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This article suggests that much of the use of the Navajo language in contemporary Navajo written poetry, especially English dominant poetry, serves as an icon of proper Navajo usage. It is a purist view of the Navajo language. Navajo poetry is implicated, even if tacitly, in a discourse of linguistic purism that is tied to an oppositional linguistic ideology that sees Navajo and English as discrete and distinct “objects.” Navajo poetry erases the contemporary sociolinguistic diversity - including bilingual Navajo - on the Navajo Nation. And in so doing, it closes off parts of Navajo sociolinguistic realities and in its stead creates an imagined Navajo language community.

Portuguese language students in the United States typically also speak Spanish, and Portuguese programs, influenced by ideologies of linguistic purism, ceaselessly battle against its interference. This article describes a qualitative study of the treatment of Spanish utterances—called taquitos by participants—in a beginner-level Portuguese class. It presents the classroom as a space of language socialization where students are apprenticed into a culture of strict language separation that demonstrates our field's monolingual bias. Microanalysis of videorecorded classes shows how error correction practices socialize students into upholding monolingual immersion through constant vigilance and mobilization against taquitos. Gaze, body orientation, and gestures as attention markers reveal a taquito hot seat that marginalizes and places Spanish-speaking students in intense negative focus for not producing Portuguese in “uncontaminated” forms. Given the harm such practices may cause, the article urges the field to examine our rigid insistence upon artificial classroom monolingual immersion and promote flexible, strategic translanguaging for more effective world language pedagogy.

These are materials to our article that reports on a study whose aim was to analyze the relation between the level of declarative purism and the preference for a particular loanword adaptation technique.

Linguistic purism in Croatia has long figured as one of the main elements of Croatian linguistic nationalism. Though it has been tackled in scholarly production, its newest embodiment, the so-called Šreter prizes, has not. The Šreter prizes are an award contest, established by the editorial board of the highly nationalist linguistic journal, Jezik (Serbo-Croatian “language”), in which competitors vie for prizes awarded for the “best new Croatian word,” often referred to as “neo-Croatian.” This article explores the narratives centered around the Šreter prizes, tackling additionally the lexical and morphological features of the newly minted “Croatian” lexemes.

A discrepancy between the perceptions of the dictionary as gatekeepers and the dictionary as a description of the language can be observed among the general public and lexicographers. This discrepancy is particularly obvious when we consider the inclusion of neologisms. Linguistic purism is generally seen by its advocates as an effort to protect a language. It is particularly relevant when we consider borrowings. These considerations serve as a background for the special issue on New Words and Linguistic Purism, which consists of an article on the background theory, three case studies focused on German, Italian, and Slovak, and a contrastive study of German and Greek which also adds some further theoretical considerations on linguistic purism.

The present study investigates the role of borrowing in specialised language and the connection of this crosslinguistically common phenomenon with the attitude of language purism. German and Greek have been selected for the purpose of this study. The selection of these languages is based on their comparable morphological properties, but also on their different terminological characteristics. The data come mainly from the domain of statistics. However, some examples from a different domain, that of computer science, are also discussed. The different terminological profiles of the selected languages are found to coincide with the specific characteristics of the two domains. These characteristics are also linked to their attitudes towards foreign words and especially borrowing. In this respect, this paper investigates borrowed words from a morphological and a sociolinguistic point of view.

In Maningrida, northern Australia, code-switching is a commonplace phenomenon within a complex of both longstanding and more recent language practices characterised by high levels of linguistic diversity and multilingualism. Code-switching is observable between local Indigenous languages and is now also widespread between local languages and English and/or Kriol. In this paper, I consider whether general predictions about the nature and functioning of code-switching account for practices in the Maningrida context. I consider: (i) what patterns characterise longstanding code-switching practices between different Australian languages in the region, as opposed to code-switching between an Australian language and Kriol or English? (ii) how do the distinctions observable align with general predictions and constraints from dominant theoretical frameworks? Need we look beyond these factors to explain the patterns? Results indicate that general predictions, including the effects of typological congruence, account for many observable tendencies in the data. However, other factors, such as constraints exerted by local ideologies of multilingualism and linguistic purism, as well as shifting socio-interactional goals, may help account for certain distinct patterns in the Maningrida data.

In February 2016 the French spelling reform of 1990, which introduced changes to approximately 2,000 words, became the object of discussion online, after it was announced that the new spellings would be included in textbooks from September. Analysing a corpus of tweets, containing key terms from the online discussion, JeSuisCirconflexe; ognon and réforme orthographe, this study gives an insight into the reactions to this governmental linguistic intervention, the recurring themes in their discourse and how this can be interpreted as prescriptive or purist behaviour. Although previous studies have extensively analysed reactions to the 1996 spelling reform in Germany, little research has considered online lay-reactions to the French reform. Given observations that online interactions differ in many ways to equivalent offline interactions, this study can form a point of contrast to previous studies conducted in offline contexts, thereby enriching the existing literature in this field. It is also often claimed that France is a country in which linguistic purism is deeply entrenched; this article will seek further evidence for these claims.

This study compared implicit attitudes toward codeswitching in two French-English bilingual groups: Quebecois and Albertans. Earlier research showed that Quebecois value linguistic purism. Recent research shows changes in explicit attitudes. Therefore Quebecois might show similarly positive implicit attitudes toward codeswitching as Albertans. They might view codeswitching as polite if it facilitates communication. Participants watched conversations in two conditions, codeswitching and no codeswitching, and rated considerateness. The Quebecois rated codeswitching as less considerate than not. Albertans showed the reverse. The Albertans’ ratings were linked to their judgements of actors’ language knowledge. These results suggest that Quebecois still implicitly value linguistic purism.

Status of numeral-forming suffixes -er- and -or- in standard Croatian languageThe main purpose of the present publication is to investigate frequency and status of two paral­lel suffixes -er- and -or- that form Croatian collective numerals. The analysis is focused on the re­search material collected from literary texts, normative Croatian publications grammars, dictionar­ies and popular language guides. This paper attempts to compare theses regarding these suffixes put forward by Croatian linguists with the usage in practice presented in online corpora http://riznica.ihjj.hr. The investigation demonstrated that puristic language policy applied in Croatia, especially in the 1990s, caused disappearance of “less-Croatian” suffix -or-. The only exception is numerical noun cetvorica, that entered the Croatian language in the 19th century, which is regular part of the standard Croatian language until today.Normativni status sufiksa -er- i -or- u tvorbi brojevnih izvedenica uhrvatskome standardnom jezikuRad prikazuje analizu frekvencije inormativnog statusa dvaju paralelnih sufiksa -er- i -or- kojima se tvore hrvatske brojevne izvedenice. Analiza se zasniva na podacima preuzetim iz hrvat­skih književnih tekstova, normativnih prirucnika gramatike, rjecnici te jezicnih savjetnika. Cilj je ovoga rada također usporediti preporuke hrvatskih jezikoslovaca uvezi sa sufiksima -er- i -or- s jezicnom praksom zastupljenom uhrvatskom jezicnom korpusu http://riznica.ihjj.hr. Na osnovi istraživanja može se zakljuciti da puristicka jezicna politika, koju je vodila vecina hrvatskih jezi­koslovaca uglavnom od 90-ih godina 20. stoljeca, izazvala je polagani nestanak “manje hrvatskog” sufiksa -or-. Taj proces nije potpuno zahvatio brojevnu imenicu cetvorica, koju su uveli vukovci u 19. stoljecu, zbog cega taj oblik danas pripada hrvatskomu standardnom jeziku.

In many Anglophone developing countries, the language of most public service advertising is English, a language that is second rather than primary for audiences. Set in a dual-language context where English exists alongside several local languages, as means of interaction, this means that audiences must engage with messages in a language not necessarily preferred for conversation. In addition, messages are often carried on radio, a transient medium where meaning can be lost in the temporality of messages. This increases the task on audiences for processing messages, as the ability to understand most advertisements becomes contingent on their attainment of formal education. While this highlights the critical role of the English language in determining the effectiveness of public service advertisements among second language audiences, it remains understudied in media/communication scholarship. Using a textual analysis of two public service advertising campaigns in Ghana, the study unpacks the English used and examines the implications for audience comprehension.

Introduction . Recently, there has been a cardinal restructuring of university preparation. Linguistic education takes up nearly the last position in the new model of the higher school dictated by economic interests. Investments in linguistic projects are considered as unprofitable today. The linguistic component in educational programs of a bachelor degree is reduced to a minimum, and focused on language knowledge promoting as communication technologies. The aim of the work purposes to trace how the scientific and the linguistic paradigm shift have an impact on the domestic linguistic education system, and to show the unrealized potential capacity of linguistic knowledge. Methodology and research methods . The methodology of the offered research is based, on the one hand, upon the domestic periodical press review on the linguistic education problems for the last 15 years, on the other – on the philosophical analysis of science historical forms which change has caused the past, the present and the future of linguistics and linguistic education. The inductive methods to integrate different approaches are also used. Theoretical significance. The author emphasizes the need to consider the problems of higher education in philosophical aspect, through the interaction of a scientific and educational paradigm. Results and scientific novelty . At a time of global changes in domestic higher education the linguistic education is considered to be a display of the convergence process of natural sciences, technology and humanities. The philosophical study of the scientific paradigms – classical, non-classical and post-non-classical has revealed the regularities of the linguistic scientific paradigms – structural, communicative and cognitive. Each of the paradigms was traced in the frame of linguistic education functions alternation and constantly changing academic programs. A new take on the U-turn of a centrifugal vector in science has obviously demonstrated the tendencies of the domestic linguistic education flimsiness: fundamental linguistic education tends to become popularized linguistic knowledge; there is no conception of linguistic education based on all the basic language functions. However, the author notes the natural language to be the most difficult, most multipurpose and multidimensional sign system. Language simultaneously performs various functions: a form, way, tool, and means of structuring and systematized description of knowledge. Artificial computer languages provide the speed and efficiency of storage, processing and information transfer, i.e. perform tool function support not being a means of thought broadcasting. Semantic information processing is carried out by linguists «manually»; therefore, fundamental linguistic knowledge is required in the fields of semantics, syntactics, pragmatics of the language sign, laws of linguistic nominations, laws of references, regularities of perception and reproduction, mechanisms of understanding and interpretation, etc. Practical significance . Philosophical conceptualization of a modern paradigm of scientific linguistic knowledge allows to draw a conclusion on the need of fundamental linguistic education support at the high level on behalf of preservation, realization and full development of all unique functions of a natural language as means of thinking and communication, a tool of information technologies and a sign system, and, at last, as a cultural phenomenon.

Today, German language islands in Russia and Brazil are on the way to language shift. On this way, the varieties of these communities display certain features of decomposition and simplification in terms of morphology. Regular and irregular morphology, however, are developing differently: while case reduction is the main characteristic of regular noun inflection, in personal pronouns case distinctions are maintained. Results are presented from a research project about language change in case morphology of German language islands with 125 speakers living in close contact to the majority populations in Brazil and Ruguage obsolescence as from language emergence which has been the subject of linguistic research in the past. Through its comparative perspective, it seems possible to accoussia. The core idea of the project is the assumption that we can learn as well from lannt for internally or externally induced linguistic change. Language decay is apparently not just disorder, not amorphous, but somehow struc­tured. Certain lexical classes are more subject to reduction than others, and some residual features retain morphological “core” functions (in terms of case semantics). Language change is accelerated in times of blurring sociolinguistic differences and fading linguistic norms as an implication of losing ethnic boundaries. The recent co-officialization of minority languages in Brazil might slow down these processes. In a transcultural approach, teaching of Pomeranian as minority language (alongside the national language) could stabilize the local linguistic community, building a bridge to the High German standard language, and even to English as a lingua franca of international communication.

Iceland’s literary tradition, conservative linguistic heritage and ideologies of linguistic purism have been a major strand in Icelandic national identity. The preservation of linguistic and literary continuity is a principal objective of overtly expressed Icelandic culture policies. At the same time, the advent of globalisation has entailed increased everyday presence of an international language, along Icelandic, in important spheres of modern life. There are concerns that this has impact on reading habits, linguistic input, and language environment in general. Against this background, the present paper offers a description of prevailing Icelandic language ideologies, modern linguistic practices, language policies, and the possibilities and limitations of present-day language management efforts.

Unlike communities of speakers of other Romance languages such as French and Spanish, it has often been noticed that many Italian speakers are not particularly concerned by the inflow of foreign (mainly English) words. One reason for this, according to some scholars, is that standard Italian does not stir up linguistic identity for many native users, while English enjoys great prestige as the international language. In this paper, positions on neologisms of foreign origin are illustrated, using recently updated monolingual Italian dictionaries and also comments on neologisms collected from blogs and websites. Although they have a different status and degree of representativeness, the latter respond faster than dictionaries to doubts concerning the use of loans in Italian texts.

The article analyses the approach to the study of the sphere of language between theory of law and the philosophy of language. The aim of the paper is to study the range of applicability of philosophical and linguistic conceptions in theory of law. Law theory reflects certain movements and controversies that have been significant in linguistic sciences. The analyses, which, so far, have been conducted in theory of law, concentrated mainly on the use of the results of such achievements made by the representatives of the philosophy of language and linguistics as formal languages theories, transformational-generative theories, structuralism, formalism, pragmalinguistics. In this article, it is claimed that contemporary changes in the humanities justify the expansion of the range of jurisprudence integration to some other approaches, different from formalistic and pragmatic ones.

In this article, we provide a systematic study of the extent and influence of the ideology of purism in Afrikaans historical linguistics. The study takes the form of a critical discourse analysis that indicates how the nationalistic, puristic ideologies of Apartheid were transferred – implicitly and explicitly – to linguistic descriptions of the history of Afrikaans. We firstly engage in a discussion of purism – specifically genetic and sanitary purism – and the role of nationalism in linguistic purism. We then divide the historical linguists of Afrikaans into three categories that do not correspond to certain periods very strictly, but follow a chronological order to some extent: the pre-philological, philological, and alternative schools of thought. Finally, we trace how Afrikaans historical linguistics practiced significant erasure in the name of purism at first, transferring certain aspects of nationalism and purism to scientific inquiry, to then become less puristic and more inclusive with ti...

Much research has been done addressing the issue of language and dialect and has attracted much interest in the Sinophone world. In this paper, the issue is approached from the perspective of Speech Community Theory (SCT) with discussion of the identification of Chinese varieties. There are mainly two approaches in previous research: linguistic and sociolinguistic. In the linguistic approach, the classification of languages and dialects is through comparison of linguistic descriptions and intelligibility. In the sociolinguistic approach, actual language use and attitudes of the speakers are investigated and ethnic and political factors are considered. The two approaches tend to result in different classifications. The purely linguistic classification tends to be narrower than the classification invoking attitudinal, cultural and political factors, resulting in a larger number of languages than the sociolinguistic approach. The different approaches are traced to divergent understandings of what a language is. A language is often understood purely as a tool of communication or, alternatively, it is regarded primarily as an identity device. Applying SCT, we analyze the connection between communication and identity formation, taking the example of Cantonese speakers. That case shows a correlation of linguistic contact with linguistic identity among native speakers. Consequently, the relevance of cultural and socio-political factors is explained through their impact on communication rather than directly on a linguistic identity.

This article explains the importance of the Faroese language and the ways in which it is spoken to a Faroese identity. It emphasizes the role and the significance of the radio as well as the policies of linguistic purism, which have been much discussed on air, to build and sustain this identity. A so-called high-intimacy language and public radio make for an obvious ethnographic juxtaposition. The shaping of affective experience through radio sound is heightened if the voice is known, and if the speech and language of the voice index a matrix of values shared by a small, interrelated group. Playing off this sense of familiarity which is embraced in the Faroe Islands (a rather isolated community between Iceland and Scotland governed according to Self-Rule), language has been the tool for the cultivation of a Faroese identity at a time when the Faroes’ relationship to Denmark has looked increasingly uncertain.

This article deals with the process of language purism and the presence of Serbisms in Croatian. We attempt to show whether the speakers of Croatian know and use specific lexical items that are generally considered to be more characteristic of Serbian usage. For this purpose we use two data sources: a corpus of Croatian and a questionnaire survey. The results show that the speakers of Croatian are aware of the differences between Croatian and Serbian to a large extent. Even though they mostly do not use them, most speakers do know the meaning of lexemes that were used in the Serbo-Croatian period. This leads to the conclusion that the process of “cleansing” Croatian is being successfully implemented (but is far from completion). However, we argue against the justifiability of this process. Članek se ukvarja s procesom jezikovnega purizma in prisotnostjo srbizmov v hrvaščini. Skušamo ugotoviti, ali govorci hrvaškega jezika poznajo in uporabljajo leksikalne elemente, za katere na splošno velja, da so bolj značilni za srbščino. V ta namen smo uporabili dva vira podatkov: korpus hrvaškega jezika in anketni vprašalnik. Rezultati kažejo, da se govorci hrvaškega jezika v veliki meri zavedajo razlik med hrvaščino in srbščino. Večina govorcev sicer pozna pomen leksemov, ki so bili uporabljani v srbohrvaškem obdobju, a jih večinoma ne uporabljajo. Zaključimo lahko, da se proces čiščenja hrvaščine uspešno izvaja (četudi še zdaleč ni dokončan), pri čemer avtor nasprotuje upravičenosti tega postopka.

Based in part on his recent book Čiji je jezik? (Who does Language Belong to?), the author reviews the intricate relation of language, ideology, and politics in Croatia in the last 20 years, including new examples and analyses. The article emphasizes problems related to Croatia specifically, which might be of interest to foreign Slavists and linguists, while the monograph (in Croatian) deals with the problems of language, society, politics, ideology, and sociolinguistics in general. Izhajajoč deloma iz osnovnih tez svoje pred kratkim izšle knjige Čiji je jezik (Čigav je jezik?) avtor podaja pregled zapletenega odnosa med jezikom, ideologijo in politiko na Hrvaškem v preteklih dveh desetletjih, vključno z novimi primeri in razčlembami. Razprava se osredotoča na vprašanja, povezana s Hrvaško, ki so lahko zanimiva za tuje slaviste in jezikoslovce, medtem ko se knjiga (v hrvaščini) ukvarja s problemi jezika, politike, ideologije in družbenega jezikoslovja na splošno.

Research into linguistic purism often reflects a critical, if not contemptuous attitude towards its subject of inquiry. The reasons for this are purists’ prescriptivist stance, as well as their frequent association with ethno-linguistic nationalism, an ideology in moral disrepute. We argue that this approach of purism produces blind spots. Following Pratt’s suggestion, we reconsider linguistic purism in this article as the effect of a utopian discourse and show how a desire for (linguistic) purity is at the very heart of the project of modernity. We apply our theoretical framework to the history of purism in modern Flanders (nineteenth to twenty-first century).

The focus of this paper is on language attitudes towards English words and phrases in the Croatian language. In order to prevent loanwords, linguistic purism has arisen as a theory about what languages should be like. The tradition of linguistic purism in Croatia has been shaped by various socio-historical factors. English may be viewed as a language of opportunity, or as a threat to the survival of other, usually minority and endangered, languages. In order to provide an insight into the use of English words and phrases in the Croatian context, a questionnaire about language attitudes and awareness was conducted on 534 participants. The aim of the questionnaire was to determine participants’ language attitudes and familiarity with English words and phrases. The results show that although people in Croatia generally like English, many of them are not familiar with English words, especially older participants and those with little or no knowledge of the English language. Moreover, the results indicate that the younger generation is more inclined towards English than the older generation; however, they are not as familiar with Croatian equivalents as they claim.

Grishechko O.S., Akopova A.S., Grishechko E.G. (Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation) Linguistic purism as an area of linguistic analysis describes the practices of identification and acknowledgement of a certain language variety as more structurally advanced as compared to its other varieties. Linguistic protection is associated with preservation of some abstract, classical, conservative linguistic ideal and performs the regulatory function, above all. The puristic approach to the development of the English language has been subjected to heated debate for several centuries and is reflected in both scientific research and literary texts. Supporters of purification of the English language champion the idea of protection of “pure language”. The idea, however, is actively criticized by opponents. Key words . Linguistic purism, pure language, linguistic protectionism, linguistic purification, language protection, dialect, purist, antipurist. DOI: 10.18522/1995-0640-2015-4-185-192

Significant social and political shifts cause basic changes in a language culture such as the abolition of old models of writing, speaking, and the establishment of a new model of language usage, which leads to the emergence of puristic reaction to language processes. This paper examines various manifestations of purism in the metadiscourse on modern Russian language and analyzes how they overlap with the purism in the Soviet language policy.

1. Introduction The paper sets out to investigate one of the assertions pertaining to Richard Rolle's Psalter translation, and more precisely to its linguistic layer, phrased by Partridge (1973: 21) in the following manner: "Rolle adhered with fidelity to the Latin original, using the simplest and most proper English wherever possible, except when his native language failed him, and he was compelled to latinize" The excerpt quoted above leads the reader to deduce that Rolle's rendition would employ almost exclusively vocabulary of native origin, except for instances where no proper item with native etymology presents itself in a particular context and Rolle is forced to use a Latin-derived word. Such an interpretation, however, would amount to ascribing Richard Rolle the ideas nowadays covered by the term linguistic purism, albeit of a mild form. (1) There are a number of issues inevitably entailed in this assumption. Firstly, Rolle would need to have a 'linguistic' knowledge extensive enough to enable him to differentiate between lexical items on the basis of their etymology. Secondly, it would take an extremely disciplined and individualistic translator, if one takes into account also other (nearly) contemporaneous Psalter renditions, allegedly replete with loanwords, to incorporate such an endeavour into the task of Bible translation, especially if Rolle's primary focus was providing as close a rendition of the original as possible (Bramley 1884: 3-5). Thirdly, he would need to be exceptional or even isolated in his linguistic views since the Middle English period was a time when not only the term linguistic purism, an 18th-century French coinage (McArthur 1992: 827), would sound foreign. It seems that its denotatum itself would not be understood, let alone met with acceptance in the contemporary society of the time (cf. Section 3). In fact, such an attitude to language would be first observed in England only in the 16th century, i.e., two centuries after Rolle completed his rendition (McArthur 1992: 827). Interestingly, Partridge (1973: 21) presents no evidence to corroborate his claim and since the assertion itself--old as it is--has never been either confirmed or openly rejected, I undertook to address this issue. Admittedly, Rolle's linguistic convictions would be impossible to gauge in a straightforward manner, which is why one needs to establish a point of reference from which to measure Rolle's alleged linguistic purism and more accurately his faithfulness to the vocabulary of native provenance. Therefore, I decided to analyse the text while juxtaposing it with the remaining 14th-century prose Psalter renditions in relation to which Rolle's translation would be identified, if Partridge's (1973: 21) claim were correct, as most exceptional. The translations in question are the Wycliffite Bibles and the Middle English Glossed Prose Psalter, of which the former are asserted to be overtly influenced by the Latin text they render (Condit 1882: 64-73, Delisle and Woodsworth 1995: 32, Norton 2000: 7, Daniell 2003: 76-80) and the latter is considered to be deeply indebted both syntactically and, more importantly, lexically to a 'French source' (Reuter 1938). As a result, the paper aims to analyse the lexical layer of the text in search of the evidence, or lack thereof, which sets Rolle's translation lexically apart from the other renditions. Such a study is to be conducted on the basis of the nominal layer of the first fifty Psalms of the four relevant texts, scrutinised in relation to their common Latin source text, as only the juxtaposition of all of these enables one to (dis)prove the claim cited above. The structure of the paper is the following. Succinct information regarding each of the texts employed in the research is presented in Section 2. This is followed by an overview of the contemporary theory of translation set against a broadly sketched linguistic map of contemporary England (Section 3), as these are indispensable if one aims at providing a wider context from which to view the data. …

Known to be a diverse country of multiple cultures and multiple languages, India has faced the challenge of dealing with this resource called diversity. This chapter provides an overview of national-level language and education policies relevant to linguistic minorities and thus to Kumaunis. Language policies, both explicit and implicit, are evident in the Indian Census and Constitution as well as language-related education policies, including the Three-Language Formula and national recommendations related to medium of instruction. These policies accommodate Indian multilingualism and yet in some ways ignore diversity, grouping together many linguistic minorities and relying on linguistic categories that are arguably inventions from colonial times. Another layer of language planning involves the implementation of these policies and the actual use of language in the classroom, including translanguaging.