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This study was carried out to test the effect of vacuum and open-air storage on seed germination, oil content, and sugar contents of four pepper cultivars. Seeds were stored at 13°C with 35% relative humidity over 48 months in vacuum packets or in perforated cheese cloth in a storage room. Seed samples were examined at 12, 24, 36 and 48 months. Seed germination, oil content and sugar contents were determined. Seed germination declined gradually as storage time extended. Vacuum storage had significantly higher (P

Province, which is located in the south-eastern corner of Poland. At the beginning of the 1970s, as the result of an initiative drawing attention to the need for documentation of the rapidly disappearing traditional Rzeszowiacy vernacular wooden architecture (and that of the neighboring ethnographic group, the Lasowiacy), the Folk Culture Open-Air Museum in Kolbuszowa was created. This paper presents a short overview of the open-air museum’s establishment and describes in detail its role in the study and protection of the wooden architectural heritage of the Rzeszowiacy ethnographic group, based on the museum’s research, carried out over fifty years, and its collection of buildings.

From 1981 to 2009, Maria Lai created a series of site-specific outdoor artworks made of different materials (above all cement, then painted with acrylic colour) located in her hometown Ulassai (Sardinia), which became an open-air museum. This paper focuses on a project regarding each artwork, with the creation of a documentation record on their history and conservation issues. Over the years, retouching and repainting interventions were realized by the artist and local workers without any conservator-restorer being involved in the process. The paper also aims to provide a description of these interventions with a focus on three case-studies, exploring the challenges related to maintenance, particularly the ones involving retouching and repainting.

The article covers the history of landscape development – one of the most emotional genres of fine arts, which has a special impact on the human personality. The object of the artist's image is architecture and its natural surroundings on the plains, in the mountains and at sea. The practice of painting outdoors (open air) has long been a mandatory component of the training of artists-teachers. At the same time, the painting of plants (flowers, trees), clouds, huts and the landscape in general is provided by the program of fine arts of primary school.

The construction of heritage is an ongoing process, with numerous voices involved in it. Physical remains of the past frequently—though not always—play a significant role as focal points that heritage narratives attach to. As resources, these remains can be used to draw both domestic and foreign tourism, providing economic benefit to states and providing a platform from which heritage narratives may be told. Such narratives can be economically, socially, and politically powerful. They have been previously examined through the authorized heritage discourse, wherein only certain ‘pasts’ are explored, or as heritage brands. In a world of change in society and in tourism, the authority of archaeologist/historian/scholar, governing bodies, tourism agencies, passionate ‘non-specialists’, and multiple publics over heritages is one of contestation. Each is a weaver of heritage. This article examines the creation of archaeological open-air museums (AOAMs) as renewable resources for tourism within a fragmenting market. It explores the authorities and threads of heritage that result in different capacities to actively address visitor perceptions of the ‘past’ and present they are touring. This paper concludes with viewing the use of an AOAM as a location of contestation, as any other heritage property can become, though one more malleable to the changing needs of heritage weavers due to its existence in conflict with understandings of linear time.

The Capsicum plant develops naturally and comprises the majority of domesticated chile in Mexico. The fruit presents gastronomic, cosmetic and pharmaceutical uses. The economic and commercial value of the Piquín pepper is due to the nutritional contribution and content of carotenoids, vitamin C and tocopherols. The study was conducted at the Technological University of Xicotepec de Juárez, Puebla, Mexico. Pests and / or diseases in culture were identified using 50 random plants, Capsaicin content (HPLC), fresh weight (AOAC), and color (Hunter Lab®) in fruit. The pests and diseases found were: spider (Tetranichus urticae), white mosquito (Trialeurodes vaporariorum), chicharita (Empoasca spp), aphid (Bactericera cockerelli Sulc.), Cricket (Acheta assimilis) and blight (Xanthomonas campestris) with incidence rate of: 4 %, 6%, 4%, 4%, 58% and 6%, respectively. The fresh weight of the fruit was 0.13 g, the values for color L: 14.42; a: 12.37 b: 6.47 indicate opacity, tending to dark red, stem growth was 4 to 18 cm, capsaicin content of 168 µg / mL. Piquín pepper has a high content of carotenes related to chronic degenerative diseases, oxidative stress, cancer, etc. The plant during its low incidence of diseases that do not affect the development of the fruit.

Manus prison was officially closed in 2017 following Papua New Guinea’s (PNG) Supreme Court decision that the existence of the camp breached the PNG Constitution. The ‘Namah’ decision was significa...

Background As much as local communities have employed traditional techniques of preservation to enhance availability and utilization of cowpea leaves, the efficiency of these techniques in achieving food security need to be established. The current study sought to document trends and constraints of utilization of preserved cowpea leaves in the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) in order to overcome of seasonal availability of the vegetable. Method A mixed method convergent design that included household survey of randomly sampled cowpea producing households and focus group discussion and key informant interviews with stakeholders in the ASAL areas of Kitui and Taita Taveta Counties of Kenya was conducted. Results The study found that the utilization of preserved forms of cowpea leaves in the in-season was by 58% of the respondents. Three quarters (73.6%) of the households could not get the vegetables from their own sources during scarcity, whereas 25% did not consume the vegetables at all at such times. The preserved forms of the vegetables was utilized among 24.0% of the households, with significantly (p Conclusion In conclusion, the preserved forms of cowpea leaves promoted availability of the vegetable especially in the dry seasons. In as much as there is limited practising of preservation of the vegetables, its availability is enhanced through dehydration and other value-addition techniques among a significant number of the households.

L’objectiu del document es esbossar les circumstancies de l’establiment de la galeria d’escultures de Łodź al carrero de Rubinstein (anteriorment: Aleja ZMP) i el seu impacte en l’estetica de Łodź. Tot i la historia de la ciutat que es remunta a principis del segle XV, la primera escultura de ple dret a l’espai public nomes va apareixer el 1912. Al comencament de la Segona Guerra Mundial, el nombre d’escultures va augmentar fins a una dotzena aproximadament, pero totes aquestes obres van ser destruides pels alemanys en els primers anys de l’ocupacio. En el periode 1945-1970, van apareixer dos monuments i una dotzena de formes mes petites. La cara escultorica de la ciutat nomes va ser canviada per la Galeria d’escultures de Łodź, que es va centrar en els temes mes importants de l’urbanisme de la postguerra, la politica, les tendencies artistiques i les necessitats socials. Tot i el seu curt periode de funcionament (1972-1978), els seus efectes encara son visibles a gairebe tot arreu a Łodź. Mai abans ni mai despres s’havia estetitzat el mitja de l’escultura a tal escala a la ciutat. El record d’aquest lloc i de diverses desenes d’escultures (i dels seus creadors) gairebe s’ha esvait. Actualment, s’estan realitzant activitats per restaurar la galeria d’escultures de Łodź a la seva posicio deguda en la historia de la ciutat i continuar les seves activitats al mateix lloc.

Air pollution represents one of the major concerns worldwide, fueled by the increasing urbanization and related PM production worsening air quality in open air as well as in confined environments. In the present work, exposure to atmospheric metal pollution was investigated in 20 paired indoor (I)-outdoor (O) sites located in two urban areas of Italy and Belgium, by chemical (ICP-MS) and magnetic (saturation isothermal remanent magnetization, SIRM) analyses of Hypnum cupressiforme moss exposed in bags. After 12 weeks, the elemental profiles of the moss material exposed in the two countries largely overlapped, except for some elements which specifically accumulated in Belgium (Ag, As, Cd, Mo, Pb and Sb) and in Italy (Ca, Mg, Co, Cr, Sr, Ti and U). Element concentrations were higher in moss exposed outdoors, with the Italian sites mostly showing a terrigenous footprint, and the Belgian sites mostly affected by elements of environmental concern (e.g., As, Pb, Sb). The Indoor/Outdoor ratios (mostly lower than 0.75) indicated indoor pollution as strongly affected by outdoor pollution, although specific elements could be of indoor origin or magnified in indoor environments (e.g., Al, Ag, Cd and Co). In line with the chemical analysis, the SIRM signal was significantly higher in outdoor than indoor moss material. A positive, significant correlation was observed between SIRM and several accumulated elements indicating SIRM analysis as a powerful tool to predict the level of metal pollution. Moss bags were confirmed as a useful and versatile tool to highlight metal contamination even in confined environments, an essential prerogative in the perspective of the evaluation of the total exposure risk for humans to these pollutants.

This article takes as its starting point Jacob George Strutt’s description, in his Sylva Britannica (1826) of the Cowthorpe Oak, an ancient oak tree, as being ‘like some aged peasant, whose toil-worn limbs still give evidence of the strength which enabled him to acquit himself of the labors of his youth’. Strutt’s etching of the tree may be compared with Thomas Barker of Bath’s painting, Man Holding a Staff. Both works compare the life cycle of a tree to that of a human being, and specifically a male peasant, who has spent his working life in the open air, battered by the weather. Symbols of British history and greatness, from the rites of the Druids to the naval victories of the Napoleonic Wars, ancient oaks could stand for stoicism, steadfastness, independence, and peaceful reform. Depictions of aged peasants, in art and literature, served a similar purpose. They appealed to those who felt nostalgic for the idea of a more settled, rural past, and emotionally attached to paternalistic values.

Underground shopping districts (USDs) are susceptible to severe indoor air pollution, which can adversely impact human health. We measured 24 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in 13 USDs throughout South Korea from July to October 2017, and the human risk of inhaling hazardous substances was evaluated. The sum of the concentrations of the 24 VOCs was much higher inside the USDs than in the open air. Based on factor analysis, six indoor air pollution sources were identified. Despite the expectation of a partial outdoor effect, the impacts of the indoor emissions were significant, resulting in an indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio of 5.9 and indicating elevated indoor air pollution. However, the effects of indoor emissions decreased, and the contributions of the pollution sources reduced when the USD entrances were open and the stores were closed. Although benzene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde exhibited lower concentrations compared to previous studies, they still posed health risks in both indoor and outdoor settings. Particularly, while the indoor excess cancer risk (ECR) of formaldehyde was ~10 times higher than its outdoor ECR, benzene had a low I/O ratio (1.1) and a similar ECR value. Therefore, indoor VOC concentrations could be reduced by managing inputs of open air into USDs.

Background. Stress is an integral part in the life of a contemporary man. The problem of stress is especially acute in the field of higher professional activity. Student learning activity has been always associated with a high level of stressful tension. In case of a long stress effect and when students do not have skills of its positive overcoming, stress can result in occurrence of psychosomatic diseases, non-psychosomatic psychic disorders (NPD), formation of educational neglect, disorders of personality and professional development of the personality, which stipulate the topicality of the given work. Objective – to examine the ways of overcoming stress among students depending on NPD available, gender and the course of education. Materials and methods. 1235 students of both genders were examined comprehensively including 852 students (68,99%) from the Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine “Bukovinian State Medical University” and 383 students (31,01%) from Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University. An average age of those involved in the study was 20,15±0,05. The following methods were applied: clinical, psychodiagnostic and statistical. Results. The conducted study found that most often students used the following means to overcome stress: sleep – 70,35% and 71,24% in І and ІІ groups respectively; walking in the open air – 58,99% and 60,02%; tasty food – 58,04% and 52,51%; communication with friends – 56,78% and 57,41% (р≥0,05). A reliable majority of students with NPD during the first examination indicated that they used cigarettes as a means to get over stress (34,38%) against 13,18% of students without NPD, and alcohol (26,81% and 13,73% respectively) (р

This research note explores and examines the ideological underpinnings of the open air group dances of Chinese senior females (Dama), a leisure pursuit that has been regularly attended to by 160 mi...

Resumen: La influencia que tiene la ideología en la arquitectura es un hecho probado y, en consecuencia, ésta se refleja claramente en los conjuntos universitarios de todas las épocas. La Ciudad Universitaria de Madrid constituye un conjunto singular entre los campus construidos a lo largo del siglo XX, pues ha soportado una monarquía del “Antiguo Régimen”, una república, la dictadura franquista y una monarquía parlamentaria. Cada una dejó su huella materializada en sus edificios y monumentos, en sus usos, y en el diseño de sus jardines y sus espacios libres y deportivos. Pero también en la educación universitaria que en ella se impartió casi ininterrumpidamente desde 1935.

Market waste is one waste generation from commercial areas that influence the municipal waste generation. Thus it is necessary to manage effectively and efficiently in order to be sustainable in environmental, social and economical. Talang market is one of the traditional markets in Solok Regency which has an area of ± 3.30 Ha, is the largest and most crowded market in Solok Regency. This market operates every Wednesday with 420 merchants. The problem is there is still a lot of waste disposed in the open air, not all of them be transported to landfill. In addition, there is still a lot of waste scattered in the corners of kiosks and market hallway after the market operates. The purpose of this study is to examine the performance and factors that influence the performance of waste management services based on the opinion of traders and market managers in Talang Market, Gunung Talang District, Solok Regency. This research uses descriptive statistical method with quantitative approach. Analyze technique is done by scoring and factor analysis with tangible variable, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, finance, social and environment with 208 respondents. The result of this research is the performance of waste management service of Talang Market has bad category with the score of 2.58 in range interval 2-2,667. The main factors affecting the performance are operational technical factors. Other important factors are financing factor and service quality, service effectiveness factor, individual role factor, personnel quality factor, service guarantee factor and waste minimization factor at source. Recommendation from the research that is in according with the main factors as well as the less and poor performance that is required optimization of transportation, transfer, collection, warehousing, the ability of personnel and increase the participation of individuals in waste management.

Modern society is fascinated by Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), physical laziness, isolation from nature, and a preference for staying indoors. Despite the general acceptance and understanding of the health benefits of recreation in the open air, a change is being seen in the recreational patterns of urban dwellers, as they spend less time outdoors. In order to counteract such behaviours, we can try to apply ICTs to enhance time spent outdoors. The performed study aimed to find uses of ICT solutions in designing public spaces in order to enhance and promote a healthy lifestyle. The selected examples show possible applications of ICT in promoting active recreation, e.g. mobile applications for sport activities, urban games in line with the idea of the Playable City, and urban furniture and outdoor hotspots enabling access to the Internet. The research findings proved that digitisation is not only a threat to a healthy lifestyle, but that it can also create opportunities to improve the quality of life.

The article reveals the theoretical features of the problem of landscape in the open air as one of the integral genres of fine art. The landscape is an inexhaustible source of reproduction of nature in compositional regularity and ideological plans of the student. The author reviewed and analyzed the main stages of the methodology of teaching landscape tasks in open air for students of landscape workshop of National Academy of Fine Arts and Architecture. The proposed method proves the relevance of the preparation, implementation and structuring of tasks to achieve maximum results. Proposed targets are arranged in chronological order, which gives the opportunity to perform phasing of the work over the implementation of the task "Landscape". We emphasized the main goal of the task - high-quality professional training of the student for the implementation of the task set before him – landscape painting in the open air. The efficiency of the method of landscape painting in practice, the sequence of work and the final stage are considered. The attention is focused on the choice of motive for the creation of a peculiar image; each point of the work process is reasoned, examples are given and their analysis is provided . Thus, guided by the laws of landscape painting, the student must capture not only the real landscape, but also to create a new reality; at the same time, all the work must be systematized for the perception and implementation of its image. The author draws attention to the importance of a clear phasing in the work, emphasizing the importance of the task in the open air for the understanding of the basics of artistic knowledge.

Archaeological heritage, represents the cultural and social order of societies who lived in past eras. In order to learn and explain the past, it is crucial to sustain and protect the artifacts that has informational and documentational value. It is not single handedly sufficient arranging archaeolgical sites, restoring artifacts and taking protection measures. Maintaining the sustainability of archaeological sites can only be achieved by raising awareness and susceptibility of community towards these sites. Arrangement of archaeological sites and artifacts exhibition pave the way for the ruins to connect with community and raise awareness of these sites to society. In these sites, accurate protection, presentation and exhibition approaches within the scope of management plan should be determined after experts' analyses and evaluations. Some of common ways to present and exhibit an archeological sites: Exhibition on archeological site, exhibition outside the archaeological site, exhibition in museum, exhibition as archeopark.Nowadays, presentation as archeopark is the most recent approach that is used for the archaeological sites by developed countries. Especially in Europe countries these areas encountered frequently and may also be considered as "open-air museum". Aims of these archeoparks are preserving the cultural property, unifying the site with community to enlighten them, forming a preservation consciousness in society and strengthening the ways of obtaining information about socio-cultural characteristics, architectures and life-styles of ancient civilizations. Existance of presentations that are appeasing the senses, experimental archeological practices and various recreative activities in the scope of archeoparks increase the dynamism of these parks and community interest towards it. In the extent of this study, following will be explained over selected archeoparks: aims of archeoparks implementation reasons, usage of archeoparks as a presentation method, designing criteria of archeoparks, applied architectural approaches, experimental archaeological applications, recreation and other applied presentation methods that are used in archeoparks.Keywords: Archeopark, Conservation, Presentation, Open Air Museum, Experimental Archaeology., Arkeolojik miras, geçmiş dönemlerde yaşamış toplulukların kültürel ve toplumsal düzenlerini yansıtmaktadır. Bilgi ve belge değeri taşıyan arkeolojik eserlerin sürdürülebilirliğinin sağlanması ve korunması, geçmişi öğrenmek ve anlamlandırmak açısından çok önemlidir. Arkeolojik alanların düzenlenmesi, arkeolojik buluntuların onarımının yapılması ve koruma tedbirlerinin alınması bu alanların sürdürülebilirliğinin sağlanması için tek başına yeterli değildir. Arkeolojik buluntuların ve arkeolojik alanların sürdürülebilirliğinin sağlanması, ancak kamunun bu alanlara karşı duyarlılık ve koruma bilinci düzeyinin yükselmesi ile mümkün olabilmektedir. Arkeolojik alanların düzenlenmesi ve arkeolojik buluntuların sergilenmesi, ören yerlerinin kamu ile bütünleşmesini kolaylaştırmakta ve toplumların eserlere karşı farkındalık düzeyinin artmasını sağlamaktadır. Bu alanlarda yönetim planı kapsamında belirlenecek olan doğru koruma, sunum ve sergileme yaklaşımları, yapılacak olan analizler ve değerlendirmeler sonucunda belirlenmelidir. Arkeolojik alan yönetim planlarında sıkça rastlanan sergileme ve sunum yöntemlerinden bazıları; arkeolojik alanda sergileme, arkeolojik alan dışında sergileme, müzede sergileme, arkeopark olarak sergileme gibi yöntemlerdir. Arkeopark olarak sergileme, günümüzde gelişmiş ülkelerin ören yerlerinde uyguladığı en güncel yaklaşımlar arasındadır. Özellikle Avrupa ülkelerinde sıkça rastlanan bu alanlar, bir çeşit açık hava müzesi olarak nitelendirilebilmektedir. Arkeoparkların amaçları; kültür varlıklarını korumak, kamuyla bütünleşmesini sağlayarak bilgilendirme yapmak, toplumda koruma bilinci oluşturmak ve geçmiş uygarlıkların sosyo-kültürel özellikleri, mimarileri, yaşam biçimleri hakkında bilgi edinme yollarını güçlendirmektir. Arkeoparkların kapsamında duyulara hitap eden sunum yöntemlerinin, deneysel arkeoloji uygulamalarının ve çeşitli rekreatif aktivitelerin bulunması bu alanların dinamikliğini ve kamunun bu alanlara olan ilgisini arttırmaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında arkeoparkların hedefleri, uygulanma nedenleri, ziyaretçiler ve uzmanlar tarafından kullanımı, arkeoparkların tasarım kriterleri bu alanlarda uygulanan mimari yaklaşımlar, deneysel arkeoloji uygulamaları, canlandırmalar ve arkeoparklarda uygulanan diğer sunum yöntemleri seçilen arkeopark örnekleri üzerinden aktarılmaktadır. _________________________________________________________________________________‘’Archeoparks’’ as a Presentation Method of Archaeological SitesAbstractArchaeological heritage, represents the cultural and social order of societies who lived in past eras. In order to learn and explain the past, it is crucial to sustain and preserve the artifacts that has informational and documentation value. It is not single handedly sufficient arranging archaeological sites, restoring artifacts and taking preservation measures. Maintaining the sustainability of archaeological sites can only be achieved by raising awareness and susceptibility of community towards these sites. Arrangement of archaeological sites and artifacts exhibition pave the way for the ruins to connect with community and raise awareness of these sites to society. In these sites, accurate preservation, presentation and exhibition approaches within the scope of management plan should be determined after experts' analyses and evaluations. Some of common ways of site management to present and exhibit an archeological sites: Exhibition on archeological site, exhibition outside the archaeological site, exhibition in museum, exhibition as archeopark.Nowadays, presentation as archeopark is the most recent approach that is used for the archaeological sites by developed countries. Especially in Europe countries these areas encountered frequently and may also be considered as "open-air museum". Aims of these archeoparks are preserving the cultural property, unifying the site with community to enlighten them, forming a preservation consciousness in society and strengthening the ways of obtaining information about socio-cultural characteristic, architecture and life-style of ancient civilizations. Existence of presentations that are appeasing the senses, experimental archeological practices and various recreative activities in the scope of archeoparks increase the dynamism of these parks and community interest towards it. In the extent of this study, following will be explained over selected archeoparks: Aims of archeoparks implementation reasons, usage of archeoparks as a presentation method, designing criteria of archeoparks, applied architectural design approaches, experimental archaeological applications, recreation and other applied presentation methods that are used in archeoparks.Keywords: Archeopark, preservation, presentation, open airmuseum, experimental archaeology

Introduction In a previous work, we wanted to evaluate if the histochemical determination of lead in Gunshot Residues (GSR) on firearm wounds could be misled due to possible environmental contamination produced by heavy metals and, in particular, by lead. The Sodium Rhodizonate test and its confirmation test with 5% HCl Sodium Rhodizonate resulted to be negative and therefore we wanted to verify if these techniques were sensible enough in order to evaluate this element. We have assessed, on these same samples, a more sensitive technique, as inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is. This technique is able to detect elements in solution at concentrations as low as 10−15 g L−1. Materials and methods Skin samples taken from two groups of victims, whose cause of death was not related to gunshot wounds were analyzed using ICP-MS: group A included 25 corpses found in open spaces after a long time; group B included 16 corpses exhumed after a period of 11 years. As a positive control group we used skin samples from two subjects that had died due to firearm wounds: as a negative control group we used three different types of plain paraffin slides without included biological material. Results At the analysis by ICP-MS, the evaluation of the samples belonging to groups A, B and for the negative control groups resulted to be negative for traces of lead (Pb), barium (Ba) and antimony (Sb). On the other hand, high concentrations of GSR could be found in the positive control group were victims died for firearm wounds. Conclusions On these basis, we can state that environmental Pb does not contaminate cadavers exposed to open air nor those buried in soil, as confirmed using to ICP-MS technique. Sodium Rhodizonate and 5% HCl Sodium Rhodizonate confirmation test have therefore a high sensitivity, highlighting GSRs, for the diagnosis of death caused by firearm wounds.

At a time when everything becomes art, art no longer belongs to itself, to the point of overflowing from the frames that have enclosed it for several centuries – museums, galleries, churches – with unprecedented effects not only in the field of aesthetics, but above all in ordinary life. To understand this in depth, it is necessary to take into account the digital reproducibility of the work of art as a dynamic that upsets the relationship between work and spectator, subject and object, politics and everyday life. From the second half of the 18th century onwards, we saw a dynamic of "aestheticization of the public" parallel to the birth of the cultural industry and, therefore, the transformation of culture into merchandise. It is an ambiguous process, as it implies the emergence of the mass as the central subject of our culture, but also its definitive reification. What about aesthetics in such a condition? This study explores the genology and history of this process by updating Walter Benjamin's thinking in relation to the cultural emergencies of our time. In particular, it seems essential to understand what happens to the aura in the context of a condition in which the aesthetic object, the work of art and, more generally, the area that concerns beauty is available, used and consumed in everyday life, to the point of placing our cities as "open air museums".

This paper is intending to give a descriptive account of four sites from Central Ladakh that nearby inhabitants consider to be ancient open-air gold mines and, in so doing, tries to link some physical remains with what the legend of the ants, inherited from Antiquity, may be interpreted as meaning. The point here is not to add another page to the tale, but rather to point to some possible archaeological evidence supporting the fact that Ladakh might well be considered as a possible location of origin for these gold-related tales. Ces notes proposent un compte rendu descriptif de quatre sites du Ladakh central que les habitants considèrent comme d’anciennes mines d’or et tentent ainsi un rapprochement entre vestiges archéologiques et la légende des fourmis chercheuses d’or héritée de l’Antiquité. Plutôt qu’une nouvelle page de ce mythe persistant de l’ouest himalayen, la démarche tente donc, sur la base d’évidences archéologiques, de démontrer que le Ladakh pourrait bien être considéré comme un possible lieu d’origine de cette légende aux accents d’eldorado.

Celebrations were an important element in the functioning of royal and princely courts in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. They added splendor to the residences in which they were held and demonstrated the status of rulers: well-directed festivities spoke of their organisers’ political status. Such events not only took place in the closed courtyards of palaces, but also in the open air, which guaranteed a larger audience and made it possible to invite the media. Such events were also observed by foreign diplomats, who described them in their reports. This type of information can be found in the correspondence of Philip Plantamour, secretary of the English Ambassador George Stepney. An analysis of the manuscripts he left reveals an interesting picture of the ceremony as seen through his eyes. These descriptions do not have a specific pattern: he simply described what he saw or had the opportunity to hear. The analysed accounts are an important source for research on the customs, ceremonies, and celebrations at the royal court in Berlin at the turn of the eighteenth century. Philip Plantamour’s exact descriptions show us the glamour, style, and role of these events in the context of propaganda and their political and social dimensions.

The spa press at the beginning of the XXth century often raised issues related to tourism, sport and recreation. The columnists appreciated the importance of health and the educational potential of active forms of spending free time. Activity was given an institutionalized character. This paper presents the active forms of recreation recommended to Polish society through their presentation in the magazine “Nasze Zdroje” (1910–1914). Hence, the article indicates the active forms of recreation available in the resorts such as mountain climbing, sports tourism, and skiing, as well as discussing the content popularizing mountain trips. Tips were given on how to prepare for this type of expedition, often combined with visiting historical monuments. Summer camps, including therapeutic camps, for children and adolescents were discussed, and were strongly promoted. Proposed recreational activities in the open air (walking, playing, and games) were presented, taking into account the educational aspect: instilling healthy habits in young people and adults. Prasa uzdrowiskowa na początku XX w. informowała czytelników o zagadnieniach związanych z turystyką, sportem i rekreacją. Publicyści doceniali znaczenie potencjału zdrowotnego i wychowawczego aktywnych form spędzania wolnego czasu. poprzez ich prezentację na łamach czasopisma „Nasze Zdroje” (1910–1914). Stąd w artykule wskazano na aktywne formy wypoczynku dostępnego w kurortach poprzez uprawianie taternictwa, turystykę sportową, szczególnie narciarstwo, a także treści popularyzujące wycieczki górskie. Przedstawiono wskazówki dotyczące sposobu przygotowania się do tego rodzaju wypraw, łączonych zresztą często ze zwiedzaniem zabytków historycznych. Omówione zostały mocno promowane w piśmie kolonie letnie i lecznicze dla dzieci oraz młodzieży. Przedstawiono prezentowane w periodyku propozycje działań rekreacyjnych na świeżym powietrzu (piesze spacery, gry i zabawy) uwzględniające aspekt wychowawczy: wpojenia młodzieży i dorosłym nawyków prozdrowotnych.

Air pollution, one of the most serious problems in the world also manifests as a major risk to health and the environment. This study focuses on analysing the air quality trends by means of Air Quality Index (AQI) and the pollutant levels in India over the years of 2016–2018. The results show that air quality has been plummeting as years pass by and calculation of parameters such as AQI(Air quality index) helped us arrive at this conclusion. The hourly changes revealed that peaks of pollutant levels from 8:00 - 10:00 as well as 17:00 - 19:00. Striking trends were observed with respect to bandh days, festivals and harvesting seasons.Rainfall confirms to a negative correlation with pollution levels. Investigation results elucidates that industrial activities, indiscriminate open air burning of crops by the farmers, vehicular traffic etc. are responsible for the high concentration of pollutants. A first principles method of forecasting pollution levels reveals that a naive set of parameters do not prove to be efficacious.

Street-vended foods are a major threat to public health because of their microbial contamination. This study investigated hygiene practices and microbial contamination of street foods in Kenyatta University’s environs. Both cross-sectional and experimental designs were adopted. Four (4) major vending stalls at the main entrance to Kenyatta University, gate (A) and at the hind gate at KM shopping center were identified for this study. Twelve (12) food samples were collected from these stalls; sausages, samosas and kachumbari. The foods were collected and transported in cooler boxes to the Microbiology Laboratory at Kenyatta University within 3 hours for analyses. Standard microbiological methods were used for enumeration of Salmonella, coliforms and Escherichia coli. No Salmonella was detected per 25g in all food samples tested. Fifty percent (50%) of kachumbari samples tested positive for E.coli whereas samosas and sausages tested negative. Kachumbari, from all vending stalls, had total coliform levels 4.12 log10 cfu/g, 4.26 log10 cfu/g and 4.21 log10 cfu/g, that did not meet the quality standards (4.00 log10 cfu/g) for ready-to-eat foods. Total coliform counts were below detection limits in samosas and sausages. All (100%) the stalls were exposed to potential contaminants: 75% of the vendors did not wear protective clothing, they handled money and sold food simultaneously, and polythene bags exposed to open air, were used for packaging take away rations. All the foods evaluated were safe for human consumption except kachumbari. Policies on safe street food to be enforced and education and training of vendors on environmental and personal hygiene to be strengthened.

Food is a basic necessity of human beings. Agriculture is considered to be the main source of income for people residing in villages and farmers have direct impact on the economy of India. They face many challenges like lack of mechanisation, soil erosion and uneven climate changes. Drying of food products in varied climatic conditions is a major concern for farmers as dried products like spices have acceptance both inside and in export mode. Spice drying using conventional methods like open air sun drying and smoke drying could lead to insufficient product quality. Efficient and intelligent drying systems play a key role to increase the product quality and quantity. In this paper an efficient solar based drying system is proposed. Sensitivity analysis to different factors affecting efficiency of the dryer is also presented. The proposed dryer ensures the quality of the products in terms of colour, flavour and appearance, reducing the risk of microorganism growth, insect infestation and contamination by foreign matters.

As most open-air museums focus on preindustrial rural living conditions, they exhibit historical farmhouses that are presented in a specific holistic way, including the surroundings and livestock. Although these presentations create the impression of historical authenticity, they must remain incomplete due to missing sources and practical exhibition reasons. This also involves the human–animal relationships. Moreover, most visitors cannot interpret the settings displayed properly due to missing knowledge. After highlighting some historical aspects of human–animal relationships using the example of northwest German farmhouses, the article deals with the limits and opportunities of the open-air museums’ presentation of human–animal relationships based on a survey among German-speaking open-air museums. Finally, it pleads for a transparent approach to sensitize the visitors to humans’ current handling of and attitude towards animals.

The possibilities of adaptation of Begonia grandis Dry., the most cold-resistant representative of the genus, to conditions of the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia, more severe than in areas of natural growth in China, are studied. The experiment carried out outdoors in spring-summer-autumn period in comparison with a year-round greenhouse cultivation. It was established that the development of plants placed outside the greenhouses accelerates: the flowering time was reduced by 1.5 times and fruiting began two months earlier. The productivity indicators increased such as the number of simultaneously blooming inflorescences, the number of female flowers in separate inflorescence and the number of ripened fruits. The coefficient of vegetative propagation also increased. The number of bulbils was almost 2.5 times more, with significant increase in their size. It was shown that plants of B. grandis grown in the open air were adapted to the conditions of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia. By the time of autumn frosts, they are completing flowering, form ripen seeds and bulbils. Thus, reproduction is provided both by seed and vegetative means. However, to undergo the full life cycle of B. grandis it is necessary to keep dormant tubers in greenhouse or shelter during the frosty period.

Обосновывается актуальность понимания музеев под открытым небом – скансенов, как учреждений представляющих региональные типы природопользования историко-этнографических земель. В статье исследуются планировочные и архитектурно-ландшафтные особенности традиционного природопользования Таджикистана, возникшего в течение длительного исторического процесса формирования и развития нации.

Travelers to Pompeii‚ in the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries, often refer to the pleasure of eating and drinking simple fare in the open air. One precondition for their emphasis on simplicity‚ this essay suggests, is their desire to align themselves with the ancients who lived and died on the same terrain: when visiting the museum of objects salvaged from the buried cities‚ writers regularly observe the traces of wine and of basic foodstuffs—left unconsumed as the inhabitants attempted to flee—play a central part in the dramatic narrative of everyday existence suddenly interrupted that the city unleashes. Consuming fresh food and wine on the same spot draws visitors into the atmosphere of domestic intimacy and instinctive access to the ancient world that Pompeii‚ unlike other sites of antiquity‚ is seen as offering. Writers considered include Byron‚ Goethe‚ Shelley‚ and Stendhal.

This article explores open-air cinema spectatorship in Istanbul from the 1950s to the contemporary era. Since the 1990s, literary authors, actors, and film critics have been depicting open-air cinemas in their memoirs with a certain sense of nostalgia. This nostalgic sentiment is largely driven by multiplex cinemas, which have changed the spectatorship experience in Istanbul. Besides the post-1980s urban gentrification that led to the building of multiplexes, Istanbul’s cinema-going urbanites encountered a similar, yet less frequently discussed, experience of urban gentrification around the 1950s. This research first examines how urban gentrification projects caused the disappearance of open-air cinemas after the 1950s. It then explores how today’s nostalgic conception of open-air cinemas was formed, and how it is commodified in the new luxury open-air cinemas in hotels, art centers, and shopping malls.

The trance-dancing culture in Israel is expressed by dance parties held in open, rather than closed, spaces. This research wished to investigate the effect of open-air dancing on self-image, body i...

The subject of this study is a group of ninety stucco fragments from the Herculaneum Archeological Park, which were part of the decoration of the Tetrapylon’s barrel vault located in the Decumanus Maximus. The archaeologist Amedeo Maiuri, former superintendent of the site, had been displaying them in a cabinet within a nearby domus, as part of his project of an open air museum, while other parts of the stucco decoration were repositioned in situ, with large lacunas. Our project’s aim has been to develop a new exhibition solution, pursuing an accurate recovery of the overall volume of the decoration, meeting the requirements of reversibility and stability of conservation-restoration treatments, while allowing further updates through new findings. Considering the wide range of methods at our disposal, the most effective technical support in matching the fragments, and acquiring accurately the shape has shown to be the 3D scanning and modeling.

Within the scope of the critical works that Mallarme has dedicated to painting in his early phase, “The Impressionists and Edouard Manet” (1876) is probably the less known, even though it stands as the most important. In this essay, Mallarme comments his impressionist colleagues’ practice, and Manet’s above all; he establishes an analogy between poetry and painting patches throughout late nineteenth century French art. The present study seeks to explore Mallarme’s analogical approach in “The Impressionists”. It gives a closer look to the poet’s thoughts on Manet and the impressionists in order to investigate how his ideas about painting find a match in his own poetical works. In 2011, Bertrand Marchal points out four guidelines (open air, simplification, perspective, and deconditioning of the look) through which Mallarme would read such painters activity in “The Impressionists”. From this point of departure, the goal here is to confront his analysis with some aspects of his own poetics. To do so, we will come across texts as distinctive as La Musique et les Lettres (1895) and “Don du poeme” (1866), without losing sight of these works historicity. Briefly, the attempt of this paper is to show where poetry joins painting, in that fin de siecle, through the comparison of Mallarme’s and Manet’s œuvres.

Roma dünyasında ritüellerinin uygulandığı mekan ya da alanlar da çeşitlilik göstermekte, tapınaklar, sunaklar, meydanlar, açık hava ritüel alanları, mezarlıkların yanısıra evlerde de ritüeller gerçekleştirilmektedir. Evlerdeki ritüellerin uygulanmasında iki farklı anlayış söz konusudur. Bunlardan ilki, evde devletin tanımladığı ve kabul ettiği kültlere bağlı olan ritüellerin gerçekleştirilmesidir. Diğeri ise paterfamilias’ın bir rahip görevi üstlenerek, ailenin kendine has kültleri kapsamındaki ritüellerin aile bireylerince yerine getirilmesinden oluşmaktadır. Her iki durumda da “ev”, bu ritüellerin uygulanışı sırasında dışarıdan müdahale edilemeyen ve yönetilemeyen bir kült yeri, aynı zamanda korunan bir alandır. Evlerde gerçekleştirilen ritüellerde lares, genius ve dii penates kültleri ve ona dair ritüel pratikleri ön plana çıkmakta, bu kültlerin uygulama biçimlerindeki farklılıklar ve benzerlikler çalışmamızda ele alınmaktadır. Konu, arkeolojik veriler ve antik kaynakların sağladıkları bilgiler bağlamında değerlendirilmekte; Roma evlerinde ritüellerin nerelerde gerçekleştiği konusuna da değinilmektedir. Özellikle larariumlar, başta Pompeii olmak üzere önemli Roma kentlerindeki örnekleriyle tanıtılmaktadır. Ayrıca, bir öneri olarak Olba’daki tapınak cepheli kaya mezarı örnek gösterilerek mezar odalarındaki naiskoslu nişlerin de aslında birer lararium’u temsil etmekte olabileceği önerilmektedir., Areas where religious rituals took place in the Roman world varied: Temples, altars, city squares, open air ritual areas and cemeteries as well as houses were all places that hosted rituals. House rituals are of two different types. The first are those that are carried out by family members, in accordance with the cult as defined and accepted by the state. In the second type, the family practices its own rituals with the paterfamilias assuming the role of the priest. In both types, “house” during the ritual is a cult area that is immune to outside interference and governance and is a protected space. Overall house rituals feature lares, genius and dii penates cults and practices related to those, the similarities and differences of which are studied in this article. The subject is evaluated based on archaeological evidence and the information provided by ancient sources, accompanied by discussions of the places inside houses where rituals took place. In particular, lararia across Roman cities are introduced with examples, with the primary city being Pompeii. In addition, taking the rock-cut tomb with a temple façade in Olba as an example, it is proposed that naiskos niches in the burial chambers likely each represent a lararium.

This article starts from histoire croisée to develop a genuinely relational analysis of performances of health education in the context of open-air schools. It interrogates through places, people and things conceived of as being performatively entangled the notion of an internationalization of school hygiene. These places, people and things – “international” conferences and exhibitions, “figureheads” of the aspiring New Schools and open-air schools movements, and printed, photographed, and designed materials – reveal open-air schools as “practice[s] and movement[s]” unbound by national or otherwise (real-)imagined borders. Fragmentation accompanied their circulation and ensued from their co-constitutive role in the mediation of knowledge and praxis around hygiene. While still underexplored, economic factors were key to this process. Their analysis from within the “meshwork” in which non-/humans were (are) entangled opens up new lines of inquiry.

The idea of a permanent public exhibition of translocated pieces of pre-modern folk architecture with their equipment and surroundings emerged fully implemented for the first time on 11 October 1891, when Arthur Hazelius’ Skansen was opened to the public. In many aspects this bottom-up project, by using a ‘translocative’ method of the conservation of monuments and introducing the idea of a ‘living museum’, was ahead of its time, and, hence, very attractive for its followers all over Europe. The origins of the Polish adoption of the Skansen model are associated with the activity of the socially engaged intelligentsia even before Poland regained its independence in 1918. However, a Polish skansen-boom erupted only in the 1960s and 1970s under the rule of the Polish People’s Republic. Nowadays, Sweden is becoming more and more a ‘late’ welfare state, Poland is no longer a communist country, and post-modern Europe misses its modernity perhaps even more strongly than modern Europe yearned for the ‘good old (pre-modern) days’. Nevertheless, the basic hidden modern determinants composing the Skansen itself as well as the Skansen model are still in force and matter.

Amounts of abandoned non-ferrous metal tailings(NMT) piled in the open air are released under geochemistry and migrated to the surrounding environment, causing severe harm to the environment and human health. It is essential to evaluate the heavy metal pollution of NMT. In this study, R A C , I g e o , E F , and R I were used to evaluate the heavy metal pollution risk of NMT. To uniformly simplify the four evaluation results into a comprehensive evaluation result that can reflect the degree of heavy metal pollution risk. Assuming heavy metals' concentration, occurrence, and mobility make the same contribution to the degree of heavy metal pollution. Score the above four evaluation results according to the pollution level, and then weigh the scores to obtain a complete integral result: C R S Mo (17) > C R S Cd (13) > C R S Pb (11) > C R S Sr (8) > C R S Mn (7) > C R S Cu (5) > C R S Ni (4) > C R S Cr (3) = C R S Zn (3). Five higher risk heavy metal elements Mo, Cd, Pb, Sr, and Mn, were found. Cu, Ni, Cr, and Zn are at lower risk. The results showed that Mo, Mn, and Sr's evaluation is more accurate. Pb and Cd have not reached the detection limit for the time being, indicating that the release of heavy metal elements in tailings is not only related to the total concentration, occurrence state, and mobility of heavy metals but also affected by the pH of the tailings. This study's most significant finding is to propose a comprehensive integration result of pollution risk levels based on R A C , I g e o , E F , and R I as the comprehensive evaluation result of heavy metal pollution risk. Simultaneously, this research is also a valuable supplement to the existing risk assessment of heavy metal pollution.

Šiame straipsnyje dėmesį skirsime gatvės benamių subkultūrai. Pirmoje dalyje aprašomas gatvės benamystės fenomenas – samprata, priežastys, tapsmas, taip pat analizuojama teorinė kasdienės gyvensenos koncepcija, kuri siejama su Maslou (angl. Maslow) žmogaus motyvacijos teorija. Antroje straipsnio dalyje, remiantis 2016 m. tyrimu Vilniaus mieste, pristatomi autorės užfiksuoti gatvės benamių kasdienio gyvenimo ypatumai. Analizuojami tokie pagrindiniai informantų gyvensenos aspektai kaip būstas ir buitis, pragyvenimo šaltiniai ir pajamos, mityba, socialiniai ryšiai, sveikata, savivoka. Tyrimas padėjo atskleisti ne tik bendrą gatvės benamių charakteristiką, bet ir jų kasdienybės subtilybes. Mūsų tiriamiesiems gatvė jau seniai tapo neatskiriama gyvenimo dalimi. Nors iš pirmo žvilgsnio atrodo, kad gatvės benamių grupė yra monogeniška, vis dėlto išsiskiria jos daugialypumas, atsispindintis kasdienėje gyvensenoje, kuri tiesiogiai priklauso nuo šių žmonių nakvynės vietų ir buities organizavimo bruožų. This article focuses on the lifestyle of street homeless people. The first part describes the phenomenon of street homelessness: the concept, causes, development and theoretical conception of everyday life, which is associated with A. H. Maslow’s theory of human motivation. The second part presents the findings of the research on the peculiarities of everyday life of street homeless people, conducted in Vilnius city in 2016. This article analyses the main aspects of the informants’ lifestyle: housing and mode of life, life-sources and income, nutrition, social relationships, health, and self-perception. The study has helped to reveal not only the general characteristics of street homeless people, but also the subtlety of their everyday life. The street is an integral part of life for our study informants. Although at the first glance it seems that the group of the street homeless is homogeneous, it is multifaceted, which is reflected in everyday lifestyle that directly depends on the characteristics of these people’s lodging places and facilities, as well as the peculiarities of the mode of life organisation. The lifestyle of homeless people is different and depends on people, who live either in the open air or under bridges / in abandoned buildings. Everyday lifestyle can be as follows: from “negligent” satisfaction of needs to careful cherishing of everyday life, i.e. to caring for the quality of everyday life.

In this article Stephen Barber investigates performances that take the form of last works by their performers and specifically utilize the distinctive medium of last-gasp monologues which intimate imminent death or unconsciousness. He assesses three such final performances, across theatre and dance – by Ko Murobushi, Antonin Artaud, and Patrice Chéreau – arguing that such performances often engage in a combative manner with processes of representation, and are able to articulate strong currents of memory and anger, often in fragmentary form. These performances also appear prescient for theatrical works today which deal with the vocal evocation of forthcoming calamities, whether corporeal or ecological. Stephen Barber is a Research Professor in Visual Culture at the Faculty of Art, Design, and Architecture, Kingston University. He is the author of several books on the work of Antonin Artaud, including Antonin Artaud: Blows and Bombs (1993), and most recently Muybridge: the Eye in Motion (2012), Performance Projections (2014), and Berlin Bodies (forthcoming, 2017).

Adoption of good hygiene and sanitation practices is a major determining factor in household well-being and development of community members. In this study, the influence of socio-demographic factors on household hygiene and sanitation behaviour was assessed using interviews. The results revealed that 68% of households did not cover their containers during the transport of water; 58% of respondents defecated in water and 31% in the open air. Only 40% of households washed their hands with water and soap after defecation; 42% of respondents discharged their wastes into the water body while 34% discharged them into the natural environment; 49% of the respondents evacuated their wastewater into the water body while 51% preferred to pour them into the wild. Most of the practices of the populations were not conducive for ensuring healthy drinking water quality and preserving their health mainly due to their low educational level. Improvement of household socio-economic status and access to education, enhancing the capacity of water and sanitation personnel and community groups to achieve and sustain equitable access to, and use of, improved drinking water and basic sanitation and adoption of improved hygiene practices would contribute to the reduction of water borne diseases.

Анализа примера пројектa Тактилна баштина, који је 2015. године реализован у Музеју на отвореном „Старо село” у Сирогојну, ревидира процес инклузије слепих и слабовидих особа у програмске активности музеја на отвореном. Досадашња музејска пракса у Републици Србији показује да није посвећена довољна пажња оним групама којима су музејски садржаји делимично (или потпуно) недостуни и који (својом или туђом вољом) не узимају учешће у музејским активностима. Циљ рада је да укаже на могућност унапређивања доступности и квалитета музејских садржаја особама са инвалидитетом док се, због акрибичности излагања, даје и општи преглед правних и законских регулатива, као и специфичних и значајних појмова који су кључни за систем опште музеологије, а који у својој целокупности доприносе побољшању савремене музејске праксе. У складу са принципима нове музеологије која покушава да раскине са два века дугом традицијом ексклузивности и елитизма музеолошког рада, пројекат Тактилна баштина показује да музејска комуникација може (и мора) балансирати између посебности и ограничења корисника и посебности и могућности нових медија. The paper featuring the project Tactile Heritage, implemented in 2015 at the Open-air Museum “Old Village” in Sirogojno, revises the process of inclusion of blind and visually impaired people in the program activities of the open-air museum. The current museum practice in Serbia shows that insufficient attention is paid to the groups of people for whom the museum activities are partially (or fully) (un)avaliable and those who do not take part in museum activities (by their or other people's will). The aim of the paper is to draw attention to the possibilities of improving availability and quality of museum content to people with disabilities. However, due to the studious presentation, the paper provides general overview of the legal and statutory regulations as well as specific and important concepts that are key to the system of general museology, which in their totality contribute to the improvement of modern museum practice. In accordance with the principles of new museology that attempts to break the two-century long tradition of exclusivity and elitism of museological work, the project Tactile Heritage demonstrates that the museum communication can (and must) balance between the peculiarities and constraints of users as well as specificities and possibilities of the new media. Тема броја – Антропологија државе (ур. Марина Симић и МилошНичић) / Topic of the Issue – Anthropology of the State (eds. Marina Simić and Miloš Ničić)