary, the XN extract may have hypoglycemic effects in normal Wistar and SIIR rats that may have a serotonin-related hypoglycemic effect and enhance insulin sensitivity in the SIIR rats. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the anti-inflammatory effects of propolis on the systemic and local effects on experimental periodontitis and diabetes. Fifty-six Wistar rats were divided into seven groups: (1) negative-control (NC), (2) periodontitis (P), (3) diabetes (D), (4) diabetes+periodontitis (DP), (5) periodontitis+propolis (P-Pro), (6) diabetes+propolis (D-Pro), and (7) diabetes+periodontitis+propolis (DP-Pro). Periodontitis was induced by ligature placement and diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection. Propolis (Pro) was administrated by oral gavage (100 mg/kg/day). On day 21, plasma was obtained for analysis and alveolar bone level was evaluated using histomorphometric analysis. Compared to NC the final blood glucose levels for D-Pro was not significantly different (P=.052), however, D, DP, and DP-Pro were significantly different. There were no statistically significant differences in blood glucose concentrations between P and P-Pro, between D and D-Pro, and between DP and DP-Pro. All groups showed significantly more alveolar bone loss compared with NC. A significant difference in bone loss was found between P and P-Pro, and DP and DP-Pro, however there was no difference between D and D-Pro. Plasma interleukin 1beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) levels were not significantly different among groups. In conclusion, propolis reduced fasting blood glucose levels in diabetes. In addition, propolis might be beneficial as an adjunct treatment of diabetes associated periodontitis and periodontitis without diabetes.

To investigate the hypoglycemic effect of the submerged culture of the Ceriporia lacerata mycelium (CL01) species, in-vitro and in-vivo tests were executed using INS-1 and 3T3-L1 cells, normal and diabetic mice. CL01 exhibited an inhibitory effect on cell death through dexamethasone in the INS-1 cells, and increased the GLUT4 expression in the 3T3-L1 cells. A hematological monitoring test was executed using diabetic mice divided into four groups : normal control (G1), negative control (G2), positive control (G3), and CL01 250 mg/kg (G4) groups, which were fed daily for 6 weeks. The body weight gain, food intake, and water intake of G4 were not significantly different from those of G2. After 5 weeks, the blood glucose levels of G4 were significantly different from those of G2. After 6 weeks, the plasma insulin levels of G4 increased by about 36% compared to those of G2, and the plasma C-peptide levels of G4 were lower by about 18%. than those of G3. The results of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) showed that CL01 lessened the blood glucose levels of G4 by 15% compared to G2. It was concluded that CL01 stimulates the proliferation of beta cells and promotes insulin secretion and may thus have a potential in improving the hypoglycemic effects among the diabetic symptoms.

With numerous pharmacological and biological functions bio-flavonoids gain appreciable attention in diabetes and other therapeutic research. Among several beneficial flavonoids quercetin exhibits impressive hypoglycemic effects, with significant improvement, stabilization of long sustaining insulin secretion and regeneration of human islets in the pancreas without producing serious health hazards. However, in oral delivery poor solubility, stability in biological milieu, low permeation, short biological half-life, and insignificant bioavailability limit its wide application in anti diabetic research. Over the last few decades polymeric carrier systems have been widely studied for improvement of quercetin bioavailability. Natural polymers are more preferred in this regard as they possess several favourable properties like biocompatibility, biodegradability, mucoadhesiveness, non-immunogenicity and non-toxicity. This review focuses on quercetin in anti-diabetic research and the progress in the synthesis of polymer-based formulations for efficient quercetin delivery, with an emphasis on producing an improved biological efficacy of the flavonoid. Diabetic complications, probable mechanisms of quercetin absorption, regulation and anti diabetic effects, obstacles to produce desired bio-efficacy and possible remedies are also brought into focus. To overcome these barriers encapsulation of quercetin within various safe polymeric vehicles are discussed. Further, this review sheds light on enhancing the efficacy of quercetin in novel ways for successful diabetes treatment and others.

Over the past decades, Chinese herbal medicines (CHM) have been extensively and intensively studied through from both clinical and experimental perspectives and CHM have been proved to be effective in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). This study, by searching ancient records and modern research papers, reviewed CHM in terms of their clinical application and principal mechanism in the treatment of DM. We summarized the use of CHM mentioned in 54 famous ancient materia medica monographs and searched papers on the hypoglycemic effect of several representative CHM. Main mechanisms and limitations of CHM and further research direction for DM were discussed. On the basis of the study, we were led to conclude that TCM, as a main form of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), was well recorded in ancient literatures and has less adverse effects as shown by modern studies. The mechanisms of CHM treatment of DM are complex, multilink, and multitarget, so we should find main hypoglycemic mechanism through doing research on CHM monomer active constituents. Many CHM monomer constituents possess noteworthy hypoglycemic effects. Therefore, developing a novel natural product for DM and its complications is of much significance. It is strongly significant to pay close attention to CHM for treatment of DM and its complications.

The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of Momordica cochinchinensis (Gag) aril (GA) aqueous extract on male reproductive system of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemia (HG) mice. GA were extracted with distilled water (DW) and analyzed for in vitro antioxidant capacities. ICR male mice were divided into 7 groups: 1) control, 2) DW, 3) GA 1000 mg/kg BW, 4) HG, 5) HG + glibenclamide, 6 and 7) HG + GA 500 and 1000 mg/kg BW respectively (7 mice/ group). In HG groups, mice were induced by STZ at single dose (150 mg/kg BW). They were treated for consecutive 35 days. All groups were compared for blood glucose levels, weights and histopathologies of reproductive organs, sperm concentration including testicular tyrosine phosphorylation protein patterns by Immuno-Western blotting. The results showed that GA processed antioxidant activities and could significantly decrease blood glucose levels and increase sperm concentration in HG mice. Moreover, GA could change the density of a testicular 70 kDa protein in HG-GA groups. In conclusion, GA extract could improve hyperglycemia and male reproductive damages in STZ-induced HG mice.

Efficacy and safety of a drug and its plasma concentration are closely correlated, and plasma concentrations are used as an index of the drug’s effects. Therefore, it is important to understand the relationship between the drug’s plasma concentration and its effects. Plasma glucose control of diabetics retards its progression and glimepiride is widely used for its treatment. In the present study, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of glimepiride was performed in Wistar rats, with normal plasma glucose levels (Normal), and streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes rats (Type 1) and type 2 diabetes GK rats (Type 2). The PK-PD model was structured to investigate time-dependent plasma glucose changes in relation to the plasma concentration, and the PK and PD characteristics of glimepiride were investigated. PK analysis of glimepiride in the three groups showed no significant differences in total body Clearance (CL) and half-life of the β phase. Plasma concentration profiles at a 0.5 mg/kg dose increased in the following order; Type 1, Normal, and Type 2 groups. The area under the plasma concentration-time curves for glimepiride was dosedependent in Normal and Type 2 groups. The CL decreased in the Type 2 group compared to the other groups at a 0.5 mg/kg dose. The maximum decrease in the plasma glucose level was increased in the following order; Normal, Type 2, and Type 1. From the estimated PK-PD analysis, the plasma glimepiride concentration necessary to produce hypoglycemic effects was higher, and the responsiveness of the drug at a drug concentration at the half-maximum effect was quicker, in the Type 2 group compared to the other groups. These effects of glimepiride were considered to improve the pathological condition. This study of the PK-PD characteristics of glimepiride is useful for prediction of the influence of drug-drug interactions and the change in clinical conditions of patients.