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In the present work, raw paper sheets were coated with biopolymeric solutions based on gelatin crosslinked with transglutaminase enzyme, containing glycerol as plasticizer, and citric acid as antimicrobial and antioxidant agent, for packaging beef. Thickness, grammage and bulk density analysis have shown the effectiveness in forming the coating film, which was confirmed by morphological analysis. The biopolymeric coating did not show improvement in mechanical properties, but the water vapor permeability was significantly reduced while maintaining the original optical properties of the paper sheets. The beef packaged in the active papers shown a lower microbial population at the end of the four days of storage, and had greater stability to lipid oxidation during the entire period. The active papers sheets held the desirable red color and significantly lower pH values ​​compared with beef packaged in the uncoated control paper. The coated papers sheets still acted positively to prevent the loss of moisture from the beef to the environment.

The aim of this research was to fabricate an active paper containing encapsulated cumin seed essential oil (CSEO) for shelf-life extension of beef hamburger. CSEO-loaded nanoemulsions (NE) and Pickering emulsions (PE) were prepared by Tween80 and blend of whey protein isolate (WPI) and inulin, respectively. The NE had the lowest droplet size and zeta potential values. The blending of inulin with WPI decreased the particle size of PE microcapsules and increased their encapsulation efficiency. Uniformly shaped PE microcapsules and occurring of chemical bonds between CSEO and wall materials were approved by FE-SEM and FT-IR tests. At the second step, the obtained nanocarriers were incorporated into the cellulosic papers (10%wt.) and the morphological, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of active papers were investigated. Finally, the effect of active papers on quality and shelf-life of beef hamburgers stored at 4 °C for 7 days and at − 18 °C for 60 days was investigated. The highest water holding capacity and the lowest color difference were observed for active papers amended with WPI/inulin-stabilized PE at the 7th day of refrigeration. TBARS value and counts of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria increased during storage and PE-WPI/In treatment had the maximum effect on controlling of microbial growth and lipid oxidation of hamburger. The effect of active papers on the refrigerated samples was more than the frozen ones. In brief, application of microencapsulated CSEO-loaded cellulose papers has the potential to extend the shelf-life of beef hamburger.

Discoveries, understanding, and innovations in meat science during the last century have led to revolutionary changes in meat and poultry production, processing, marketing, and consumption. American Society of Animal Science members have made key contributions in most, if not all, categories of advancement. The first US university meat science program was begun in Minnesota in 1905. Use of mechanical refrigeration in the meatpacking industry, improved transportation and packaging, and home refrigeration provided more flexibility, variety, and consistency in meat and meat products in the early 1900s. Cooperative meat research was begun by 27 universities in 1925, with a focus on the observational characterization of carcass traits and composition, meat quality attributes, and causes of the wide variation in these variables. Scientific study of genetic, nutritional, and environmental influences on the growth, physiology, and postmortem biochemistry of muscle often used muscle-comparative investigations. Rigor mortis, cold shortening and thaw rigor, postmortem muscle metabolism, postmortem tenderization and tenderness variation, and postmortem myoglobin and lipid oxidation were studied vigorously in the 1960s and beyond, defining the biochemical bases for associated outcomes in fresh and processed products. Value-added benefits resulted from implementation of electrical stimulation, boxed beef and modified-atmosphere packaging, restructuring technologies, collagen recovery, and muscle profiling work. Isolation, purification, and definition of the primary structure and biophysical properties of the myofribillar and cytoskeletal proteins in muscle aided the understanding of contraction and postmortem changes. The role of Ca-dependent proteases in meat tenderness and muscle growth is being clarified. The chemistry of meat curing, meat emulsion formation, fermentation, and other processing methods led to new technologies, new meat products, and new benchmarks in product shelf life and quality. Meat safety assurance and our ability to manage the microbiological causes of food-borne illness and spoilage are imminently important now and in the future.

Trial manufacture of POV and TBA test papers for detecting lipid oxidation was attempted. One drop of oxidized oil is placed on the POV test paper and let stand for one min. Then the paper is put into water, and blue color appears depending on the oxidation degree. On the TBA test paper, one drop of oxidized oil and three drops of water are placed. The paper is heated under infrared lamp for 5 min, and pink color is developed.

This study aimed to determine the effect of olive leaf water extract (OEx) on the physical properties of chicken breast sausage (CBS) and the preventive effect of OEx against lipid oxidation in CBS during frozen storage. CBSs, to which 0.1 and 0.5% (w/w) OEx were added to minced meat, were stored frozen at -20°C for 60 days. The thawing weight loss of control CBS without OEx increased with the frozen storage period, while OEx-CBSs did not change, from 15 to 60 days in storage. The water-holding capacity, breaking strength, elasticity, and viscosity of control CBS decreased upon frozen storage, while those of OEx-CBSs did not change. The observation of CBSs using scanning electron microscopy showed that OEx-CBSs that were stored frozen, unlike control CBS, maintained a structure similar to their unfrozen counterparts. These results indicate that OEx confers resistance to CBS upon freezing. Furthermore, the application of OEx to CBS suppressed lipid oxidation, decrease in pH and discoloration induced by frozen storage. Thus, this natural OEx is useful in improving the physical and chemical qualities of frozen processed poultry foods.

ntroduction: Oxidative stress has recently emerged as a possible mechanism in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a strong endogenous antioxidant that protects cells from lipid oxidation and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production; however, the impact of CoQ10 on seizure characteristics in epileptic patients is unclear. Methods: The current study enrolled patients with Epileptic Seizure (ES) to evaluate their serum concentration of CoQ10 and to investigate whether a relationship exists between CoQ10 levels with the duration, frequency, and type of seizure. Results: A total of 39 patients with epileptic seizures and 35 healthy controls were included in the study. The levels of CoQ10 in ES patients were significantly lower in comparison with healthy controls (11.99±5.93 vs (ng/ml). 16.48±4.20 (ng/ml) P

The consumption of food with health benefits is growing today worldwide. This study was designed in order to incorporate papaya dietary fibre concentrates (DFCs) from peel and pulp dehydrated with the use of microwave (MW), or convection with hot air (CV) in oil-in- water emulsions. Results of studies indicated that Pulp DFC produced more stability to creaming (18 weeks) than Peel DFC (6 weeks). It was found that peel DFCs exerted up to 30% reduction in lipid peroxidation in comparison to the reference system during storage. Rheological analysis showed a similar behaviour when emulsions were mixed with pulp DFCs either dehydrated by MW or CV, while the dressing with peel DFCs had a much lower consistency than the former. The analysis of the emulsions micro-structure showed a polydisperse system of oil droplets and fiber structures trapping oil. Finally, emulsions with pulp DFCs showed a better consumer´s acceptance. These results also suggested that the use of DFCs may have high industrial potential in contributing to dietary fibre enrichment through technological intervention of emulsion formulation by papaya pulp and peel, increasing antioxidant property, consistency and stability during storage. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13197-020-04679-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Research background. Retort processing is one of the most widely used methods of thermal inactivation that provides convenient, ready-to-eat foods. Although this technology remains widespread, it can be revamped through processing of novel ingredients such as gums. This article aims to investigate the effect of the hydrocolloids collagen, soy protein isolate, carrageenan and modified starch with different salt mass fractions on the retorted meat products. Experimental approach. Firstly, solutions of the added hydrocolloids of different salt mass fractions in order to stimulate the salting-in effect were studied. Lipid oxidation, syneresis and water activity were analysed during shelf life to find the best overall treatments. Lastly, sensory and texture analyses were then performed to assess the impact of the added hydrocolloids. Results and conclusions. Yield, cooking loss and water-holding capacity had better results when higher salt mass fractions with hydrocolloids were used. The physicochemical results distinguished collagen from the other tested hydrocolloids. Syneresis remained in similar ranges regardless of the treatment. No difference was observed in water activity either. However, sterilization, vacuum sealing and the addition of a hydrocolloid contributed to low oxidation levels in all treatments. Lastly, sensory, texture and shear force analyses confirmed that the products with collagen were harder and firmer than the control samples, which explains the preference of control samples by the panellists. Nevertheless, assessors did not perceive the presence of collagen. Novelty and scientific contribution. Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the retorted meat can be considerably improved when brine and hydrocolloids are combined with the retort technology.

Background & aims Plasma concentrations of bilirubin, a product of heme catabolism formed by biliverdin reductase A (BVRA), inversely associate with the risk of metabolic diseases including hepatic steatosis and diabetes mellitus in humans. Bilirubin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and may also regulate insulin signaling and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) activity. However, a causal link between bilirubin and metabolic diseases remains to be established. Here, we used the global Bvra gene knockout (Bvra–/–) mouse as a model of deficiency in bilirubin to assess its role in metabolic diseases. Approach & results We fed mice fat-rich diets to induce hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Bile pigments were measured by LC-MS/MS, and hepatic lipids by LC-MS/MS (non-targeted lipidomics), HPLC-UV and Oil-Red-O staining. Oxidative stress was evaluated measuring F2-isoprostanes by GC-MS. Glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity were verified by glucose and insulin tolerance tests, ex vivo and in vivo glucose uptake, and Western blotting for insulin signaling. Compared with wild type littermates, Bvra–/– mice contained negligible bilirubin in plasma and liver, and they had comparable glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. However, Bvra–/– mice exhibited an inflamed and fatty liver phenotype, accompanied by hepatic accumulation of oxidized triacylglycerols and F2-isoprostanes, in association with depletion of α-tocopherol. α-Tocopherol supplementation reversed the hepatic phenotype and observed biochemical changes in Bvra–/– mice. Conclusions Our data suggests that BVRA deficiency renders mice susceptible to oxidative stress-induced hepatic steatosis in the absence of insulin resistance., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Low plasma levels of bilirubin associate with increased metabolic disease risk. • A direct link between bilirubin and metabolic disease remains to be established. • Global BVRA deficiency causes global bilirubin deficiency and a fatty, inflamed liver. • This hepatic phenotype is linked to decreased vitamin E and increased lipid oxidation. • Vitamin E supplements restore normal liver phenotype in BVRA deficiency.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of two traditional drying methods on proximate composition, lipid oxidation, and fatty acid composition of two freshwater fish species from Maga Lake in Cameroon. As shown by the results, these two methods significantly (p < 0.05) decrease moisture content in the two fish species while ash and lipid content significantly increases (p < 0.05). The highest content of proteins is obtained for sun‐dried fish. Analysis also reveals that these two drying methods accelerate lipid oxidation by increasing peroxide value and total oxidation value. Smoking and sun drying decrease polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid and n‐3/n‐6 ratios of the two fish oils. The higher percentages of unsaturated fatty acid present in raw samples are responsible for the major changes in fatty acid profile occurring during drying methods. It is concluded that based on lipid oxidation, sun‐drying is found to be the better method to dry fish., Mullet (Liza falcipins) and carp fish (Oreochromis niloticus) from Maga Lake of Cameroon are a good source of proteins and lipids. During processing, lipid, protein, and ash contents increase. High ash in dried fish is in accordance with their high minerals content. Increase consumption of these fish can help to prevent many diseases to the consumers, and protein deficiencies.

Oxidation reactions during manufacturing, distribution, and storage of meat and meat products result in undesirable physicochemical changes and aromas, which leads to detrimental effects on the product quality. This could be translated into the consumer dissatisfaction and economic loss. One of the most common practices to overcome this issue is the incorporation of synthetic antioxidants. However, the increasing health-consciousness of consumers and their preference for natural additives leads to the search of natural alternatives to synthetic antioxidants. A number of essential oils have strong antioxidant properties and are explored as potential alternatives to chemical antioxidants in the meat industry. These compounds are classified as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS), and their application single or combined with other essential oils, ingredients or preservation technologies have beneficial effects on meat products. Their activity depends on several parameters including their concentrations, their possible synergistic effects, and the extraction method used to obtain them. Although steam distillation is the most common industrial technique for essential oils extraction, novel technologies have been emerged to address the drawbacks of the traditional extraction method and to obtain high-quality essential oils. This paper provides an overview of the application of essential oils as potential substitutes for synthetic antioxidants in the meat industry, exploring their mechanism of action against oxidation reactions, and the effect of extraction methods on their effectiveness.

This study aimed to modify the feed mixtures of laying hens to enrich the consumer eggs with n- 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA): α- linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). One hundred and twenty Tetra-SL laying hens used in the study were divided into three groups of 40 laying hens arranged in five repetitions: C, control with 5% soybean oil ; E1, 0.5% fish oil + 0.5% microalgae Schizochytrium limacinum ; and E2, 0.75% fish oil + 0.75% microalgae. The composition of the mixtures was balanced at the level of 17.5% raw protein and 11.81 ME MJ/kg metabolic energy (ME). Feed and water were provided ad libitum, and the experiment lasted for 21 days. In this study, the different physical and chemical properties of eggs, the fatty acid profile and lipid oxidation of fat in egg yolks were analyzed. The results of the study showed that the weight of the egg yolk and that of the shell depended on the feeding treatments (P=0.014 and P

The gut bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila has been increasingly recognized for its therapeutic potential in treating metabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and metabolicdysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). However, its underlying mechanism involved in its well-known metabolic actions needs further evaluation. The present study explored the therapeutic effect and mechanism of A. muciniphila in intervening MAFLD by using a high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFC) diet induced obese mice model. Mice treated with A. muciniphila efficiently reversed MAFLD in the liver, such as hepatic steatosis, inflammatory, and liver injury. These therapeutic effects persisted after long-term drug withdrawal and were slightly weakened in the antibiotics-treated obese mice. A. muciniphila treatment efficiently increased mitochondrial oxidation and bile acid metabolism in the gut-liver axis, ameliorated oxidative stress-induced cell apoptosis in gut, leading to the reshaping of the gut microbiota composition. These metabolic improvements occurred with increased L-aspartate levels in the liver that transported from the gut. The administration of L-aspartate in vitro or in mice displayed the similar beneficial metabolic effects mentioned above and efficiently ameliorated MAFLD. Together, these data indicate that the anti-MAFLD activity of A. muciniphila correlated with lipid oxidation and improved gut–liver interactions through regulating the metabolism of L-aspartate. A. muciniphila could be a potential agent for clinical intervention in MAFLD.

Emerging evidence indicates that unexpected lipid droplet (LD) deposition and peroxidation can accelerate organelle stress and plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). In our previous study, we confirmed that kaempferol (Ka), a natural flavonoid small molecule, exhibited neuroprotective effects on mice with LPS-induced Parkinson's disease (PD). In addition, previous studies have shown that autophagy plays an important role in the regulation of cellular LD deposition. In the current study, we showed that Ka protected against TH+ neuronal loss and behavioral deficits in MPTP/p-induced PD mice, accompanied by reduced lipid oxidative stress in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). In cultured neuronal cells, Ka exhibited a relatively safe concentration range and significantly suppressed LD accumulation and cellular apoptosis induced by MPP+. Further study indicated that the protective effect of Ka was dependent on autophagy, specifically lipophagy. Critically, Ka promoted autophagy to mediate LD degradation in lysosomes, which then alleviated lipid deposition and peroxidation and the resulting mitochondrial damage, consequently reducing neuronal death. Furthermore, AAV-shAtg5-mediated Atg5 knockdown abolished the neuroprotective effects of Ka against lipid oxidation in PD mice. This work demonstrates that Ka prevents dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in PD via the inhibition of lipid peroxidation-mediated mitochondrial damage by promoting lipophagy and provides a potential novel therapeutic strategy for PD and related NDDs.

Edible oils are prone to oxidation during processing and storage that may negatively affect the oil quality and human health. Determining the peroxide value (PV) of edible oils is essential because PV is one of the most typically used quality parameters to monitor lipid oxidation and control oil quality. Many approaches have been developed to determine the PV of oils. Among them, iodometric titration is the commonly used method for PV determination. Considering the limitations related to titrimetric methods, such as time and environmental concerns, several instrumental techniques have been considered as reliable alternatives. The advantages and limitations of classical titration and instrumental methods are summarized in this review. The prospects and reformative aspects for the future applications of these approaches in PV determination are also discussed.

Hepatic macroautophagy/autophagy and fatty acid metabolism are transcriptionally regulated by nuclear receptors (NRs); however, it is not known whether their transcriptional co-activators are involved in autophagy. We thus examined MED1 (mediator complex subunit 1), a key component of the Mediator Complex that directly interacts with NRs, on these processes. We found that MED1 knockdown (KD) in cultured hepatic cells decreased autophagy and mitochondrial activity that was accompanied by decreased transcription of genes involved in these processes. Lipophagy and fatty acid β-oxidation also were impaired. These effects also occurred after thyroid hormone stimulation, nutrient-replete or -deplete conditions, and in liver-specific Med1 KD (Med1 LKD) mice under fed and fasting conditions. Together, these findings showed that Med1 played a key role in hepatic autophagy, mitochondria function, and lipid metabolism under these conditions. Additionally, we identified downregulated hepatic genes in Med1 LKD mice, and subjected them to ChIP Enrichment Analysis. Our findings showed that the transcriptional activity of several NRs and transcription factors (TFs), including PPARA and FOXO1, likely were affected by Med1 LKD. Finally, Med1 expression and autophagy also were decreased in two mouse models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) suggesting that decreased Med1 may contribute to hepatosteatosis. In summary, MED1 plays an essential role in regulating hepatic autophagy and lipid oxidation during different hormonal and nutrient conditions. Thus, MED1 may serve as an integrator of multiple transcriptional pathways involved in these metabolic processes. Abbreviations: BAF: bafilomycin A(1); db/db mice; Lepr(db/db) mice; ECAR: extracellular acidification rate; KD: knockdown; MED1: mediator complex subunit 1; NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; OCR: oxygen consumption rate; PPARA/PPARα: peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor alpha; TF: transcription factor; TFEB: transcription factor EB; tf-LC3: tandem fluorescence RFP-GFP-LC3; TG: triglyceride; TH: Thyroid hormone; TR: thyroid hormone receptors; V-ATPase: vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase; WDF: Western diet with 15% fructose in drinking water

Abstract Undersized crawfish have little economic value and are often discarded. Producing crawfish minced meat (CMM) from undersized crawfish and using an appropriate freezing technique may enable an economically viable market. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the energy removal rate using two techniques, cryogenic freezing (CF) and air blast freezing (BF), on CMM’s quality during frozen storage. CMM was separated into two batches; one batch was cryogenically frozen with liquid nitrogen and the other batch was frozen with an air blast freezer. CMM batches were frozen and stored at − 18 °C. They were analyzed for moisture content, color, pH, and lipid oxidation during 180 days of storage. The CMM yield was 64.67% of the total crawfish weight. Cryogenic freezing achieved the highest freezing rate. Cryogenically frozen CMM showed 22% less lipid oxidation than CMM frozen by air blast freezing at 180 days of storage. This study showed that CMM could be mechanically produced from undersized crawfish and freezing techniques with high energy removal rate could better maintain quality attributes for CMM during frozen storage. Graphical abstract

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of freeze-dried pulps of Eugenia uniflora L. and Opuntia ficus-indica fruits on oxidative stability of n-3-enriched beef patties. Besides, the effect of freeze-dried pulps on cooking yield, color, texture parameters and sensory acceptance of patties was also evaluated. Eugenia uniflora L. (orange-skinned variety) and Opuntia ficus-indica (orange-skinned and red-skinned varieties) fruits were collected, their pulp was lyophilized and incorporated, as a natural source of antioxidant, in beef patties enriched with canola oil as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Oxidation stability of samples was monitored by measuring thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances during refrigerated storage. Results show that all freeze-dried pulps limited lipid oxidation to an acceptable level during 15 days refrigerated storage, having Opuntia ficus-indica (red-skinned variety) the highest inhibitory activity. Besides, the addition of freeze-dried pulps increased the cooking yield and decreased the hardness of beef patties. Respect to sensorial parameters, patties elaborated with no added freeze-dried fruit pulp and patties elaborated with freeze-dried pulp of Opuntia ficus-indica (red-skinned variety) presented the highest overall acceptance of consumers, remaining as a future task to improve the color and taste of patties elaborated with freeze-dried pulps of Eugenia uniflora L. and Opuntia ficus-indica (orange-skinned variety). This research reveals the effectiveness of studied fruits to reduce lipid oxidation in beef patties and give preliminary information about which sensorial parameters of the products should be improved in futures incorporation of pulps in the manufacture of healthy meat products. Fil: Romero, Mara Cristina. Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas. Laboratorio de Industrias Alimentarias II; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Fogar, Ricardo Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas. Laboratorio de Industrias Alimentarias II; Argentina Fil: Fernández, Carina Lorena. Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas. Laboratorio de Industrias Alimentarias II; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Doval, Mirtha Marina. Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas. Laboratorio de Industrias Alimentarias II; Argentina Fil: Romero, Ana María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas. Laboratorio de Industrias Alimentarias II; Argentina Fil: Judis, Maria Alicia. Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas. Laboratorio de Industrias Alimentarias II; Argentina

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of dietary, synthetic lycopene or tomato paste on laying performance and egg qualities in laying hens, and on lipid oxidation of stored eggs. One hundred and sixty 38-week-old Hy-line Brown laying hens were randomly housed in cages (two birds per cage, five cages per replicate) equipped with nipples and a trough-type feeder and subjected to one of four experimental diets. Each treatment had four replicates. A corn and soybean meal base diet was added with or without either synthetic lycopene to contain 10 or 20 mg per kg of diet, or with 17 g of tomato paste per kg of diet. The feeding trial lasted four weeks. Feed intake did not differ between dietary treatments. Laying hens fed diets containing lycopene or tomato paste laid lighter eggs (P

The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of taxifolin on the physicochemical and microbiological properties of cold-smoked pork sausages produced using different commercial starter cultures with Leuconostoc carnosum and with a mixture of Pediococcus pentosaceus and Staphylococcus xylosus. Ultra performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrated that after 181 days of storage total taxifolin content was the highest in samples with taxifolin and L. carnosum (60 %), compared to the first day of storage. The sausages with taxifolin and the mixture of P. pentosaceus and S. xylosus (56 %) followed next. Taxifolin improved the hygienic quality of sausages without significant effect on the growth of lactic acid bacteria. The accumulation of biogenic amines, including histamine and putrescine, was more effectively reduced in sausages inoculated with the taxifolin and P. pentosaceus and S. xylosus mixture. Using this mixture, the rate of lipolysis and lipid oxidation were effectively slowed down. Samples with taxifolin and L. carnosum showed the highest free radical scavenging activity on the first day of the study ((77.4±1.3) %) (p

Drying is an important step in preservation in industrial insect production and processing. The present research investigated the influence of different drying technologies and process parameters on the stability of nutrients and the possible occurrence of lipid oxidation. The aim of the investigated methods was to obtain a storage-stable product, without reducing the quality by excessive stress during drying, and to find an alternative to traditional freeze drying. Drying methods altered nutritional components. Microwave drying, fluidized bed drying and drying with vacuum reduced the protein solubility. Freeze-dried mealworms exhibited significantly highest oxidation than the other dried mealworms. This study shows that drying with a vacuum oven and microwave drying can be an alternative to conventional freeze drying for mealworms.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the biocompounds content and physical characteristics of acai pulp dried by different methods in order to determine the most suitable drying method. The acai pulp with a high content of lipids (53.31 g/100 g) was dried using spouted bed, freeze dryer and spray dryer. The samples were evaluated for anthocyanins, carotenoids and moisture content, and also for color and microstructure parameters. All samples showed moisture content less than 5 g/100 g. Powders obtained by freeze dryer and spouted bed showed lower color difference than fresh pulp. Microstructure analysis exhibited particles with irregular surfaces and diameters less than 100 μm. The acai pulp dried by freeze drying presented the best results under the conditions and methods evaluated, once it resulted in a product with higher contents of anthocyanins (5.87 ± 0.53 mg/g of dry matter) and carotenoids (38.28 ± 0.69 μg/g of dry matter), as well as lower moisture content (2.65 ± 0.11 g/100 g). Furthermore, no lipid oxidation occurred in the freeze-drying pulp. Therefore, we concluded that acai pulp can be dried and still preserve high concentration of biocompounds, and also physical properties, being suitable to be applied in healthy foods.

An indirect, passive, wooden dryer, with a galvanized steel panel (4.5 m2) and four wire mesh shelves (2.62 m2 each), was constructed in Kumasi, Ghana. The dryer was evaluated for its capacity in drying of freshly-harvested in-shell peanuts on a single layer (8.5 Kg), and then up-scaled to four layers (4x18 Kg). Equal amounts of peanuts, dried simultaneously on a concrete floor under the open sun, served as comparisons. The moisture content of solar dried peanuts decreased from 35.85-5.25% and 32.00 %-4.25% in the single-layer and four-layer drying, respectively, in 4 days. Faster drying rates were observed when peanuts had relatively higher moisture contents with R2 values ranging from 0.72-0.95. The average daily solar radiation ranged from 360-592.99 W/m2 and daily energies generated were from 42.24-69.16 MJ. The drying efficiency ranged from 1.50-6.47% in the single-layer drying and 23.07-24.93% in the four-layer drying whereas the thermal efficiency was 3.15-21.60% in the single-layer drying and 3.08-24.93% in the four-layer drying. Peanuts from the solar dryer had lower free fatty acid and peroxide values but higher germination percentage compared to open sundried peanuts. The study suggests that solar drying can be used effectively for improving peanut safety and preserving peanut quality in Ghana.

// Ning Kon 1,* , Donglai Wang 1,* , Tongyuan Li 1 , Le Jiang 1 , Li Qiang 2,3,** and Wei Gu 1,3 1 Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA 2 Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA 3 Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA * These two authors contributed equally to this work ** This author is listed as a co-corresponding author Correspondence to: Wei Gu, email: // Keywords : p53; Mdmx; Mdm4; metabolism; adipose tissues Received : September 26, 2017 Accepted : December 08, 2017 Published : January 02, 2018 Abstract Although cell-cycle arrest, senescence and apoptosis remain as major canonical activities of p53 in tumor suppression, the emerging role of p53 in metabolism has been a topic of great interest. Nevertheless, it is not completely understood how p53-mediated metabolic activities are regulated in vivo and whether this part of the activities has an independent role beyond tumor suppression. Mdmx (also called Mdm4), like Mdm2, acts as a major suppressor of p53 but the embryonic lethality of mdmx-null mice creates difficulties to evaluate its physiological significance in metabolism. Here, we report that the embryonic lethality caused by the deficiency of mdmx , in contrast to the case for mdm2 , is fully rescued in the background of p53 3KR/3KR , an acetylation-defective mutant unable to induce cell-cycle arrest, senescence and apoptosis. p53 3KR/3KR /mdmx -/- mice are healthy but skinny without obvious developmental defects. p53 3KR/3KR /mdmx -/- mice are resistant to fat accumulation in adipose tissues upon high fat diet. Notably, the levels of p53 protein are only slightly increased and can be further induced upon DNA damage in p53 3KR/3KR /mdmx -/- mice, suggesting that Mdmx is only partially required for p53 degradation in vivo . Further analyses indicate that the anti-obesity phenotypes in p53 3KR/3KR /mdmx -/- mice are caused by activation of lipid oxidation and thermogenic programs in adipose tissues. These results demonstrate the specific effects of the p53/Mdmx axis in lipid metabolism and adipose tissue remodeling and reveal a surprising role of Mdmx inhibition in anti-obesity effects beyond, commonly expected, tumor suppression. Thus, our study has significant implications regarding Mdmx inhibitors in the treatment of obesity related diseases.

Due to its characteristics, fresh fish is a highly perishable food with a very short shelf-life under refrigeration. Several methods have been introduced to slow down its deterioration, such as by means of oxygen depletion of the food package (vacuum packaging), or by changing the natural atmosphere that is in contact with the fresh fish (modified atmosphere packaging), or by the use of chemicals generally recognized as safe: such compounds can be directly applied (by dipping or spraying) or incorporated into packaging materials and slowly migrate to the product, exerting a hurdle effect against microbial development and lipid oxidation (active packaging). This review aims to cover the most recent advances in chemical-based approaches for fresh fish preservation, applied either singly or in combination. Vacuum packaging, modified atmosphere, and active packaging preservation methodologies are presented, along with the inclusion of chemical additives, such as organic acids and natural extracts, and their combination with icing systems. Advantages and disadvantages of these methodologies and their impact on fresh fish quality and shelf-life are discussed, reaching the conclusion that both are positively influenced overall. Indeed, the contribution of chemical-based strategies for fresh fish preservation is undeniable, and is expected to be a research topic of increasing interest in the future.

A relation between oil uptake and cancer as well as induction of hepatic inflammation was shown earlier. It is discussed that the main oil oxidation products—hydroperoxides and carbonyls—might be the reason for the mentioned diseases. In this manuscript quantitative determination of aldehydes which are formed during oxidation of triolein—as a model substance—using the Rancimat 679 is described. The oxidation of 11 g of triolein is carried out at 120 °C sparging air with a flow of 20 dm3/h for 10 h. A series of aliphatic aldehydes starting from hexanal to decanal as well as decenal was identified by LC–MS/MS and quantified as DNPH derivatives. In addition, the total amount of carbonyls was determined. Based on the calibration with hexanal, all other dominant substances were in the similar concentration range with maximum concentrations of 1.6 µmol/cm3 of hexanal, 2.3 µmol/cm3 of heptanal, 2.5 µmol/cm3 of octanal, 3.2 µmol/cm3 of nonanal, 4.0 µmol/cm3 of decanal after 6 h. The total amount of carbonyls reached a maximum after 6 h being 27 µmol/cm3 for triolein without antioxidant. The results of this investigation will be a basis for further toxicological studies on oxidized oils. Graphical abstract

// Thomas W. Flaig 1 , Maren Salzmann-Sullivan 1 , Lih-Jen Su 1 , Zhiyong Zhang 1 , Molishree Joshi 2 , Miguel A. Gijon 2 , Jihye Kim 1 , John J. Arcaroli 1 , Adrie Van Bokhoven 3 , M. Scott Lucia 3 , Francisco G. La Rosa 3 and Isabel R. Schlaepfer 1 1 Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA 2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA 3 Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA Correspondence to: Isabel R. Schlaepfer, email: // Keywords : CPT1A, prostate cancer, enzalutamide, ranolazine, INPP5K Received : February 27, 2017 Accepted : April 10, 2017 Published : April 21, 2017 Abstract Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy among Western men and the second leading-cause of cancer related deaths. For men who develop metastatic castration resistant PCa (mCRPC), survival is limited, making the identification of novel therapies for mCRPC critical. We have found that deficient lipid oxidation via carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT1) results in decreased growth and invasion, underscoring the role of lipid oxidation to fuel PCa growth. Using immunohistochemistry we have found that the CPT1A isoform is abundant in PCa compared to benign tissue (n=39, p

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) play an important role in the regulation of cardiac function. Increase in ROS/RNS concentration results in lipid and protein oxidation and is often associated with onset and/or progression of many cardiovascular disorders. However, interplay between lipid and protein modifications has not been simultaneously studied in detail so far. Biomolecule carbonylation is one of the most common biomarkers of oxidative stress. Using a dynamic model of nitroxidative stress we demonstrated rapid changes in biomolecule carbonylation in rat cardiomyocytes. Levels of carbonylated species increased as early as 15 min upon treatment with the peroxynitrite donor, 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), and decreased to values close to control after 16 h. Total (lipids+proteins) vs. protein-specific carbonylation showed different dynamics, with a significant increase in protein-bound carbonyls at later time points. Treatment with SIN-1 in combination with inhibitors of proteasomal and autophagy/lysosomal degradation pathways allowed confirmation of a significant role of the proteasome in the degradation of carbonylated proteins, whereas lipid carbonylation increased in the presence of autophagy/lysosomal inhibitors. Electrophilic aldehydes and ketones formed by lipid peroxidation were identified and relatively quantified using LC-MS/MS. Molecular identity of reactive species was used for data-driven analysis of their protein targets. Combination of different enrichment strategies with LC-MS/MS analysis allowed identification of more than 167 unique proteins with 332 sites modified by electrophilic lipid peroxidation products. Gene ontology analysis of modified proteins demonstrated enrichment of several functional categories including proteins involved in cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix, ion channels and their regulation. Using calcium mobilization assays, the effect of nitroxidative stress on the activity of several ion channels was further confirmed., Graphical abstract fx1, Highlights • Different dynamics for lipid and protein carbonylation upon nitroxidative stress. • Shift of carbonyls from lipids to proteins within first 30 min. • Neutral and oxidized lipids increased in the presence of lysosomal inhibitors. • Electrophilic lipids identified and relatively quantified by LC-MS/MS. • Cytoskeleton, ECM and ion channel proteins are the main modification targets.