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This descriptive study was carried out to examine the relationship between smartphone addiction, peer relationships, and loneliness in adolescents. The sample consisted of 500 adolescents aged between 15–18 years, who were high school students in Central Anatolia region during the 2018–2019 academic year. The data of the study was collected through a questionnaire, Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), Friendship Qualities Scale (FQS) and UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS). Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk, and Spearman correlation test. The SAS-SV, FQS and ULS mean scores were 27.82 ± 11.53, 81.88 ± 15.68, and 41.99 ± 8.62, respectively. Results indicated there was a weak positive correlation between the companionship subscales of both FQS and ULS with SAS-SV. There was a weak negative correlation between the conflict subscales of FQS and SAS-SV. Providing a special education to adolescents and their parents to raise their awareness on the negative effects of smartphone addiction may be recommended.

Zero-sum beliefs reflect the perception that one party's gains are necessarily offset by another party's losses. Although zero-sum relationships are, from a strictly theoretical perspective, symmetrical, we find evidence for asymmetrical zero-sum beliefs: The belief that others gain at one's own expense, but not vice versa. Across various contexts (international relations, interpersonal negotiations, political partisanship, organizational hierarchies) and research designs (within- and between-participant), we find that people are more prone to believe that others' success comes at their own expense than they are to believe that their own success comes at others' expense. Moreover, we find that people exhibit asymmetric zero-sum beliefs only when thinking about how their own party relates to other parties but not when thinking about how other parties relate to each other. Finally, we find that this effect is moderated by how threatened people feel by others' success and that reassuring people about their party's strengths eliminates asymmetric zero-sum beliefs. We discuss the theoretical contributions of our findings to research on interpersonal and intergroup zero-sum beliefs and their implications for understanding when and why people view life as zero-sum. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Family caregivers provide the majority of care for older and disabled family members living with an illness or disability. Although most caregivers want to provide high-quality care, many report providing care that is potentially harmful. We apply the Stress Process Model to review the preponderance of literature implicating quality of the relationship between caregivers and care recipients as a factor contributing to quality of family caregiving. In drawing together literature on caregiving relationships and caregiving quality, this commentary identifies potentially modifiable intervention targets to develop programs to support high-quality caregiving to older adults living with a chronic illness or disability.

In times of unpredictability and large-scale socioeconomic changes, we need to bring novel concepts and phenomena like solidarity and the act of giving under the focus of leadership, management, and spirituality studies. In this enclosed paper, we address how the interpretations and expectations of the act of giving evolve across the levels of consciousness, also referred as stages of adult development. We apply neo-Piagetian constructive view on the human development. To unpack these regularities, we use a mixed-method research design. The research findings reveal that the interpretations and expectations of the act of giving evolve across the stages of adult development. They exhibit the tendency to move to less conditional, self-serving, and transactional interpretations and expectations behind the act of giving. Because the movement of the adult across stages (levels of consciousness) is a slow pace process - the paper also explores possible interventions that could make people more prone to the less conditional, self-serving, and transactional act of giving regardless of the stage of development. Thus, we study the impact of contemplative prayer on the change in the interpretations and expectations of the act of giving. The impact of contemplative prayer is such that it seems that a person moves to one stage higher when it comes to the interpretations and expectations behind the act of giving.

In the present study, we propose that the emotional "bumps" that couples experience during relationship disagreements differ systematically among cultures. We predicted that self-assertive emotions such as anger or strength play a central role in Belgium, where they are instrumental for relational independence. In comparison, other-focused emotions such as shame or empathy for the partner should play a central role in Japan, where they support relational interdependence. Romantic couples from Belgium (n = 58) and Japan (n = 80) discussed relationship disagreements in the lab, which were video-recorded. After the interaction, participants separately rated their emotional experience during video-mediated recall. We identified the emotions that played a central role during the interactions in terms of attractors; these are the emotions around which couples stabilize and that likely play a central role in realizing different relationship ideals. In line with our predictions, attractors reflected states of the interpersonal emotional system that support independence in Belgium (e.g., angry or strong feelings) and interdependence (e.g., empathy) in Japan. Moreover, we found that-at least in Belgium-having more culturally typical interactions was associated with a stronger endorsement of culturally valued relationship ideals and, in turn, better relational functioning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

This paper aims to analyse the types of Japanese vocatives used in business situations, and demonstrate the characteristics of their distribution with different politeness levels as shown in films on human relationships in large traditional corporations in and around Tokyo. The discussion builds on the theory of “discernment or social indexing politeness” (Hill et al. 1986; Ide 2006; Ide et al. 1986; Kasper 1990; Geyer 2008), and positions that of “strategic or volitional politeness” (ibid.) with the variables of “power” and “distance” proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987). In a society of collectivism under a vertical structure with seniority system, people have their own ba (‘place’) (Nakane 2005) where they are expected to choose socially accepted language and behaviour according to whom they address; namely, seniors or juniors, and uchi (‘in-group’) or soto (‘out-group’) members. The use of vocatives is fixed based primarily upon “power” (age and status) and “distance” (in- or out-group), and is hardly flexible to changes in form in business or private situations. “Power” prevails in addressing in-group members; whereas “distance” determines the choice of vocatives used between out-group people. Within a group, indirect polite forms are used to address superiors, whilst direct familiar forms are chosen when speaking to subordinates, which presents a nonreciprocal use of terms; power downwards and reserve upwards. The intentional individual use of last name+-san (‘Mr./Ms.’) is also argued here as it has dichotomous aspects of politeness; sounding more polite to address a subordinate, and less polite when used with a boss. To out-group members, people tend to choose more of polite forms to each other. These vocative choices reflect the relative position of the Japanese interdependent “self” (Morisaki & Gudykunst 1994; Gudykunst et al. 1996; Spencer-Oatey & Franklin 2009) with “other- and mutual-face” (Ting-Toomey & Oetzel 2002), which follows social norms, striving to meet expectations made by groups it belongs to and identifies itself with.

Most previous studies of language and gender have focused on English as well as women’s language. The present study focuses on context dependency and the multiple functions of Japanese men’s language, or “masculine Japanese.” It reports a case study that qualitatively analyzes four conversations between a Japanese male and a female speaker collected in a naturalistic setting. The findings suggest the specific nature of the mixed-gender pair is important in examining these aspects. In mixed pairs where the male speaker is in a superior position to the female speaker, his use of masculine Japanese may be limited in “direct talk” or when he is directly addressing his female interlocutor because of their relatively hierarchical interpersonal relationship. On the other hand, his use of masculine language may be more frequent in direct quotations used to reveal his inner thoughts or simulate male speakers’ speech from prior contexts during his storytelling. In each context, masculine Japanese seems to have different functions. In direct talk, it provides linguistic resources for constructing traditional masculinities, even if they are not necessarily used, for example, when his relative status is a more salient feature than his gender. By contrast, in direct quotation, masculine language may be used as an involvement strategy or to consolidate solidarity, thus constructing different dimensions of interpersonal relationships in the mixed pair, though it may also be used as an entertainment strategy. The paper also discusses the need for a more holistic approach by including interactional features in research on gender and Japanese language.

In the last decades, the studies on politeness have discussed central concepts stemming from Brown and Levinson’s work ([1978] 1987), such as face, threats, mitigations and strategies of politeness. One of the problems that the study of politeness presents for the analysis of a situated corpus of speech is that the use of the mentioned notions calls for a socio-cultural perspective. In other words, it is necessary to include extralinguistic factors in the analysis of politeness, as the phenomena is beyond the sphere of linguistics in strict terms. In this paper, I approach the challenge based on other studies that I have already done for different corpora of Spanish. I discuss the problem of using certain concepts (face, threats, mitigations and strategies of politeness) as methodological categories for the interpretation of communicative behaviours in situated interactions. In my analysis, I use categories that incorporate, both theoretically and methodologically, socio-cultural variation in the realisations of politeness. To achieve this, I evaluate the social effect that certain behaviours have in the interpersonal relations under study, so as to, from then on, classify those behaviours in terms of politeness, impoliteness or neutrality. Also, I use the categories of “autonomy” and “affiliation”, void of socio-cultural contents. Finally, I put forward extralinguistic elements in the analysis of corpora of Spanish by making explicit those “socio-cultural premises” that an analyst use to make his or her interpretations.

Using Spencer-Oatey’s (2005) rapport-management model to analyze data collected in open role-play interactions in Lima, Perú, this paper expands research on the preferred communicative patterns of Peruvian Spanish speakers when expressing gratitude in a situation exhibiting high social distance (+SD) and no power (-P) difference between interlocutors, and where the benefit received from the interlocutor is considerable. It is argued that although the development of interpersonal communication in social interactions reflects the relationship of each speaker with his/her interlocutor and his/her “own values and personal standards” (Furukawa 2000), it also reflects their cultural preferences to manage interpersonal relationships (Spencer-Oatey 2005).Results show that participants exhibited what apparently is prescribed behavior in this socio-cultural context in the realization of their interactional goals: The creation and enhancement of the relationship using communicative strategies respecting the association and equity principles and enhancing the interlocutor’s identity face. Despite the fact that disrespect to the interlocutor and violations to her autonomy were voiced, it is asserted here, that given this specific context, this might be expected and permitted behavior.

it is an activity that facilitates the construction of interpersonal relations (Carroll 1987). The present study analyzes the types of roles participants play in conversation and the allocation of these roles. In this study, the term "role" is used to refer to the ad hoc position assumed by each participant in a particular interactional situation (interviewer, topic-initiator, etc.). Traditionally, the role of women in conversation has been stereotyped as that of facilitator (sometimes mediator), that is, to make sure that conversations unfold according to certain social conventions such as those defined in books on etiquette (Bernage 1953; Folcalvez 1967). For example, one of the traditional roles of women belonging to higher social classes has been to steer the conversation away from less acceptable topics (e.g., politics). Women's role has been described as that of facilitator, or go-between, in other words as someone in charge of the flow of conversation without having any real power over it. This article attempts to challenge the stereotypes about women's roles within the context of four-party conversations. At this stage, I should like to recall Traverso's (1995) statement that conversation operates on the basis of equality among its participants, since they are all subject to the same rules. Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson (1974) made this point clear years before, when they argued that conversational participants (regardless of their numbers) are equal to the extent that they enjoy the same rights and obligations. A growing number of empirical studies (Bouchard 1987; Traverso 1995; Zamouri 1995) have been examining the positions of participants in interactional situations. As an example, let us consider Bouchard's (1987) analysis of a two-party discussion involving a man and a woman, which exhibits some interesting characteristics about interactional roles. The transcript of the discussion in which the two participants were assigned the 3

This paper deals with interaction in Arabic (Syrian dialect). It is based on a corpus of service encounters, more precisely “shop encounters”, which were recorded in small shops in Damascus. The characteristics of this type of interaction will be summarised in the first part of the paper. The analysis will concentrate on the pragmatic level, ie. speech acts and speech activities, the description of which will pay particular attention to interpersonal relationships. The methodological approach adopted in this analysis will describe “from the inside” the way in which each recorded conversation unfolds. Therefore, it does not correspond to a straight-forward cross-cultural approach (even if, from time to time, reference to similar French situations is made). The paper’s main aim is to highlight the double-faceted nature of the recorded conversations, and to examine the overall representation of interaction in relation to its actual temporal unfolding.

This paper examines aspects of strategic interaction and the construction of the social actor in a neo-Austinian framework of illocutionary acts. The basic premise of the neo-Austinian framework is conventionality, according to which illocutionary acts depend on social agreement. An important part of the framework is the felicity condition of entitlement, directly related to the hearer’s understanding of the conventions that should hold for an act performance. Two strategies of challenging and/or rejecting illocutionary acts are then identified tentatively dubbed looping and backfiring, related to the hearer’s perception of when the entitlement felicity condition is flouted. Both strategies can be overtly or covertly confrontational and demonstrate that in their social quality illocutionary acts serve to construct the social actor and build up interpersonal relations.

In intimate relationships, greater social approach motivation is associated with a host of personal and relational benefits. Why is this the case? Although previous research suggests approach motivation primarily influences relational outcomes via increased exposure to positive relational events, in this research, based on approach-avoidance motivational theory, we revive the upward reactivity hypothesis, which suggests approach motivation upwardly enhances people's affective and relational experiences in response to positive social events. Specifically, we hypothesized that people with greater social approach motivation would react more positively to positively valenced interactions with their partner, and that this would occur even when accounting for their global levels of key outcomes. We tested these ideas across three studies. In all three studies, couples first reported their approach motivation toward the relationship, then engaged in a gratitude interaction. In Study 3, participants additionally engaged in a capitalization interaction, and provided nightly reports of positive relational events across the course of 14 days. We found robust support for the upward reactivity hypothesis: In lab-based interactions and in daily life, individuals with greater approach motivation reported enhanced outcomes in response to positive social events. We also found support for upward observability: When individuals were high in approach motivation, their partners observed them as experiencing greater positive emotion during the laboratory interactions. Moreover, we found evidence for upward crossover, as the upward reactivity experienced by people with greater approach motivation indirectly predicted enhanced partner outcomes. These results provide suggestive evidence that approach motivation can make already good relational moments extra sweet. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Domestic violence victims frequently visit health care facilities yet rarely disclose, so it is important to understand what factors are barriers and facilitators of disclosure. UK-based qualitative investigations into barriers and facilitators of disclosure in health care settings have suffered from a limited focus on ethnic minority women. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore victims’ perceptions and experiences of disclosing to health care services and to identify barriers and facilitators of disclosure within an ethnically diverse UK sample. Semi-structured interviews were administered among 29 British (8 ethnic minority) female victims. Content analysis demonstrated that barriers to disclosure were; emotional (e.g., fear, embarrassment/shame and self-blame), physical (e.g., partner’s physical presence, controlling behavior, and manipulation of professionals) and organizational (e.g., appropriateness of setting and time for disclosure). Additional problems for ethnic minority women were language difficulties and religious practices. Facilitators to disclosure were interpersonal relations, safety, and validation from health care professionals. Barriers and facilitators of disclosure in health care services are diverse and some are specific to minority ethnic groups. Health care professionals should receive awareness and skills training to establish a positive, validating, and safe environment for victim disclosure.

Everyday maltreatments can threaten people's basic sense of being human. Can victims restore their sense of humanness after it has been damaged by an offense and, if so, how? Four studies compared forgiving and taking revenge as responses to victimization. In Study 1, participants recalled a time they either forgave or took revenge against someone who had hurt them. In Studies 2 and 3, they imagined being victimized by a coworker and then either forgiving or taking revenge against him. In Study 4, they wrote either a forgiving or a vengeful letter to a transgressor who had committed an offense against them. Each methodology revealed that, compared with revenge, forgiveness was more effective at rehumanizing the self; indeed, forgiveness produced feelings of humanness that nearly exceeded levels experienced by nonvictimized participants (Study 3). Studies 3 and 4 also provided evidence that perceiving 1's forgiveness as moral contributes to a restored sense of humanness. Study 4 further revealed important downstream predictive consequences of a restored sense of self-humanity following forgiveness-less self-harm, a greater sense of belonging to the human community, and greater importance of one's moral identity. Extending past research on the benefits of forgiveness, this work highlights the agency that victims have to repair their humanness in the wake of a dehumanizing offense. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: To investigate which factors and processes facilitated disengagement from mental health services (MHS). Method: The study adapted the narrative approach to the life stories method. We interviewed 13 women and 10 men who were diagnosed with a serious mental illness (SMI) for which they were hospitalized and used medication in the past but disengaged from MHS and were no longer engaged in any mental health treatment for at least a year. Results: Data analysis of the factors and processes that facilitated disengagement revealed three main factors, each overarching several subthemes: (a) Factors Related to Personal Resilience and Motivation; (b) Factors and Processes Related to Interpersonal Relationships; and (c) Using External Resources. Conclusions and Implications for Practice: Disengagement from MHS is not necessarily a problem that needs a solution but rather-in some cases-a legitimate choice that may actually represent healthy reasoning and an important step toward recovery. These findings emphasize the need for a broader and more flexible conceptualization of the potential role of MHS in the recovery process. Such an approach challenges the widespread notion that disengaging from MHS is a negative course of action and suggests that-for some-it is a significant and meaningful life choice that can empower individuals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Little research exists concerning the Western marriage proposal ritual, and rejected proposals are particularly understudied. The current research used the lens of life script theory to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze 374 first-person written accounts of accepted and rejected marriage proposals between men and women that were sampled from online forums. Rejected proposals were more likely than accepted proposals to violate the proposal script. Compared to accepted proposals, rejected proposals included fewer ritual elements and they often happened "off-time." Specifically, rejected proposals came earlier in the relationship, typically prior to the discussion of the topic of marriage by the couple, and rejected men sometimes proposed to "save" an unstable or abusive relationship that was headed toward dissolution. As with other important life transition events, audiences played an important role in many proposals. Rejected proposals were more likely to occur in public than accepted proposals, and when present, audience members often participated in the proposal by encouraging couples to follow the proposal script and by expressing dissatisfaction when the script was violated. Some audiences became hostile when the woman said "no." Also consistent with life script theory, couples evinced strong emotions during proposals, and confusion and anger were common emotional responses among rejected suitors. Indeed, 15% of rejected proposal accounts described intimate partner violence. Yet, about 30% of relationships continued after the rejection, sometimes for years. These and other novel results contribute to the science of close relationships, family psychology, life script theory, commitment, rejection, and social rituals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Public campaigns debating the rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex, and Queer (LGBTIQ) individuals to be treated as equal under the law highlight stigma and prejudice harmful to health and well-being. Previous research documenting the negative effects of political campaigns on LGBTIQ people's health and well-being has largely left unexplored the effects on their families and allies. The present study analyzed open-ended responses of the parent allies of LGBTIQ people (N = 232) to questions about the effects of the public debate during the 2017 Australian Marriage Law postal survey. Parents expressed some positive experiences of connection to other supporters of marriage equality. Parents also reported many negative emotions and experiences. The debates increased their awareness of prejudice and discrimination targeting their children and made them fearful for their own and their children's safety. Parents reported negative impacts on some interpersonal relationships with friends, family members, co-workers, and other community members. They expressed feelings of alienation and anger toward the government, media, and religious institutions for fostering anti-LGBTIQ prejudice and discrimination. Some parents reported feeling discouraged about society or humanity in general because of the public debate. Findings are discussed in relation to affiliate stigma and parental minority stress, and the need to consider in research and practice the effects of LGBTIQ stigmatization on family systems. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Pflegenden kommt eine entscheidende Rolle in der COVID-19-Pandemie zu. Von Bedeutung ist insbesondere ihr Arbeitsengagement, das von Arbeitsanforderungen und -ressourcen abhängt. Bisher gab es nur vereinzelte und auf die erste Welle bezogene Hinweise, wie sich in Deutschland während der COVID-19-Pandemie Arbeitsanforderungen, -ressourcen und -engagement Pflegender darstellen. Ziel: Für die zweite COVID-19-Pandemiewelle sollte eine Bestandsaufnahme pflegeberufsspezifischer Schlüsselanforderungen und -ressourcen sowie des Arbeitsengagements erfolgen. Dabei sollte auch zwischen verschiedenen Gruppen von Pflegenden differenziert werden. Methode: Die Studie wurde im Querschnittdesign durchgeführt und richtete sich an Pflegende in der direkten Gesundheitsversorgung in Deutschland. Die Daten wurden per Online-Fragebogen in der zweiten Welle der COVID-19-Pandemie mit Messinstrumenten erhoben, die sich in früheren Studien als valide und reliabel erwiesen haben. Es konnten 1027 Fälle ausgewertet werden. Ergebnisse: Anforderungsseitig zeigte sich die Arbeitsbelastung als noch höher als vor der COVID-19-Pandemie. Konflikte zwischen Arbeits- und Privatleben waren weniger ausgeprägt. Die Ressourcenarchitektur wurde durch die COVID-19-Pandemie nicht grundlegend verändert, zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen und Autonomie jedoch positiver bewertet. Beschäftigte in der ambulanten Pflege urteilten positiver über Anforderungen und Ressourcen als Pflegende anderer Sektoren. Die Betreuung von COVID-19-Erkrankten ging mit einem kritischeren Urteil einher. Das Arbeitsengagement war während der zweiten COVID-19-Pandemiewelle höher als in der ersten Welle, insgesamt aber dennoch gering. Schlussfolgerungen: Aufgrund der Bedeutung des Arbeitsengagements für die Gesundheit und Arbeitsleistung der Pflegenden und damit die Versorgungsqualität ist die Anforderungs- und Ressourcensituation weiter zu verbessern. Ansatzpunkte sind zum Beispiel die Förderung des Zusammenhalts unter Pflegenden, die Stärkung der Autonomie und eine professionelle Belastungssteuerung.

We examined why overqualified employees may report heightened levels of experienced incivility, particularly when they have successfully negotiated task i-deals from their employers. Adopting a person-job fit perspective, we examined our proposed model in two studies with employees in the higher education industry (Study 1) and workers from a range of industries and occupations (Study 2). In Study 1 (N = 229), the moderated mediation model showed that task i-deals attenuated the positive relationship between perceived overqualification and boredom sensations, which was associated with reduced experienced incivility. In Study 2 (N = 222), using a time-lagged design, we expanded on Study 1 findings by examining dimensions of person-job fit, namely, demands-abilities fit and needs-supplies fit, as well as perceptions of being envied by coworkers as mechanisms. Supporting our theorizing, we showed that task i-deals buffered the negative relationship between perceived overqualification and demands-abilities fit. Ironically, the provision of i-deals intensified overqualified employees' perceptions of being envied by coworkers, which in turn explained their reported experiences of incivility. These results highlighted the complexity of reducing interpersonal stressors, wherein the provision of task i-deals minimized the misfit and associated boredom sensations of overqualified employees. Yet, such customized working arrangements intensified overqualified employees' feelings of being envied and their reports of experienced incivility. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

In organizational settings, along with their formal rules, informal norms and social preferences drive the formation of interpersonal networks. Empirical evidence and theoretical claims maintain that individual epistemic status influences the choice of an adviser in interpersonal advice networks within an organizational environment. In the context of an industrial cluster, the interpersonal networks are affiliated with the interorganizational network of the companies. Therefore, another source of influence to be considered is the interdependency of the interorganizational level relations among the companies in which the individuals are nested. Thus, beyond the one-level perspective, which is the usual approach in organizational network studies, this article explores how the interdependency of the interorganizational level can influence the dynamic of endogenous structuration of interpersonal relations. The object of this study is a collaboration network among companies and an advice network among directors from a Brazilian knowledge-intensive technological cluster. Through the use of the multilevel exponential random graph model (MERGM), statistical interdependent dynamics were identified between the two levels guided by the social processes of tie creation that result in similarities and distinctions between both levels of analysis. The centralization based on the activity of seeking advice guides the directors' network, and among companies there are multiple transitive and hierarchical closures with some intermediation between them. However, activity-based centralization also guides companies. From a multilevel perspective, the diversity of network processes that guide each level indicates that the cross-level interdependency between the two levels does not prevent some autonomy of the individual level from the organizational one.

How do we react when our romantic partners, friends, or family members behave unethically? When close others misbehave, it generates a powerful conflict between observers’ moral values and their cherished relationships. Previous research has almost exclusively studied moral perception in a social vacuum by investigating responses to the transgressions of strangers; therefore, little is known about how these responses unfold in the context of intimate bonds. Here we systematically examine the impact of having a close relationship with a transgressor on perceptions of that transgressor, the relationship, and the self. We predicted less negative emotional and evaluative responses to transgressors and smaller consequences for the relationship, yet more negative emotional and evaluative responses to the self when close others, compared to strangers or acquaintances, transgress. Participants read hypothetical wrongdoings (Study 1), recalled unethical events (Study 2), reported daily transgressions (Study 3; pre-registered), and learned of novel immoral behavior (Study 4) committed by close others or comparison groups. Participants reported less other-critical emotions, more lenient moral evaluations, a reduced desire to punish/criticize, and a smaller impact on the relationship (compared to acquaintances) when close others versus strangers or acquaintances transgressed. Simultaneously, participants reported more self-conscious emotions and showed some evidence of harsher moral self-evaluations when close others transgressed. Underlying mechanisms of this process were examined. Our findings demonstrate the deep ambivalence in reacting to close others’ unethical behaviors, revealing a surprising irony—in protecting close others, the self may bear some of the burden of their misbehavior. © 2021, American Psychological Association. This paper is not the copy of record and may not exactly replicate the final, authoritative version of the article. Please do not copy or cite without authors' permission. The final article will be available, upon publication, via its DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000272

Evidence shows that self-disclosure plays an important role in developing and maintaining close interpersonal relationships. As self-disclosure remains largely unexamined in the context of interventions based on youth-adult helping relationships, little is known about the effects of mentor disclosure, or the ethics of using this communication technique. In this study, we used self-report questionnaire data from 51 mentoring pairs to investigate the effect of mentor self-disclosure on relationship quality in youth mentoring relationships, and consider the ethical challenges that arise when helping adults disclose to young people. Bivariate correlations showed mentor self-disclosure was significantly associated with relationship quality for mentees, but not mentors. Qualitative content analysis showed mentors were aware of how their disclosure may have ethical implications associated with the age and role-appropriateness of topics, contradictions between their own and the mentees��� family or cultural values, and the potential to negatively influence mentee behaviour. We consider these findings in a context of ethics in youth mentoring to raise questions about the intersection of disclosure, relationship quality, and safe mentoring practice.

The present study tested whether different psychological mechanisms are defending threats to romantic relationships and close same-sex friendships. Depending on condition, the participants first read a scenario that introduced a competitor threatening either a romantic relationship or a close same-sex friendship. Subsequently, the participants rated the competitor with respect to twelve characteristics. Four each of these characteristics referred to dimensions particularly relevant for female romantic, male romantic and friendship competitor derogation. Ratings were made on scales allowing for a derogatory, neutral or favourable portrayal of the competitor. The results showed competitor derogation in the romantic but not in the friendship condition across all characteristics. Overall, men more than women in the romantic condition tended to provide more derogatory competitor ratings. Limitations of the present study and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Prominent explanations for appellate review prioritize the ideological alignment of the lower and reviewing courts. We suggest that interpersonal relationships play an important role. The effect of...

Homelessness is widely recognized as a pervasive issue. Despite increasing research on factors affecting the health and well-being of people who are homeless, one that remains relatively understudied is the role of romantic and sexual relationships. Given that this population has the same needs for intimacy and closeness as anyone else, it is important to understand how these relationships occur, what barriers exist in developing and maintaining them, and what is their impact. This scoping review aimed to (a) characterize the nature of research that has examined sexual and romantic relationships among people who are homeless and (b) identify and synthesize the findings of studies that examined romantic and sexual relationships among people who are homeless. Of 539 studies that examined sexual or romantic relationships among people who are homeless, 88.87% examined sexual health risk, 11.13% examined sexual victimization, 5.57% examined survival sex, and 2.41% examined consensual sexual or romantic relationships. Of the studies that examined consensual sexual or romantic relationships substantially (n = 13) all used qualitative methods and identified common themes such as love, romance, and emotional support; partner relationships as transactional; barriers to partner relationships; and casual sex and pleasure. Despite the possible benefits of sexual and romantic relationships in the context of homelessness, researchers instead have primarily focused on possible risks associated with sex. We introduce how sexual citizenship can be applied to understand how current practices and policies limit people's civic participation when homeless. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

BACKGROUND To determine the number of nurses who are supervised by a charge nurse in the Nursing Units of Aragonese general public hospitals and to analyze how this affects the organizational behaviors of nurses and the quality of the relationships established with the charge nurses. METHODS Cross-sectional study carried out in nine public hospitals. Validated questionnaires were used to assess the working behavior of nurses and the quality of their relationships with charge nurses, and the charge nurse's relationship with their immediate superior and nursing staff. We analyzed whether there was an association between these variables and the number of nurses per unit. RESULTS The study included 2,541 nurses and 192 supervisors. The mean span of control was 29 (SD=22.4). Statistically significant differences were observed with respect to empowerment (p

This descriptive-correlational study employed pearson-r correlation analysis in determining the relationship between personal values, group dynamics, and work life balance to behavioral response as perceived by the academic heads. Total enumeration of respondents was used in this study with a total population of thirty two (32) academic heads. Results showed that the aforementioned variables were manifested strongly among academic heads in terms of leadership, initiative, honesty, communication, interpersonal relationship, group decision making, career, spiritual growth, family/friends, and participative, supportive and achievement-oriented behavior. The relationship between personal values, group dynamics, and work life balance to behavioral response were remarked as having moderate to very high correlation based on statistical results. Positive beliefs, actions, applied values, positive attitude in decision making, positive management of personal life and professional life shows high correlation with positive leaders’ behavioral response among academic heads in their leadership roles and challenging situations. While personal attributes (combined personal values, group dynamics, and work life balance) were remarked as having high correlation. This meant that applied values, group dynamics skills, positive attitude in decision making, and positive management of professional and personal shows high correlation and significant to positive leadership behavior of academic heads in dealing with their responsibilities and challenging situations. Higher Education Institutions is expected to design intervention program and or activities that will foster personal values, group dynamics, work life balance and behavioral response issues and concerns without affronting individual or group in order to nourish and sustain peace and harmony among academic heads and to achieve a very desirable performance. An intervention activities for academic heads that will address areas of concern as a group or as an organization implying continuous improvement on soft skills. Formulate activities that will promote health awareness, family fellowship and spiritual growth (i.e. physical fitness activity, family day and spiritual retreat). Higher Education Institutions are challenge to develop soft-skills assessment that will further enhance academic heads’ leadership roles in their respective unit and or school. A soft skill training is needed to increase optimistic view on personal values, group dynamics and work-life balance to achieve directive, participative, supportive, and achievement-oriented behavioral responses in their respective tasks being academic heads (e.g. in the K-12 environment, specifically with Senior High School program).

With well-established evidence that early life conditions have a profound influence on lifespan and health-span, new interventional birth cohorts are examining ways to optimise health potential of individuals and communities. These are aimed at going beyond preventing disease, to the conditions that facilitate flourishing from an early age. Covering diverse domains, local community projects, such as The ORIGINS Project, are taking a broader approach to the protective and buffering factors that enhance resilience and reduce allostatic load, such as building nature relatedness, interpersonal relationships, mindfulness, and positive emotions. Such cohorts aim to address how 'upstream' approaches will have flow on effects to the 'historical' risk targets (such as poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and stress) by influencing these core behaviours through better relationships with self, community, and the environment. In addition to scientific pursuit, interventional cohorts can contribute to solutions ineverycommunity - nourishing individuals and communities towards positive change.

Self-regulation is associated with many positive outcomes in children with and without autism, including increased mental health and academic achievement, and decreased problem behavior. Less is known regarding whether and how self-regulation and symptoms of mental health challenges (internalizing and externalizing problems) relate to social outcomes, such as friendship quality and loneliness. Parents and teachers of 106 children with autism aged 5–12 reported on children’s self-regulation difficulties and externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Four-to-five months later, children reported on the quality of their friendship with their best friend (companionship, conflict, helpfulness, sense of relationship security, closeness), and their feelings of loneliness. Linear regression was used to examine the effects of self-regulation and symptoms of mental health challenges on friendship quality and loneliness. Less self-regulation difficulties predicted stronger companionship and girls had better quality friendships with their best friend than did boys, in terms of companionship, helpfulness, security and closeness, confirming that they have a protective advantage in friendship development. Autism symptoms, IQ, and age were not associated with friendship quality or loneliness. Results highlight the importance of self-regulation and mental health interventions for school-aged children with autism.

The study of forms of address in translation is a type of register analysis that provides an interesting insight into the way specific linguistic patterns are transferred from one language to another. This article explores how the forms of address are rendered in the Turkish translation of A Jangada de Pedra (1986) by the Portuguese author José Saramago. Paratextual and textual analyses demon­strate that this work has been translated into Turkish through the English translation of the book, and that the English translation has influenced the choices of the Turkish translator. The findings of the study seem to support the hypothesis that using a mediating language/text that lacks similar forms of address as the ultimate source and the target languages/texts can cause shifts in tenor, which results in a different reading of interpersonal relationships between fictional characters in the target text.

Este artigo tem como objetivo identificar as representações sociais de “escola pública” e “professor de escola pública” construídas por universitários matriculados em cursos de alta seletividade da Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE). Resulta de um estudo qualitativo que utilizou como instrumento de coleta a entrevista narrativa. Participaram da pesquisa 11 estudantes universitários, egressos exclusivamente de escola pública, matriculados em cursos de alta seletividade na UPE. As narrativas foram analisadas com o apoio da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados apontaram que a escola pública está representada como a instituição que fornece formação abrangente, tanto acadêmica quanto cidadã, propicia aprendizagens diversas, orienta e direciona as escolhas profissionais. O “professor de escola pública” é representado como uma figura de referência, alguém que estabelece relações interpessoais de amizade, incentiva e acredita no potencial dos estudantes. Os achados destacam a importância da escola pública para a formação da população e indicam a necessidade de políticas educacionais que favoreçam esse espaço formativo e valorizem do professor.

For some language learners, feeling too nervous to speak in the target language in the classroom can generate an array of negative thoughts; from frustration due to missed speaking practice opportunities to anxiety over their language skills (Curry, Maher, Peeters, 2020). Using King's (2014; King Smith, 2017) cognitive-behavioural model of silent L2 learners' anxiety, this paper examines the relationship between language learners' anxiety and in-class silent behaviour in the context of a Japanese university EFL classroom. Forty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 participants who felt that anxiety limited their in-class oral participation. Initially, almost all the participants attributed their silence and speaking anxiety to a lack of linguistic ability, such as insufficient vocabulary or poor pronunciation. However, more potent underlying factors were revealed during the reframing exercise, suggesting that anxiety related to social performance and interpersonal relationships with peers also triggered their silent behaviours.

OBJECTIVE Research has consistently illustrated the impact of personality on marital quality. Given the inherent dyadic nature of relationships, recent investigations have integrated spouse-rated personality to account for both spouses' perspectives. Grounded in Contemporary Integrative Interpersonal Theory, we viewed personality through an interpersonal lens and conceptualized maladaptive interpersonal functioning as interpersonal problems. The present study examined the incremental validity of spouse-rated interpersonal problems beyond self-reported interpersonal problems to predict marital quality within an expanded actor-partner interdependence model (APIM). METHOD Within a community sample of heterosexual, married couples (N = 110), we used expanded APIMs, integrating both self-report and spouse-rating, to test the incremental validity of spouse-perceived interpersonal problems over self-perceived interpersonal problems on marital quality through a model comparison approach. We tested for possible gender differences in effects. RESULTS Spouse perception, notably spouse-rated partner effects, appears to be the most frequent predictor of marital quality, and self-perception had less impact. CONCLUSION Given the implications marital quality has on health and well-being, intervention efforts capitalizing on acceptance of spouses' perspectives are likely to lead to greater improvements in quality and overall health.

Članak se bavi temom definiranja i promišljanja o osobnim i relacijskim granicama u kontekstu skrbi za vlastito psiho-fizičko i duhovno zdravlje. Osobne granice pomažu nam da definiramo naš osobni identitet, integritet, bliske odnose i pridonose stvaranju osjećaja sigurnosti. One se uče već od najranijeg djetinjstva, a kakve će granice biti, uvelike ovisi o tome kako su roditelji/skrbnici komunicirali vlastite granice te jesu li poštivali djetetov osobni integritet i moguća neslaganja. Prepoznavanje, postavljanje i komuniciranje osobnih granica imaju i svoje biblijske temelje budući da Bog i u Starom i u Novom zavjetu zna reći „ne“ te i čovjeku daruje slobodnu volju dopuštajući mu slobodu izbora. Ovaj članak želi definirati što su to osobne granice, kako se razvijaju, koja je razlika između „zdravih“ i „bolesnih“ granica, kako nam postavljanje osobnih granica može pomoći u izgradnji boljih interpersonalnih odnosa te kako se ideja o granicama uklapa u kršćansku antropologiju. U tom kontekstu će se progovoriti i o asertivnosti kao komunikacijskoj vještini kojom komuniciramo osobne granice na ispravan i zdrav - neagresivan, neosuđujući i nereaktivan – način., The article deals with the topic of defining and reflecting on personal boundaries in the context of caring for one's own psycho-physical and spiritual health. Personal boundaries help us define our personal identity, integrity, close relationships and contribute to creating a sense of security. They are learned from the earliest childhood and what the boundaries will be largely depends on how the parents / guardians communicated their own boundaries and whether they respected the child's personal integrity and possible disagreements. Recognizing, setting and communicating personal boundaries also have their biblical inspirations since God in the Holy Scripture is able to say “no” and gives man free will by allowing him freedom of choice. This article therefore seeks to define what personal boundaries are, how they develop, difference between “healthy” and “sick” boundaries, how setting personal boundaries can help us build better interpersonal relationships and how the idea of boundaries fits into Christian anthropology. In this context, we will also talk about assertiveness as a communication skill with which we communicate personal boundaries in a correct and healthy – non-aggressive, non-judgmental and non-reactive – way.

Compelling evidence demonstrates that peer influence is a pervasive force during adolescence, one that shapes adaptive and maladaptive attitudes and behaviors. This literature review focuses on factors that make adolescence a period of special vulnerability to peer influence. Herein, we advance the Influence-Compatibility Model, which integrates converging views about early adolescence as a period of increased conformity with evidence that peer influence functions to increase affiliate similarity. Together, these developmental forces smooth the establishment of friendships and integration into the peer group, promote interpersonal and intragroup compatibility, and eliminate differences that might result in social exclusion.

This study examined reasons for romantic and sexual relationships with adult partners among men with pedohebephilic preferences (N = 125). We also explored whether age sexual orientation impacted reasons for engaging in sex with adult partners. Pedohebephilic men endorsed both non-sexual and sexual reasons for engaging in adult-partnered relationships. The top reasons for sexual relationships with adult partners were pleasure, love and commitment, physical desirability, experience seeking, and practicality. The top reasons for romantic relationships with adult partners were to gain companionship, love toward romantic partner, to escape loneliness, to engage in sexual activities, and it seemed natural. The exclusivity of attraction to children was found to be significantly related to some of the factors. These findings support differential reasons for pedophilic men engaging in adult-partnered relationships. Professionals should seek to understand the nature of their clients’ relationships and age sexual orientation to determine whether such factors are relevant. Professionals can then support clients in their search for meaningful relationships.

Purpose Reciprocal abuse inside care practices remain under-studied due to their invisibility and further research is required. The purpose of this paper is to explore different levels of conflicts inside organisations. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on a self-administered questionnaire filled out by care workers (n = 150), in 16 Portuguese care homes. Findings Results indicated that, overall, 54.7% of care workers had observed abuse, in their daily practice, in the preceding 12 months: 48.7% psychological; 36.0% neglectful care practices; 14.0% physical and 3.3% financial abuse. The figures decreased significantly as regards abuse committed themselves, with 16.7% of those admitting to having committed at least one of these behaviours. The highest figures were also recorded for psychological abuse (13.3%) and neglect (6.7%). However, there is a statistically significant relationship between abuse committed by care workers and abuse committed by residents. Overall, 52.0% of care workers reported having been the target of at least one such behaviour by residents. Research limitations/implications This paper has its limitations as the sample consisted of only 16 nursing homes (12 not-for-profit and 4 for-profit nursing homes). The fact that only 4 of the 16 LTC homes were for-profit is a potential limitation both in general and in particular because research has shown that lower quality of care and elder abuse and neglect are more common in for-profit nursing homes at least in Portugal. The results were also based on self-reported measures. Practical implications A reactive behaviour, the risk of retaliation, after a complaint, the difficulty in dealing with dementia and the residents' aggressive behaviour, an absence of a training and support policy in an environment where difficult working conditions prevail, are factors enhancing a reciprocal process of abuse. The analysis followed by a discussion of potential implications to prevent institutional elder abuse and neglect, based on communication and social recognition, including better working conditions and training, and a cooperative work environment. Social implications Conflict is much more than reducing an interpersonal relationship problem between residents and staff (care workers, professional staff, managers) and extending to the whole organisation. Therefore, there are still uncertainties on how organisations, staff and residents interact between themselves, and affect care practises. Originality/value Reciprocal abuse in nursing homes is an important area of research and this paper enabled a discussion of potential implications concerning the quality of care, which required the identification of levels of conflict, in an organisational system, including interactions, the context where care is provided, difficult working conditions, lack of training and levels of support. All these factors are important when considering elder abuse and neglect and this calls for special attention by policymakers and researchers.

Background:Interpersonal dysfunction has been proposed as an important maintenance factor in chronic worry and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Perceptions of problems and the problem-solving process as threatening, and unhelpful (e.g. avoidant, impulsive) problem-solving styles are implicated in worry and have also been suggested to be associated with dysfunctional interpersonal styles.Aims:The present study assessed the relationships between interpersonal dysfunction and problem-solving orientation, approach, and effectiveness in a sample of individuals high in chronic worry and investigated the indirect effect of interpersonal dysfunction on GAD symptom severity through negative problem-solving beliefs and approaches.Method:Fifty-nine community participants completed questionnaires and an interpersonal problem-solving task.Results:Greater interpersonal dysfunction was significantly associated with greater negative problem-solving orientation and greater habitual avoidant and impulsive/careless problem-solving styles. Greater interpersonal dysfunction was associated with poorer effectiveness of solutions when the task problem involved conflict with a romantic partner. Negative problem-solving orientation fully mediated the relationship between interpersonal dysfunction and GAD symptoms.Conclusions:These findings support that problem-solving processes are implicated in interpersonal dysfunction and that negative beliefs about problem-solving account for the relationship between interpersonal dysfunction and GAD symptoms. Theoretical implications are discussed.

El artículo se realiza con el objetivo de analizar el estrés laboral del personal operativo del Cuerpo de Bombero de Portoviejo y cómo esto podría estar influenciando en el clima laboral dentro de la institución. Por lo que fue necesario utilizar un método cualitativo para realizar un estudio de estas variables, a través del método descriptivo y analítico se ha podido analizar cada una de las interrogantes realizadas en el cuestionario aplicado al personal. Los resultados demostraron que le 56% presenta un nivel bajo de estrés y el 3% expresó tener un alto nivel a causa del trabajo realizado dentro de la institución. Con respecto al clima laboral el personal manifestó sentirse cómodos dentro de la institución, puesto que las personas que les dirigen son líderes comprometidos con el buen desarrollo de la institución y mantienen un alto nivel de compañerismo e inclusión entre el personal, sin embargo, un grupo minoritario expresó no sentirse muy a gusto con las actividades internas realizadas frecuentemente. Por lo que se pudo concluir que a pesar de contar un alto nivel de aceptación, es necesario tener en cuenta los valores de las personas para poder trabajar en el futuro en nuevas acciones o estrategias que puedan beneficiar al personal operativo del Cuerpo de Bomberos. Palabras clave: Personal, Estrategias, Estrés, Clima Laboral, Satisfacción.

It is clearly shown that at present social media plays a vital role in our daily life and the progression in the internet in current years have made new way available to education, health service, business, transportation etc. However, in recent years many sociologists, advocates, educators, psychologists and policy makers have expressed concerns regarding the existing negative impact of social media usage. Some studies have indicated that social media use may be led to negative interpersonal relationship, including infidelity, divorce, disrespect, detachment which often occurs suicide, increases loneliness. Other studies have found evidence for harm what have indicated that social media use may be not so beneficial for some individuals especially in married life. The research was conducted on the neighborhood of Dhaka city with regards to the effects of social media on the interpersonal relationships of married couples. The report identifies the rationale of the research by drawing from popular literature which claims that social media has detrimental effects on quality of marriage. Then relevant literature is reviewed including both national and international researches with regards to the findings regarding effects of social media usage and marriage quality. Usually the usage of Internet among couples was negatively associated with marital satisfaction and commitment of both partners. At the end of the paper, the author discusses the results, along with implications, limitations and recommended future research directions with regards to the acquired information.

This paper describes the experiences of doctoral candidates involved in the first year of a transnational research training partnership between Australia and the Philippines. It aims to ascertain how the partnership model of the programme has been perceived by doctoral candidates, and to understand its associated benefits and challenges. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with the six candidates enrolled in the programme, revealing five key themes: the importance of place, of planned face-to-face interactions, of diversity in research cultures, managing distance communications, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The consideration of these themes led to two key conclusions. First, in the online context, interpersonal relationships with and between supervisors and programme administrators provided a trusted reference point that became part of the candidates’ sense of belonging. Second, that the treatment of the candidates as a cohort was crucial to their wellbeing and progress in the first year of candidature.

INTRODUÇÃO: Diante do aumento progressivo das publicações sobre o ensino das atividades circenses na escola, estudos de revisão podem ajudar professores e profissionais na busca por conhecimentos baseados em evidências que orientem suas intervenções. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é identificar como o ensino do Circo na escola vem sendo tratado pela literatura científico-pedagógica.MÉTODOS: O estudo é de natureza qualitativa delineado como levantamento bibliográfico sistemático. Para tanto, realizou-se buscas em sete bases de dados, duas revistas especializadas e uma rede social. Adotou-se a análise temática de conteúdo para tratar dos dados. O corpus documental foi composto por 74 documentos em 4 idiomas (47 artigos, 3 teses, 8 dissertações, 4 livros e 12 capítulos de livros).RESULTADOS: Os resultados denotam uma concepção ampliada de escola, bem como o aumento de publicações sobre o ensino das atividades circenses, com destaque para a Educação Infantil, pouco relatados em estudos anteriores. Os discursos que buscam legitimar o ensino do Circo na Educação Física escolar são o da cultura corporal; diversidade de conteúdo; desenvolvimento de capacidades físicas, habilidades motoras e relações interpessoais e o da articulação com documentos oficiais. Os desafios pedagógicos mais recorrentes são a falta de materiais específicos, de infraestrutura e a descontinuidade do trabalho docente. Os resultados indicam maior preocupação com a segurança e com a adaptação de materiais, embora esse último aspecto pareça implicar na recorrente falta de investimentos nesse âmbito. Destaca-se, ainda, a falta de clareza no processo avaliativo e o distanciamento entre as propostas e a dimensão artística do Circo. CONCLUSÃO: O ensino do Circo na escola já é uma realidade em muitas unidades escolares brasileiras, porém, ainda há dificuldades que o afasta desse contexto, sendo assim, se faz necessário que a comunidade científica crie outros meios de comunicação com as comunidades pedagógicas.

La presente investigación tuvo el objetivo de determinar la influencia del clima organizacional en el desempeño laboral de los trabajadores de la Gerencia Administrativa de la Empresa SEDALIB S.A. – Trujillo – 2020, para lo cual se empleó el diseño no experimental de nivel correlacional; asimismo, se dispuso la aplicación de un cuestionario de 32 interrogantes a un grupo muestral de 24 empleados, y como técnica se aplicó la encuesta al personal de las diferentes áreas de la empresa. Se concluyó que existe una influencia positiva muy fuerte de 0,692 entre clima organizacional y el desempeño laboral. Los resultados contrastados permiten concluir que en la Empresa SEDALIB S.A. – Trujillo, debe mejorar las oportunidades de desarrollo profesional, los jefes deben motivar a los colaboradores para que ellos se sientan comprometidos. Se recomienda que, Se debe mejorar las oportunidades a todos los colaboradores a través de programas de inducción y ascenso dentro de cada área. Asimismo, debe fomentar el compañerismo y trabajo en equipo, ya que, es la motivación fundamental dentro de su Línea de carrera.

Background Urinary incontinence (UI) in women is a common problem worldwide. It has a major impact on the physical and social activities and interpersonal relationships. The societies in the Gulf countries are conservative and favours large families, high parity and short inter-pregnancy intervals. Moreover, there is a high prevalence of gestational diabetes with many macrosomic babies. This study aimed to review the published literature on UI among women in this region. Methods All published literature which investigated the prevalence, social impact and help-seeking behavior in women with UI in the Gulf countries was reviewed. Results Nine studies met the criteria and were very heterogeneous. None of them was a true population-based study and all except one, investigated subjects from healthcare facilities. The prevalence of UI ranged from 20.3% to 54.5%. Stress UI was the main type reported. The main predisposing factors were chronic respiratory diseases and constipation. There was a large impact on the quality of life with major interference with prayers (34-90%) and sexual relationships (18-57%). The main reasons for not seeking medical advice were embarrassment to see doctors especially male doctors and the belief that UI is common, normal or incurable disease. Conclusions There is a need for true whole population-based studies of UI in this region with the use of validated international questionnaires. UI was shown to have a major impact on the act of prayers and sexual relationships. A large proportion of women are still embarrassed to discuss the issue with doctors especially male doctors.

The impetus for this special issue, which focuses on the role of affect in interpersonal work relationships, derives from recent concerns scholars have expressed about one model of interpersonal work relationships, namely, the leader–member exchange (LMX) perspective. In particular, scholars have noted that research on the role of affect in LMX is being impeded because of three factors: (1) limited theoretical frameworks, (2) insufficient research integrating both relationship parties, and (3) a scarcity of studies that adopt a multilevel perspective. In this introductory article, we begin by detailing our reasons for undertaking the special issue and discuss why the three factors hamper research on affect, not only in LMX, but in understanding the nature of interpersonal work relationships in general. We next summarize the eight articles comprising this special issue and examine how each tackles the three issues by either considering alternative theoretical frameworks, incorporating all relational parties, and/or by taking a multilevel approach. Finally, we discuss new perspectives and promising directions for future research endeavors on this topic. It is our intention that this special issue should stimulate further research to explore the dynamic role affect plays in shaping interpersonal work relationships at multiple levels of organizational analysis.