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Languages convey aspectual meanings differently. Generally, there are two types of aspect: lexical aspect and grammatical aspect. Lexical aspect relates to inherent features of the predicate, whilst grammatical aspect, sometimes dubbed as viewpoint aspect, expresses the speaker’s viewpoint. Nevertheless, in traditional theoretical linguistics, these two aspectual systems are typically defined in terms of the same or similar criteria. The article discusses lexical and grammatical aspect in more detail and points out the problems that theoretical linguistics encounters when defining lexical and grammatical aspect in terms of the same holistic criterion. Importantly, the article outlines findings of psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic studies which (possibly to the dissatisfaction of theoretical linguistics) unambiguously show that lexical and grammatical aspect are indeed inextricably linked. Perfective and imperfective aspect do model the comprehender’s understanding of the situation as complete (perfective aspect) or ongoing with all the stages, participants and locations cognitively more available to the comprehender (imperfective aspect).

This study examines the acquisition of functional morphology which overtly marks lexical aspect in Russian by adult second language (L2) learners of Turkish. Russian and Turkish are different in the ways they mark both grammatical and lexical aspects. In Russian, both grammatical and lexical (telic) aspects are marked by overt verbal morphology. In Turkish, however, while the grammatical aspect of verbs is marked by inflectional morphemes, which also express tense and/or mood (Kornfilt, 1997), lexical aspect (telicity) is marked by quantized nominal arguments combined with dynamic verbs. We tested 16 L1 Turkish/L2 Russian learners and 16 L1 Russian speakers on a Semantic Entailment (SE) task with telicity and boundedness semantic features and a Truth-Value Judgment (TVJ) task involving sentences with perfective and imperfective forms including quantity and non-quantity internal argument themes. The results of the SE task indicated that L2 Russian speakers were not as successful as L1 Russian speakers in choosing the most logical entailment to perfective sentences rather than imperceptive sentences. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant. The results of the TVJ task also indicated that L2 Russian speakers were less successful than L1 Russian speakers in matching perfective and imperfective sentences with correct pictures. These findings support the claim that adult L2 speakers have difficulty with the acquisition of functional morphology, in particular aspectual morphology and its telicity feature., Bu çalışma, Türkçeyi ileri yaşta ikinci dil (D2) olarak öğrenenler tarafından Rusçada sözcüksel görünüşü açıkça belirten işlevsel morfolojinin edinimini incelemektedir. Rusça ve Türkçe, hem dilbilgisel hem de sözcüksel görünüşü belirtme biçimleri açısından farklıdır. Rusçada hem dilbilgisel hem de sözcüksel (erekli) görünüşler, açık fiil morfolojisi ile belirtilir. Öte yandan Türkçede fiillerin dilbilgisel görünüşü, zaman ve/veya kipi de ifade eden çekim biçimbirimleriyle (Kornfilt, 1997); sözcüksel görünüş (ereklilik) ise dinamik fiillerle birlikte kullanılan nicelendirilmiş ad argümanları ile belirtilir. Ereklilik ve bağımlılık anlam özelliklerine sahip bir Anlamsal Gerektirim görevi (SET) ve miktara bağlı olan ve olmayan dahili argüman temaları içeren tamamlanmış ve tamamlanmamış formlu cümleleri kapsayan bir Doğruluk Değeri Yargısı (TVJ) görevinden oluşan bu çalışma, 16 D1 Türkçe/D2 Rusça konuşanı ile 16 D1 Rusça konuşanına uygulanmıştır. SET görevinin sonuçları, D2 Rusça konuşanlarının tamamlanmamış cümlelerden ziyade, tamamlanmış cümlelere en mantıksal gerektirmeyi seçmekte D1 Rusça konuşanları kadar başarılı olmadıklarını göstermiştir. İki grup arasındaki farklılıklar istatiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur. TVJ görevinin sonuçları da D2 Rusça konuşanlarının tamamlanmış ve tamamlanmamış cümleleri doğru resimlerle eşleştirmede D1 Rusça konuşanlarından daha az başarılı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu bulgular, ileri yaşta D2 konuşanlarının işlevsel morfolojinin, özellikle de görünüş morfolojisi ve onun ereklilik özelliğinin ediniminde zorlandığı iddiasını desteklemektedir.

Te research aims at analyzing the lexical aspect of foreign criticism of Russia at an early stage of establishing international relations. Te article focuses on the role of pejorative lexis and phraseology used by an English diplomat Giles Fletcher to expose to criticism Russian social, cultural and common realia in his treatise On the Russe Common Wealth written in 1591. Te research fnds out the main objects and grounds of the country’s negative evaluativity dispensed by the author, puts to analysis diverse lexical means with inherent negative evaluation, reveals their functions in the text. Criticism is underpinned by the author’s intention against the historical background of the deteriorating Anglo-Russian relations caused by the competing interests of the two nations. Te part that effects evaluation is the late 16th century English society represented by Giles Fletcher, a public ofcer and politician. Specifc objects of his criticism are persons and groups (monarchs, nobility, peasantry, clergy, etc.), national character of the Russian people, and social institutions (administration, political regime, law and judicial system, fnanceand economy, the Orthodox church, etc.). Criticism of Russian realia in the treatise is mainly manifest on the lexical level by virtue of the extensive use of pejorative substantives and metaphoric idioms. As to the function, negative evaluativity on the lexical level expresses the author’s emotions and presents the characteristics of persons and ethnospecifc phenomena.

The question of the roles of grammatical aspect and of lexical aspect for the inference of temporal relations has richly been investigated from a theoretical point of view in various fields of languages sciences. Nevertheless, previous studies do not formulate similar conclusions, and thus they trigger different predictions for experimental testing. In contrast, the role of coreference patterns did not receive as much attention as grammatical and lexical aspect have received. As such, in this study we experimentally assess the roles of grammatical aspect (perfective vs. imperfective), lexical aspect (activities vs. accomplishments) and coreference patterns (same vs. different agents) in English. By means of an annotation study, we establish that fewer chronological relations emerge in passages with the imperfective aspect and coreference of agents (i.e. the actions are performed by the same agent). Then, by means of a temporal evaluation task, we show that synchronous relations are favoured in narrative passages that describe activities and lack of coreference of agents (i.e. the actions are performed by different agents). To interpret the results, we suggest that the comprehenders’ inference of temporal relations is influenced on the one hand by linguistic biases and on the other hand by their expectations of coherence. We discuss the findings from a cross-linguistic perspective.

This paper describes the aspectual classes in Abui, a Papuan language of the Timor-Alor-Pantar family. Abui innovated a system of aspectual stem pairing, realized by consonant mutation, vowel grading, and rime mutation. Although stem pairing is widespread (about 61% of the verbs alternate), about 38% of our 1,330 verb sample are unpaired and immutable. Abui verbal stems combine with aspectual affixes, adverbs and auxiliary verbs, whose distribution is used here together with the stem types to describe aspectual classes, which are understood as lexicalizations of transitional possibilities of lexical items (e.g. inchoative-stative vs. inchoative-gradual.inchoative-stative). The paper takes the bidimensional approach to aspect distinguishing between properties associated with the perfective-imperfective system and other aspectual marking (cf. Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. 2002. Recent activity in the theory of aspect: accomplishments, achievements, or just non-progressive state? Linguistic Typology 6(2). 199–271). Combining the features of both types of aspectual marking, we construct in a bottom-up fashion the aspectual classes in Abui and also show that these may be further refined if contextual features such as valency or degree of change (affectedness) were included. A characteristic feature of the Abui system is the elaborate system of stative-inchoative verbs sensitive to scalar and change properties (e.g. instant vs. gradual). Abui telic verbs show sensitivity to the properties of the resulting state and are formally associated with stem alternation.

Ushbu maqolada lingvistik ekspertologiyada anonim ko‘rinishdagi matnlar bilan ishlashda muallifning yosh xususiyatlarini aniqlash masalasi yoritiladi. Qanday holatlarda muallifning yosh xususiyatlarini aniqlashga zarurat tug‘ilishi oydinlashtiriladi. Muallifning yoshini diagnostika qilishda qanday elementlar ustuvor ekanligi bandma-band ko‘rsatiladi. Bundan tashqari, matnning leksik jihatini tahlil qilishda aynan qanday birliklar muallifga xos individual xususiyatlarni ko‘rsatishi ifodalanadi.

Grammatical morphology often links small acoustic forms to abstract semantic domains. Deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children have reduced access to the acoustic signal and frequently have delayed acquisition of grammatical morphology (e.g., Tomblin, Harrison, Ambrose, Walker, Oleson & Moeller, 2015). This study investigated the naturalistic use of aspectual morphology in DHH children to determine if they organize this semantic domain as normal hearing (NH) children have been found to do. Thirty DHH children (M = 6;8) and 29 NH children (M = 5;11) acquiring English participated in a free-play session and their tokens of perfective (simple past) and imperfective (-ing) morphology were coded for the lexical aspect of the predicate they marked. Both groups showed established prototype effects, favoring perfective + telic and imperfective + atelic pairings over perfective + atelic and perfective + atelic ones. Thus, despite reduced access to the acoustic signal, this DHH group was unimpaired for aspectual organization.

In this article we focus on the category of aspect and examine modern English grammars to see whether they give sufficient guidelines to the learner on how aspectual meanings are decoded and encoded in English. More precisely, we check whether the grammars reflect the abundant linguistic research on aspectual construal in English. Out of a number of components that play a role in the shaping of aspectual meaning, we look at the following four: lexical aspect, arguments, grammatical aspect, and tense. An overview is first made of the key theoretical findings on the impact of these four components on aspectual interpretation, followed by an analysis of the grammar content on the given components. Our conclusion is that only two comprehensive grammars we examined take into account the results of linguistic research on aspect to a certain extent and that there is a lot of room for improvement.

In this paper, we analyze the acquisition of Spanish past tense aspect by Mandarin Chinese learners of Spanish by means of three semi-guided writing tests. Specifically, we analyze the choice of pretérito indefinido and pretérito imperfecto, taking into account lexical aspect, grounding information, and the combination of both as variables. Moreover, we analyze whether transfer from Mandarin Chinese, the students’ first language (L1), occurs in the acquisition process. Our results partly support the Lexical Aspect Hypothesis (Andersen, 1991; Andersen & Shirai, 1996) and the Discourse Hypothesis (Bardovi-Harlig, 1994). According to these hypotheses, verbal properties and grounding information play a role in the selection of pretérito indefinido or pretérito imperfecto. Finally, our data support the existence of L1 transfer at the semantic level only.

The purpose of this research was to describe the grammatical and lexical aspects in the lyrics of the song Jangan Rubah Takdirku by Andmesh Kamelang. The research method uses microstructural methods. The collection technique uses documentation techniques by downloading the song Jangan Rubah Takdirku via Youtube. The main instrument in this research is the researcher who is assisted by a device. Data analysis techniques by means of data reduction, data tabulation, data display, interpretation, and conclusions. Test the validity of the data using membercheck and validation from literary experts. The results showed that the grammatical and lexical aspects in the lyrics of the song Jangan Rubah Takdirku, sung by Andmesh Kamelang, present a deep meaning about the life journey of a person who is full of hard work, loyalty, and hope of love for someone he loves. Grammatical aspects and lexical aspects build up each other so that the song Jangan Rubah Takdirku becomes a song that impresses the listeners. The grammatical aspect found in the song is referencing marked by the presence of the word dia and impingement by the presence of each word. Then, the lexical aspect that was found was repetition which was marked by the presence of the words I want, in each, and I did not, and synomini was marked by the presence of the words weak and shaky.

This paper investigates the lexicographic representation of state (S)/change of state (CS) polysemy of Paraguayan Guarani predicates as -pochy ‘be angry/become angry.’ To do this, a survey was cond...

The present paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the verbal aspect in general and with special emphasis on the comparison of Chinese and Slovenian lexical aspect. Recognised discrepancies between the conceptualisation and verbalisation of actions in unrelated languages indicate that deeper cognitive differences affect our perception of reality, which is something that should be more widely recognized when learning and teaching foreign languages. The contribution of this article is a comparative analysis of available studies by authoritative linguists, based on which we have formulated a new and more comprehensive proposal that will help classify verb types in unrelated languages, and can be further exploited in the field of applied linguistic research.

In this paper, I argue that mass deadjectival nominalizations like belleza ‘beauty’ encode imperfective states, which explains why they are compatible with temporal modifiers, but not with aspectual ones. In contrast to what is claimed in Fabregas & Marin (2012), this paper provides empirical evidence that Spanish nominalizations can encode not only information related to lexical aspect (i.e. (a)telicity), but also information related to viewpoint aspect (i.e. (im)perfectivity). My analysis is based on Anderson's & Morzycki's (2015) model on gradability, in which gradable adjectives express states and degrees are derived from state-kinds, which allows accounting for the properties of mass deadjectival nominalizations compositionally, insofar as they inherit the adjectival properties.

This multifactorial corpus-based exploration of past tenses focuses specifically on the present perfect (PP) versus simple past (SP) alternation in intermediate-to-advanced learner English produced by French and German native speakers. While existing work on past tenses in L2 has traditionally focused on the role of lexical aspect in the acquisition and uses of these past tenses, the current study focuses on the linguistic context of use of these tenses and identifies the linguistic features whose co-occurrence and combined effects cause native speakers and learners to differ in their uses of past tenses. Methodologically, the study uses a random forests approach including a surrogate logistic regression model and interactions between contextual linguistic features. Overall, the multifactorial results suggest that not all linguistic contexts facilitate native-like uses of the PP and SP equally as some contexts more than others are susceptible to cross-linguistic interference.

The clitic =lku in Warlpiri and Warlmanpa (Ngumpin-Yapa, Pama-Nyungan, Australia) has been previously analyzed as a ‘change of state’ marker indicating some proposition is false at an earlier time, and true at a later time. In this paper, I examine a number of uses of =lku, which require expanding and refining the ‘change of state’ analysis, in order to argue for a new analysis of =lku as a temporal and discourse clitic. The temporal function locates the event or state being modified by =lku in the temporal consequence of another event or state. This function interacts with lexical aspect, triggering an inference of the cessation of an ongoing state or event, if there is one, and encoding the inception of the state or event being modified by =lku. The discourse use of =lku frames new information which should be evaluated against the ongoing discourse. I also demonstrate some striking cross-linguistic similarities, showing that temporal morphemes commonly interact with discourse structure, just as =lku does in Warlpiri and Warlmanpa.

The article is devoted to the study of current issues of neologization of Modern Greek language, the causes and areas of use of neologisms, trends in the development of neology and their impact on word formation in Modern Greek based on the material of leading Greek linguists. The focus of modern linguistic research on the study and analysis of modern trends in the evolution of Modern Greek in all its subsystems and elements is justified and emphasizes the urgency of this problem, which is due to constant changes in Modern Greek, which seeks to actively meet the challenges of modern society, therefore uses linguistic means to give names to new concepts or to outline new meanings of existing concepts. The study of patterns, problems and processes of rapid and productive development and, as a consequence, the renewal of the language, Modern Greek in particular, identified in the need to systematize and generalize the basic principles of enriching the lexical structure of Modern Greek with tools which, by meeting the needs of communication participants, help to overcome possible barriers in language. The essence of neology, its types, which determine the main directions of influence on the Modern Greek system, the scope of neologisms, which depends on extralinguistic factors determined by the latest trends in society, determine further prospects for studying the Modern Greek system exactly in the lexical aspect.

This paper investigates the interpretations of caused change-of-state predicates in Korean, and in particular non-culmination readings in which the result state inherent to the meaning of the predicate fails to obtain either fully (zero result) or partially. We argue that zero result readings require that the subject intended the coming about of the result state, while readings in which some result obtains (partially or completely) lack this entailment. Yet zero result interpretations are not reducible to ‘try’-constructions since the former but not the latter require the direct causation. Furthermore, zero result readings arise only in active voice, a grammatical constraint not explicitly discussed for other languages. We argue that the full suite of possible readings arises from two factors: a sublexical modality over worlds conforming to the agent’s intentions for zero result readings that arises from a special active voice inflection in Korean and a scalar semantics for change-of-state verbs that derives partial result readings as a type of degree achievement interpretation. An interaction of these two factors produce the range of possible readings for Korean change-of-state predicates. Finally, we discuss our account in relation to the Agent Control Hypothesis of Demirdache and Martin (2015) that agentivity properties of the subject are necessary for certain non-culmination readings, and suggest that Korean exemplifies the ACH provided that what counts as “control” includes intentionality.

This paper looks into some English lexical correspondents of aspectual pairs in Serbo-Croatian (SC). Because SC and English are diametrically opposed in terms of how overtly they express aspect, SC and English are usually seen as typical representatives of languages with and without aspect, respectively. In SC, the aspectual dichotomy is expressed by the following three instruments in the following order of frequency: a) pairs of lexically related verbs; b) biaspectual verbs, and c) pairs of different verbs. Our analysis shows that ‘aspectless’ English uses the same three instruments but in a different order of frequency. Most English verbs are biaspectual, i.e. their aspectual interpretation depends on a number of factors outside the verb. This study focuses on the other two instruments. Several different types of such lexical means for the expression of aspectual dichotomy in English are identified according to the lexical and morphological relations between their members.

A leading hypothesis in the study of the L2 acquisition of aspect-related verbal morphemes is the Lexical Aspect Hypothesis (LAH) (Andersen, 1989,1991;Andersen & Shirai, 1994) which claims that learners’ use of these forms is determined by the lexical properties of events. Reviews of major studies reveal that data from one single task, usually an open-ended oral task, have often been used to support this hypothesis. I discuss copious evidence from the acquisition of Spanish to argue that when studies use a ‘mixed methods’ approach (e.g. combining oral production and experimentally elicited data) they are able to test existing hypotheses such as the LAH more reliably and can offer more valuable insights. Existing evidence from the SPLLOC project (Domínguez, Tracy-Ventura, Arche, Mitchell, & Myles, 2013;Mitchell, Domínguez, Arche, Myles, & Marsden, 2008) is used as supporting evidence for this approach and to raise questions about the appropriateness of some research methods widely used in our field.

Language is a medium used to communicate reciprocally. At this contemporary living, it is a must that any literate has to learn more than one language so as to be able to communicate with people beyond boundaries. English is a widely used language in terms of communication between countries, cultures, races and different lingual people. It is therefore inevitable that people learn and practice it. While learning English Language people need to differentiate between learning it as a Foreign Language and learning it as a Second Language. In Kurdistan, English language is learnt as a Foreign Language. Even though English is learnt as a foreign language by Kurdish learners, they learn quickly and easily due to the existence of similarities between the two languages phonologically, syntactically, grammatically and asymmetrically. This study sets out theoretically to analyze the similarities between the two languages i.e., English and Kurdish and also identify the reason for the quick learning of the English Language by the Kurdish learners.

Although SLA research has extensively investigated the role of lexical aspect in L2 acquisition of tense-aspect marking, the role of L1 is not yet fully understood. This paper investigates the effect of cross-linguistic variation in lexical aspect and explores how the learning of lexical aspect interacts with the acquisition of aspectual morphology, using oral picture-description and written judgment tasks. 391 learners of Japanese (L1 English, Chinese, and Korean) participated in the study. The results show that L2 learners have problems in rejecting incorrect L2 aspectual structures (but not in accepting correct ones) when such structures involve L1–L2 discrepancy in lexical aspect. The results also confirmed a strong L1 effect at the level of surface inflected verbal form, showing significantly higher accuracy for items for which direct translation yields correct meaning than those that do not. It is argued that L1 transfer may be playing an important role in the L2 acquisition of aspect in that both positive and negative transfer collectively determine the order of acquisition predicted by the Aspect Hypothesis.

This study investigated the effects of learners’ first language (L1), lexical aspect of verbs, and proficiency levels on their use of the English progressive aspect. It analyzed spoken data from learners of three different L1s (Chinese, German, and Spanish) in an international learner corpus (LINSEI), in comparison with native speech in a comparable native speaker corpus (LOCNEC). The analysis reveals that regardless of learners’ L1 and proficiency levels, their use of progressive markings is predominantly associated with activity verbs (prototypes), supporting the association prediction of the Aspect Hypothesis (Andersen, Roger W. & Yasuhiro Shirai. 1994. Discourse motivations for some cognitive acquisition principles.Studies in Second Language Acquisition16(2). 133–156). Contrary to the fourth prediction of the Aspect Hypothesis, both intermediate and advanced learners use stative progressives, and especially intermediate L1 Spanish learners overuse stative progressives, indicating a complex interaction between L1 and proficiency on non-prototypical form-meaning associations. The results suggest that L1 effect, lexical aspect of verbs, and proficiency levels jointly drive tense-aspect acquisition.

English as a lingua franca (ELF) has become a crucial research topic in language teaching in the past decade. The rise of ELF has also influenced teaching practices in academic settings. From the perspective of English worldwide, the exponential growth of Chinese speakers of English and the characteristics of their English use are part of a phenomenon that needs to be paid attention to. The present study investigated the pattern of variation of one morphosyntactic feature, past tense unmarking in ELF academic writing among Chinese speakers of English. By adopting variable rule (VARBRUL) analysis, the researcher attempted to include linguistic and extralinguistic factors and generate a parsimonious model of past tense unmarking variation. The findings revealed that phonetic saliency and lexical aspect were the significant factor groups. Specifically, copulas, regular verbs, and non-state verbs could predict the uses of past tense unmarking. However, genres did not contribute to the variation. The results thus indicated that the variants were governed by universal linguistic constraints such as phonetic saliency and lexical aspect. Therefore, the variant uses can be viewed as natural and legitimate. The findings also have some pedagogical implications for assessment and ELF awareness raising pertaining to teaching in ELF contexts.

This study explores the indicative vs. subjunctive alternation in Spanish subordinate clauses following epistemic adverbials and expressions of possibility. Anchored in semantic-pragmatic and variationist theoretical frameworks, traditional research on mood alternation in Spanish remains largely experimental in nature. In contrast, we adopt a corpus-based multifactorial methodology to investigate 4,199 occurrences of fourteen expressions of possibility extracted from the Corpus del Español (e.g. caso de que, poder ser que, por si acaso, posiblemente, etc.) annotated contextually for structural, semantic and stylistic variables. Methodologically, we conduct an exploratory multiple correspondence analysis followed by a confirmatory binary logistic regression to examine whether/how the linguistic contexts affect mood variation. Overall, the results indicate that previously unexplored semantic factors (such as the inherent lexical aspect of verbs in subordinate clauses) significantly influence mood variation in Spanish. Ultimately, our results suggest that subjunctive uses are less uniform and more prone to internal variation than indicative uses.

In this article we explore the range of aspectual and quantificational readings that are available to two kinds of deverbal nominalizations in English, conversion nouns and -ing nominals. Using data gathered from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and the British National Corpus (BNC), we examine the range of readings available for the conversion and -ing forms of 106 English verbs in context. We distinguish eventive versus referential readings, looking at instances of both count and mass quantification for the two kinds of nominalizations. Within the eventive readings we also distinguish bounded versus unbounded aspectual readings, and within bounded readings two types that we call ‘completive’ and ‘package’. We argue that the quantificational properties and aspectual intepretation of both conversion and -ing nominalizations are not rigidly or even loosely determined by the form of the nominalization, but that the lexical aspect of the base verb (state, activity, accomplishment, achievement, semelfactive) plays some role in circumscribing aspectual readings. We argue that the strongest role in determining quantificational and aspectual readings is played by factors arising from the context in which conversion forms and -ing nominalizations are deployed. The aspectual interpretation of conversion and -ing nominalizations can be influenced by the presence of temporal and quantificational modifiers, by surrounding tenses, as well as by encyclopedic knowledge. We conclude with a consideration of the theoretical implications of our findings.

The song "Under the Same Sun" firstly released in 1993 is a song written by famous rock group music namely Scorpions. This group is coming from Hannover, Germany. Though renowned phenomenally as a music group with loud genre but this song is a ballad one because it really tells the story of real-life people in the war zone while citizens of the world just show a little caring concern. The song portraits a common view on the hopelessness of victimized people in war zone who need for sympathy and empathy. Otherwise, they get no positive response from other people who live in comfort. This paper is a library research with a descriptive qualitative approach to investigate the discourse analysis of a song lyric. The approach is then used to analyze the data from the song lyrics. The discourse aims at finding the discourse on its grammatical aspect, lexical aspects, situational aspect, and contextual aspect. The study’s discourse analysis on the song lyrics reveals several features. From the grammatical aspect of this song revealed the references in the form of pronoun and demonstrative, ellipsis and conjunction. While in the lexical aspects, it found only two components, namely reps and collocation. The contextual analysis showed the cultural context and the context of the situation. Meanwhile, the situational context itself is divided into physical context, epistemic context and social context.Keywords: Grammatical Aspect, Lexical Aspect, Contextual Aspect

The article deals with the concept of political discourse. The problem of translating Chinese political discourse into Ukrainian and English is regarded. Examples of the speech idiomatic elements in political discourse of the Chinese language, are given. The basic lexical and semantic differences in the original text and in the translated text are demonstrated. Translation equivalent, grammatical substitution, translation commentary and other translation operations were examined.

The article is devoted to the specificity of translating terms from scientific and technical articles on Computer Technology from Ukrainian into English. The results of the paper discover that the most frequent translation operation is a corresponding term. Less frequent transformations are concretization and generalization. The translator’s goal is to produce a target text that would convey the same information as conveyed by the ST; the amount of the communicatively relevant information in the TT must be the same as in the ST. If the goal is achieved, the communicative effect produced by the TT is equal to that of the ST.

The aspect hypothesis has been proposed to interpret morphological markings for verbs [1]; however little research has examined how the suffixes of verbs are marked in the context of narrative writing for a real audience. This study investigated tense-aspect markings in written narratives by native English speakers and English learners at intermediate or advanced levels. The participants and the researcher saw the silent film Modern Times in a classroom, but the latter left at the midpoint. Upon the end of the film, they were told to describe to the researcher by writing down the second half of the film. The findings seem to support the hypothesis partially. The progressive form was found attached to dynamic verbs, but never with state verbs. The frequency of the –ing form occurring with activity verbs embodying the durative feature was higher. However, the occurrence of present or past tense did not bear a strong relationship with any specific lexical aspect. The proficiency levels seem to have a relationship with tense-aspect markings: (1) the native English speakers wrote narratives mainly in the present tense, (2) the advanced learners were in favor of the past tense, and (3) the intermediate learners displayed divergent performance.

Previous studies have shown that the grammatical aspect of verb predicates has an effect on tense-aspect sentence processing. However, it remains unclear as to whether the interaction of lexical aspect and grammatical aspect can influence the form-meaning association in the second language (L2) tense-aspect sentence processing, especially for the learners whose native language is grammatically marked differently from their L2. This study conducts a psycholinguistic investigation to highlight how the prototypical and non-prototypical associations predicted in the Aspect Hypothesis and L2 proficiency level influence the processing of English past tense and progressive morphology by Mandarin Chinese learners at two proficiency levels and native English speakers. The results show that the prototypical associations of English tense-aspect categories predicted in the Aspect Hypothesis, such as achievement verbs with past tense and activity verbs with the progressive aspect, can engender shorter reading time than non-prototypical associations for both native speakers and second language learners. There is no significant difference between native speakers and Chinese learners of English in their processing of prototypical items, while significant differences exist in the processing of non-prototypical items. The L2 proficiency level does not have an effect on the processing of prototypes but on the processing of non-prototypes in the L2 tense-aspect marking. This study extends previous research, showing the interaction effect of lexical aspect and grammatical aspect in the form-meaning association in L2 tense-aspect sentence processing.

This pilot study investigated university-level intermediate Spanish learners’ (n=16) explicit knowledge about a contrast in grammatical aspect (preterite/imperfect) after they received rule-based explicit instruction. Prior studies have found that learners’ explicit knowledge about preterite and imperfect includes partially understood rules, which can have long-lasting effects on their performance, so it is important to investigate the disconnect between what is taught and what is learned. Learners completed a cloze test and then introspected about their performance. The data were analysed qualitatively and compared to verbalisations of L1 Spanish speakers (n=6). Four main themes emerged: learners failed to learn the concept of grammatical aspect, they demonstrated confusion about lexical aspect, they attributed the difference between preterite and imperfect to a binary system of lexical aspect feature complexes based on duration of the verb/predicate, and they relied on self-developed categorical rules about adverbial markers. Suggestions for modifications to the conventional pedagogical rules are offered.

Among the sources of non-culminating readings, we find the agentive properties of the external argument. According to the Agent Control Hypothesis (ACH), the agenthood of the subject licenses a non-culminating interpretation with causative accomplishment predicates, whereas non-agentive subjects generally oblige a culminating reading. Experiencer object verbs such as annoy or surprise are analyzed as having a causative reading, encoding a situation where the agent or causer brings about the state in the experiencer. Based on this similarity with causative accomplishments, this article investigates the impact of an agentive interpretation of the subject on the cancellation of the state in object experiencers in Spanish and Korean transitive psych predicates in a parallel experimental design. In accordance with the ACH, results revealed for both languages that subject animacy had a significant effect on the acceptability of a zero-state reading. Furthermore, the interaction of subject animacy with the lexical aspect of the verb yielded a significant effect in the Spanish data such that cancelling of the state in the experiencer was significantly more acceptable with psych verbs denoting inchoative state causatives than with those denoting punctual causative events. In a second acceptability study, the verbs were tested for their compatibility with an agentive interpretation of the subject. The obtained (gradient) agentivity values turned out to significantly predict the potential of each verb to have a zero-state reading for the subclasses denoting pure and inchoative state causatives, which further supports the ACH.

This paper describes the interplay of lexical and grammatical aspect with other grammatical phenomena in the interpretation of the aspectual suffix ‑ile (which we analyse as Perfective) in isiNdebele, a Nguni Bantu language spoken in South Africa. Crucial “other” phenomena include constituency-related factors such as the conjoint-disjoint distinction and (relatedly) penultimate lengthening, along with morphophonological conditions that trigger different forms of ‑ile. These factors appear to interact differently in isiNdebele than they do in closely related isiZulu, suggesting two different paths of grammaticalization, which we argue can change the interpretation of markers of grammatical aspect as they interact with lexical aspectual classes.

This research, presented here, centers itself on how both tense and aspect are useful for the narrative analysis. This study presupposes narratives as texts with a temporal elaboration and progression, what demands abilities such as fore- and backgrounding. Such cognitive perspective is expected to dialogue with the Labovian position in the sense that the oppositions of fore- and background may be marked in the verbs. In order to understand how verbal tense and aspect are organized in spontaneous speech narratives in Brazilian Portuguese, the monologues from C-ORAL-BRASIL I minicorpus (RASO; MELLO, 2012) were manually annotated for the verbal categories as well as the Labovian categories (orientation, complication and evaluation). The results point to a tendency that complication will be marked mainly by simple past (pretérito perfeito do indicativo), while evaluation and orientation will be marked by present (presente do indicativo) and imperfective. Lexical aspect has shown an asymmetry between telic and non-telic verbs, and a slightly higher proportion of verbs of accomplishment and achievement in structures of complication. A pesquisa aqui apresentada centra-se em como os parâmetros de tempo e aspecto são úteis para a análise da narrativa. Esse estudo pressupõe narrativas como textos com uma elaboração e progressão temporal que demanda as capacidades cognitivas de fore- e backgrounding. Essa perspectiva cognitiva dialoga com a posição laboviana para a análise da narrativa no sentido em que a oposição de Figura e Fundo podem ser marcadas por verbos. Para entender como tempo e aspecto verbais são organizados em narrativas de fala espontânea de português brasileiro, os monólogos do minicorpus C-ORAL-BRASIL I (RASO; MELLO, 2012) foram anotados quanto a suas categorias verbais e categorias labovianas (orientação, complicação e avaliação). Os resultados apontam para uma tendência em marcar majoritariamente a complicação com o pretérito perfeito do indicativo, enquanto a avaliação e orientação serão marcadas pelo presente do indicativo e pelo imperfectivo. O aspecto lexical mostrou uma assimetria entre télicos e não télicos, e uma maior proporção de verbos de accomplishment e achievement em estruturas de complicação.

In the study of the Church Slavonic language as a literary and written language of the Orthodox Church, preference is given to receptive types of speech activities, such as reading and understanding the text. In this regard, a special place is occupied by the lexical aspect and those linguistic units that are capable of causing lexical interference. This article is a continuation of studying the formal-semantic correspondence of the Church Slavonic and Russian, namely the linguistic homonyms, paronyms, and some other lexical units contained in gospel parables, with the ability to provoke lexical interference. The material of the study is the Parable of the Tares. Similar linguistic phenomena contained in the Parable of the Sower were analyzed in the previous article. The lexical-semantic analysis of interlingual formal-semantic correspondences will be included in the textbook of Church Slavonic reading, intended for the study of the Church Slavonic language in the religious schools of Ukraine. In addition to this analysis, the manual will include a dictionary of linguistic formal-semantic correspondences, as well as grammatical, historical, and exegetical commentary on gospel parables. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the practical experience of comparing lexical units of the Church Slavonic and Russian with the help of in-textual commentary on particular episodes of the Gospel Parable of the Tares. The article deals with all the formal-semantic correspondences contained in the Parable. The order of the lexical units is determined by the context of the parable. The analysis shows the impact of lexical interference on the understanding of each episode of the parable and the whole text, as well as it contributes to a thorough study and understanding of Scripture. Keywords: gospel parable, interlingual formal-semantic correspondences, interlingual homonyms, interlingual paronyms, lexical-semantic commentary.

The purpose of the paper is to investigate some lexical means of expressing personal meaning in political discourse based on the Russian language. We define the notion 'personal meaning' in various aspects, focus on its sources in different utterances: ambiguousness of reality, the bias in a person's objective picture of the world, creation of personal worlds in the process of creativity and constant expansion of knowledge. We draw special attention to the peculiarities of political discourse and some means of expressing personal meaning in it. In the practical part of the paper we present some vivid examples that express a personal meaning of the speaker: political lexis that can have positive and negative connotation, neologisms, borrowed words, jargonistic words, etc. Some examples of generalization as one more way of expressing personal meaning are given in the paper. The lexemes that have a general meaning may have a derogative connotation. Finally, we make a conclusion that personal meaning is a vital part of any text and a political text in particular. It expresses the intention of the author and it is usually verbalized in the text through diversity of lexical units. The results of the given research could be interesting for the investigators of the discourse and political discourse in particular on the subject of expressing personal meaning in it.